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Tsartsapakis I, Papadopoulos P, Stavrousis D, Dalamitros AA, Chatzipanteli A, Chalatzoglidis G, Gerou M, Zafeiroudi A. Recreational Physical Activity and the Mediterranean Diet: Their Effects on Obesity-Related Body Image Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorders. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1579. [PMID: 39201138 PMCID: PMC11353470 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12161579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a non-communicable disease that is associated with a number of serious physical and mental health conditions. The present study examines the effect of recreational physical activity and the Mediterranean diet on body image dissatisfaction and propensity for eating disorders. It is based on 1311 participants categorized by body mass index (BMI) into a normal ΒΜΙ group (NBG; N = 513), an overweight and obese ΒΜΙ group (OBG; N = 492), and a control group (CG; N = 309). All participants completed the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore), and Fitness Evaluation and Fitness Orientation subscales from the original Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that the overall prediction of the variables was statistically significant. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) demonstrated the existence of significant interactions between groups and gender across a range of scales. Despite higher body image dissatisfaction in the OBG group, they maintained positive self-esteem and did not exhibit eating disorder tendencies. Notably, women reported greater dissatisfaction than men across all three groups. Our findings have practical implications for public health promotion strategies, policymaking, future research, and clinical practice. Encouraging regular exercise and adherence to the Mediterranean diet could improve body satisfaction and reduce eating disorder risk. Policymakers can advocate for community-based policies promoting physical activity and healthy eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsartsapakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece; (P.P.); (D.S.); (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Panagiotis Papadopoulos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece; (P.P.); (D.S.); (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Dionisis Stavrousis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece; (P.P.); (D.S.); (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Athanasios A. Dalamitros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athanasia Chatzipanteli
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (A.C.); (A.Z.)
| | - Georgios Chalatzoglidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece; (P.P.); (D.S.); (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Gerou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62122 Serres, Greece; (P.P.); (D.S.); (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Aglaia Zafeiroudi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (A.C.); (A.Z.)
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Yannakoulia M, Scarmeas N. Diets. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:2098-2106. [PMID: 38865662 DOI: 10.1056/nejmra2211889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Yannakoulia
- From the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens (M.Y.), and the 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginintio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (N.S.) - both in Athens; and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York (N.S.)
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- From the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens (M.Y.), and the 1st Department of Neurology, Aiginintio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (N.S.) - both in Athens; and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York (N.S.)
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Basta M, Bouloukaki I, Skourti E, Zampetakis A, Alexopoulou C, Ganiaris A, Aligizaki M, Zaganas I, Simos ‘P, Vgontzas A. Long Objective Sleep Duration is a Marker of Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Findings from the Cretan Aging Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2024; 8:927-934. [PMID: 38910938 PMCID: PMC11191628 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined associations between objective sleep duration and cognitive status in older adults initially categorized as cognitively non-impaired (CNI, n = 57) or diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 53). On follow-up, 8 years later, all participants underwent neuropsychiatric/neuropsychological evaluation and 7-day 24-h actigraphy. On re-assessment 62.7% of participants were cognitively declined. Patients who developed dementia had significantly longer night total sleep time (TST) than persons with MCI who, in turn, had longer night TST than CNI participants. Objective long sleep duration is a marker of worse cognitive status in elderly with MCI/dementia and this association is very strong in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Basta
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
- Day Care Center for Alzheimer’s Disease PAGNH “Nefeli”, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Izolde Bouloukaki
- Department of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eleni Skourti
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Christina Alexopoulou
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andronikos Ganiaris
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marina Aligizaki
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - ‘Panagiotis Simos
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alexandros Vgontzas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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Zeng J, Qian Y, Yang J, Chen X, Fu C, Che Z, Feng Y, Yin J. Nutritional therapy bridges the critical cut-off point for the closed-loop role of type 2 diabetes and bone homeostasis: A narrative review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28229. [PMID: 38689978 PMCID: PMC11059410 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, osteoporosis-related fractures become the most cutting-edge problem of diabetes-related complications. Rational diet is not only the basis of glycemic management in type 2 diabetes patients, but also the direction of diabetic bone health. This review highlights the importance of micronutrient supplementation (including calcium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin K, and vitamin C) for patients with T2DM, as well as describing the constructive intermediary role of gut flora between T2DM and bone through nutrients predominantly high in dietary fiber. In addition, it is recommended to combine the Mediterranean dietary pattern with other diversified management approaches to prevent OP. Therefore, this provides a theoretical basis for the potential role of islet β-cells in promoting bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zeng
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ying Qian
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jizhuo Yang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xinqiang Chen
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chuanwen Fu
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhuohang Che
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuemei Feng
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jianzhong Yin
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Baoshan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoshan, 678000, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratary of Public Health and Biosafety, Kunming, 650500, China
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Antonogeorgos G, Kogias C, Douros K, Panagiotakos D. Greater fruit and vegetables consumption, and adherence to a Mediterranean type of diet reduces the risk for asthma in children; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024; 75:4-30. [PMID: 37933707 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2276033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the consumption of fruits, vegetables and adherence to the Mediterranean diet with childhood asthma development and severity. A systematic literature search and synthesis of the results was performed throughout the last two decades. A total of 45 studies were analysed and 392,797 children were included. Greater adherence to a Mediterranean type of diet was inversely associated with asthmatic outcomes (OR:0.71,95% CI:0.54,0.88). Regarding fruits, vegetables consumption, a significant inverse association between increased fruits or vegetable intake and asthma was found (OR:0.82,95% CI:0.77,0.86; 0.84,95% CI:0.77,0.91, respectively). Fruits and vegetables consumption combined was also inversely related to all asthmatic outcomes (OR:0.65,95% CI:0.49,0.78). The level of heterogeneity was moderate-to-high (30%-97%). The present review and meta-analysis show a trend to an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet or a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables and the occurrence of childhood asthma but with a low level of certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Antonogeorgos
- Allergology and Pulmonology Unit, 3rd Pediatric Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Kogias
- Allergology and Pulmonology Unit, 3rd Pediatric Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Douros
- Allergology and Pulmonology Unit, 3rd Pediatric Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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Damigou E, Faka A, Kouvari M, Anastasiou C, Kosti RI, Chalkias C, Panagiotakos D. Adherence to a Mediterranean type of diet in the world: a geographical analysis based on a systematic review of 57 studies with 1,125,560 participants. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:799-813. [PMID: 37771002 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2262781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to assess the level and time-trends of adherence to Mediterranean-type diets (MTD) among the general population, globally. According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, a comprehensive literature search of the MEDLINE and Scopus databases was carried out, until 04/09/2023, based on specific criteria. Fifty-seven studies with 1,125,560 apparently healthy adults from Europe (n = 37), US (n = 8), Asia (n = 8), Australia (n = 4) and Africa (n = 1) were included. Adherence to an MTD was moderate with a significant decline observed in the last decade. European countries, mainly driven by Mediterranean countries, showed higher adherence than other regions. Geographical analysis revealed that adherence to an MTD is related to both geographic location and socioeconomic status throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Damigou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Antigoni Faka
- Department of Geography, School of Environmental Sciences, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Kouvari
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Anastasiou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Rena I Kosti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly Trikala, Greece
| | - Christos Chalkias
- Department of Geography, School of Environmental Sciences, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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O'Connor D, Molloy AM, Laird E, Kenny RA, O'Halloran AM. Sustaining an ageing population: the role of micronutrients in frailty and cognitive impairment. Proc Nutr Soc 2023; 82:315-328. [PMID: 36938798 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Age-related frailty and cognitive decline are complex multidimensional conditions that significantly impact the ability of older adults to sustain functional capacity and independence. While underlying causes remain poorly understood, nutrition continually emerges as one associated risk element. Many studies have addressed the importance of adequate nutrition in delaying the onset of these conditions, but the specific role of micronutrients is not well established. The consideration of pre-frailty as an outcome variable is also limited in the current literature. In this review, we focus on the potential value of maintaining micronutrient sufficiency to sustaining the health of the ageing population. Using data from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing, we consider several vitamins known to have a high prevalence of low status in older adults and their impact on pre-frailty, frailty and cognitive impairment. They include vitamin B12 and folate, both of which are associated with multiple biological mechanisms involved in long-term health, in particular in cognitive function; vitamin D, which has been associated with increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders, depression and other chronic diseases; and the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, that may help mitigate the risk of frailty and cognitive decline via their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We show that low concentrations of folate and carotenoids are implicated in poorer cognitive health and that the co-occurrence of multiple nutrient deficiencies confers greatest risk for frailty and pre-frailty in the Irish longitudinal study on ageing cohort. These health associations contribute to evidence needed to optimise micronutrient status for health in the older adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre O'Connor
