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Jhuo JY, Tong ZJ, Ku PH, Cheng HW, Wang HT. Acrolein induces mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissues in vitro and in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122380. [PMID: 37625774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic condition characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and is associated with insulin resistance (IR) in critical glucose-consuming tissues, including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to play key roles in IR. Acrolein is a reactive aldehyde found in the diet and environment that is generated as a fatty acid product through the glucose autooxidation process under hyperglycemic conditions. Our previous studies have shown that acrolein impairs insulin sensitivity in normal and diabetic mice, and this effect can be reversed by scavenging acrolein. This study demonstrated that acrolein increased oxidative stress and inhibited mitochondrial respiration in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. As a result, insulin signaling pathways were inhibited, leading to reduced glucose uptake. Treatment with acrolein scavengers, N-acetylcysteine, or carnosine ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited insulin signaling. Additionally, an increase in acrolein expression correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the muscle and adipose tissues of diabetic mice. These findings suggest that acrolein-induced mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to IR, and scavenging acrolein is a potential therapeutic approach for treating IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Jhuo
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhen-Jie Tong
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Hsuan Ku
- Department of Life Sciences and the Institute of Genome Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Doctor Degree Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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2
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Ñaupas LVS, Brito DCC, de Souza SS, Brandão FAS, da Silva RF, da Silva Raposo R, de Oliveira Monteiro Moreira AC, Araújo AA, Alves BG, Guedes MIF, Silva JYG, Cordova A, Figueiredo JR, Rodrigues APR. Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation Improves Ovarian Tissue Vitrification Outcome: An Alternative to Preserve the Ovarian Function of Morada Nova Ewe. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:3109-3122. [PMID: 34008154 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of adding alpha lipoic acid (ALA) to the vitrification solution of sheep ovarian tissue on 7 days of in vitro culture or 15 days of xenotransplantion. ALA was used at two different concentrations (100 μM: ALA100 and 150 μM: ALA150). Ovarian tissue was evaluated by classical histology (follicular morphology, development, and stromal cell density); immunohistochemistry for forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a); Ki67 (cell proliferation); cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31); and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in ovarian tissue, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels in the culture medium, were assessed. Similar percentage of morphologically normal follicles was found in the vitrified ovarian tissue in the presence of ALA100 or ALA150 after in vitro culture or xenotransplantation. Follicular development from all treatments was higher (P < 0.05) than the control group. Moreover, an activation of primordial follicles was observed by FOXO3a. Stromal cell density and immunostaining for Ki67 and CD31 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in ALA150 vitrified tissue. No difference (P > 0.05) was found in α-SMA between ALA concentrations after in vitro culture or xenograft. ROS levels in the ovarian tissue were similar (P > 0.05) in all treatments, as well as MDA and nitrite levels after 7 days of culture. We concluded that the addition of ALA 150 is able to better preserve the stromal cell density favoring granulosa cell proliferation and neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Vanessa Sulca Ñaupas
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Ovarian Pre-Antral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle Cristina Calado Brito
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Ovarian Pre-Antral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Samara Silva de Souza
- Laboratory of Image Diagnosis Applied to Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UECE, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Félix da Silva
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Ovarian Pre-Antral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Benner Geraldo Alves
- Animal Bioscience Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Cordova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - José Ricardo Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Ovarian Pre-Antral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Ovarian Pre-Antral Follicles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Karupiah S, Kumari U, Sathasivam K, Meenakshi DU, Wu YS, Guad RM, Udupa K, Fuloria NK. A Comprehensive Review on Source, Types, Effects, Nanotechnology, Detection, and Therapeutic Management of Reactive Carbonyl Species Associated with Various Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1075. [PMID: 33147856 PMCID: PMC7692604 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids generate extremely reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Human body comprises some important RCS namely hexanal, acrolein, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, methylglyoxal, malondialdehyde, isolevuglandins, and 4-oxo-2- nonenal etc. These RCS damage important cellular components including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which manifests cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, multitude of adducts and crosslinks that are connected to ageing and various chronic diseases like inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disease. The constant prevalence of RCS in living cells suggests their importance in signal transduction and gene expression. Extensive knowledge of RCS properties, metabolism and relation with metabolic diseases would assist in development of effective approach to prevent numerous chronic diseases. Treatment approaches for RCS associated diseases involve endogenous RCS metabolizers, carbonyl metabolizing enzyme inducers, and RCS scavengers. Limited bioavailability and bio efficacy of RCS sequesters suggest importance of nanoparticles and nanocarriers. Identification of RCS and screening of compounds ability to sequester RCS employ several bioassays and analytical techniques. Present review describes in-depth study of RCS sources, types, properties, identification techniques, therapeutic approaches, nanocarriers, and their role in various diseases. This study will give an idea for therapeutic development to combat the RCS associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Sundram Karupiah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | - Usha Kumari
- Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Kedah, Bedong 08100, Malaysia;
| | | | | | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Rhanye Mac Guad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
| | - Kaviraja Udupa
- Department of Neurophysiology, NIMHANS, Bangalore 560029, India;
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4
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Impaired enzymatic reactive aldehyde-detoxifying capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity in the aged human arterial tissue. Exp Gerontol 2018; 116:7-13. [PMID: 30472277 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is not known whether aging alters the enzymatic reactive aldehyde- and lipid hydroperoxide-detoxifying capacity of the human arterial tissue favoring vascular oxidative stress. To address this issue, we studied the specific enzymatic activities of class 1, 2 and 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1, ALDH2 and ALDH3), glutathione S‑transferase (isozyme A4-4, GSTA4-4) and aldose reductase (AR), namely the major reactive aldehyde-scavenging enzymes, together with the activity of the lipid hydroperoxide-removing enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), in superior thyroid arteries (STA) specimens obtained in the thyroid surgery setting in aged subjects (age 72.3 ± 3.6 years) and young adult controls (age 31.9 ± 3.5 years). Vascular lipid peroxidation was also studied by assessing in STA fluorescent damage products of lipid peroxidation (FDPL), which reflect oxidant-induced 4‑hydroxynonenal and lipid hydroperoxide formation. Remarkably, the activities of ALDH1, ALDH2, ALDH3, GSTA4-4, AR and GSH-Px were significantly lower, and FDPL levels higher, in the arterial tissue of the aged subjects than in that of the young adult controls. Moreover, the enzymatic activities were inversely and significantly correlated with the levels of FDPL in the arterial tissue of both the aged and young subjects, highlighting their vascular antioxidant/antilipoperoxidative role in vivo. Thus, aging impairs the enzymatic reactive aldehyde-detoxifying capacity and GSH-Px activity of the human arterial tissue eventually favoring vascular oxidative stress.
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Chen Z, Gu J, El Ayadi A, Oberhauser AF, Zhou J, Sousse LE, Finnerty CC, Herndon DN, Boor PJ. Effect of N-(2-aminoethyl) ethanolamine on hypertrophic scarring changes in vitro: Finding novel anti-fibrotic therapies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 362:9-19. [PMID: 30248415 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HS) limit movement, decrease quality of life, and remain a major impediment to rehabilitation from burns. However, no effective pharmacologic therapies for HS exist. Here we tested the in vitro anti-fibrotic effects of the novel chemical N-(2-aminoethyl) ethanolamine (AEEA) at non-toxic concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy showed that AEEA markedly altered the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by primary dermal fibroblasts isolated from a HS of a burn patient (HTS). Compression atomic force microscopy revealed that AEEA stiffened the 3D nanostructure of ECM formed by HTS fibroblasts. Western blot analysis in three separate types of primary human dermal fibroblasts (including HTS) showed that AEEA exposure increased the extractability of type I collagen in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, while not increasing collagen synthesis. A comparison of the electrophoretic behavior of the same set of samples under native and denaturing conditions suggested that AEEA alters the 3D structure of type I collagen. The antagonization effect of AEEA to TGF-β1 on ECM formation was also observed. Furthermore, analyses of the anti-fibrotic effects of analogs of AEEA (with modified pharmacophores) suggest the existence of a chemical structure-activity relationship. Thus, AEEA and its analogs may inhibit HS development; further study and optimization of analogs may be a promising strategy for the discovery for effective HS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jianhua Gu
- AFM/SEM Core Facility, The Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amina El Ayadi
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Andres F Oberhauser
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Linda E Sousse
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Celeste C Finnerty
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - David N Herndon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Paul J Boor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
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Zhu H, Chen Z, Ma Z, Tan H, Xiao C, Tang X, Zhang B, Wang Y, Gao Y. Tanshinone IIA Protects Endothelial Cells from H₂O₂-Induced Injuries via PXR Activation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:599-608. [PMID: 28173640 PMCID: PMC5685429 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a pharmacologically active substance extracted from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (also known as the Chinese herb Danshen), and is widely used to treat atherosclerosis. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear receptor that is a key regulator of xenobiotic and endobiotic detoxification. Tan IIA is an efficacious PXR agonist that has a potential protective effect on endothelial injuries induced by xenobiotics and endobiotics via PXR activation. Previously numerous studies have demonstrated the possible effects of Tan IIA on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, but the further mechanism for its exerts the protective effect is not well established. To study the protective effects of Tan IIA against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we pretreated cells with or without different concentrations of Tan IIA for 24 h, then exposed the cells to 400 μM H2O2 for another 3 h. Therefore, our data strongly suggests that Tan IIA may lead to increased regeneration of glutathione (GSH) from the glutathione disulfide (GSSG) produced during the GSH peroxidase-catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 in HUVECs, and the PXR plays a significant role in this process. Tan IIA may also exert protective effects against H2O2-induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway associated with the participation of PXR. Tan IIA protected HUVECs from inflammatory mediators triggered by H2O2 via PXR activation. In conclusion, Tan IIA protected HUVECs against H2O2-induced cell injury through PXR-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zengchun Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hongling Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chengrong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xianglin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Boli Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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Mohana K, Achary A. Human cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases: quantitative analysis of expression, comparative analysis of structures and inhibition strategies of isozymes involved in drug resistance. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:318-337. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1343343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Mohana
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
| | - Anant Achary
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
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Davies SS, Zhang LS. Reactive Carbonyl Species Scavengers-Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Chronic Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:51-67. [PMID: 28993795 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW To summarize recent evidence supporting the use of reactive carbonyl species scavengers in the prevention and treatment of disease. RECENT FINDINGS The newly developed 2-aminomethylphenol class of scavengers shows great promise in preclinical trials for a number of diverse conditions including neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disease. In addition, new studies with the thiol-based and imidazole-based scavengers have found new applications outside of adjunctive therapy for chemotherapeutics. SUMMARY Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cells and tissues act as signaling molecules and as cytotoxic agents to defend against pathogens, but ROS also cause collateral damage to vital cellular components. The polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains of phospholipids in the cell membranes are particularly vulnerable to damaging peroxidation by ROS. Evidence suggests that the breakdown of these peroxidized lipids to reactive carbonyls species plays a critical role in many chronic diseases. Antioxidants that abrogate ROS-induced formation of reactive carbonyl species also abrogate normal ROS signaling and thus exert both beneficial and adverse functional effects. The use of scavengers of reactive dicarbonyl species represent an alternative therapeutic strategy to potentially mitigate the adverse effects of ROS without abrogating normal signaling by ROS. In this review, we focus on three classes of reactive carbonyl species scavengers: thiol-based scavengers (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate and amifostine), imidazole-based scavengers (carnosine and its analogs), and 2-aminomethylphenols-based scavengers (pyridoxamine, 2-hydroxybenzylamine, and 5'-O-pentyl-pyridoxamine) that are either undergoing pre-clinical studies, advancing to clinical trials, or are already in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 556 Robinson Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6602
| | - Linda S Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 556 Robinson Research Building, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6602
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Singhal SS, Singh SP, Singhal P, Horne D, Singhal J, Awasthi S. Antioxidant role of glutathione S-transferases: 4-Hydroxynonenal, a key molecule in stress-mediated signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:361-70. [PMID: 26476300 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (4HNE), one of the major end products of lipid peroxidation (LPO), has been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of cell lines. It appears to modulate signaling processes in more than one way because it has been suggested to have a role in signaling for differentiation and proliferation. It has been known that glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) can reduce lipid hydroperoxides through their Se-independent glutathione-peroxidase activity and that these enzymes can also detoxify LPO end-products such as 4HNE. Available evidence from earlier studies together with results of recent studies in our laboratories strongly suggests that LPO products, particularly hydroperoxides and 4HNE, are involved in the mechanisms of stress-mediated signaling and that it can be modulated by the alpha-class GSTs through the regulation of the intracellular concentrations of 4HNE. We demonstrate that 4HNE induced apoptosis in various cell lines is accompanied with c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and caspase-3 activation. Cells exposed to mild, transient heat or oxidative stress acquire the capacity to exclude intracellular 4HNE at a faster rate by inducing GSTA4-4 which conjugates 4HNE to glutathione (GSH), and RLIP76 which mediates the ATP-dependent transport of the GSH-conjugate of 4HNE (GS-HNE). The balance between formation and exclusion promotes different cellular processes - higher concentrations of 4HNE promote apoptosis; whereas, lower concentrations promote proliferation. In this article, we provide a brief summary of the cellular effects of 4HNE, followed by a review of its GST-catalyzed detoxification, with an emphasis on the structural attributes that play an important role in the interactions with alpha-class GSTA4-4. Taken together, 4HNE is a key signaling molecule and that GSTs being determinants of its intracellular concentrations, can regulate stress-mediated signaling, are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad S Singhal
- Department of Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States.
