1
|
Zhao Y, Liu Y, Jia L. Gut microbial dysbiosis and inflammation: Impact on periodontal health. J Periodontal Res 2024. [PMID: 38991951 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Periodontitis is widely acknowledged as the most prevalent type of oral inflammation, arising from the dynamic interplay between oral pathogens and the host's immune responses. It is also recognized as a contributing factor to various systemic diseases. Dysbiosis of the oral microbiota can significantly alter the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. Researchers have delved into the links between periodontitis and systemic diseases through the "oral-gut" axis. However, whether the associations between periodontitis and the gut microbiota are simply correlative or driven by causative mechanistic interactions remains uncertain. This review investigates how dysbiosis of the gut microbiota impacts periodontitis, drawing on existing preclinical and clinical data. This study highlights potential mechanisms of this interaction, including alterations in subgingival microbiota, oral mucosal barrier function, neutrophil activity, and abnormal T-cell recycling, and offers new perspectives for managing periodontitis, especially in cases linked to systemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elkholy SE, Maher SA, Abd El-Hamid NR, Elsayed HA, Hassan WA, Abdelmaogood AKK, Hussein SM, Jaremko M, Alshawwa SZ, Alharbi HM, Imbaby S. The immunomodulatory effects of probiotics and azithromycin in dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via TLR4-NF-κB and p38-MAPK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115005. [PMID: 37327586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic autoimmune disease of the gut with a relapsing and remitting nature, considers a major health-care problem. DSS is a well-studied pharmacologically-induced model for UC. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and its close association with p-38-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (p-38 MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has important regulatory roles in inflammation and developing UC. Probiotics are gaining popularity for their potential in UC therapy. The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory role of azithromycin in UC remains a knowledge need. In the present rats-established UC, the therapeutic roles of oral probiotics (60 billion probiotic bacteria per kg per day) and azithromycin (40 mg per kg per day) regimens were evaluated by measuring changes in disease activity index, macroscopic damage index, oxidative stress markers, TLR4, p-38 MAPK, NF-κB signaling pathway in addition to their molecular downstream; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)1β, IL6, IL10 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). After individual and combination therapy with probiotics and azithromycin regimens, the histological architecture of the UC improved with restoration of intestinal tissue normal architecture. These findings were consistent with the histopathological score of colon tissues. Each separate regimen lowered the remarkable TLR4, p-38 MAPK, iNOS, NF-κB as well as TNFα, IL1β, IL6 and MDA expressions and elevated the low IL10, glutathione and superoxide dismutase expressions in UC tissues. The combination regimen possesses the most synergistic beneficial effects in UC that, following thorough research, should be incorporated into the therapeutic approach in UC to boost the patients' quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shereen E Elkholy
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Shymaa Ahmad Maher
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine (CEMCM), Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Noura R Abd El-Hamid
- Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine (CEMCM), Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Genetics unit, Histology and cell biology department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Heba A Elsayed
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Wael Abdou Hassan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Sulaiman Alrajhi University, Al Bukayriyah 52726, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa K K Abdelmaogood
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samar M Hussein
- Physiology Department, Faculty of medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Zuhair Alshawwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Imbaby
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Z, Ji C, Wang D, Wang M, Song D, Xu X, Zhang D. The burden of diabetes on the soft tissue seal surrounding the dental implants. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1136973. [PMID: 36875028 PMCID: PMC9978121 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1136973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue seal around implant prostheses is considered the primary barrier against adverse external stimuli and is a critical factor in maintaining dental implants' stability. Soft tissue seal is formed mainly by the adhesion of epithelial tissue and fibrous connective tissue to the transmembrane portion of the implant. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the risk factors for peri-implant inflammation, and peri-implant disease may be triggered by dysfunction of the soft tissue barrier around dental implants. This is increasingly considered a promising target for disease treatment and management. However, many studies have demonstrated that pathogenic bacterial infestation, gingival immune inflammation, overactive matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), impaired wound healing processes and excessive oxidative stress may trigger poor peri-implant soft tissue sealing, which may be more severe in the T2DM state. This article reviews the structure of peri-implant soft tissue seal, peri-implant disease and treatment, and moderating mechanisms of impaired soft tissue seal around implants due to T2DM to inform the development of treatment strategies for dental implants in patients with dental defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Zhang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Chonghao Ji