- TILDA, Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anne M Molloy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eamon Laird
- TILDA, Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- TILDA, Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling M O'Halloran
- TILDA, Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Li Y, He Z, Lin Z, Bai J, Adcock IM, Yao X. Healthy eating index (HEI) as the predictor of asthma: Findings from NHANES. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 56:158-165. [PMID: 37344067 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND&AIMS Previous studies have shown that the formation and development of asthma are closely related to diet. A proper diet can control asthma onset although the precise dietary components involved in preventing or delaying the onset of asthma remain unclear. The healthy eating index (HEI-2015) is a dietary score that measures the overall diet quality as well as the quality of several dietary components. We aimed to explore the relationship between HEI and asthma. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that used data from the 2005 to 2018 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) in adults (n = 26,567). Our inclusion criteria were adults ≥18 years, completion of asthma-related questionnaires and availability of HEI data. Weighted logistic regression was performed to assess the association between asthma and HEI after adjusting for several covariates. RESULTS Patients with asthma were more likely to be female, come from a poorer background, have a raised body mass index (BMI) and a lower HEI total score. Higher HEI total scores were associated with a lower risk of asthma in adults. In addition, eating more whole fruits, more greens and beans, more total protein foods, more seafood and plant proteins, and having a reduced dietary intake of added sugars reduces the risk of asthma. In asthmatic populations, higher HEI scores are associated with older age at onset of asthma. CONCLUSION There is an inverse association between the HEI and asthma. This underlines the importance of improving adherence to healthy dietary patterns in the prevention of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebei Li
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Zichen Lin
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Jianling Bai
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Heath, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Yoon J, Sasaki K, Nishimura I, Hashimoto H, Okura T, Isoda H. Effects of Desert Olive Tree Pearls Containing High Hydroxytyrosol Concentrations on the Cognitive Functions of Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:3234. [PMID: 37513652 PMCID: PMC10383185 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese population has the world's longest life expectancy but faces the challenge of extending the healthy life expectancy without developing chronic diseases. Therefore, the effectiveness of products derived from olives used in the Mediterranean diet as a potential dietary solution has attracted attention. This study examined the effects of desert olive tree pearls (DOTPs), which contain 162 times more polyphenol hydroxytyrosol than olive oil, on the cognitive function of middle-aged and older adults using the Cognitrax test. Participants (aged 51-82 years) were assigned to the DOTP intake (n = 36) or placebo group (n = 36) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. The participants received 3 g of DOTPs or placebo in olive oil twice daily for 12 weeks. Among cognitive domains, complex attention had a significant time × group interaction effect (p = 0.049) between the DOTP and placebo groups. The simple main effect for this item was significantly different (p < 0.001 and p = 0.572, respectively). Time effects were significant (p < 0.05) for the psychomotor speed, reaction time, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and executive function domains. Therefore, DOTPs have the potential to alleviate cognitive problems faced by middle-aged and older adults in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Yoon
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, 1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba 305-0821, Japan
| | - Iku Nishimura
- Doctor Program in Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Haruna Hashimoto
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, 1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba 305-0821, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okura
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, 1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba 305-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, 1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba 305-0821, Japan
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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Hargreaves SM, Rosenfeld DL, Moreira AVB, Zandonadi RP. Plant-based and vegetarian diets: an overview and definition of these dietary patterns. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1109-1121. [PMID: 36681744 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to present an overview of the definitions of "plant-based and "vegetarian diets" adopted by different organizations worldwide, proposing new standard definitions and discussing the notion of vegetarianism as a restrictive dietary pattern. METHODS An extensive literature review on the different definitions of vegetarian and plant-based diets was conducted. Definitions of different international vegetarian and vegan organizations were also taken into account. Objective definitions for vegetarian and plant-based diets, as well as for their subcategories, were proposed. Other aspects related to how vegetarian diets are viewed and defined were also discussed. RESULTS We proposed that a vegetarian diet should be defined as "a dietary pattern that excludes meat, meat-derived foods, and, to different extents, other animal products". This definition would include, among others, ovolactovegetarian and vegan diets. The proposed definition for a plant-based diet was "a dietary pattern in which foods of animal origin are totally or mostly excluded". Other types of diets, such as flexitarian and pescetarian diets, could be considered plant-based. A vegetarian diet should not be considered restrictive. Instead, terms such as alternative or non-conventional could be used to define it and to distinguish it from the conventional diet adopted by most of the Western population. CONCLUSION This paper was able to elaborate objective definitions of vegetarian and plant-based diets. Standardizing nomenclatures may reduce misinterpretation and confusion in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shila Minari Hargreaves
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel L Rosenfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Renata Puppin Zandonadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
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Hsieh CJ, Chiou JM, Chen TF, Chen YC, Chen JH. Association of subclinical depressive symptoms and sleep with cognition in the community-dwelling older adults. J Formos Med Assoc 2023:S0929-6646(23)00072-4. [PMID: 36964100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND /Purpose: This study aimed to explore the association of subclinical depressive symptoms and sleep with cognition in community-dwelling Taiwanese older adults. METHODS This four-year prospective cohort study (2015-2019) included 379 participants aged 65 years or older from the annual senior health checkup program at National Taiwan University Hospital who were followed up two years later. Global and domain cognitive functions were assessed using validated neuropsychological tests. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Excessive daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Generalized linear mixed models were used to explore the associations of subclinical depressive symptoms and sleep variables with cognition, adjusting for important covariates. Stratification analyses were performed using the sleep variables. RESULTS Over time, depressive symptoms were associated with poor performance of memory (βˆ = 0.24, P = 0.04) and executive function (βˆ = -0.24, P = 0.03). Poor sleep quality (elevated PSQI score) was associated with poor memory performance (βˆ = -0.04 to -0.03, P < 0.05). Excessive daytime sleepiness (elevated ESS score) was associated with poor performance of memory (βˆ = -0.02, P < 0.05) and executive function (βˆ = -0.02, P = 0.001). At baseline, better sleep quality and no excessive daytime sleepiness were associated with better memory performance over time. CONCLUSION Subclinical depressive symptoms, worse sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness were differentially associated with impairment of cognitive domains (mainly memory and executive function).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jow Hsieh
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Min Chiou
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Hau Chen
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Corley J, Conte F, Harris SE, Taylor AM, Redmond P, Russ TC, Deary IJ, Cox SR. Predictors of longitudinal cognitive ageing from age 70 to 82 including APOE e4 status, early-life and lifestyle factors: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1256-1271. [PMID: 36481934 PMCID: PMC10005946 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Discovering why some people's cognitive abilities decline more than others is a key challenge for cognitive ageing research. The most effective strategy may be to address multiple risk factors from across the life-course simultaneously in relation to robust longitudinal cognitive data. We conducted a 12-year follow-up of 1091 (at age 70) men and women from the longitudinal Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study. Comprehensive repeated cognitive measures of visuospatial ability, processing speed, memory, verbal ability, and a general cognitive factor were collected over five assessments (age 70, 73, 76, 79, and 82 years) and analysed using multivariate latent growth curve modelling. Fifteen life-course variables were used to predict variation in cognitive ability levels at age 70 and cognitive slopes from age 70 to 82. Only APOE e4 carrier status was found to be reliably informative of general- and domain-specific cognitive decline, despite there being many life-course correlates of cognitive level at age 70. APOE e4 carriers had significantly steeper slopes across all three fluid cognitive domains compared with non-carriers, especially for memory (β = -0.234, p < 0.001) and general cognitive function (β = -0.246, p < 0.001), denoting a widening gap in cognitive functioning with increasing age. Our findings suggest that when many other candidate predictors of cognitive ageing slope are entered en masse, their unique contributions account for relatively small proportions of variance, beyond variation in APOE e4 status. We conclude that APOE e4 status is important for identifying those at greater risk for accelerated cognitive ageing, even among ostensibly healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie Corley
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Federica Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adele M Taylor
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Redmond
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom C Russ
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Mediterranean Diet and Sarcopenia Features in Apparently Healthy Adults over 65 Years: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051104. [PMID: 36904104 PMCID: PMC10005300 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low muscle mass combined with changes in physical function and muscle quality is defined as sarcopenia. In people > 60 years, sarcopenia reaches 10% and tends to increase with age. Individual nutrients, such as protein, may have a protective role against sarcopenia, but recent evidence suggests that protein alone has been ineffective in increasing muscle strength. Dietary patterns, instead, with a high "anti-inflammatory" potential, such as the Mediterranean dietary pattern, have been considered as an emerging dietary remedy against sarcopenia. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of the role of Mediterranean diet in sarcopenia prevention and/or improvement, including recent data, in healthy elders. We searched published studies about sarcopenia and the Mediterranean diet until December 2022 in Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus search engine and grey literature. In total, ten articles were identified as relevant: four cross-sectional studies and six prospective. No clinical trial was identified. Only three studies assessed sarcopenia presence and four measured muscle mass, which is an essential criterion in sarcopenia diagnosis. Mediterranean diet adherence had, in general, a positive role in muscle mass and muscle function, while the results were less clear with regard to muscle strength. Additionally, there was no evidence of a positive effect of the Mediterranean diet on sarcopenia. There is a need for conduction of clinical trials in order to reach cause-effects conclusions regarding the importance of the Mediterranean diet in sarcopenia prevention and management in Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean populations.
