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Khan SY, Schroth RJ, Cruz de Jesus V, Lee VHK, Rothney J, Dong CS, Javed F, Yerex K, Bertone M, El Azrak M, Menon A. A systematic review of caries risk in children <6 years of age. Int J Paediatr Dent 2024; 34:410-431. [PMID: 38071403 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For caries risk assessment (CRA) tools for young children to be evidence-based, it is important to systematically review the literature to identify factors associated with the onset of early childhood caries (ECC). AIM This updated systematic review aimed to identify current evidence on caries risk in young children. DESIGN A comprehensive and systematic literature search of relevant databases was conducted to update a previous systematic review and identify risk factors associated with ECC. Potential risk factors were identified based on strength of association using odds ratios, hazard ratios, relative risk, etc. GRADE was used for rating quality evidence through consensus. RESULTS Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria for the search from mid-2017 to 2021. Twenty-five publications from the prior systematic review, from 1997 to mid-2017, were also included. Several socioeconomic, behavioral, and clinical variables were identified as ECC risk factors. Factors included the following: age, socioeconomic status, frequency of and supervised toothbrushing, fluoride exposure, breast- and bottle-feeding, feeding habits, absence of a dental home, past caries experience, active non-cavitated lesions, visible plaque, enamel defects, and microbiome. CONCLUSION This study provides updated evidence of risk factors for ECC that could be included in CRA tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Yunus Khan
- Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Robert J Schroth
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Shared Health Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vivianne Cruz de Jesus
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Victor H K Lee
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Janet Rothney
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Cecilia S Dong
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faraha Javed
- Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Katherine Yerex
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mary Bertone
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mohamed El Azrak
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anil Menon
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Fernandes EDS, Ferreira IF, de Felipe RP, Segal N, Otta E. Brazilian Twin Studies: A Scoping Review. Twin Res Hum Genet 2024; 27:105-114. [PMID: 38619001 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2024.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The current study was motivated by an interest in deepening understanding of Brazilian twin research, which is underrepresented internationally, in an effort to rectify this situation. Our aim was threefold: (1) to carry out a comprehensive investigation of Brazilian research on twins according to the area of knowledge; (2) to evaluate the representation of research in the field of psychology in comparison with other areas; (3) to evaluate characteristics of the research that may have contributed to its exclusion from the comprehensive meta-analysis of 50 years of twin research. A scoping review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Titles and abstracts were searched up to 2022 in six databases: CAPES, BDLTD, PePSIC, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciELO, using selected keywords both in Portuguese and in English (e.g., 'twins' and 'Brazil'; 'twinning' and 'Brazil'; 'gemelaridade' [twinning], and 'gêmeos' [twins]). Three hundred and forty publications were included in the review. Approximately half (53.8‰) used the classic twin design to investigate the heritability of several traits, and the other half (46.2%) used other research designs. The scoping review showed that the number of publications doubled approximately every 10 years. Most publications were from the health area, with medicine accounting for approximately half of the studies, followed by psychology, odontology, and biology. We found that the interest in studying twins among Brazilian scientists is increasing over the years and there are reasons to be enthusiastic about the potential impact of this trend in the global scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa de Souza Fernandes
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia (IP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Isabella França Ferreira
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia (IP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira de Felipe
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia (IP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Nancy Segal
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Emma Otta
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia (IP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
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Dos Anjos AMC, Moura de Lima MDD, Muniz FWMG, Lima CCB, Moura LDFADD, Rösing CK, de Moura MS. Is there an association between dental caries and genetics? Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies with twins. J Dent 2023; 135:104586. [PMID: 37339689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aimed to assess the agreement of dental caries experience between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. DATA RESOURCES This systematic review was performed by reviewers in the databases Embase, MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and manual searches and gray literature Google Scholar® and Opengray. Observational studies that evaluated dental caries in twins were included. The risk of bias was analyzed using the Joanna Briggs checklist. Meta-analyses were performed to assess the pooled Odds Ratio to estimate the agreement values of dental caries experience and DMF index between pairs of twins (p < 0.05). To assess the certainty of evidence, the GRADE scale was used. STUDY SELECTION 2533 studies were identified, of which 19 were included in the qualitative analysis, six in the quantitative synthesis, with two meta-analyses being carried out. Association between genetics and the development of the disease was observed in most studies. In the risk of bias analysis, 47.4% had moderate risk. Higher agreement of dental caries experience was observed in MZ twins than DZ in both dentitions (OR: 5.94; 95% CI: 2.00-17.57). However, there was no difference between the MZ and DZ twin groups in the analysis comparing DMF index agreement (OR: 2.86; 95%CI: 0.25-32.79). The certainty of evidence was considered low and very low for all studies included in meta-analyses. CONCLUSION With very low certainty of the evidence, the genetic factor seems to influence the agreement of the caries experience. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Understanding the genetic influence on the disease has the potential to contribute to the development of studies that may use biotechnologies for prevention and treatment as well as guide future research involving gene therapies aiming to prevent the occurrence of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maria Cardoso Dos Anjos
- Department of Pathology and Dental Clinics, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella - Ininga, Teresina, Piauí 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Marina de Deus Moura de Lima
- Department of Pathology and Dental Clinics, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella - Ininga, Teresina, Piauí 64049-550, Brazil
| | | | - Cacilda Castelo Branco Lima
- Department of Pathology and Dental Clinics, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella - Ininga, Teresina, Piauí 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus Moura
- Department of Pathology and Dental Clinics, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella - Ininga, Teresina, Piauí 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Kuchenbecker Rösing
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, 2º andar, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 90035003, Brazil
| | - Marcoeli Silva de Moura
- Department of Pathology and Dental Clinics, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella - Ininga, Teresina, Piauí 64049-550, Brazil.
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4
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Cogulu D, Saglam C. Genetic aspects of dental caries. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.1060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a common chronic disease affecting humans in all age groups. Various factors can affect the formation of caries including demineralization and remineralization processes with oral flora; dietary and oral hygiene habits; salivary composition, flow rate, pH and buffering capacity; morphological features of the teeth; fluoride exposures, environmental and socioeconomic factors. One of the most important factors causing inter-individual variations in caries susceptibility is the host genetics. Several genes affect individual caries susceptibility. Genes play a role in immune response, development of saliva and tooth enamel. The present review aims to overview the literature focusing on the genetic features of dental caries.
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Taste perception in children with different caries activity. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2022; 23:929-934. [PMID: 35945485 PMCID: PMC9750912 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-022-00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate whether caries-active and caries-free children differ in terms of their taste perception for sweet, sour, salty and bitter. METHODS The study group consisted of 100 children aged 5-10 years: 50 caries-free children and 50 children with at least four untreated carious lesions. Taste perception was analysed using two test systems. First, filter paper strips impregnated with four taste qualities (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) at four defined intensities were used ("taste strips"). Then a tasting spray in suprathreshold concentration of the respective taste was applied. The children were asked to name the perceived taste. The parents answered a questionnaire about the children's dietary habits. RESULTS The children with high caries activity scored lower on average on the taste strips than the caries-free participants. For the taste sprays, the perception of the taste quality "bitter" was significantly worse in the children with caries than in caries-free children (Mann-Whitney U test p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that taste preferences in children are associated with increased susceptibility to tooth decay.
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6
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A Constrained Generalized Functional Linear Model for Multi-Loci Genetic Mapping. STATS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/stats4030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), efficient incorporation of linkage disequilibria (LD) among densely typed genetic variants into association analysis is a critical yet challenging problem. Functional linear models (FLM), which impose a smoothing structure on the coefficients of correlated covariates, are advantageous in genetic mapping of multiple variants with high LD. Here we propose a novel constrained generalized FLM (cGFLM) framework to perform simultaneous association tests on a block of linked SNPs with various trait types, including continuous, binary and zero-inflated count phenotypes. The new cGFLM applies a set of inequality constraints on the FLM to ensure model identifiability under different genetic codings. The method is implemented via B-splines, and an augmented Lagrangian algorithm is employed for parameter estimation. For hypotheses testing, a test statistic that accounts for the model constraints was derived, following a mixture of chi-square distributions. Simulation results show that cGFLM is effective in identifying causal loci and gene clusters compared to several competing methods based on single markers and SKAT-C. We applied the proposed method to analyze a candidate gene-based COGEND study and a large-scale GWAS data on dental caries risk.