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | | | - Maoshan Wang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Dawei Song
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| | - Dongjiao Zhang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral, Shandong University , Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hiyoshi T, Domon H, Maekawa T, Tamura H, Isono T, Hirayama S, Sasagawa K, Takizawa F, Tabeta K, Terao Y. Neutrophil elastase aggravates periodontitis by disrupting gingival epithelial barrier via cleaving cell adhesion molecules. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8159. [PMID: 35581391 PMCID: PMC9114116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE) functions as a host defense factor; however, excessive NE activity can potentially destroy human tissues. Although NE activity is positively correlated to gingival crevicular fluid and clinical attachment loss in periodontitis, the underlying mechanisms by which NE aggravates periodontitis remain elusive. In this study, we investigated how NE induces periodontitis severity and whether NE inhibitors were efficacious in periodontitis treatment. In a ligature-induced murine model of periodontitis, neutrophil recruitment, NE activity, and periodontal bone loss were increased in the periodontal tissue. Local administration of an NE inhibitor significantly decreased NE activity in periodontal tissue and attenuated periodontal bone loss. Furthermore, the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines in the gingiva, which was significantly upregulated in the model of periodontitis, was significantly downregulated by NE inhibitor injection. An in vitro study demonstrated that NE cleaved cell adhesion molecules, such as desmoglein 1, occludin, and E-cadherin, and induced exfoliation of the epithelial keratinous layer in three-dimensional human oral epithelial tissue models. The permeability of fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate-dextran or periodontal pathogen was significantly increased by NE treatment in the human gingival epithelial monolayer. These findings suggest that NE induces the disruption of the gingival epithelial barrier and bacterial invasion in periodontal tissues, aggravating periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Hiyoshi
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.,Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tamura
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshihito Isono
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Satoru Hirayama
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Karin Sasagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan. .,Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kricker JA, Page CP, Gardarsson FR, Baldursson O, Gudjonsson T, Parnham MJ. Nonantimicrobial Actions of Macrolides: Overview and Perspectives for Future Development. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:233-262. [PMID: 34716226 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are among the most widely prescribed broad spectrum antibacterials, particularly for respiratory infections. It is now recognized that these drugs, in particular azithromycin, also exert time-dependent immunomodulatory actions that contribute to their therapeutic benefit in both infectious and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Their increased chronic use in airway inflammation and, more recently, of azithromycin in COVID-19, however, has led to a rise in bacterial resistance. An additional crucial aspect of chronic airway inflammation, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as other inflammatory disorders, is the loss of epithelial barrier protection against pathogens and pollutants. In recent years, azithromycin has been shown with time to enhance the barrier properties of airway epithelial cells, an action that makes an important contribution to its therapeutic efficacy. In this article, we review the background and evidence for various immunomodulatory and time-dependent actions of macrolides on inflammatory processes and on the epithelium and highlight novel nonantibacterial macrolides that are being studied for immunomodulatory and barrier-strengthening properties to circumvent the risk of bacterial resistance that occurs with macrolide antibacterials. We also briefly review the clinical effects of macrolides in respiratory and other inflammatory diseases associated with epithelial injury and propose that the beneficial epithelial effects of nonantibacterial azithromycin derivatives in chronic inflammation, even given prophylactically, are likely to gain increasing attention in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Based on its immunomodulatory properties and ability to enhance the protective role of the lung epithelium against pathogens, azithromycin has proven superior to other macrolides in treating chronic respiratory inflammation. A nonantibiotic azithromycin derivative is likely to offer prophylactic benefits against inflammation and epithelial damage of differing causes while preserving the use of macrolides as antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Kricker