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Association between healthy lifestyle pattern and early onset of puberty: based on a longitudinal follow-up study. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:2320-2329. [PMID: 35236516 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the association between healthy lifestyle pattern and childhood early onset of puberty. Based on a cohort study in Xiamen of China, a total of 1294 children was followed for three and a half years. Children's lifestyles, including dietary behaviour, physical activity, sleep duration, smoking and drinking behaviour and sedentary behaviour, were collected by questionnaires. Healthy lifestyle pattern was determined mainly according to the recommendations by the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese school-age children and Canadian Guidelines for children and youth. The pubertal development was assessed by clinical examination according to Tanner stages. The association between pre-pubertal lifestyle and early onset of puberty was estimated using linear regression and log-binomial regression. We found that children who adhered to a healthy lifestyle had a 0·36-year delay of the age of puberty onset (coef = 0·36, 95 % CI (0·08, 0·65)) and 53 % lower risk of early onset of puberty (risk ratio = 0·47, 95 % CI (0·27, 0·80)), compared with those who had a poor lifestyle. However, the beneficial effect of favourable lifestyles on the early onset of puberty was found only in boys with normal weight. Boys who adhered to active physical activity and low sedentary behaviour had a relatively delayed age of puberty onset (coef = 0·49, 95 % CI (0·26, 0·72)). This is the first time to find that healthy lifestyle pattern was associated with a substantially lower risk of early onset of puberty, especially in boys with normal weight. Advocating an integrated healthy lifestyle is essential for the development of children.
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Adherence to the Mediterranean lifestyle pattern is associated with favorable weight loss outcomes: the MedWeight study. Nutr Res 2022; 108:73-81. [PMID: 36403536 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Individual lifestyle targets have been associated with weight loss outcomes, yet few studies have examined associations of one's total lifestyle with weight loss maintenance. We aimed to examine the relationship between lifestyle patterns and weight loss outcomes in weight loss maintainers and regainers. We hypothesized that higher adherence to a broader healthy lifestyle favors maintenance (over regain). This is a cross-sectional analysis of 470 adults (62% women) with a history of overweight/obesity and significant weight loss 12 months before study entry. Participants were classified as maintainers (current weight ≤90% maximum weight) or regainers. They were asked to fill in a series of questionnaires on demographics and lifestyle habits (dietary intake and eating behaviors through two 24-hour recalls, physical activity, and sleep). A total Mediterranean Lifestyle Index (total-MLI, range 0-13) was generated by summing up ratings in the lifestyle domain quartiles (diet quality, physical activity, and sleep habits) and dietary behaviors (seasonal food and vegetable intake, intake of traditional foods, responsibility for food preparation, conviviality). Maintainers scored higher in the total-MLI than regainers (6.93 ± 2.31 vs 5.78 ± 2.49, P < .001). Adherence to the total-MLI was associated with 28% higher odds for weight loss maintenance (per unit increment) in linear analyses. Being in the highest total-MLI quartile was associated with 5.27 (95% CI, 2.77-10.02) odds for maintenance. Higher adherence to a comprehensive Mediterranean lifestyle pattern was associated with higher odds for weight loss maintenance. Our findings suggest that even modest shifts toward a healthier living may contribute to favorable weight loss outcomes.
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Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Linked with Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathology and Cognitive Deficits. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213523. [PMID: 36359919 PMCID: PMC9658564 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder with a complex pathophysiology. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a strong risk factor for AD that shares similar abnormal features including metabolic dysregulation and brain pathology such as amyloid and/or Tau deposits. Emerging evidence suggests that circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with T2D. While excess BCAAs are shown to be harmful to neurons, its connection to AD is poorly understood. Here we show that individuals with AD have elevated circulating BCAAs and their metabolites compared to healthy individuals, and that a BCAA metabolite is correlated with the severity of dementia. APPSwe mouse model of AD also displayed higher plasma BCAAs compared to controls. In pursuit of understanding a potential causality, BCAA supplementation to HT-22 neurons was found to reduce genes critical for neuronal health while increasing phosphorylated Tau. Moreover, restricting BCAAs from diet delayed cognitive decline and lowered AD-related pathology in the cortex and hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. BCAA restriction for two months was sufficient to correct glycemic control and increased/restored dopamine that were severely reduced in APP/PS1 controls. Treating 5xFAD mice that show early brain pathology with a BCAA-lowering compound recapitulated the beneficial effects of BCAA restriction on brain pathology and neurotransmitters including norepinephrine and serotonin. Collectively, this study reveals a positive association between circulating BCAAs and AD. Our findings suggest that BCAAs impair neuronal functions whereas BCAA-lowering alleviates AD-related pathology and cognitive decline, thus establishing a potential causal link between BCAAs and AD progression.
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Montero-Sandiego E, Ferrer-Cascales R, Ruiz-Robledillo N, Costa-López B, Alcocer-Bruno C, Albaladejo-Blázquez N. Assessment Strategies to Evaluate the Mediterranean Lifestyle: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194179. [PMID: 36235832 PMCID: PMC9571868 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean Lifestyle (MLS) has been related to better health and quality of life. However, there is no consensus on how to assess this lifestyle. The main objective of this work was to systematically review the methodology used in different studies on the evaluation of the MLS. The specific objectives were (1) to analyze the MLS components evaluated in previous studies, (2) to explore the assessment instruments available for the analysis of the MLS, and (3) to identify the psychometric properties of these instruments. The search was carried out using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases with the purpose of identifying those published articles in which the MLS was assessed. The review included 26 studies linked to the assessment of the MLS. Of these studies, only four exclusively used a tool to analyze MLS components globally. These studies included two questionnaires and three different indexes. None of them, however, evaluated all of the recognized MLS components, and food preparation was the least frequently evaluated component. Given the clear importance of analyzing MLS adherence and the lack of consensus in previous research, an evaluation tool needs to be created to comprehensively assess all of the MLS dimensions by means of appropriate psychometric properties.