| | - Sharda P Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Preeti Singhal
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Jyotsana Singhal
- Department of Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
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Chen Z, Xu Y, Bujalowski P, Oberhauser AF, Boor PJ. N-(2-Aminoethyl) Ethanolamine-Induced Morphological, Biochemical, and Biophysical Alterations in Vascular Matrix Associated With Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm. Toxicol Sci 2015; 148:421-32. [PMID: 26443843 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissecting aortic aneurysm (DAA) is an extended tear in the wall of the aorta along the plane of the vascular media. Our previous studies indicated in a developmental animal model, that DAA was related to pathological alteration in collagen, especially collagen type III. Accordingly, in the present studies, neonatal aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rat dams were treated with N-(2-aminoethyl) ethanolamine (AEEA), which, as shown previously, causes DAA in offspring. Morphological changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by VSMC in vitro were detailed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and biochemical changes in cells and ECM produced by VSMCs were defined by Western blotting. Biophysical changes of the collagen extracted from both the ECM produced by VSMC and extracted from fetal rat aortas were studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). ECM disruption and irregularities were observed in VSMCs treated with AEEA by SEM. Western blotting showed that collagen type I was much more extractable, accompanied by a decrease of the pellet size after urea buffer extraction in the AEEA-treated VSMC when compared with the control. AFM found that collagen samples extracted from the fetal rat aortas of the AEEA-treated dam, and in the in vitro formed ECM prepared by decellularization, became stiffer, or more brittle, indicating that the 3D organization associated with elasticity was altered by AEEA exposure. Our results show that AEEA causes significant morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical alterations in the ECM. These in vitro and in vivo strategies are advantageous in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andres F Oberhauser
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology; and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
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Schaur RJ, Siems W, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. 4-Hydroxy-nonenal-A Bioactive Lipid Peroxidation Product. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2247-337. [PMID: 26437435 PMCID: PMC4693237 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review on recent research advances of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) has four major topics: I. the formation of HNE in various organs and tissues, II. the diverse biochemical reactions with Michael adduct formation as the most prominent one, III. the endogenous targets of HNE, primarily peptides and proteins (here the mechanisms of covalent adduct formation are described and the (patho-) physiological consequences discussed), and IV. the metabolism of HNE leading to a great number of degradation products, some of which are excreted in urine and may serve as non-invasive biomarkers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J Schaur
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 33a, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Werner Siems
- Institute for Medical Education, KortexMed GmbH, Hindenburgring 12a, 38667 Bad Harzburg, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Peter M Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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12
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Fletcher ME, Boshier PR, Wakabayashi K, Keun HC, Smolenski RT, Kirkham PA, Adcock IM, Barton PJ, Takata M, Marczin N. Influence of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) inhibition on lung epithelial cell injury: role of oxidative stress and metabolism. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L1274-85. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00220.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidant-mediated tissue injury is key to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Glutathione- S-transferases (GSTs) are important detoxifying enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of glutathione with toxic oxidant compounds and are associated with acute and chronic inflammatory lung diseases. We hypothesized that attenuation of cellular GST enzymes would augment intracellular oxidative and metabolic stress and induce lung cell injury. Treatment of murine lung epithelial cells with GST inhibitors, ethacrynic acid (EA), and caffeic acid compromised lung epithelial cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. These inhibitors also potentiated cell injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), tert-butyl-hydroperoxide, and hypoxia and reoxygenation (HR). SiRNA-mediated attenuation of GST-π but not GST-μ expression reduced cell viability and significantly enhanced stress (H2O2/HR)-induced injury. GST inhibitors also induced intracellular oxidative stress (measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 and dichlorofluorescein fluorescence), caused alterations in overall intracellular redox status (as evidenced by NAD+/NADH ratios), and increased protein carbonyl formation. Furthermore, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine completely prevented EA-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Whereas EA had no effect on mitochondrial energetics, it significantly altered cellular metabolic profile. To explore the physiological impact of these cellular events, we used an ex vivo mouse-isolated perfused lung model. Supplementation of perfusate with EA markedly affected lung mechanics and significantly increased lung permeability. The results of our combined genetic, pharmacological, and metabolic studies on multiple platforms suggest the importance of GST enzymes, specifically GST-π, in the cellular and whole lung response to acute oxidative and metabolic stress. These may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E. Fletcher
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Piers R. Boshier
- Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Wakabayashi
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hector C. Keun
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryszard T. Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Paul A. Kirkham
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Barton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masao Takata
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nandor Marczin