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Clive P Page
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Fridrik Runar Gardarsson
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Olafur Baldursson
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Michael J Parnham
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effect of Azithromycin on Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Gingival Fibroblasts and the Remodeling of Periodontal Tissue. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010099. [PMID: 33396644 PMCID: PMC7794813 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide antibiotic, affects collagen synthesis and cytokine production in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). However, there are few reports on the effect of AZM on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPLFs). In the present study, we comparatively examined the effects of AZM on hGFs and hPLFs. We monitored the reaction of AZM under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation or no stimulation in hGFs and hPLFs. Gene expression analyses of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and Type 1 collagen were performed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Subsequently, we performed Western blotting for the analysis of the intracellular signal transduction pathway. In response to LPS stimulation, the gene expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in hGFs increased due to AZM in a concentration-dependent manner, and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was also promoted. Additionally, AZM caused an increase in MMP-1 expression in hGFs, whereas it did not affect the expression of any of the analyzed genes in hPLFs. Our findings indicate that AZM does not affect hPLFs and acts specifically on hGFs. Thus, AZM may increase the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 under LPS stimulation to modify the inflammatory response and increase the expression of MMP-1 to promote connective tissue remodeling.
Collapse
|
7
|
Oh C, Kim HJ, Kim HM. Vitamin D maintains E-cadherin intercellular junctions by downregulating MMP-9 production in human gingival keratinocytes treated by TNF-α. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2019; 49:270-286. [PMID: 31681485 PMCID: PMC6819697 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2019.49.5.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite the well-known anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D in periodontal health, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the effect of vitamin D on strengthening E-cadherin junctions (ECJs) was explored in human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs). ECJs are the major type of intercellular junction within the junctional epithelium, where loose intercellular junctions develop and microbial invasion primarily occurs. Methods HOK-16B cells, an immortalized normal human gingival cell line, were used for the study. To mimic the inflammatory environment, cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the culture medium were assessed by an MMP antibody microarray and gelatin zymography. The expression of various molecules was investigated using western blotting. The extent of ECJ development was evaluated by comparing the average relative extent of the ECJs around the periphery of each cell after immunocytochemical E-cadherin staining. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression was examined via immunohistochemical analysis. Results TNF-α downregulated the development of the ECJs of the HGKs. Dissociation of the ECJs by TNF-α was accompanied by the upregulation of MMP-9 production and suppressed by a specific MMP-9 inhibitor, Bay 11-7082. Exogenous MMP-9 decreased the development of ECJs. Vitamin D reduced the production of MMP-9 and attenuated the breakdown of ECJs in the HGKs treated with TNF-α. In addition, vitamin D downregulated TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in the HGKs. VDR was expressed in the gingival epithelium, including the junctional epithelium. Conclusions These results suggest that vitamin D may avert TNF-α-induced downregulation of the development of ECJs in HGKs by decreasing the production of MMP-9, which was upregulated by TNF-α. Vitamin D may reinforce ECJs by downregulating NF-κB signaling, which is upregulated by TNF-α. Strengthening the epithelial barrier may be a way for vitamin D to protect the periodontium from bacterial invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changseok Oh
- Laboratory for the Study of Molecular Biointerfaces, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Laboratory for the Study of Molecular Biointerfaces, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Man Kim