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Significance of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Heart Failure. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183758. [PMID: 36145134 PMCID: PMC9504097 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF), as the terminal stage of various heart diseases, seriously threatens an individual’s life, health, and quality of life. Emerging evidence has shown that the gut microbiota comprises an important component of human physiology and metabolic homeostasis, and can directly or indirectly affect the metabolic health of the host through metabolites. Upon in-depth study of intestinal microecology, the “gut-heart axis” appears to provide a novel direction for HF research. Thus, this review primarily focuses on the relationship between the gut microbiota and its major metabolites—i.e., short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)—and HF. It explores the mechanisms underlying HF and its effective treatment by targeting SCFAs to optimize current HF treatment and thus improve the quality of patients’ lives.
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Mediterranean Diet on Sleep: A Health Alliance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142998. [PMID: 35889954 PMCID: PMC9318336 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based, antioxidant-rich, unsaturated fat dietary pattern that has been consistently associated with lower rates of noncommunicable diseases and total mortality, so that it is considered one of the healthiest dietary patterns. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies have demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet and its peculiar foods and nutrients exert beneficial effects against inflammation, oxidative stress, dysmetabolism, vascular dysfunction, adiposity, senescence, cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and tumorigenesis, thus preventing age-associated chronic diseases and improving wellbeing and health. Nocturnal sleep is an essential physiological function, whose alteration is associated with health outcomes and chronic diseases. Scientific evidence suggests that diet and sleep are related in a bidirectional relationship, and the understanding of this association is important given their role in disease prevention. In this review, we surveyed the literature concerning the current state of evidence from epidemiological studies on the impact of the Mediterranean diet on nighttime sleep quantity and quality. The available studies indicate that greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with adequate sleep duration and with several indicators of better sleep quality. Potential mechanisms mediating the effect of the Mediterranean diet and its foods and nutrients on sleep are described, and gap-in-knowledge and new research agenda to corroborate findings are discussed.
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Gait Speed and Sleep Duration Is Associated with Increased Risk of MCI in Older Community-Dwelling Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137625. [PMID: 35805289 PMCID: PMC9266270 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the linear and nonlinear associations between sleep duration and gait speed and the risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in community-dwelling older adults. Participants were 233 older adults who met the study inclusion criteria. The MCI diagnosis was based on medical evaluations through a clinical interview conducted by a dementia specialist. Self-reported sleep duration was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The usual gait speed was calculated from the time taken to walk along a 4 m walkway. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of developing MCI in relation to sleep duration and gait speed. Generalized additive models were used to examine the dose−response relationships between sleep duration, gait speed, and the risk of developing MCI. Slower gait speed (OR: 1.84, 95%; CI: 1.00−3.13) and poor sleep duration (OR: 1.76, 95%; CI: 1.00−3.35) were associated with the risk of developing MCI, compared with their optimal status. In addition, the combination of poor sleep and slower gait was associated with a higher risk of developing MCI than optimal sleep duration and gait speed (OR: 3.13, 95%; CI: 1.93−5.14). Furthermore, gait speed and sleep duration were non-linearly associated with the risk of developing MCI. These results highlight the complex interplay and synergism between sleep duration and gait abilities on the risk of developing MCI in older adults. In addition, our results suggest that slower gait speed (<1.0 m/s) and short (<330 min) and long (>480 min) sleep duration may be linked to MCI risks through underlying pathways.
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21
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Drehmer E, Navarro-Moreno MÁ, Carrera-Juliá S, Moreno ML. A comparative study between olive oil and corn oil on oxidative metabolism. Food Funct 2022; 13:7157-7167. [PMID: 35699154 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00919f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fats are an important part of diet, but not all lipids have the same structure and chemical properties. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds in their structure and can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, respectively. Most vegetable oils, such as olive oil and corn oil, contain significant amounts of these fatty acids. The presence of double bonds in the molecule of a fatty acid constitutes vulnerable sites for oxidation reactions generating lipid peroxides, potentially toxic compounds that can cause cellular damage. In response to this oxidative damage, aerobic organisms have intracellular enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms. The aim of the present investigation was to study comparatively the effects of control liquid diets, of a defined composition, containing olive oil or corn oil as a lipid source respectively of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the oxidative metabolism of rats. Rats were divided into three groups which received a control animal feed diet (A.F.), olive oil liquid diet (O.O) and corn oil liquid diet (C.O) for 30 days. It was observed that the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), increased in the liver and white fat tissue of rats fed with olive oil when compared to the corn oil group. However, in brown fat tissue and blood cells, the enzyme activities showed a tendency to decrease in the olive oil group. In addition, the effect of olive oil and corn oil on several glucose metabolism parameters (pyruvate, lactate, LDH, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate) showed that corn oil impairs to a greater extent the cellular metabolism. All these results helped in concluding that some body tissues are more adversely affected than others by the administration of corn oil or olive oil, and their antioxidant defenses and cellular metabolism respond differently too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraci Drehmer
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Carrera-Juliá
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", Valencia, Spain
| | - Mari Luz Moreno
- Department of Human Physiology and Anatomy, Universidad Católica de Valencia "San Vicente Mártir", C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 14., 46900 Torrente, Valencia, Spain.
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22
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Fostinelli S, Ferrari C, De Amicis R, Giustizieri V, Leone A, Bertoli S, Battezzati A, Binetti G, Cappa SF. The Impact of Nutrition on Cognitive Performance in a Frail Elderly Population Living in Northern Italy. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2022; 42:484-494. [PMID: 35674489 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2022.2084180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: There is increasing evidence for a protective role of nutritional factors on cognitive decline. Many studies have reported a preventive effect of specific dietary patterns, in particular of the Mediterranean diet (MD), on the risk of cognitive decline, but only limited evidence is available about its effects on neuropsychological performance. The aim of this work is to evaluate the relationship between nutrition and cognitive performance in a frail elderly population living in Northern Italy. Methods: In this study we have investigated the impact of the Mediterranean dietary pattern on cognitive performance in a frail elderly population (n = 140). Structural equation modeling was applied to highlight the interrelationship between three cognitive domains: i) Verbal Fluency; ii) Attention/executive function; iii) Memory, and two MD factors: i) Nutrition; ii) Anthropometric/physical activity. In addition, the Multiple Correspondence Analysis was performed to detect the food and nutrients with the highest association with MD and nutritional status. Results: In our sample, 54% of subjects have a medium-high adherence to MD and only 4% have a risk of malnutrition. The variable Nutrition was significantly associated (p < 0.001) with the cognitive domain Attention/executive function, with an increase in Nutrition directly associated with a better performance in Attention/executive function. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence of an association between good nutritional status, related to a high adherence to the MD, and cognitive performance in a non-clinical elderly population living in Northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fostinelli
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Statistics Service, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Giustizieri
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano F. Cappa
- IUSS, University School of Advanced Studies, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Trajectories of healthy aging and their association with the Mediterranean diet: The HELIAD Study. Maturitas 2022; 159:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Digital Tourism: An Alternative View on Cultural Intangible Heritage and Sustainability in Tavira, Portugal. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The digitalization of cultural routes and virtual storytelling has emerged as a way of showcasing to individuals the heritage of different cultural universes. Regarding this fractional environment, and as a by-product of the international EU funded iHERITAGE project, (B_A.2.1_0056), the goal is to create, through an innovation-driven growth process and technological transfer, brand strategies for the affirmation and better knowledge of intangible realities in the Mediterranean region. The Sicilian Tourism Department in Italy is the project’s lead beneficiary, with representative partners throughout six Mediterranean countries (Italy, Egypt, Spain, Jordan, Lebanon, Portugal). The case study in Portugal is being developed in Tavira, through the intangible cultural heritage of the Mediterranean diet. The research based on the cultural experience, the history of the landscape and the sense of identity and continuity of knowledge is reassigned into a digital platform—the creation of apps and, within this, the design of a virtual route that navigates key geographical places. These apps will later revolve around one of the cultural elements of the Mediterranean, namely, the olive oil activity, with a detailed presentation of the manufacturing process, as well as its didactic interpretation and dissemination about the protection and conservation of Mediterranean research. The methodological approach is developed through the analysis and interpretation of a detailed list of references, fieldwork in a plurality of sites, contextual inquiries and interviews. As a powerful tool for internet marketing and research, these apps will reinforce identity, hospitality and tourism enterprises connected through the virtual itinerary, allowing a closer interaction between tourists and locals, endorsing the rise of technological development, as well as to drastically reduce environmental and ecological risks.