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7
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Jurczak A, Jamka-Kasprzyk M, Bębenek Z, Staszczyk M, Jagielski P, Kościelniak D, Gregorczyk-Maga I, Kołodziej I, Kępisty M, Kukurba-Setkowicz M, Bryll A, Krzyściak W. Differences in Sweet Taste Perception and Its Association with the Streptococcus mutans Cariogenic Profile in Preschool Children with Caries. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092592. [PMID: 32858903 PMCID: PMC7551438 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis about differences in sweet taste perception in the group of preschool children with and without caries, and to determine its relationship with cariogenic microbiota and the frequency of sweets consumption in children. The study group included of 63 children aged 2–6 years: 32 with caries and 31 without caries. The study consisted of collecting questionnaire data and assessment of dental status using the decayed, missing, filled in primary teeth index (dmft) and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). The evaluation of sweet taste perception was carried out using a specific method that simultaneously assessed the level of taste preferences and the sensitivity threshold for a given taste. The microbiological analysis consisted of the assessment of the quantitative and qualitative compositions of the oral microbiota of the examined children. The sweet taste perception of children with caries was characterized by a lower susceptibility to sucrose (the preferred sucrose solution concentration was >4 g/L) compared to children without caries (in the range ≤ 4 g/L, p = 0.0015, chi-square test). A similar relationship was also observed for frequent snacking between meals (p = 0.0038, chi-square test). The analysis of studied variables showed the existence of a strong positive correlation between the perception of sweet taste and the occurrence and intensity of the cariogenic process (p = 0.007 for dmft; and p = 0.012 for ICDAS II), as well as the frequency of consuming sweets (p ≤ 0.001 for frequent and repeated consumption of sweets during the day, Spearman test) in children with caries. Additionally, children with an elevated sucrose taste threshold were more than 10-times more likely to develop S. mutans presence (OR = 10.21; 95% CI 3.11–33.44). The results of this study suggest the future use of taste preferences in children as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of increased susceptibility to caries through microbial dysbiosis towards specific species of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jurczak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Małgorzata Jamka-Kasprzyk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Zuzanna Bębenek
- Department of Mycology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Czysta St 18, 31-121 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Staszczyk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Paweł Jagielski
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Faculty of Health Science, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Grzegórzecka St 20, 31-531 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Dorota Kościelniak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Iwona Kołodziej
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Kępisty
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Kukurba-Setkowicz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.J.); (M.J.-K.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (I.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Amira Bryll
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-620-57-60
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Esberg A, Haworth S, Kuja-Halkola R, Magnusson PK, Johansson I. Heritability of Oral Microbiota and Immune Responses to Oral Bacteria. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081126. [PMID: 32726935 PMCID: PMC7464143 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a symbiotic oral microbiota is essential for oral and dental health, and host genetic factors may affect the composition or function of the oral microbiota through a range of possible mechanisms, including immune pathways. The study included 836 Swedish twins divided into separate groups of adolescents (n = 418) and unrelated adults (n = 418). Oral microbiota composition and functions of non-enzymatically lysed oral bacteria samples were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and functional bioinformatics tools in the adolescents. Adaptive immune responses were assessed by testing for serum IgG antibodies against a panel of common oral bacteria in adults. In the adolescents, host genetic factors were associated with both the detection and abundance of microbial species, but with considerable variation between species. Host genetic factors were associated with predicted microbiota functions, including several functions related to bacterial sucrose, fructose, and carbohydrate metabolism. In adults, genetic factors were associated with serum antibodies against oral bacteria. In conclusion, host genetic factors affect the composition of the oral microbiota at a species level, and host-governed adaptive immune responses, and also affect the concerted functions of the oral microbiota as a whole. This may help explain why some people are genetically predisposed to the major dental diseases of caries and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Esberg
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| | - Simon Haworth
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK;
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (R.K.-H.); (P.K.M.)
| | - Patrik K.E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (R.K.-H.); (P.K.M.)
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9
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Taste Perception in School Children: Is There an Association with Dental Caries? BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2020-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Background/Aim: Individuals make food choices based on a number of physiological, nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors but sensory qualities of food namely the taste has priority as the determinant in food selection. The purpose of the study is to evaluate sweet, salty, sour and bitter taste perceptions of school children and compare them in term of caries experience.
Material and Methods: Two hundred children aged from 6-13 were included in the study. The dental examinations of children were performed using DMF(T), DMF(S), df(t) and df(s) indices. Questionnaires were presented to parents to record the socioeconomic and educational levels, oral health knowledge, child’s general health, oral health habits and fluoride exposure. Children rinsed sucrose (12g/L; 24g/L), sodium chloride (2g/L; 4g/L), citric acid (0,6g/L; 1,20g/L) and caffeine (0,27g/L; 0,54g/L) solutions randomly and the taste perception was recorded. Relationship between the taste perception and caries experience were evaluated.
Results: A significant correlation was found between 2 g/L of NaCl and age (p= 0,007, r= 0,178). When occlusal or approximal caries of the children aged from 6 to 9 were discriminated, the Spearman’s test found a weak positive correlation between occlusal caries and higher sweet taste (24 g/L sucrose) (r= 0,232; p= 0,021) and a weak negative correlation between approximal caries and higher salty taste (4 g/L NaCl) (r= –0,225; p= 0,025).
Conclusions: Age should be considered in the assessment of taste perception of children. Additionally, there is a weak relationship between taste perceptions and dental caries. These data suggest that further studies need to focus on the effect of taste preferences on dental caries.
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Venditti C, Musa-Veloso K, Lee HY, Poon T, Mak A, Darch M, Juana J, Fronda D, Noori D, Pateman E, Jack M. Determinants of Sweetness Preference: A Scoping Review of Human Studies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030718. [PMID: 32182697 PMCID: PMC7146214 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors associated with sweetness preference are multi-faceted and incredibly complex. A scoping review was undertaken to identify determinants of sweetness preference in humans. Using an online search tool, ProQuest ™, a total of 99 publications were identified and subsequently grouped into the following categories of determinants: Age, dietary factors, reproductive hormonal factors, body weight status, heritable, weight loss, sound, personality, ethnicity and lifestyle, previous exposure, disease, and 'other' determinants. Methodologies amongst studies were heterogenous in nature (e.g., there was variability across studies in the sweetness concentrations tested, the number of different sweetness concentrations used to assess sweetness preference, and the methods utilized to measure sweetness preference), rendering interpretation of overall findings challenging; however, for certain determinants, the evidence appeared to support predictive capacity of greater sweetness preference, such as age during certain life-stages (i.e., young and old), being in a hungry versus satiated state, and heritable factors (e.g., similar sweetness preferences amongst family members). Recommendations for the design of future studies on sweetness preference determinants are provided herein, including an "investigator checklist" of criteria to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Venditti
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathy Musa-Veloso
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Han Youl Lee
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Theresa Poon
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Alastair Mak
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Maryse Darch
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Justine Juana
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Dylan Fronda
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Daniel Noori
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Erika Pateman
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Maia Jack
- American Beverage Association, Science and Regulatory Affairs, 1275 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 200042, USA
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11
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Haworth S, Esberg A, Lif Holgerson P, Kuja-Halkola R, Timpson N, Magnusson P, Franks P, Johansson I. Heritability of Caries Scores, Trajectories, and Disease Subtypes. J Dent Res 2020; 99:264-270. [PMID: 31905308 PMCID: PMC7036480 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519897910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies report that dental caries is partially heritable, but there is uncertainty in the magnitude of genetic effects and little understanding of how genetic factors might influence caries progression or caries subtypes. This study aimed to estimate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of different caries outcomes using a twin-based design. Analysis included up to 41,678 twins in the Swedish Twin Register aged 7 to 97 y, and dental data were obtained from preexisting dental records. The outcome measures were 1) summary indices of caries experience, 2) parameters representing trajectory in caries progression derived from longitudinal modeling, and 3) caries scores in groups of biologically similar tooth surfaces derived from hierarchical clustering of tooth surfaces (termed caries clusters). Additive genetic factors explained between 49.1% and 62.7% of variation in caries scores and between 50.0% and 60.5% of variation in caries trajectories. Seven caries clusters were identified, which had estimates of heritability lying between 41.9% and 54.3%. Shared environmental factors were important for only some of these clusters and explained 16% of variation in fissure caries in molar teeth but little variation in other clusters of caries presentation. The genetic factors influencing these clusters were only partially overlapping, suggesting that different biological processes are important in different groups of tooth surfaces and that innate liability to some patterns of caries presentation may partially explain why groups of tooth surfaces form clusters within the mouth. These results provide 1) improved quantification of genetic factors in the etiology of caries and 2) new data about the role of genetics in terms of longitudinal changes in caries status and specific patterns of disease presentation, and they may help lay the foundations for personalized interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of
Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative
Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- S. Haworth, Bristol Dental School,
University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.