- Laboratory for the Study of Molecular Biointerfaces, Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, Program of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Azithromycin Promotes the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells after Stimulation with TNF- α. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7961962. [PMID: 30515223 PMCID: PMC6234456 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7961962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective This study investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of azithromycin (AZM) treatment on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) after their stimulation with TNF-α in vitro. Methods. PDLSCs were isolated from periodontal ligaments from extracted teeth, and MTS assay was used to evaluate whether AZM and TNF-α had toxic effects on PDLSCs viability and proliferation. After stimulating PDLSCs with TNF-α and AZM, we analyzed alkaline phosphatase staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, and alizarin red staining to detect osteogenic differentiation. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis was performed to detect the mRNA expression of osteogenic-related genes, including RUNX2, OCN, and BSP. Western blotting was used to measure the NF-κB signaling pathway proteins p65, phosphorylated p65, IκB-α, phosphorylated IκB-α, and β-catenin as well as the apoptosis-related proteins caspase-8 and caspase-3. Annexin V assay was used to detect PDLSCs apoptosis. Results TNF-α stimulation of PDLSCs decreased alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mRNA expression of RUNX2, OCN, and BSP in osteogenic-conditioned medium. AZM enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs that were stimulated with TNF-α. Western blot analysis showed that β-catenin, phosphorated p65, and phosphorylated IκB-α protein expression decreased in PDLSCs treated with AZM. In addition, pretreatment of PDLSCs with AZM (10 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml) prevented TNF-α-induced apoptosis by decreasing caspase-8 and caspase-3 expression. Conclusions Our results showed that AZM promotes PDLSCs osteogenic differentiation in an inflammatory microenvironment by inhibiting the WNT and NF-κB signaling pathways and by suppressing TNF-α-induced apoptosis. This suggests that AZM has potential as a clinical therapeutic for periodontitis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Choi YS, Baek K, Choi Y. Estrogen reinforces barrier formation and protects against tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced barrier dysfunction in oral epithelial cells. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2018; 48:284-294. [PMID: 30405936 PMCID: PMC6207799 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2018.48.5.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial barrier dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of periodontitis and oral lichen planus. Estrogens have been shown to enhance the physical barrier function of intestinal and esophageal epithelia, and we aimed to investigate the effect of estradiol (E2) on the regulation of physical barrier and tight junction (TJ) proteins in human oral epithelial cell monolayers. Methods HOK-16B cell monolayers cultured on transwells were treated with E2, an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist (ICI 182,780), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), or dexamethasone (Dexa), and the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was then measured. Cell proliferation was measured by the cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay. The levels of TJ proteins and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB were examined by confocal microscopy. Results E2 treatment increased the TER and the levels of junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-A and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting cell proliferation during barrier formation. Treatment of the tight-junctioned cell monolayers with TNFα induced decreases in the TER and the levels of ZO-1 and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These TNFα-induced changes were inhibited by E2, and this effect was completely reversed by co-treatment with ICI 182,780. Furthermore, E2 and Dexa presented an additive effect on the epithelial barrier function. Conclusions E2 reinforces the physical barrier of oral epithelial cells through the nuclear ER-dependent upregulation of TJ proteins. The protective effect of E2 on the TNFα-induced impairment of the epithelial barrier and its additive effect with Dexa suggest its potential use to treat oral inflammatory diseases involving epithelial barrier dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sik Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keumjin Baek
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pu Y, Liu Y, Liao S, Miao S, Zhou L, Wan L. Azithromycin ameliorates OVA-induced airway remodeling in Balb/c mice via suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 58:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Fujita T, Yoshimoto T, Kajiya M, Ouhara K, Matsuda S, Takemura T, Akutagawa K, Takeda K, Mizuno N, Kurihara H. Regulation of defensive function on gingival epithelial cells can prevent periodontal disease. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2017; 54:66-75. [PMID: 29755617 PMCID: PMC5944110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a bacterial biofilm-associated inflammatory disease that has been implicated in many systemic diseases. A new preventive method for periodontal disease needs to be developed in order to promote the health of the elderly in a super-aged society. The gingival epithelium plays an important role as a mechanical barrier against bacterial invasion and a part of the innate immune response to infectious inflammation in periodontal tissue. The disorganization of cell–cell interactions and subsequent inflammation contribute to the initiation of periodontal disease. These make us consider that regulation of host defensive functions, epithelial barrier and neutrophil activity, may become novel preventive methods for periodontal