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Intermittent Fasting: Potential Bridge of Obesity and Diabetes to Health? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050981. [PMID: 35267959 PMCID: PMC8912812 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been an escalating worldwide health problem for decades, and it is likely a risk factor of prediabetes and diabetes. Correlated with obesity, the number of diabetic patients is also remarkable. A modest weight loss (5–10%) is critical to alleviate the risk of any other metabolic disease. Reduced energy intake has been an essential factor for weight loss reduction. As a new behavior intervention to lose weight, intermittent fasting (IF) attracts considerable attention and has become a popular strategy among young people. IF is a diet pattern that cycles between periods of fasting and eating on a regular schedule, involving various types, mainly Intermittent Energy Restriction and Time-Restricted Fasting. Accumulating evidence shows that short-term IF has a greatly positive effect in animal studies and contributes favorable benefits in human trials as well. Nevertheless, as an emerging, diverse, and relatively premature behavior intervention, there are still limited studies considering patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is also a controversial intervention for the treatment of metabolic disease and cancer. The risks and challenges appear consequently. Additionally, whether intermittent fasting can be applied to long-term clinical treatment, and whether it has side effects during the long-term period or not, demands more large-scale and long-term experiments.
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Basta M, Vgontzas AN, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Antypa D, Li Y, Zaganas I, Panagiotakis S, Karagkouni E, Simos P. Basal Cortisol Levels Are Increased in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Role of Insomnia and Short Sleep Duration. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:933-944. [PMID: 35404277 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is frequent in elderly and a risk factor for dementia. Both insomnia and increased cortisol levels are risk factors for MCI. OBJECTIVE We examined cross-sectionally whether increased cortisol levels are associated with short sleep duration (SSD) and/or the insomnia short sleep duration (ISS) phenotype, in elderly with MCI. METHODS One hundred twenty-four participants with MCI and 84 cognitively non-impaired controls (CNI)≥60 years underwent medical history, physical examination, neuropsychiatric evaluation, neuropsychological testing, 3-day actigraphy, assessment of subjective insomnia symptoms, and a single morning plasma cortisol level. The short sleep phenotypes were defined by sleep efficiency below the median of the entire sample (i.e.,≤81%) with at least one insomnia symptom (ISS) or without (SSD). ANOVA models were used to compare the various sleep phenotypes to those who did not present either short sleep or insomnia symptoms [non-insomnia (NI)]. RESULTS MCI participants had higher cortisol levels compared to the CNI group (p = 0.009). MCI participants with insomnia (n = 44) or SSD (n = 38) had higher cortisol levels compared to the NI group (n = 42; p = 0.014 and p = 0.045, respectively). Furthermore, MCI participants with ISS phenotype but not those with insomnia with normal sleep duration had higher cortisol levels compared to NI (p = 0.011 and p = 0.4, respectively). Both linear trend analyses showed that cortisol reached the highest levels in the ISS phenotype. CONCLUSION The ISS and SSD phenotypes are associated with increased cortisol levels in elderly with MCI. Improving sleep quality and duration and decreasing cortisol levels may delay further cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Basta
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alexandros N Vgontzas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Despina Antypa
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Mental Health Center of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Sleep Medicine Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Symeon Panagiotakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Efthalia Karagkouni
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Panagiotis Simos
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Greece
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Nutrients and Dietary Approaches in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114150. [PMID: 34836405 PMCID: PMC8622886 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. The prevalence of CVD is much higher in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who may benefit from lifestyle changes, which include adapted diets. In this review, we provide the role of different groups of nutrients in patients with T2DM and CVD, as well as dietary approaches that have been associated with better and worse outcomes in those patients. Many different diets and supplements have proved to be beneficial in T2DM and CVD, but further studies, guidelines, and dietary recommendations are particularly required for patients with both diseases.
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Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Vernuccio L, Catanese G, Inzerillo F, Salemi G, Barbagallo M. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114080. [PMID: 34836334 PMCID: PMC8624903 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors combined are currently recognized as contributors to cognitive decline. The main independent risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia is advanced age followed by other determinants such as genetic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, including nutrition and physical activity. In the next decades, a rise in dementia cases is expected due largely to the aging of the world population. There are no hitherto effective pharmaceutical therapies to treat age-associated cognitive impairment and dementia, which underscores the crucial role of prevention. A relationship among diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors with cognitive function has been intensively studied with mounting evidence supporting the role of these determinants in the development of cognitive decline and dementia, which is a chief cause of disability globally. Several dietary patterns, foods, and nutrients have been investigated in this regard, with some encouraging and other disappointing results. This review presents the current evidence for the effects of dietary patterns, dietary components, some supplements, physical activity, sleep patterns, and social engagement on the prevention or delay of the onset of age-related cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J. Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; +39-0916554828
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Vernuccio
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Catanese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Flora Inzerillo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy;
- UOC of Neurology, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
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Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Abilities in the Greek Cohort of Epirus Health Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103363. [PMID: 34684367 PMCID: PMC8541267 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is commonly proposed as a major modifiable protective factor that may delay cognitive impairment in the elderly. The aim of the study was to investigate the cross-sectional association of adherence to the Mediterranean diet with cognitive abilities in a younger Greek population. A total of 1201 healthy adults aged 21-77 years (mean: 47.8) from the Epirus Health Study cohort were included in the analysis. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was measured using the 14-point Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) and cognition was measured using the Trail Making Test, the Verbal Fluency test and the Logical Memory test. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption and physical activity. Overall, no association was found between the MEDAS score and cognitive tests, which could be explained by the young mean age and high level of education of the participants. Future studies should target young and middle-aged individuals to gain further understanding of the association between Mediterranean diet and cognition in this age group.
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Coelho-Júnior HJ, Trichopoulou A, Panza F. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between adherence to Mediterranean diet with physical performance and cognitive function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101395. [PMID: 34153553 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the association between adherence to Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and physical performance and cognitive function in older adults. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that investigated older adults aged 60+ years and assessed adherence to MeDi diet using validated composite scores. Observational studies, including cross-sectional, case-control, and longitudinal cohort studies, if crude baseline data was available, which investigated as a primary or secondary outcome the association of MeDi diet adherence with physical performance and/or cognitive function in non-demented older adults were included in the cross-sectional analysis. For the longitudinal analysis, case-control and longitudinal cohort studies that investigated the longitudinal associations between adherence to MeDi diet with the incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, and/or Alzheimer's disease (AD), and/or changes in physical performance and cognition in non-demented older adults were included. Studies published in other languages than English were excluded. Studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and AgeLine databases until May 19, 2021. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle - Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). A pooled effect size was calculated based on standard mean differences (SMD), log odds ratio (OR) and log risk ratio (RR). This study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021250254). RESULTS Nineteen cross-sectional studies that investigated 19.734 community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults free of disability and dementia were included. A high adherence to MeDi was cross-sectionally associated with better walking speed (SMD = 0.42; 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.12-0.72, P = 0.006; I² = 65 %, P = 0.06), knee muscle strength speed (SMD = 0.26; 95 % CI = 0.17-0.36, P < 0.00001; I² = 0 %, P = 0.69), global cognition (SMD = 0.24; 95 % CI = 0.15-0.33, P < 0.00001; I² = 85 %, P < 0.00001), and memory (SMD = 0.18; 95 % CI = 0.13-0.25, P < 0.00001; I² = 100 %, P < 0.00001). The association between MeDi adherence and global cognition remained significant after stratifying the analysis by the region where the study was conducted, MeDi diet adherence composite score, and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Studies had a moderate to low risk of bias. In relation to longitudinal analysis, thirty-four prospective studies with an average follow-up period that varied from 3.0 to 12.6 years and investigated 98.315 community-dwellers were included. Results indicated that older adults with high MeDi scores had a lower decline in global cognition RR = 0.26; 95 % CI = 0.23-0.29, P < 0.00001; I² = 100 %, P < 0.00001). In contrast, no significant associations between MeDi and mobility, MCI, dementia were found. A low risk of bias was found in the longitudinal studies. DISCUSSION Findings of the present study indicated that high adherence to MeDi was cross-sectionally associated with physical performance and cognitive function. Results of the pooled analysis of longitudinal studies revealed that high adherence to MeDi reduced the risk of global cognitive decline in non-demented older adults. However, no significant associations between MeDi adherence and the incidence of mobility problems, MCI, and dementia were found. Although important, our findings should be carefully interpreted due to the presence of heterogeneity and publication bias.