| | - A. Esberg
- Section of Cariology, Department of
Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - P. Lif Holgerson
- Section of Pedodontics, Department of
Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - R. Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N.J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative
Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P.K.E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P.W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic
and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H.
Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I. Johansson
- Section of Cariology, Department of
Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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ARID J, ANTUNES LAA, KOCH LFDA, EVANGELISTA SS, VASCONCELOS KRF, BRANCHER JA, GABARDO MCL, MILANI AJ, DUTRA ALT, ANTUNES LS, VIEIRA AR, FELTRIN-SOUZA J, KÜCHLER EC. Association of taste receptor gene polymorphisms with dental caries. Braz Oral Res 2020; 34:e055. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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13
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Silva MJ, Kilpatrick NM, Craig JM, Manton DJ, Leong P, Burgner DP, Scurrah KJ. Genetic and Early-Life Environmental Influences on Dental Caries Risk: A Twin Study. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-3499. [PMID: 31028158 PMCID: PMC6564063 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on dental caries risk and to investigate fetal and developmental risk factors for dental caries. METHODS We recruited children from 250 twin pregnancies midgestation and collected demographic, health, and phenotypic data at recruitment, 24 and 36 weeks' gestational age, birth and 18 months, and 6 years of age. 25-hydroxyvitamin D was quantified in mothers at 28 weeks' gestation and in infants at birth. Dental caries and enamel defects were measured at six years of age. We compared concordance for the presence of any caries and advanced caries in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. To investigate environmental risk factors for caries, we fitted multiple logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations to adjust for twin correlation. RESULTS A total of 345 twins underwent dental assessment, with 111 (32.2%) showing signs of any caries and 83 (24.1%) having advanced caries. There was no evidence of higher concordance in monozygotic twins compared with dizygotic twins, with a difference of 0.05 (95% confidence interval -0.14 to 0.25; P = .30) and 0.00 (95% confidence interval -0.26 to 0.26; P = .50) for any caries and advanced caries, respectively, suggesting that environmental factors, rather than genetics, are the predominant determinant of caries risk. After adjusting for potential confounders, lack of community water fluoridation, hypomineralized second primary molars, dichorionic placenta, and maternal obesity were associated with caries. CONCLUSIONS Environmental rather than genetic factors drive dental caries risk and arise as early as prenatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihiri J. Silva
- Facial Sciences,,Inflammatory Origins, and,Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Craig
- Molecular Epidemiology, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia;,Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Pamela Leong
- Molecular Epidemiology, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia;,Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School
| | - David P. Burgner
- Inflammatory Origins, and,Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School,,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; and,Infectious Diseases, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katrina J. Scurrah
- Facial Sciences,,School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Hujoel PP, Lingström P. Nutrition, dental caries and periodontal disease: a narrative review. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 44 Suppl 18:S79-S84. [PMID: 28266117 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To provide a narrative review of the role of macro- and micronutrients in relation to dental caries, gingival bleeding and destructive periodontal disease. MATERIALS & METHODS This review is based on systematic reviews (when available) and comparative human studies. RESULTS Dental caries cannot develop without the presence of dietary fermentable carbohydrates, in particular sugar. The susceptibility to develop caries in the presence of carbohydrates may be influenced by genetics and micronutrients such as vitamin D. Gingival bleeding and destructive periodontal disease are sensitive markers to both abnormalities in macronutrient content (excessive carbohydrates or poly-unsaturated fat intake, deficient protein intake) and micronutrient intake (e.g. vitamin C and B12). CONCLUSION Dental caries and periodontal diseases are a sensitive alarm bell for an unhealthy diet, which predicts the future onset of the diseases of civilizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe P Hujoel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Lingström
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Haworth S, Shungin D, van der Tas JT, Vucic S, Medina-Gomez C, Yakimov V, Feenstra B, Shaffer JR, Lee MK, Standl M, Thiering E, Wang C, Bønnelykke K, Waage J, Jessen LE, Nørrisgaard PE, Joro R, Seppälä I, Raitakari O, Dudding T, Grgic O, Ongkosuwito E, Vierola A, Eloranta AM, West NX, Thomas SJ, McNeil DW, Levy SM, Slayton R, Nohr EA, Lehtimäki T, Lakka T, Bisgaard H, Pennell C, Kühnisch J, Marazita ML, Melbye M, Geller F, Rivadeneira F, Wolvius EB, Franks PW, Johansson I, Timpson NJ. Consortium-based genome-wide meta-analysis for childhood dental caries traits. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:3113-3127. [PMID: 29931343 PMCID: PMC6097157 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies suggest dental caries traits in children and adolescents are partially heritable, but there has been no large-scale consortium genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date. We therefore performed GWAS for caries in participants aged 2.5-18.0 years from nine contributing centres. Phenotype definitions were created for the presence or absence of treated or untreated caries, stratified by primary and permanent dentition. All studies tested for association between caries and genotype dosage and the results were combined using fixed-effects meta-analysis. Analysis included up to 19 003 individuals (7530 affected) for primary teeth and 13 353 individuals (5875 affected) for permanent teeth. Evidence for association with caries status was observed at rs1594318-C for primary teeth [intronic within ALLC, odds ratio (OR) 0.85, effect allele frequency (EAF) 0.60, P 4.13e-8] and rs7738851-A (intronic within NEDD9, OR 1.28, EAF 0.85, P 1.63e-8) for permanent teeth. Consortium-wide estimated heritability of caries was low [h2 of 1% (95% CI: 0%: 7%) and 6% (95% CI 0%: 13%) for primary and permanent dentitions, respectively] compared with corresponding within-study estimates [h2 of 28% (95% CI: 9%: 48%) and 17% (95% CI: 2%: 31%)] or previously published estimates. This study was designed to identify common genetic variants with modest effects which are consistent across different populations. We found few single variants associated with caries status under these assumptions. Phenotypic heterogeneity between cohorts and limited statistical power will have contributed; these findings could also reflect complexity not captured by our study design, such as genetic effects which are conditional on environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haworth
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Justin T van der Tas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics
| | - Strahinja Vucic
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Yakimov
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Myoung Keun Lee
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Carol Wang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofe Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2730, Denmark
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofe Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2730, Denmark
| | - Leon Eyrich Jessen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofe Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2730, Denmark
| | - Pia Elisabeth Nørrisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofe Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2730, Denmark
| | - Raimo Joro
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere - Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Tom Dudding
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Olja Grgic
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics
- The Generation R Study Group
| | | | - Anu Vierola
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aino-Maija Eloranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicola X West
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Steven J Thomas
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Daniel W McNeil
- Department of Psychology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WA 26506-6286, USA
| | - Steven M Levy
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Cedar Rapids, IA 52242-1010, USA
| | - Rebecca Slayton
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry (Retired), School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere - Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Timo Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Campus, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio 70100, Finland
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofe Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2730, Denmark
| | - Craig Pennell
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jan Kühnisch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen DK-2300, Denmark
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Eppo B Wolvius
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö 202 13, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 85, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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16
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Casado PL, Quinelato V, Cataldo P, Prazeres J, Campello M, Bonato LL, Aguiar T. Dental genetics in Brazil: Where we are. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:689-701. [PMID: 30078197 PMCID: PMC6160708 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentistry constitutes the basic nucleus of professionals of higher level of health in Brazil with one of the largest concentrations of dentists per capita in the world. However, the genetic in dentistry in Brazil is explored, basically, in research field. Future actions need to be performed in order to deep the whole knowledge about diagnosis and treatment of diseases with genetic basis in dentistry, in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Telma Aguiar
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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17
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18
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Ashi H, Lara-Capi C, Campus G, Klingberg G, Lingström P. Sweet Taste Perception and Dental Caries in 13- to 15-Year-Olds: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Caries Res 2017; 51:443-450. [DOI: 10.1159/000477367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary habits and, in particular, the intake frequency of sucrose are of major importance for the development of dental caries. The perception of sweet taste is believed to have an influence on sucrose intake and therefore affects the predisposition to dental caries. The aim was to study the caries experience and sweet taste perception and to further analyze the possible relationship between the 2 tested variables in 13- to 15-year-old children from 3 different geographical areas. A cross-sectional survey comprising 669 children (220 Italian, 224 Mexican, and 225 Saudi Arabian) was conducted. The children were examined in their school setting. A sweet taste perception level was determined by the sweet taste threshold (TT) and sweet taste preference (TP). The sweet test was performed with sucrose solutions varying in concentration from 1.63 to 821.52 g/L. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and DMFS indices were used to diagnose caries. The highest mean value for TT was found for Italian children followed by Saudi and Mexican. Saudi schoolchildren showed the highest mean values for TP and DMFS, followed by Italian and Mexican. A statistically significant difference for TP, TT, DMFS, and initial caries was found between the 3 countries. A weak yet positive correlation was found between taste perception (TT and TP) versus DMFS and manifest caries in all 3 countries (r = 0.137-0.313). The findings of the present study showed a variation in sweet taste perception between the 3 countries, which may influence the caries outcome of the children in the individual countries.