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Lapenna D, Ciofani G, Ucchino S, Giamberardino MA, Di Ilio C, Cuccurullo F. Reactive aldehyde-scavenging enzyme activities in atherosclerotic plaques of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Atherosclerosis 2015; 238:190-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Clinical, biochemical, and genetic predictors of coronary artery bypass graft failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:515-520.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Bozaykut P, Karademir B, Yazgan B, Sozen E, Siow RCM, Mann GE, Ozer NK. Effects of vitamin E on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 in hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:174-81. [PMID: 24583459 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular complications such as stroke and myocardial infarction are major causes of morbidity and mortality. We have previously reported a significant increase in mRNA levels of the scavenger receptor CD36 in aortae of cholesterol-fed rabbits and shown that vitamin E treatment attenuated increased CD36 mRNA expression. In the present study, we further investigated the redox signaling pathways associated with protection against atherogenesis induced by high dietary cholesterol and correlated these with CD36 expression and the effects of vitamin E supplementation in a rabbit model. Male albino rabbits were assigned to either a control group fed with a low vitamin E diet alone or a test group fed with a low vitamin E diet containing 2% cholesterol in the absence or presence of daily intramuscular injections of vitamin E (50mg/kg). To elucidate the mechanisms by which vitamin E supplementation alters the effects of hypercholesterolemia in rabbit aortae, we measured peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) mRNA levels by quantitative RT-PCR and the expression of MMP-1, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and glutathione S-transferase α (GSTα) protein by immunoblotting. The increased MMP-1 and decreased GSTα expression observed suggests that a cholesterol-rich diet contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, whereas vitamin E supplementation affords protection by decreasing MMP-1 and increasing PPARγ, GSTα, and ABCA1 levels in aortae of rabbits fed a cholesterol-rich diet. Notably, protein expression of Nrf2, the antioxidant transcription factor, was increased in both the cholesterol-fed and the vitamin E-supplemented groups. Although Nrf2 activation can promote CD36-mediated cholesterol uptake by macrophages, the increased induction of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes is likely to contribute to decreased lesion progression. Thus, our study demonstrates that Nrf2 can mediate both pro- and antiatherosclerotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perinur Bozaykut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University, 34668 Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University, 34668 Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Yazgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University, 34668 Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdi Sozen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University, 34668 Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Richard C M Siow
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Nesrin Kartal Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University, 34668 Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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16
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Akerström F, Barderas MG, Rodríguez-Padial L. Aortic stenosis: a general overview of clinical, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 11:239-50. [PMID: 23405844 DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aortic stenosis is the most prevalent valve pathology and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is its most frequent etiology in developed countries. There is extensive evidence that CAVD represents an active disease process similar to that of atherosclerosis with similar classical cardiovascular risk factors and pathological mechanisms. Given that in the vast majority of situations the only treatment available is valve replacement there is a need to develop pharmacological therapies that retard the disease progression. Lipid-lowering therapies have been the focus of research, however, so far with negative results. Future studies, including animal models, shall provide an opportunity to further evaluate the disease mechanisms of CAVD and to discover potential disease biomarkers and pharmacological interventions that can reduce the need for valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Akerström
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
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17
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Chapple SJ, Cheng X, Mann GE. Effects of 4-hydroxynonenal on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell redox signaling and function in health and disease. Redox Biol 2013; 1:319-31. [PMID: 24024167 PMCID: PMC3757694 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a lipid hydroperoxide end product formed from the oxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative abundance of HNE within the vasculature is dependent not only on the rate of lipid peroxidation and HNE synthesis but also on the removal of HNE adducts by phase II metabolic pathways such as glutathione-S-transferases. Depending on its relative concentration, HNE can induce a range of hormetic effects in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, including kinase activation, proliferation, induction of phase II enzymes and in high doses inactivation of enzymatic processes and apoptosis. HNE also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and in utero diseases such as pre-eclampsia. This review examines the known production, metabolism and consequences of HNE synthesis within vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, highlighting alterations in mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function and their association with various vascular pathologies. HNE is a lipid peroxidation endproduct regulating vascular redox signaling. HNE detoxification is tightly regulated in vascular and other cell types. Elevated HNE levels are associated with various vascular diseases.
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Key Words
- 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Delta (12,14) prostaglandin-J2
- 4-hydroxynonenal
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- AR, Aldose reductase
- ARE, Antioxidant response element
- ATF6, Activating transcription factor 6
- Akt, Protein kinase B
- BAEC, Bovine aortic endothelial cells
- BH4, Tetrahydrobiopterin
- BLMVEC, Bovine lung microvascular vein endothelial cells
- BPAEC, Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells
- BTB, Broad complex Tramtrack and Bric–brac domain
- CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER, Endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD, Endoplasmic reticulum assisted degradation
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Elk1, ETS domain-containing protein
- Endothelial cells
- EpRE, Electrophile response element
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FAP, Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
- GCLC, Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- GCLM, Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- GS-DHN, Glutathionyl-1,4 dihydroxynonene