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Shen X, Li L, Sun Z, Zang G, Zhang L, Shao C, Wang Z. Gut Microbiota and Atherosclerosis-Focusing on the Plaque Stability. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:668532. [PMID: 34414217 PMCID: PMC8368126 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.668532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major causes of mortality and morbidity in the modern society. The rupture of atherosclerotic plaque can induce thrombus formation, which is the main cause of acute cardiovascular events. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that there are some relationships between microbiota and atherosclerosis. In this review, we will focus on the effect of the microbiota and the microbe-derived metabolites, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), on the stability of atherosclerotic plaque. Finally, we will conclude with some therapies based on the microbiota and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Mamalaki E, Poulimeneas D, Kosmidis MH, Yannakoulia M. Mediterranean lifestyle patterns are associated with cognition in older adults. LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/lim2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Mamalaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Harokopio University Athens Greece
| | | | - Mary H. Kosmidis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience School of Psychology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Harokopio University Athens Greece
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Tsigalou C, Paraschaki A, Karvelas A, Kantartzi K, Gagali K, Tsairidis D, Bezirtzoglou E. Gut microbiome and Mediterranean diet in the context of obesity. Current knowledge, perspectives and potential therapeutic targets. Metabol Open 2021; 9:100081. [PMID: 33644741 PMCID: PMC7892986 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean Diet has been recognized as one of the healthiest and sustainable dietary patterns worldwide, based on the food habits of people living in the Mediterranean region. It is focused on a plant-based cuisine combining local agricultural products and moderate intake of fish. As eating habits seem to exert a major impact on the composition of gut microbiota, numerous studies show that an adherence to the Mediterranean diet positively influences the microbiome ecosystem network. This has a profound effect on multiple host metabolic pathways and plays a major role in immune and metabolic homeostasis. Among metabolic disorders, obesity represents a major health issue where Mediterranean Dietary regime could possibly slowdown its spread. The aim of this review is to emphasize the interaction between diet and gut microbiota and the potential beneficial effects of Mediterranean diet on metabolic disorders like obesity, which is responsible for the development of many noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana Campus, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Afroditi Paraschaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana Campus, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Alexandros Karvelas
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana Campus, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kantartzi
- Department of Nephrology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis Dragana Campus, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Kenan Gagali
- University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana Campus, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsairidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, 68100, Greece
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Chen L, Xu X, Cao H, Li H. Comparison of effects of different dietary interventions on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease: protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042997. [PMID: 33452198 PMCID: PMC7813288 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterised by cognitive impairment. Non-pharmacological treatments such as diet therapy have been widely investigated in studies on AD. Given the synergistic effects of nutrients present in foods, considering overall dietary composition rather than focusing on a single nutrient may be more useful for evaluating the relationship between diet and AD cognition. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of different dietary interventions (eg, ketogenic and Mediterranean diets) on cognitive function in patients with AD in a systematic review and pairwise and network meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials or clinical trials. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers will independently conduct searches of PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Data will be extracted from selected studies and risk of bias will be assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, and evidence quality will be assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. The primary outcome of interest is cognitive function in patients with AD; secondary outcomes include biochemical biomarkers of AD and oxidative stress and/or inflammatory biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid or plasma. For each outcome, random-effects pairwise and network meta-analyses will be carried out to determine the pooled relative effect of each intervention relative to every other intervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION As this study is based solely on published literature, no ethics approval is required. The research will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Sheng Li Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huizhen Cao
- School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hong Li
- Sheng Li Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Hossain S, Beydoun MA, Weiss J, Kuczmarski MF, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Longitudinal associations between dietary quality and Alzheimer's disease genetic risk on cognitive performance among African American adults. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1264-1276. [PMID: 32248879 PMCID: PMC7541564 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poor diet quality (DQ) is associated with poor cognition and increased neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We are interested in the role of DQ on cognitive functioning (by sex and increasing genetic risk for AD), in a sample of African American (AA) middle-aged adults. We analysed a sub-group of participants (about 55 % women; mean follow-up time of about 4·7 years) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study with a genetic risk score for AD (hAlzScore). The Healthy Eating Index-2010, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and the mean adequacy ratio computed at baseline (2004-2009) and follow-up visits (2009-2013) were used to assess initial DQ and change over time. Linear mixed-effects regression models were utilised, adjusting for select covariates, selection bias and multiple testing. DQ change (ΔDQ) was associated with California Verbal Learning Test-List A - overall (0·15 (se 0·06), P = 0·008) and in women (0·21 (se 0·08), P = 0·006), at highest AD risk, indicating protective effects over time. Greater AD risk was longitudinally associated with poorer Clock Command Test scores in men. Poor DQ was positively and cross-sectionally associated with Trails B scores, but in women only. Better-quality diet was associated with a slower decline in verbal memory among AA women, with greater AD risk. Insufficient clinical evidence and/or mixed findings dictate that more studies are needed to investigate brain morphology and volume changes in relation to DQ in an at-risk population for AD, over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Hossain
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD
| | - May A. Beydoun
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jordan Weiss
- Population Studies Center and the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marie F. Kuczmarski
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD
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Yannakoulia M, Panagiotakos D. Weight loss through lifestyle changes: impact in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Heart 2020; 107:1429-1434. [PMID: 33219107 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Yannakoulia
- School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Attica, Greece
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37
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Mamalaki E, Balomenos V, Scarmeas N, Yannakoulia M. Type 2 Diabetes and Mediterranean Diet in Older Adults: a Brief Review of the Evidence. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-020-00340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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D'Angelo S. Current Evidence on the Effect of Dietary Polyphenols Intake on Brain Health. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200714160126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In recent years, the possibility of favorably influencing the cognitive capacity
through the promotion of lifestyle modifications has been increasingly investigated. In particular,
the relationship between nutritional habits and brain health has attracted special attention. Polyphenols
are secondary metabolites of plants. These phytochemicals are present in vegetables, fruits, legumes,
olive oil, nuts. They include several antioxidant compounds and are generally considered to be
involved in defense against chronic human diseases. In recent years, there has been a growing scientific
interest in their potential health benefits to the brain.
Objective:
In this mini-review, we focus on the current evidence defining the position of polyphenols
dietary intake in the prevention/slowdown of human neurodegenerative diseases.
Methods:
A literature research was performed using the keywords “polyphenols”, “brain”, “nutrition”,
individually or all together, focusing on human trials.
Results:
The available clinical studies on the effect of polyphenols on cognitive functions are quite
convincing. Regular dietary intake of polyphenols would seem to reduce the risk of neurodegenerative
diseases. Moreover, beyond their beneficial power on the central nervous system, these phytochemicals
seem also to be able to work on numerous cellular targets. They show different biological
actions, that however, have to be confirmed in long-term randomized clinical trials. Currently, most
data propose that a combination of phytonutrients instead of any single polyphenol is responsible for
health benefits.
Conclusions:
Evolving indications suggest that dietary polyphenols may exercise beneficial actions
on the central nervous system, thus representing a possible tool to preserve cognitive performance.