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19
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Abstract
Pediatric oral health is determined by the interaction of environmental factors and genetic influences. This is the case for early childhood caries, the most common disease of childhood. The complexity of exogenous-environmental factors interacting with innate biological predispositions results in a continuum of normal variation, as well as oral health and disease outcomes. Optimal oral health and care or precision dentistry warrants comprehensive understanding of these influences and tools enabling intervention on modifiable factors. This article reviews the current knowledge of the genomic basis of pediatric oral health and highlights known and postulated mechanistic pathways of action relevant to early childhood caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Divaris
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, UNC School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 228 Brauer Hall, CB#7450, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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20
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Eckert S, Feingold E, Cooper M, Vanyukov MM, Maher BS, Slayton RL, Willing MC, Reis SE, McNeil DW, Crout RJ, Weyant RJ, Levy SM, Vieira AR, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR. Variants on chromosome 4q21 near PKD2 and SIBLINGs are associated with dental caries. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:491-496. [PMID: 28100911 PMCID: PMC5367940 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study for dental caries nominated the chromosomal region 4q21 near ABCG2, PKD2 and the SIBLING gene family. In this investigation we followed-up and fine-mapped this region using a tag-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) approach in 13 age- and race-stratified samples from 6 independent studies (N=4,089). Participants were assessed for dental caries via intra-oral examination and 49 tag-SNPs were genotyped capturing much of the variation in the 4q21 locus. Linear models were used to test for genetic association, while adjusting for sex, age, and components of ancestry. SNPs in and near PKD2 showed significant evidence of association in individual samples of black adults (rs17013735, p-value=0.0009) and white adults (rs11938025; p-value=0.0005; rs2725270, p-value=0.003). Meta-analyses across black adult samples recapitulated the association with rs17013735 (p-value=0.003), which occurs at low frequency in non-African populations, possibly explaining the race-specificity of the effect. In addition to race-specific associations, we also observed evidence of gene-by-fluoride exposure interaction effects in white adults for SNP rs2725233 upstream of PKD2 (p=0.002). Our results show evidence of regional replication, though no single variant clearly accounted for the original GWAS signal. Therefore, while we interpret our results as strengthening the hypothesis that chromosome 4q21 may impact dental caries, additional work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Eckert
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Margaret Cooper
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael M Vanyukov
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L Slayton
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marcia C Willing
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven E Reis
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel W McNeil
- Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Richard J Crout
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert J Weyant
- Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Levy
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexandre R Vieira
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Abstract
In recent years, unprecedented gains in the understanding of the biology and mechanisms underlying human health and disease have been made. In the domain of oral health, although much remains to be learned, the complex interactions between different systems in play have begun to unravel: host genome, oral microbiome with its transcriptome, proteome and metabolome, and more distal influences, including relevant behaviors and environmental exposures. A reasonable expectation is that this emerging body of knowledge can help improve the oral health and optimize care for individuals and populations. These goals are articulated by the National Institutes of Health as "precision medicine" and the elimination of health disparities. Key processes in these efforts are the discovery of causal factors or mechanistic pathways and the identification of individuals or population segments that are most likely to develop (any or severe forms of) oral disease. This article critically reviews the fundamental concepts of risk assessment and outcome prediction, as they relate to early childhood caries (ECC)-a common complex disease with significant negative impacts on children, their families, and the health system. The article highlights recent work and advances in methods available to estimate caries risk and derive person-level caries propensities. It further discusses the reasons for their limited utility in predicting individual ECC outcomes and informing clinical decision making. Critical issues identified include the misconception of defining dental caries as a tooth or surface-level condition versus a person-level disease; the fallacy of applying population-level parameters to individuals, termed privatization of risk; and the inadequacy of using frequentist versus Bayesian modeling approaches to derive individual disease propensity estimates. The article concludes with the notion that accurate caries risk assessment at the population level and "precision dentistry" at the person level are both desirable and achievable but must be based on high-quality longitudinal data and rigorous methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Divaris
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Pyrosequencing of Plaque Microflora In Twin Children with Discordant Caries Phenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141310. [PMID: 26524687 PMCID: PMC4629883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent successes in the control of dental caries, the mechanism of caries development remains unclear. To investigate the causes of dental decay, especially in early childhood caries, the supragingival microflora composition of 20 twins with discordant caries phenotypes were analyzed using high-throughput pyrosequencing. In addition, the parents completed a lifestyle questionnaire. A total of 228,789 sequencing reads revealed 10 phyla, 84 genera, and 155 species of microflora, the relative abundances of these strains varied dramatically among the children, Comparative analysis between groups revealed that Veillonella, Corynebacterium and Actinomyces were presumed to be caries-related genera, Fusobacterium, Kingella and Leptotrichia were presumed to be healthy-related genus, yet this six genera were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Moreover, a cluster analysis revealed that the microbial composition of samples in the same group was often dissimilar but that the microbial composition observed in twins was usually similar. Although the genetic and environmental factors that strongly influence the microbial composition of dental caries remains unknown, we speculate that genetic factors primarily influence the individual's susceptibility to dental caries and that environmental factors primarily regulate the microbial composition of the dental plaque and the progression to caries. By using improved twins models and increased sample sizes, our study can be extended to analyze the specific genetic and environmental factors that affect the development of caries.
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23
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A common genetic influence on human intensity ratings of sugars and high-potency sweeteners. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:361-7. [PMID: 26181574 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The perception of sweetness varies among individuals but the sources of this variation are not fully understood. Here, in a sample of 1,901 adolescent and young adults (53.8% female; 243 MZ and 452 DZ twin pairs, 511 unpaired individuals; mean age 16.2±2.8, range 12–26 years), we studied the variation in the perception of sweetness intensity of two monosaccharides and two high-potency sweeteners: glucose, fructose, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (NHDC), and aspartame. Perceived intensity for all sweeteners decreased with age (2–5% per year) and increased with the history of otitis media (6–9%). Males rated aspartame slightly stronger than females (7%). We found similar heritabilities for sugars (glucose: h2=0.31, fructose: h2=0.34) and high-potency sweeteners (NHDC: h2=0.31, aspartame: h2=0.30); all were in the modest range. Multivariate modeling showed that a common genetic factor accounted for >75% of the genetic variance in the four sweeteners, suggesting that individual differences in perceived sweet intensity, which are partly due to genetic factors, may be attributed to a single set of genes. This study provided evidence of the shared genetic pathways between the perception of sugars and high-potency sweeteners.