inflammation. Based on this concept, we have found that several agents regulate the barrier function of gingival epithelial cells and suppress the accumulation of neutrophils in the gingival epithelium. We herein introduce the actions of irsogladine maleate, azithromycin, amphotericin B, and Houttuynia cordata (dokudami in Japanese), which is commonly used in traditional medicine, on the epithelial barrier and neutrophil migration in gingival epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro, in order to provide support for the clinical application of these agents to the prevention of periodontal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Corresponding author at: Department of Periodontal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Waetzig V, Riffert J, Cordt J, Reinecke K, Haeusgen W, Boehm R, Cascorbi I, Herdegen T. Neurodegenerative effects of azithromycin in differentiated PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 809:1-12. [PMID: 28479141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Azithromycin is a widely used macrolide antibiotic with sustained and high tissue penetration and intracellular accumulation. While short-term exposure to low-dose azithromycin is usually well tolerated, prolonged treatment can lead to unwanted neurological effects like paresthesia and hearing loss. However, the mechanism causing neurodegeneration is still unknown. Here, we show that even low therapeutically relevant azithromycin concentrations like 1µg/ml decreased cell viability by 15% and induced neurite loss of 47% after 96h in differentiated PC12 cells, which are a well-established model system for neuronal cells. When higher concentrations were used, the drug-induced effects occurred earlier and were more pronounced. Thereby, azithromycin altered tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) signaling and attenuated protein kinase B (Akt) activity, which subsequently induced autophagy. Simultaneously, the antibiotic impaired lysosomal functions by blocking the autophagic flux, and this concurrence reduced cell viability. In good agreement with reversible effects observed in patients, PC12 cells could completely recover if azithromycin was removed after 24h. In addition, the detrimental effects of azithromycin were limited to differentiated cells, as confirmed in the human neuronal model cell line SH-SY5Y. Thus, azithromycin alters cell surface receptor signaling and autophagy in neuronal cells, but does not automatically induce irreversible damage when used in low concentrations and for a short time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Waetzig
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jeanette Riffert
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Cordt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kirstin Reinecke
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke Haeusgen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruwen Boehm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingolf Cascorbi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Herdegen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Slater M, Torr E, Harrison T, Forrester D, Knox A, Shaw D, Sayers I. The differential effects of azithromycin on the airway epithelium in vitro and in vivo. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12960. [PMID: 27655795 PMCID: PMC5037914 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides including azithromycin (AZM) can improve clinical symptoms in asthma regardless of infection status. The mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects are yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of AZM on the airway epithelial barrier both in an in vitro model and in patients with asthma. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) were grown at air liquid interface (ALI) and challenged using lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa AZM was added at various stages and barrier integrity assessed using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability to FITC-dextran. MMP-9 levels were measured using ELISA AZM enhanced barrier integrity (TEER/FITC-dextran), increased thickness, suppressed mucin production, and MMP-9 release during the formation of a normal epithelial barrier in vitro. MMP-9 levels inversely correlated with TEER AZM also enhanced maintenance of the barrier and facilitated repair post-LPS challenge. To provide translation of our findings, 10 patients with moderate-severe asthma were recruited and received 250 mg AZM o.d for 6 weeks. Bronchial biopsies taken pre- and post-AZM treatment did not show evidence of increased epithelial barrier thickness or decreased mucin production. Similarly, bronchial wash samples did not show reduced MMP-9 levels. Overall, our data show that AZM can significantly improve the development of a normal bronchial epithelial barrier in vitro, mimicking reepithelization postinjury. AZM also suppressed MMP-9 release which correlated with barrier integrity, suggesting a putative mechanism. However, these effects were not observed in biopsy samples from asthma patients treated with AZM, possibly due to small sample size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Slater
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Torr
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Harrison
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Doug Forrester
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Knox
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dominick Shaw
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|