Key questions to improve the coherence and reproducibility in the development of polyphenols as a
possible future therapeutic drug require a better understanding of the sources of polyphenols, their
treatment and more standardized tests including bioavailability of bioactive metabolites and studies
of permeability of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania D'Angelo
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Naples, Italy
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Comparison of the Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approach Stop Hypertension in reducing the risk of 10-year fatal and non-fatal CVD events in healthy adults: the ATTICA Study (2002-2012). Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:2746-2757. [PMID: 32744196 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002000230x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets in deterring 10-year CVD. DESIGN Prospective cohort (n 2020) with a 10-year follow-up period for the occurrence of combined (fatal or non-fatal) CVD incidence (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10). Baseline adherence to the Mediterranean and DASH diets was assessed via a semi-quantitative FFQ according to the MedDietScore and DASH scores, respectively. SETTING Attica, Greece. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand twenty individuals (mean age at baseline 45·2 (sd 14·0) years). RESULTS One-third of individuals in the lowest quartile of Mediterranean diet consumption, as compared with 3·1 % of those in the highest quartile, developed 10-year CVD (P < 0·0001). In contrast, individuals in the lowest and highest DASH diet quartiles exhibited similar 10-year CVD rates (n (%) of 10-year CVD in DASH diet quartiles 1 v. 4: 79 (14·7 %) v. 75 (15·3 %); P = 0·842). Following adjustment for demographic, lifestyle and clinical confounding factors, those in the highest Mediterranean diet quartile had a 4-fold reduced 10-year CVD risk (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 4·52, 95 % CI 1·76, 11·63). However, individuals with highest DASH diet quartile scores did not differ from their lowest quartile counterparts in developing such events (adjusted HR 1·05, 95 % CI 0·69, 1·60). CONCLUSIONS High adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and not to the DASH diet, was associated with a lower risk of 10-year fatal and non-fatal CVD. Therefore, public health interventions aimed at enhancing adherence to the Mediterranean diet, rather than the DASH diet, may most effectively deter long-term CVD outcomes particularly in Mediterranean populations.
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Gupta UC, Gupta SC. Optimizing Modifiable and Lifestyle-related Factors in the Prevention of Dementia Disorders with Special Reference to Alzheimer, Parkinson and Autism Diseases. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401315666190801120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome and an umbrella term that encompasses Alzheimer, Parkinson and
autism diseases. These diseases are by far the most common cause of dementia; therefore this investigation
will chiefly include these disorders, with a limited discussion of few other disorders related
to dementia. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of cerebral β-amyloid
plaques, tau proteins and memory loss; Parkinson by the deterioration of brain cells which regulate
the movement of body parts and produce dopamine; and autism by abnormalities of social disorder
and difficulty in communicating and forming relationships. Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive impairment
in dementia are age-related and manageable only with early diagnosis and prevention. Data
based on several decades of research has shown that the major factors responsible for the induction
of inflammation in dementia and many chronic diseases are infections, obesity, alcohol, radiation,
environmental pollutants, improper nutrition, lack of physical activity, depression, anxiety, genetic
factors, and sleep deprivation. There are some studied preventive measures for dementia including
continued physical activity and consuming predominantly a plant-based Mediterranean diet comprising
olive oil and foods containing flavonoids and other phytochemicals having strong antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory properties and along with management of chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C. Gupta
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Subhas C. Gupta
- The Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92354, United States
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Hayek J, Schneider F, Tueni M, de Vries H. Is Academic Achievement Related to Mediterranean Diet, Substance Use and Social-Cognitive Factors: Findings from Lebanese Adolescents. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051535. [PMID: 32466121 PMCID: PMC7284451 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that good academic performance significantly enhances the prospects of success for adolescents in terms of employment, social status, quality of life and health. Identifying which factors are correlated to good academic achievement and which factors may need to be addressed by policies is crucial. Despite its importance, there is insufficient data concerning factors associated with academic achievement in the Middle East, particularly Lebanon. This study assessed the association of lifestyle, socio-demographics and motivational factors with academic achievement of Lebanese adolescents. Grade 10 and 11 Lebanese adolescents aged 15 to 18 years (n = 600), from private and public schools in Beirut and the Mount Lebanon area, completed a multi-component questionnaire assessing health behaviors, socio-demographic characteristics and motivational factors. Height and weight were physically measured and, subsequently, Body Mass Index was calculated. Academic achievement was assessed using self-reported grades and was categorized into high and low. Associations between all factors and academic achievement were tested using logistic regression models. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, high self-efficacy and intention were positively associated with academic achievement, whereas smoking was associated with poor achievement. Our findings support the need for targeting adolescents with an unhealthier lifestyle and focusing on socio-cognitive determinants interventions aimed at enhancing academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Hayek
- School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, POB 616 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (H.d.V.)
- Department of Biology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, POB 90656 Fanar, Lebanon;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francine Schneider
- School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, POB 616 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (H.d.V.)
| | - Maya Tueni
- Department of Biology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, POB 90656 Fanar, Lebanon;
| | - Hein de Vries
- School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, POB 616 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (H.d.V.)
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Exploring the relationship between the Mediterranean diet and weight loss maintenance: the MedWeight study. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:874-880. [PMID: 32436489 PMCID: PMC9105806 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Weight loss maintenance is crucial for obesity management, yet optimal dietary patterns for this period are not established. We aimed to explore the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and weight loss maintenance. Sample includes 565 adults (62 % women) of the MedWeight study. Eligible volunteers were those reporting intentional weight loss of ≥10 %, starting from a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, over 12 months prior to enrolment. Based on current weight, participants were characterised as maintainers (≤90 % maximum weight) or regainers (>95 % maximum weight). Socio-demographics and weight history were recorded. Dietary intake was assessed by two non-consecutive 24-h recalls within 10 d and analysed in energy, macronutrient and food group intakes. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed with the Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore) (range 0–55, greater scores showing higher adherence). Protein intake was higher in maintainers than in regainers (P < 0·001). When MedDietScore quartiles were considered, a linear trend for weight loss maintenance was revealed (P < 0·05). After adjustment for basic demographic characteristics, being in the third or fourth quartile of the MedDietScore (v. first) was associated with 2·30 (95 % CI 1·29, 4·09) and 1·88 (95% CI 1·10, 3·22) increased odds of maintenance. Regarding individual MedDietScore components, only fruit intake is associated with increased odds for maintenance (1·03 (95% CI 1·01, 1·06)). The leave-one-out approach revealed that at least six MedDietScore components were essential for the observed relationship. Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with 2-fold increased likelihood of weight loss maintenance. Future studies should replicate these findings in non-Mediterranean populations as well.
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Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Muñoz-Garcia M, Godos J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Decline: key features for prevention. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2428-2442. [PMID: 31333085 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190722110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The decline in cognitive function is generally the result of the complex interaction of several factors. First of all, age, but also demographic, educational, genetic, socio-economic, and environmental determinants, including nutrition. Cognitive decline and dementia prevalence are increasing, and they are projected to continue increasing in the next decades due to the aging of the world population. Currently, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for these devastating and disabling conditions, which emphasize the key role of preventive strategies. There is compelling evidence of the role of diet and lifestyle on cognitive function. Therefore, dietary/ nutritional approaches that contribute to prevent, or slow cognitive decline may have a remarkable public health impact. Numerous studies have explored the role of dietary components and patterns on age-associated cognitive decline, with accruing evidence that combinations of foods and nutrients can have synergistic effects beyond those attributable to individual foods or nutrients. Dietary patterns show the strongest evidence for slowing the development of cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias including the Mediterranean diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, and their combination (the MedDiet-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay - MIND), among others with few positive results. There are also dietary patterns with no evidence of such effects. This review examines the evidence for the effects of some dietary patterns as neuroprotective with a potential to delay cognitive decline and the onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariana Muñoz-Garcia
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Angel Martinez-Gonzalez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
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Yook JS, Lee M. Potential role of phytochemicals in brain plasticity: Focus on polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:14-18. [PMID: 32408409 PMCID: PMC7451843 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Functional foods are thought to strongly influence the structure and function of the brain. Previous studies have reported that brain-boosting diets may enhance neuroprotective functions. Certain foods are particularly rich in nutrients like phytochemicals that are known to support brain plasticity; such foods are commonly referred to as brain foods. METHODS In this review, we briefly explore the scientific evidence supporting the neuroprotective activity of a number of phytochemicals with a focus on phenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as flavonoid, olive oil, and omega-3 fatty acid. RESULTS The aim of this study was to systematically examine the primary issues related to phytochemicals in the brain. These include (a) the brain-gut-microbiome axis; (b) the effects of phytochemicals on gut microbiome and their potential role in brain plasticity; (c) the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain health; and (d) the effects of nutrition and exercise on brain function. CONCLUSION This review provides evidence supporting the view that phytochemicals from medicinal plants play a vital role in maintaining brain plasticity by influencing the brain-gut-microbiome axis. The consumption of brain foods may have neuroprotective effects, thus protecting against neurodegenerative disorders and promoting brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Soo Yook
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Minchul Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine, CHA University, PocheonRepublic of Korea
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Bastos AA, Nogueira LR, Neto JV, Fisberg RM, Yannakoulia M, Ribeiro SML. Association between the adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern and common mental disorders among community-dwelling elders: 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. J Affect Disord 2020; 265:389-394. [PMID: 32090764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some questions regarding the benefits of the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern (MDP) are still unanswered, especially in non-Mediterranean areas. As such, this study intends to evaluate the association between the adherence to the MDP with the presence of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in Brazilian older adults, adopting two different concepts of MDP. METHODS The sample included 545 elders from 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo City (cross-sectional population-based study). CMD were identified through the Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20). Data from two 24-hour dietary recall were used to construct two concepts of MDP according to the Mediterranean-diet score (MDS): Traditional MDP (included only foods with characteristics of the original MDP) and Brazilian-MDP (included foods with non-Mediterranean characteristics). The analyses included two different models (crude model and adjusted model for potential confounders) of logistic regression. RESULTS Moderate and high adherence to Traditional MDP were associated with a lower prevalence of CMD (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.35-0.98 and OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.18-0.96, respectively), after adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle and health status variables. In turn, the presence of CMD was not significantly associated with any level of adherence to the Brazilian-MDP. LIMITATIONS due to the cross-sectional feature of the study, we cannot determine a cause-effect relationship; some covariates were self-reported; the results cannot apply to the elderly from other regions. CONCLUSION Moderate and high adherence to the traditional MDP was found to reduce the risk of mental disorders in Brazilian elderly. Nevertheless, an increased intake of non-Mediterranean food components can limit this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amália Almeida Bastos
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Public Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 SP, Brazil.