- GS-HNE, HNE-conjugates
- GSH, Glutathione
- GST, Glutathione-S-transferase
- GTPCH, Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I
- HASMC, Human aortic smooth muscle cells
- HCSMC, Human coronary smooth muscle cells
- HERP, Homocysteine inducible ER protein
- HMEC, Human microvascular endothelial cells
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hsp-70/72/90, Heat shock proteins-70/ -72/ -90
- IRE1, Inositol requiring enzyme 1 IRE1
- IVR, Central intervening region
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MASMC, Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells
- MEK1/2, Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1/2
- MMP-1/2, Matrix metalloproteinase-1/ -2
- MPEC, Mouse pancreatic islet endothelial cells
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, Nitric oxide
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2
- PCEC, Porcine cerebral endothelial cells
- PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor
- PDI, Protein disulfide isomerases
- PERK, Protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RASMC, Rat aortic smooth muscle cells
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RVSMC, Rat vascular smooth muscle cells
- Redox signaling
- SMC, Smooth muscle cell
- TKR, Tyrosine kinase receptor
- UPR, Unfolded protein response
- Vascular biology
- Vascular smooth muscle cells
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- elF2α, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α
- iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- oxLDL, Oxidized low density lipoprotein
- tBHP, Tert-butylhydroperoxide
- xCT, cystine/glutamate amino acid transporter
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Chapple
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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18
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States JC, Singh AV, Knudsen TB, Rouchka EC, Ngalame NO, Arteel GE, Piao Y, Ko MSH. Prenatal arsenic exposure alters gene expression in the adult liver to a proinflammatory state contributing to accelerated atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38713. [PMID: 22719926 PMCID: PMC3376138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which environmental toxicants alter developmental processes predisposing individuals to adult onset chronic disease are not well-understood. Transplacental arsenic exposure promotes atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. Because the liver plays a central role in atherosclerosis, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, we hypothesized that accelerated atherosclerosis may be linked to altered hepatic development. This hypothesis was tested in ApoE−/− mice exposed to 49 ppm arsenic in utero from gestational day (GD) 8 to term. GD18 hepatic arsenic was 1.2 µg/g in dams and 350 ng/g in fetuses. The hepatic transcriptome was evaluated by microarray analysis to assess mRNA and microRNA abundance in control and exposed pups at postnatal day (PND) 1 and PND70. Arsenic exposure altered postnatal developmental trajectory of mRNA and microRNA profiles. We identified an arsenic exposure related 51-gene signature at PND1 and PND70 with several hubs of interaction (Hspa8, IgM and Hnf4a). Gene ontology (GO) annotation analyses indicated that pathways for gluconeogenesis and glycolysis were suppressed in exposed pups at PND1, and pathways for protein export, ribosome, antigen processing and presentation, and complement and coagulation cascades were induced by PND70. Promoter analysis of differentially-expressed transcripts identified enriched transcription factor binding sites and clustering to common regulatory sites. SREBP1 binding sites were identified in about 16% of PND70 differentially-expressed genes. Western blot analysis confirmed changes in the liver at PND70 that included increases of heat shock protein 70 (Hspa8) and active SREBP1. Plasma AST and ALT levels were increased at PND70. These results suggest that transplacental arsenic exposure alters developmental programming in fetal liver, leading to an enduring stress and proinflammatory response postnatally that may contribute to early onset of atherosclerosis. Genes containing SREBP1 binding sites also suggest pathways for diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis, both diseases that contribute to increased cardiovascular disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America.
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19
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Usefulness of Material Recovered from Distal Embolic Protection Devices after Carotid Angioplasty for Proteomic Studies. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2012; 23:818-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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20
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Martín-Rojas T, Gil-Dones F, Lopez-Almodovar LF, Padial LR, Vivanco F, Barderas MG. Proteomic profile of human aortic stenosis: insights into the degenerative process. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:1537-50. [PMID: 22276806 DOI: 10.1021/pr2005692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative aortic stenosis is the most common worldwide cause of valve replacement. While it shares certain risk factors with coronary artery disease, it is not delayed or reversed by reducing exposure to risk factors (e.g., therapies that lower lipids). Therefore, it is necessary to better understand its pathophysiology for preventive measures to be taken. In this work, aortic valve samples were collected from 20 patients that underwent aortic valve replacement (55% males, mean age of 74 years) and 20 normal control valves were obtained from necropsies (40% males, mean age of 69 years). The proteome of the samples was analyzed by quantitative differential electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry, and 35 protein species were clearly increased in aortic valves, including apolipoprotein AI, alpha-1-antitrypsin, serum albumin, lumican, alfa-1-glycoprotein, vimentin, superoxide dismutase Cu-Zn, serum amyloid P-component, glutathione S-transferase-P, fatty acid-binding protein, transthyretin, and fibrinogen gamma. By contrast, 8 protein species were decreased (transgelin, haptoglobin, glutathione peroxidase 3, HSP27, and calreticulin). All of the proteins identified play a significant role in cardiovascular processes, such as fibrosis, homeostasis, and coagulation. The significant changes observed in the abundance of key cardiovascular proteins strongly suggest that they can be involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative aortic stenosis. Further studies are warranted to better understand this process before we can attempt to modulate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Martín-Rojas
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (HNP), SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
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21