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Polymorphisms in sweet taste genes (TAS1R2 and GLUT2), sweet liking, and dental caries prevalence in an adult Italian population. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:485. [PMID: 26268603 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between sweet taste genes and dental caries prevalence in a large sample of adults. In addition, the association between sweet liking and sugar intake with dental caries was investigated. Caries was measured by the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index in 647 Caucasian subjects (285 males and 362 females, aged 18-65 years), coming from six villages in northeastern Italy. Sweet liking was assessed using a 9-point scale, and the mean of the liking given by each individual to specific sweet food and beverages was used to create a sweet liking score. Simple sugar consumption was estimated by a dietary history interview, considering both added sugars and sugar present naturally in foods. Our study confirmed that polymorphisms in TAS1R2 and GLUT2 genes are related to DMFT index. In particular, GG homozygous individuals for rs3935570 in TAS1R2 gene (p value = 0.0117) and GG homozygous individuals for rs1499821 in GLUT2 gene (p value = 0.0273) showed higher DMFT levels compared to both heterozygous and homozygous for the alternative allele. Furthermore, while the relationship sugar intake-DMFT did not achieve statistical significance (p value = 0.075), a significant association was identified between sweet liking and DMFT (p value = 0.004), independent of other variables. Our study showed that sweet taste genetic factors contribute to caries prevalence and highlighted the role of sweet liking as a predictor of caries risk. Therefore, these results may open new perspectives for individual risk identification and implementation of target preventive strategies, such as identifying high-risk patients before caries development.
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Opal S, Garg S, Jain J, Walia I. Genetic factors affecting dental caries risk. Aust Dent J 2015; 60:2-11. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Opal
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry; BRS Dental College; Panchkula Haryana India
| | - S Garg
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry; Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana; Ambala Haryana India
| | - J Jain
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics; Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana; Ambala Haryana India
| | - I Walia
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology; BRS Dental College; Panchkula Haryana India
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Shaffer JR, Wang X, McNeil DW, Weyant RJ, Crout R, Marazita ML. Genetic susceptibility to dental caries differs between the sexes: a family-based study. Caries Res 2015; 49:133-40. [PMID: 25612913 DOI: 10.1159/000369103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the factors affecting susceptibility to dental caries are likely influenced by genetics. In fact, genetics accounts for up to 65% of inter-individual variation in dental caries experience. Sex differences in dental caries experience have been widely reported, with females usually exhibiting a higher prevalence and severity of disease across all ages. The cause for this sex bias is currently uncertain, although it may be partly due to the differential effects of genetic factors between the sexes: gene-by-sex interactions. In this family based study (N = 2,663; 740 families; ages 1-93 years), we assessed dental caries via intra-oral examination and generated six indices of caries experience (DMFS, dfs, and indices of both pit-and-fissure surface caries and smooth surface caries in both primary and permanent dentitions). We used likelihood-based methods to model the variance in caries experience conditional on the expected genetic sharing among relatives in our sample. This modeling framework allowed us to test two lines of evidence for gene-by-sex interactions: (1) whether the magnitude of the cumulative effect of genes differs between the sexes, and (2) whether different genes are involved. We observed significant evidence of gene-by-sex interactions for caries experience in both the primary and permanent dentitions. In the primary dentition, the magnitude of the effect of genes was greater in males than females. In the permanent dentition, different genes may play important roles in each of the sexes. Overall, this study provides the first direct evidence that sex differences in dental caries experiences may be explained, in part, by gene-by-sex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
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Yang J, Zhu W, Chen J, Zhang Q, Wu S. Genome-wide two-marker linkage disequilibrium mapping of quantitative trait loci. BMC Genet 2014; 15:20. [PMID: 24507412 PMCID: PMC4015628 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a natural population, the alleles of multiple tightly linked loci on the same chromosome co-segregate and are passed non-randomly from generation to generation. Capitalizing on this phenomenon, a group of mapping methods, commonly referred to as the linkage disequilibrium-based mapping (LD mapping), have been developed recently for detecting genetic associations. However, most current LD mapping methods mainly employed single-marker analysis, overlooking the rich information contained within adjacent linked loci. RESULTS We extend the single-marker LD mapping to include two linked loci and explicitly incorporate their LD information into genetic mapping models (tmLD). We establish the theoretical foundations for the tmLD mapping method and also provide a thorough examination of its statistical properties. Our simulation studies demonstrate that the tmLD mapping method significantly improves the detection power of association compared to the single-marker based and also haplotype based mapping methods. The practical usage and properties of the tmLD mapping method were further elucidated through the analysis of a large-scale dental caries GWAS data set. It shows that the tmLD mapping method can identify significant SNPs that are missed by the traditional single-marker association analysis and haplotype based mapping method. An R package for our proposed method has been developed and is freely available. CONCLUSIONS The proposed tmLD mapping method is more powerful than single marker mapping generally used in GWAS data analysis. We recommend the usage of this improved method over the traditional single marker association analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Song Wu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA.
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Abstract
In the last decade, basic research in chemoreceptor genetics and neurobiology have revolutionized our understanding of individual differences in chemosensation. From an evolutionary perspective, chemosensory variations appear to have arisen in response to different living environments, generally in the avoidance of toxins and to better detect vital food sources. Today, it is often assumed that these differences may drive variable food preferences and choices, with downstream effects on health and wellness. A growing body of evidence indicates chemosensory variation is far more complex than previously believed. However, just because a genetic polymorphism results in altered receptor function in cultured cells or even behavioral phenotypes in the laboratory, this variation may not be sufficient to influence food choice in free living humans. Still, there is ample evidence to indicate allelic variation in TAS2R38 predicts variation in bitterness of synthetic pharmaceuticals (e.g., propylthiouracil) and natural plant compounds (e.g., goitrin), and this variation associates with differential intake of alcohol and vegetables. Further, this is only one of 25 unique bitter taste genes (TAS2Rs) in humans, and emerging evidence suggests other TAS2Rs may also contain polymorphisms that a functional with respect to ingestive behavior. For example, TAS2R16 polymorphisms are linked to the bitterness of naturally occurring plant compounds and alcoholic beverage intake, a TAS2R19 polymorphism predicts differences in quinine bitterness and grapefruit bitterness and liking, and TAS2R31 polymorphisms associate with differential bitterness of plant compounds like aristolochic acid and the sulfonyl amide sweeteners saccharin and acesulfame-K. More critically with respect to food choices, these polymorphisms may vary independently from each other within and across individuals, meaning a monolithic one-size-fits-all approach to bitterness needs to be abandoned. Nor are genetic differences restricted to bitterness. Perceptual variation has also been associated with polymorphisms in genes involved in odors associated with meat defects (boar taint), green/grassy notes, and cilantro, as well as umami and sweet tastes (TAS1R1/2/3). Here, a short primer on receptor genetics is provided, followed by a summary of current knowledge, and implications for human ingestive behavior are discussed.