| | - Luana Romão Nogueira
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Public Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 SP, Brazil
| | - João Valentini Neto
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Public Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Mara Fisberg
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Public Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 SP, Brazil
| | - Mary Yannakoulia
- Harokopio University, School of Health Sciences and Education, Athens, Greece
| | - Sandra Maria Lima Ribeiro
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Public Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, CEP 01246-904 SP, Brazil; University of Sao Paulo, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Rajaram S, Jones J, Lee GJ. Plant-Based Dietary Patterns, Plant Foods, and Age-Related Cognitive Decline. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S422-S436. [PMID: 31728502 PMCID: PMC6855948 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging population is expanding, as is the prevalence of age-related cognitive decline (ARCD). Of the several risk factors that predict the onset and progression of ARCD, 2 important modifiable risk factors are diet and physical activity. Dietary patterns that emphasize plant foods can exert neuroprotective effects. In this comprehensive review, we examine studies in humans of plant-based dietary patterns and polyphenol-rich plant foods and their role in either preventing ARCD and/or improving cognitive function. As yet, there is no direct evidence to support the benefits of a vegetarian diet in preventing cognitive decline. However, there is emerging evidence for brain-health-promoting effects of several plant foods rich in polyphenols, anti-inflammatory dietary patterns, and plant-based dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet that include a variety of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains. The bioactive compounds present in these dietary patterns include antioxidant vitamins, polyphenols, other phytochemicals, and unsaturated fatty acids. In animal models these nutrients and non-nutrients have been shown to enhance neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal survival by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the mounting evidence in favor of plant-centered dietary patterns, inclusive of polyphenol-rich foods for cognitive well-being. Randomized clinical trials support the role of plant foods (citrus fruits, grapes, berries, cocoa, nuts, green tea, and coffee) in improving specific domains of cognition, most notably frontal executive function. We also identify knowledge gaps and recommend future studies to identify whether plant-exclusive diets have an added cognitive advantage compared with plant-centered diets with fish and/or small amounts of animal foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Rajaram
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA,Address correspondence to SR (e-mail: )
| | - Julie Jones
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Grace J Lee
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Konar A, Gupta R, Shukla RK, Maloney B, Khanna VK, Wadhwa R, Lahiri DK, Thakur MK. M1 muscarinic receptor is a key target of neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and memory recovery by i-Extract from Withania somnifera. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13990. [PMID: 31570736 PMCID: PMC6769020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory loss is one of the most tragic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that 'i-Extract' of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) restores memory loss in scopolamine (SC)-induced mice. The prime target of i-Extract is obscure. We hypothesize that i-Extract may primarily target muscarinic subtype acetylcholine receptors that regulate memory processes. The present study elucidates key target(s) of i-Extract via cellular, biochemical, and molecular techniques in a relevant amnesia mouse model and primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. Wild type Swiss albino mice were fed i-Extract, and hippocampal cells from naïve mice were treated with i-Extract, followed by muscarinic antagonist (dicyclomine) and agonist (pilocarpine) treatments. We measured dendritic formation and growth by immunocytochemistry, kallikrein 8 (KLK8) mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and levels of KLK8 and microtubule-associated protein 2, c isoform (MAP2c) proteins by western blotting. We performed muscarinic receptor radioligand binding. i-Extract stimulated an increase in dendrite growth markers, KLK8 and MAP2. Scopolamine-mediated reduction was significantly reversed by i-Extract in mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Our study identified muscarinic receptor as a key target of i-Extract, providing mechanistic evidence for its clinical application in neurodegenerative cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Konar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Richa Gupta
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Devision of ECD, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Rajendra K Shukla
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Autonomous State Medical College, Bahraich, Utter Pradesh, 271801, India
| | - Bryan Maloney
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN-46202, USA
| | - Vinay K Khanna
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8562, Japan.
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN-46202, USA.
- Departments of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Alzheimer Disesae Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN-46202, USA.
| | - Mahendra K Thakur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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The Interplay of Diet Quality and Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Risk Score in Relation to Cognitive Performance Among Urban African Americans. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092181. [PMID: 31514322 PMCID: PMC6769979 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the interactive associations of poor diet quality and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) genetic risk with cognitive performance among 304 African American adults (mean age~57 years) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. In this cross-sectional study, selected participants had complete predictors and covariate data with 13 cognitive test scores as outcomes. Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were measured. A genetic risk score for AD in HANDLS (hAlzScore) was computed from 12 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our key hypotheses were tested using linear regression models. The hAlzScore was directly associated with poor performance in verbal memory (−0.4 ± 0.2, 0.01) and immediate visual memory (0.4 ± 0.2, 0.03) measured in seconds, in women only. The hAlzScore interacted synergistically with poorer diet quality to determine lower cognitive performance on a test of verbal fluency. Among numerous SNP × diet quality interactions for models of cognitive performance as outcomes, only one passed correction for multiple testing, namely verbal fluency. Our results suggest that improved diet quality can potentially modify performance on cognitive tests of verbal fluency among individuals with higher AD genetic risk.
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Zhao C, Noble JM, Marder K, Hartman JS, Gu Y, Scarmeas N. Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Risk for Dementia and Cognitive Decline. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 7:335-345. [PMID: 30413973 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-018-0247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diet, physical activity, and sleep are three major modifiable lifestyle factors. This selective review examines the evidence for strong and reliable associations between these three lifestyle factors and risk of dementia and cognitive decline, in an effort to assist clinicians with providing more informed answers to the common questions they face from patients. RECENT FINDINGS Certain aspects of nutrition can decrease risk for dementia. Physical activity has also been associated with delayed or slower age-related cognitive decline. In addition, emerging evidence links sleep dysfunction and dementia, with amyloid deposition being a possible mediator. Data from further clinical trials are needed before more definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficacy of these lifestyle interventions for lowering the risk of incident dementia and cognitive decline. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to make recommendations to our patients to adopt certain dietary changes and to engage in regular physical activity to improve cardiovascular risk factors for dementia. It is also reasonable to include questions on sleep during cognitive evaluations of the elderly, given the common co-occurrence of sleep dysfunction and cognitive impairment in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. .,Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - James M Noble
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Marder
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob S Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yian Gu
- Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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