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Usatyuk PV, Natarajan V. Hydroxyalkenals and oxidized phospholipids modulation of endothelial cytoskeleton, focal adhesion and adherens junction proteins in regulating endothelial barrier function. Microvasc Res 2012; 83:45-55. [PMID: 21570987 PMCID: PMC3196796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids generates bioactive aldehydes, which exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in cells and tissues. Accumulating evidence indicates that 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a major aldehyde derived from lipid peroxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids trigger signals that modulates focal adhesion and adherens junction proteins thereby inducing endothelial barrier dysfunction. Similarly, oxidized phospholipids (Ox-PLs) generated by lipid peroxidation of phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids have been implicated in atherogenesis, inflammation and gene expression. Interestingly, physiological concentration of Ox-PLs is anti-inflammatory and protect against endotoxin- and ventilator-associated acute lung injury. Thus, excess generation of bioactive hydroxyalkenals and Ox-PLs during oxidative stress contributes to pathophysiology of various diseases by modulating signaling pathways that regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and barrier regulation. This review summarizes the role of 4-HNE and Ox-PLs affecting cell signaling pathways and endothelial barrier dysfunction through modulation of the activities of proteins/enzymes by Michael adducts formation, enhancing the level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation of the target proteins, and by reorganization of cytoskeletal, focal adhesion, and adherens junction proteins. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms of hydroxyalkenals- and Ox-PLs-mediated pro-and anti-inflammatory responses and barrier function may lead to development of novel therapies to ameliorate oxidative stress related cardio-pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Usatyuk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
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22
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Swales KE, Moore R, Truss NJ, Tucker A, Warner TD, Negishi M, Bishop-Bailey D. Pregnane X receptor regulates drug metabolism and transport in the vasculature and protects from oxidative stress. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 93:674-81. [PMID: 22166712 PMCID: PMC3291088 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Circulating endogenous, dietary, and foreign chemicals can contribute to vascular dysfunction. The mechanism by which the vasculature protects itself from these chemicals is unknown. This study investigates whether the pregnane X receptor (PXR), the major transcriptional regulator of hepatic drug metabolism and transport that responds to such xenobiotics, mediates vascular protection by co-ordinating a defence gene programme in the vasculature. METHODS AND RESULTS PXR was detected in primary human and rat aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMC) and blood vessels including the human and rat aorta. Metabolic PXR target genes cytochrome P450 3A, 2B, 2C, and glutathione S-transferase mRNA and activity were induced by PXR ligands in rodent and human vascular cells and absent in the aortas from PXR-null mice stimulated in vivo or in rat aortic SMC expressing dominant-negative PXR. Activation of aortic PXR by classical agonists had several protective effects: increased xenobiotic metabolism demonstrated by bioactivation of the pro-drug clopidogrel, which reduced adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation; increased expression of multidrug resistance protein 1, mediating chemical efflux from the vasculature; and protection from reactive oxygen species-mediated cell death. CONCLUSION PXR co-ordinately up-regulates drug metabolism, transport, and antioxidant genes to protect the vasculature from endogenous and exogenous insults, thus representing a novel gatekeeper for vascular defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Swales
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
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23
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Poduri A, Bahl A, Talwar KK, Khullar M. Proteomic analysis of circulating human monocytes in coronary artery disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 360:181-8. [PMID: 21938407 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes play an important role in inflammation and atherosclerosis; however, the molecular details underlying these diverse functions are not completely understood. Proteomic analysis of monocytes can provide new insights into their biological role in coronary artery disease (CAD). Twenty angiographically confirmed male, CAD patients (≥50% stenosis) attending cardiology clinic of Nehru Hospital, PGIMER, Chandigarh, and who were not receiving any lipid lowering therapy and 20 TMT negative subjects who served as controls were enrolled in the study. Circulating monocytes isolated from overnight fasting blood samples were analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis (pH 4-7), and differentially expressed protein spots were subjected to mass spectrometry and identification of proteins. We observed 333 ± 40 protein spots in monocytes from patients and 312 ± 20 in controls; out of which 63 protein spots showed altered intensity in CAD patients. Thirteen spots showed fivefold increased and two protein spots showed fivefold decreased expression in CAD group as compared to control group, respectively. Two proteins showing decreased expression in monocytes from CAD patients were identified as: (i) glutathione transferase and (ii) heat shock protein 70 KDa. Proteins showing increased expression in CAD patients were identified as: (i) vimentin, (ii) mannose binding lectin receptor protein, and (iii) S100A8 calcium-binding protein. The results of our study offer identification of several proteins in monocytes which can provide new perspectives in role of monocytes in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Poduri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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24
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Zhu Q, Sun Z, Jiang Y, Chen F, Wang M. Acrolein scavengers: reactivity, mechanism and impact on health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1375-90. [PMID: 21714129 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein (ACR) is an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde that exists extensively in the environment and (thermally processed) foods. It can also be generated through endogenous metabolism. Its high electrophilicity makes this aldehyde notorious for its facile reaction with biological nucleophiles, leading to the modification of proteins/DNA and depletion of glutathione. Recent studies also have revealed its roles in disturbing various cell signing pathways in biological systems. With growing evidences of ACR's implication in human diseases, strategies to eliminate its hazardous impacts are of great importance. One of the intervention strategies is the application of reactive scavengers to directly trap ACR. Some known ACR scavengers include sulfur (thiol)-containing and nitrogen (amino)-containing compounds as well as the newly emerging natural polyphenols. In this review, the interactions between ACR and its scavengers are highlighted. The discussion about ACR scavengers is mainly focused on their chemical reactivity, trapping mechanisms as well as their roles extended to biological relevance. In addition to their direct trapping effect on ACR, these scavengers might possess multiple functions and offer additional benefits against ACR-induced toxicity. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism involved may help to establish ACR scavenging as a novel therapeutic intervention against human diseases that are associated with ACR and/or oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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25