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Volckova M, Linhartova PB, Trefna T, Vlazny J, Musilova K, Kukletova M, Kukla L, Holla LI. Lack of association between lactotransferrin polymorphism and dental caries. Caries Res 2013; 48:39-44. [PMID: 24217007 DOI: 10.1159/000351689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental caries is a complex, multifactorial disease and one of the most common illnesses worldwide. Its etiology is related to microbial, dietary and host factors. Recent evidence suggests a role of lactotransferrin (LTF) in caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between LTF gene polymorphism and dental caries. METHODS In this case-control study, 637 unrelated children, aged 11-13 years, were enrolled. The subjects were divided into two groups, i.e. caries-free (decayed/missing/filled teeth = 0) and caries-affected children (decayed/missing/filled teeth ≥ 1). The LTF rs1126478 (140A/G in exon 2, Lys/Arg) genotypes were determined by PCR with restriction analysis using the EarI enzyme. RESULTS Of 637 children, 155 (24.3%) were caries free. There were no statistically significant differences between caries levels and allele or genotype distributions in the total cohort. When the caries-affected group (n = 482) was stratified into low (decayed/missing/filled teeth = 1), moderate (2 ≤ decayed/missing/filled teeth ≤ 3) and high (decayed/missing/filled teeth ≥ 4) caries experience, allele and genotype frequencies were similar among all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The LTF 140A/G (exon 2, Lys/Arg) polymorphism was not associated with the susceptibility to or severity of dental caries in the Czech population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volckova
- Clinic of Stomatology, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Role of TRAV locus in low caries experience. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1015-25. [PMID: 23657505 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Caries is the most common chronic, multifactorial disease in the world today; and little is still known about the genetic factors influencing susceptibility. Our previous genome-wide linkage scan has identified five loci related to caries susceptibility: 5q13.3, 13q31.1, 14q11.2, 14q 24.3, and Xq27. In the present study, we fine mapped the 14q11.2 locus to identify genetic contributors to caries susceptibility. Four hundred seventy-seven subjects from 72 pedigrees with similar cultural and behavioral habits and limited access to dental care living in the Philippines were studied. An additional 387 DNA samples from unrelated individuals were used to determine allele frequencies. For replication purposes, a total of 1,446 independent subjects from four different populations were analyzed based on their caries experience (low versus high). Forty-eight markers in 14q11.2 were genotyped using TaqMan chemistry. Transmission disequilibrium test was used to detect over transmission of alleles in the Filipino families, and Chi-square, Fisher's exact and logistic regression were used to test for association between low caries experience and variant alleles in the replication data sets. We finally assessed the mRNA expression of TRAV4 in the saliva of 143 study subjects. In the Filipino families, statistically significant associations were found between low caries experience and markers in TRAV4. We were able to replicate these results in the populations studied that were characteristically from underserved areas. Direct sequencing of 22 subjects carrying the associated alleles detects one missense mutation (Y30R) that is predicted to be probably damaging. Finally, we observed higher expression in children and teenagers with low caries experience, correlating with specific alleles in TRAV4. Our results suggest that TRAV4 may have a role in protecting against caries.
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Shimizu T, Deeley K, Briseño-Ruiz J, Faraco IM, Poletta FA, Brancher JA, Pecharki GD, Küchler EC, Tannure PN, Lips A, Vieira TCS, Patir A, Yildirim M, Mereb JC, Resick JM, Brandon CA, Cooper ME, Seymen F, Costa MC, Granjeiro JM, Trevilatto PC, Orioli IM, Castilla EE, Marazita ML, Vieira AR. Fine-mapping of 5q12.1-13.3 unveils new genetic contributors to caries. Caries Res 2013; 47:273-83. [PMID: 23363935 DOI: 10.1159/000346278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries is a multifactorial disease and little is still known about the host genetic factors influencing susceptibility. Our previous genome-wide linkage scan has identified the interval 5q12.1-5q13.3 as linked to low caries susceptibility in Filipino families. Here we fine-mapped this region in order to identify genetic contributors to caries susceptibility. Four hundred and seventy-seven subjects from 72 pedigrees with similar cultural and behavioral habits and limited access to dental care living in the Philippines were studied. DMFT scores and genotype data of 75 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were evaluated in the Filipino families with the Family-Based Association Test. For replication purposes, a total 1,467 independent subjects from five different populations were analyzed in a case-control format. In the Filipino cohort, statistically significant and borderline associations were found between low caries experience and four genes spanning 13 million base pairs (PART1, ZSWIM6, CCNB1, and BTF3). We were able to replicate these results in some of the populations studied. We detected PART1 and BTF3 expression in whole saliva, and the expression of BTF3 was associated with caries experience. Our results suggest BTF3 may have a functional role in protecting against caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
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Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms are not associated with susceptibility to severe early childhood caries. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:110-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang X, Shaffer JR, Zeng Z, Begum F, Vieira AR, Noel J, Anjomshoaa I, Cuenco KT, Lee MK, Beck J, Boerwinkle E, Cornelis MC, Hu FB, Crosslin DR, Laurie CC, Nelson SC, Doheny KF, Pugh EW, Polk DE, Weyant RJ, Crout R, McNeil DW, Weeks DE, Feingold E, Marazita ML. Genome-wide association scan of dental caries in the permanent dentition. BMC Oral Health 2012; 12:57. [PMID: 23259602 PMCID: PMC3574042 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Over 90% of adults aged 20 years or older with permanent teeth have suffered from dental caries leading to pain, infection, or even tooth loss. Although caries prevalence has decreased over the past decade, there are still about 23% of dentate adults who have untreated carious lesions in the US. Dental caries is a complex disorder affected by both individual susceptibility and environmental factors. Approximately 35-55% of caries phenotypic variation in the permanent dentition is attributable to genes, though few specific caries genes have been identified. Therefore, we conducted the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genes affecting susceptibility to caries in adults. METHODS Five independent cohorts were included in this study, totaling more than 7000 participants. For each participant, dental caries was assessed and genetic markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) were genotyped or imputed across the entire genome. Due to the heterogeneity among the five cohorts regarding age, genotyping platform, quality of dental caries assessment, and study design, we first conducted genome-wide association (GWA) analyses on each of the five independent cohorts separately. We then performed three meta-analyses to combine results for: (i) the comparatively younger, Appalachian cohorts (N = 1483) with well-assessed caries phenotype, (ii) the comparatively older, non-Appalachian cohorts (N = 5960) with inferior caries phenotypes, and (iii) all five cohorts (N = 7443). Top ranking genetic loci within and across meta-analyses were scrutinized for biologically plausible roles on caries. RESULTS Different sets of genes were nominated across the three meta-analyses, especially between the younger and older age cohorts. In general, we identified several suggestive loci (P-value ≤ 10E-05) within or near genes with plausible biological roles for dental caries, including RPS6KA2 and PTK2B, involved in p38-depenedent MAPK signaling, and RHOU and FZD1, involved in the Wnt signaling cascade. Both of these pathways have been implicated in dental caries. ADMTS3 and ISL1 are involved in tooth development, and TLR2 is involved in immune response to oral pathogens. CONCLUSIONS As the first GWAS for dental caries in adults, this study nominated several novel caries genes for future study, which may lead to better understanding of cariogenesis, and ultimately, to improved disease predictions, prevention, and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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Dawson DV. New genes are identified that may be associated with childhood caries. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2012. [PMID: 23177507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah V Dawson
- Division of Biostatistics and Research Design, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, N439E Dental Science Building - Dows Institute for Dental Research, Iowa City, IA 52242-1010, USA.
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Wang X, Willing MC, Marazita ML, Wendell S, Warren JJ, Broffitt B, Smith B, Busch T, Lidral AC, Levy SM. Genetic and environmental factors associated with dental caries in children: the Iowa Fluoride Study. Caries Res 2012; 46:177-84. [PMID: 22508493 PMCID: PMC3580152 DOI: 10.1159/000337282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries remains the most common chronic childhood disease. Despite strong evidence of genetic components, there have been few studies of candidate genes and caries. In this analysis we tried to assess genetic and environmental factors contributing to childhood caries in the Iowa Fluoride Study. Environmental factors (age, sex, race, tooth-brushing frequencies and water fluoride level) and three dental caries scores (d(2)fs-total, d(2)fs-pit/fissure, and d(2)fs-smooth surface) were assessed in 575 unrelated children (mean age 5.2 years). Regression analyses were applied to assess environmental correlates. The Family-Based Association Test was used to test genetic associations for 23 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in 7 caries candidate genes on 333 Caucasian parent-child trios. We evaluated the associations between caries status and the level of both single and multiple SNPs (haplotype) respectively. Permutation procedure was performed for correction of inflated type I errors due to multiple testing. Age, tooth-brushing frequency and water fluoride level were significantly correlated to at least one carious score. Caries on pit and fissure surfaces was substantially higher than on smooth surfaces (61 vs. 39%). SNPs in three genes (DSPP, KLK4 and AQP5) showed consistent associations with protection against caries. Of note, KLK4 and AQP5 were also highlighted by subsequent haplotype analysis. Our results support the concept that genes can modify the susceptibility of caries in children. Replication analysis in independent cohorts is highly needed in order to verify the validity of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsuburgh, PA, 15219
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261
| | - Marcia C. Willing
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsuburgh, PA, 15219
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261
| | - Steve Wendell
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261
| | - John J. Warren
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Barbara Broffitt
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Brian Smith
- Dental Student, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Tamara Busch
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Andrew C. Lidral
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Steven M. Levy
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242
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Shaffer JR, Feingold E, Wang X, Tcuenco KT, Weeks DE, DeSensi RS, Polk DE, Wendell S, Weyant RJ, Crout R, McNeil DW, Marazita ML. Heritable patterns of tooth decay in the permanent dentition: principal components and factor analyses. BMC Oral Health 2012; 12:7. [PMID: 22405185 PMCID: PMC3328249 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries is the result of a complex interplay among environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors, with distinct patterns of decay likely due to specific etiologies. Therefore, global measures of decay, such as the DMFS index, may not be optimal for identifying risk factors that manifest as specific decay patterns, especially if the risk factors such as genetic susceptibility loci have small individual effects. We used two methods to extract patterns of decay from surface-level caries data in order to generate novel phenotypes with which to explore the genetic regulation of caries. Methods The 128 tooth surfaces of the permanent dentition were scored as carious or not by intra-oral examination for 1,068 participants aged 18 to 75 years from 664 biological families. Principal components analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA), two methods of identifying underlying patterns without a priori surface classifications, were applied to our data. Results The three strongest caries patterns identified by PCA recaptured variation represented by DMFS index (correlation, r = 0.97), pit and fissure surface caries (r = 0.95), and smooth surface caries (r = 0.89). However, together, these three patterns explained only 37% of the variability in the data, indicating that a priori caries measures are insufficient for fully quantifying caries variation. In comparison, the first pattern identified by FA was strongly correlated with pit and fissure surface caries (r = 0.81), but other identified patterns, including a second pattern representing caries of the maxillary incisors, were not representative of any previously defined caries indices. Some patterns identified by PCA and FA were heritable (h2 = 30-65%, p = 0.043-0.006), whereas other patterns were not, indicating both genetic and non-genetic etiologies of individual decay patterns. Conclusions This study demonstrates the use of decay patterns as novel phenotypes to assist in understanding the multifactorial nature of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Shaffer J, Wang X, DeSensi R, Wendell S, Weyant R, Cuenco K, Crout R, McNeil D, Marazita M. Genetic susceptibility to dental caries on pit and fissure and smooth surfaces. Caries Res 2012; 46:38-46. [PMID: 22286298 PMCID: PMC3304515 DOI: 10.1159/000335099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carious lesions are distributed nonuniformly across tooth surfaces of the complete dentition, suggesting that the effects of risk factors may be surface-specific. Whether genes differentially affect caries risk across tooth surfaces is unknown. We investigated the role of genetics on two classes of tooth surfaces, pit and fissure surfaces (PFS) and smooth surfaces (SMS), in more than 2,600 subjects from 740 families. Participants were examined for surface-level evidence of dental caries, and caries scores for permanent and/or primary teeth were generated separately for PFS and SMS. Heritability estimates (h(2), i.e. the proportion of trait variation due to genes) of PFS and SMS caries scores were obtained using likelihood methods. The genetic correlations between PFS and SMS caries scores were calculated to assess the degree to which traits covary due to common genetic effects. Overall, the heritability of caries scores was similar for PFS (h(2) = 19-53%; p < 0.001) and SMS (h(2) = 17-42%; p < 0.001). Heritability of caries scores for both PFS and SMS in the primary dentition was greater than in the permanent dentition and total dentition. With one exception, the genetic correlation between PFS and SMS caries scores was not significantly different from 100%, indicating that (mostly) common genes are involved in the risk of caries for both surface types. Genetic correlation for the primary dentition dfs (decay + filled surfaces) was significantly less than 100% (p < 0.001), indicating that genetic factors may exert differential effects on caries risk in PFS versus SMS in the primary dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.R. Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
| | - X. Wang
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
| | - R.S. DeSensi
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
| | - S. Wendell
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
| | - R.J. Weyant
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
| | - K.T. Cuenco
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
| | - R. Crout
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Department of Periodontics, West Virgina University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
| | - D.W. McNeil
- Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health and Department of Psychology, West Virgina University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
| | - M.L. Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
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Bockmann MR, Harris AV, Bennett CN, Odeh R, Hughes TE, Townsend GC. Timing of colonization of caries-producing bacteria: an approach based on studying monozygotic twin pairs. Int J Dent 2011; 2011:571573. [PMID: 22028714 PMCID: PMC3199088 DOI: 10.1155/2011/571573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings are presented from a prospective cohort study of timing of primary tooth emergence and timing of oral colonization of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in Australian twins. The paper focuses on differences in colonization timing in genetically identical monozygotic (MZ) twins. Timing of tooth emergence was based on parental report. Colonization timing of S. mutans were established by plating samples of plaque and saliva on selective media at 3 monthly intervals and assessing colony morphology. In 25% of individuals colonization occurred prior to emergence of the first tooth. A significant proportion of MZ pairs (21%) was discordant for colonization occurring before or after first tooth emergence, suggesting a role of environmental or epigenetic factors in timing of tooth emergence, colonization by S. mutans, or both. These findings and further application of the MZ co-twin model should assist in development of strategies to prevent or delay infection with S. mutans in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Bockmann
- Craniofacial Biology Research Group, School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Papapostolou A, Kroffke B, Tatakis DN, Nagaraja HN, Kumar PS. Contribution of host genotype to the composition of health-associated supragingival and subgingival microbiomes. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:517-24. [PMID: 21488931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Periodontitis and caries are two of the most prevalent diseases to affect humans, however; the individual susceptibility to these diseases varies significantly in the population. The aim of this investigation, therefore, was to examine the influence of host genotype on the composition of health-associated supragingival and subgingival microbiomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subgingival and supragingival plaque was collected from orally and systemically healthy adult monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Zygosity was determined by multiplexed PCR amplification of 13 short tandem repeats. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for bacterial community profiling. The number of species shared by the twin pairs as well as the similarity of the microbial communities between the twins was computed and compared using two-sample t-test RESULTS There was no difference in the number of species shared by the twin pairs as well as the similarity of the microbial communities between the twin dyads. Age was not a modifier of genetic influence on these microbial parameters. There was no difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs in the correlation between supragingival and subgingival community similarity. CONCLUSION The contributory role of host genotype, if any, is not apparent on an established, health-associated oral microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Papapostolou
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
This study compared the anatomical features of the tongue in nine pairs of twins - six monozygotic and three dizygotic. The aim of the project was to determine if tongues, like any other anatomical structure, could be used to reliably predict relatedness given that tongue shape, presentation and surface can be influenced by environment. Using the method of forced choice, 30 subjects were asked to match the photographs of tongues from twins. Our data indicate that, based on visual assessment, monozygotic twins have highly similar tongues (60% matches); similarly, dizygotic twins were matched 31% of the time, which is a higher probability than would be expected from random selection. This study should help identify baseline and control data in future behavioral studies of taste, which has a genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Spielman
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, United States of America
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Wendell S, Wang X, Brown M, Cooper ME, DeSensi RS, Weyant RJ, Crout R, McNeil DW, Marazita ML. Taste genes associated with dental caries. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1198-202. [PMID: 20858777 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510381502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, including dietary habits. Previous reports have characterized the influence of genetic variation on taste preferences and dietary habits. We therefore hypothesized that genetic variation in taste pathway genes (TAS2R38, TAS1R2, GNAT3) may be associated with dental caries risk and/or protection. Families were recruited by the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA) for collection of biological samples, demographic data, and clinical assessment of oral health, including caries scores. Multiple single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays for each gene were performed and analyzed by transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis (FBAT software) for three dentition groups: primary, mixed, and permanent. Statistically significant associations were seen in TAS2R38 and TAS1R2 for caries risk and/or protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wendell
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Fushan AA, Simons CT, Slack JP, Drayna D. Association between common variation in genes encoding sweet taste signaling components and human sucrose perception. Chem Senses 2010; 35:579-92. [PMID: 20660057 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in taste perception of different chemical substances is a well-known phenomenon in both humans and animals. Recent advances in the understanding of sweet taste signaling have identified a number of proteins involved in this signal transduction. We evaluated the hypothesis that sequence variations occurring in genes encoding taste signaling molecules can influence sweet taste perception in humans. Our population consisted of unrelated individuals (n = 160) of Caucasian, African-American, and Asian descent. Threshold and suprathreshold sensitivities of participants for sucrose were estimated using a sorting test and signal detection analysis that produced cumulative R-index area under the curve (AUC) scores. Genetic association analysis revealed significant correlation of sucrose AUC scores with genetic variation occurring in the GNAT3 gene (single point P = 10(-3) to 10(-4)), which encodes the taste-specific G(alpha) protein subunit gustducin. Subsequent sequencing identified additional GNAT3 variations having significant association with sucrose AUC scores. Collectively, GNAT3 polymorphisms explain 13% of the variation in sucrose perception. Our findings underscore the importance of common genetic variants influencing human taste perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Fushan
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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43
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Wang X, Shaffer J, Weyant R, Cuenco K, DeSensi R, Crout R, McNeil D, Marazita M. Genes and their effects on dental caries may differ between primary and permanent dentitions. Caries Res 2010; 44:277-84. [PMID: 20516689 PMCID: PMC2919434 DOI: 10.1159/000314676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of genetic factors in the genesis of dental caries of both primary and permanent dentitions is well established; however, the degree to which genes contribute to the development of dental caries, and whether these genes differ between primary and permanent dentitions, is largely unknown. Using family-based likelihood methods, we assessed the heritability of caries-related phenotypes for both children and adults in 2,600 participants from 740 families. We found that caries phenotypes in the primary dentition were highly heritable, with genes accounting for 54-70% of variation in caries scores. The heritability of caries scores in the permanent dentition was also substantial (35-55%, all p < 0.01), although this was lower than analogous phenotypes in the primary dentition. Assessment of the genetic correlation between primary and permanent caries scores indicated that 18% of the covariation in these traits was due to common genetic factors (p < 0.01). Therefore, dental caries in primary and permanent teeth may be partly attributable to different suites of genes or genes with differential effects. Sex and age explained much of the phenotypic variation in permanent, but not primary, dentition. Further, including pre-cavitated white-spot lesions in the phenotype definition substantially increased the heritability estimates for dental caries. In conclusion, our results show that dental caries are heritable, and suggest that genes affecting susceptibility to caries in the primary dentition may differ from those in permanent teeth. Moreover, metrics for quantifying caries that incorporate white-spot lesions may serve as better phenotypes in genetic studies of the causes of tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Wang
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va., USA
| | - J.R. Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
| | - R.J. Weyant
- Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va., USA
| | - K.T. Cuenco
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va., USA
| | - R.H. DeSensi
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va., USA
| | - R. Crout
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va., USA
| | - D.W. McNeil
- Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va., USA
| | - M.L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., and West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va., USA
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Rintakoski K, Kaprio J, Murtomaa H. Genetic and Environmental Factors in Oral Health among Twins. J Dent Res 2010; 89:700-4. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510366795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, studies on the contributions of genetic factors to oral health have been inconclusive. We hypothesized that major dental diseases show a significant genetic component. The study was based on self-reported oral health among young adult twins. The data were derived from the fourth wave of the longitudinal FinnTwin16 study, in which participants completed a questionnaire in 2000-2002 enquiring about the number of filled teeth and the prevalence of gingival bleeding. We used quantitative genetic modeling, based on the genetic similarity of identical and non-identical twins, to calculate the most probable model for both filled teeth and gingival bleeding. The models revealed a strong genetic component behind the number of filled teeth, differing between males (49%) and females (68%), and a weaker genetic component affecting gingival bleeding, being similar for males and females (32%). Genetic factors contribute to inter-individual differences in oral health among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Rintakoski
- Department of Oral Public Health, PL 41, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki & Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. Murtomaa
- Department of Oral Public Health, PL 41, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Fushan AA, Simons CT, Slack JP, Manichaikul A, Drayna D. Allelic polymorphism within the TAS1R3 promoter is associated with human taste sensitivity to sucrose. Curr Biol 2009; 19:1288-93. [PMID: 19559618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human sweet taste perception is mediated by the heterodimeric G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 genes. Variation in these genes has been characterized, but the functional consequences of such variation for sweet perception are unknown. We found that two C/T single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located at positions -1572 (rs307355) and -1266 (rs35744813) upstream of the TAS1R3 coding sequence strongly correlate with human taste sensitivity to sucrose and explain 16% of population variability in perception. By using a luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that the T allele of each SNP results in reduced promoter activity in comparison to the C alleles, consistent with the phenotype observed in humans carrying T alleles. We also found that the distal region of the TAS1R3 promoter harbors a composite cis-acting element that has a strong silencing effect on promoter activity. We conclude that the rs307355 and rs35744813 SNPs affect gene transcription by altering the function of this regulatory element. A worldwide population survey reveals that the T alleles of rs307355 and rs35744813 occur at lowest frequencies in European populations. We propose that inherited differences in TAS1R3 transcription account for a substantial fraction of worldwide differences in human sweet taste perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Fushan
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
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Segal NL, Hur YM. Reared apart Korean female twins: Genetic and cultural influences on life histories, physical and health-related measures, and behavioral traits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025408097133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports physical and behavioral similarities and differences in a pair of 18-year-old monozygotic (MZA) female twins, raised apart from birth in dramatically different cultures: South Korea and the United States. The main outcome measures included life history characteristics (e.g., age at separation, age at reunion), physical and health-related traits (e.g., height, weight, body mass index, age at menarche, illnesses), and behavioral traits (e.g., IQ, special mental abilities, personality traits, dietary preferences). Similarities in some physical characteristics, as well as differences, were noted. High levels of concordance were obtained for IQ and for two special mental ability measures. Selected personality traits presented a mixed picture with respect to concordance and discordance, and dietary preferences showed some unexpected similarities. The findings are discussed with reference to genetic and cultural influences on development.
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Abdelrazik N, Fouda M, Zaghloul MHED, Abbas D. Serum level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in children with malignant lymphoma. Med Princ Pract 2008; 17:233-8. [PMID: 18408393 DOI: 10.1159/000117798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) in children newly diagnosed with lymphoma and to correlate levels of s-ICAM-1 in lymphoma patients with clinical stage, pathological types, clinical and laboratory data and patient outcome. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-five children with newly-diagnosed malignant lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, NHL: 23), Hodgkin's disease (HD: 12), and 8 apparently healthy subjects of matched age and sex taken as a control group were studied. For the patients and control group, the following tests were performed: complete blood count, and the following biochemical investigations: liver function tests, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and soluble ICAM-1 estimation using ELISA. In addition, for patients, pathological examination of lymph node biopsy for pathological grading, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were done. Patients were observed for over 12 months or until death. RESULTS Serum ICAM-1 increased more in HD and NHL than in the control group (p < 0.000); also s-ICAM-1 increased in advanced stages and high-grade NHL (p < 0.008, 0.04, respectively). LDH levels were higher in patients compared to controls (p < 0.000). There was a positive correlation between high levels of s-ICAM-1 and increased levels of LDH in HD (r = 0.72, p < 0.008) and a positive correlation between high levels of s-ICAM-1 and increased ALT in NHL patients. A positive correlation between s-ICAM-1 levels and the presence of B symptoms in HD and NHL, and a positive correlation between elevated s-ICAM-1 levels and worse outcome in HD and NHL were detected. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that in children with malignant lymphoma, high serum levels of ICAM-1 correlated with tumor aggressiveness, and quantification of s-ICAM-1 levels may identify a subgroup of children with worse prognosis. Therefore, detection of s-ICAM-1 levels in children with malignant lymphoma might represent an additional disease-associated marker for use in the clinical management of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Abdelrazik
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology, and Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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