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4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is degraded by cathepsin G in rat neutrophils. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:213686. [PMID: 21904640 PMCID: PMC3166769 DOI: 10.1155/2011/213686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of oxidized or oxidatively modified proteins is an essential part of the antioxidant defenses of cells. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a major reactive aldehyde formed by lipid peroxidation, causes many types of cellular damage. It has been reported that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway or, in some cases, by the lysosomal pathway. However, our previous studies using U937 cells showed that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is degraded by cathepsin G. In the present study, we isolated the 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-degrading enzyme from rat neutrophils to an active protein fraction of 28 kDa. Using the specific antibody, the 28 kDa protein was identified as cathepsin G. Moreover, the degradation activity was inhibited by cathepsin G inhibitors. These results suggest that cathepsin G plays a crucial role in the degradation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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Balogh LM, Atkins WM. Interactions of glutathione transferases with 4-hydroxynonenal. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:165-78. [PMID: 21401344 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.558092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic products of lipid peroxidation are important contributors to the progression of several pathological states. The prototypical α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), triggers cellular events associated with oxidative stress, which can be curtailed by the glutathione-dependent elimination of HNE. The glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a major determinate of the intracellular concentration of HNE and can influence susceptibility to toxic effects, particularly when HNE and GST levels are altered in disease states. In this article, we provide a brief summary of the cellular effects of HNE, followed by a review of its GST-catalyzed detoxification, with an emphasis on the structural attributes that play an important role in the interactions with alpha-class GSTs. Some of the key determining characteristics that impart high alkenal activity reside in the unique C-terminal interactions of the GSTA4-4 enzyme. Studies encompassing both kinetic and structural analyses of related isoforms will be highlighted, with additional attention to stereochemical aspects that demonstrate the capacity of GSTA4-4 to detoxify both enantiomers of the biologically relevant racemic mixture while generating a select set of diastereomeric products with subsequent implications. A summary of the literature that examines the interplay between GSTs and HNE in model systems relevant to oxidative stress will also be discussed to demonstrate the magnitude of importance of GSTs in the overall detoxification scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M Balogh
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Guéraud F, Atalay M, Bresgen N, Cipak A, Eckl PM, Huc L, Jouanin I, Siems W, Uchida K. Chemistry and biochemistry of lipid peroxidation products. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1098-124. [PMID: 20836659 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.498477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and resulting lipid peroxidation is involved in various and numerous pathological states including inflammation, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This review is focused on recent advances concerning the formation, metabolism and reactivity towards macromolecules of lipid peroxidation breakdown products, some of which being considered as 'second messengers' of oxidative stress. This review relates also new advances regarding apoptosis induction, survival/proliferation processes and autophagy regulated by 4-hydroxynonenal, a major product of omega-6 fatty acid peroxidation, in relationship with detoxication mechanisms. The use of these lipid peroxidation products as oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation biomarkers is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guéraud
- UMR1089 Xénobiotiques, INRA, Toulouse, France.
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Chaudhary P, Sharma R, Sharma A, Vatsyayan R, Yadav S, Singhal SS, Rauniyar N, Prokai L, Awasthi S, Awasthi YC. Mechanisms of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal induced pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6263-75. [PMID: 20565132 DOI: 10.1021/bi100517x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) has emerged as an important second messenger in cell cycle signaling. Here, we demonstrate that 4-HNE induces signaling for apoptosis via both the Fas-mediated extrinsic and the p53-mediated intrinsic pathways in HepG2 cells. 4-HNE induces a Fas-mediated DISC independent apoptosis pathway by activating ASK1, JNK, and caspase-3. Parallel treatment of 4-HNE to HepG2 cells also induces apoptosis by the p53 pathway through activation of Bax, p21, JNK, and caspase-3. Exposure of HepG2 cells to 4-HNE leads to the activation of both Fas and Daxx, promotes the export of Daxx from the nucleus to cytoplasm, and facilitates Fas-Daxx binding. Depletion of Daxx by siRNA results in the potentiation of apoptosis, indicating that Fas-Daxx binding in fact is inhibitory to Fas-mediated apoptosis in cells. 4-HNE-induced translocation of Daxx is also accompanied by the activation and nuclear accumulation of HSF1 and up-regulation of heat shock protein Hsp70. All these effects of 4-HNE in cells can be attenuated by ectopic expression of hGSTA4-4, the isozyme of glutathione S-transferase with high activity for 4-HNE. Through immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we have demonstrated the covalent binding of 4-HNE to Daxx. We also demonstrate that 4-HNE modification induces phosphorylation of Daxx at Ser668 and Ser671 to facilitate its cytoplasmic export. These results indicate that while 4-HNE exhibits toxicity through several mechanisms, in parallel it evokes signaling for defense mechanisms to self-regulate its toxicity and can simultaneously affect multiple signaling pathways through its interactions with membrane receptors and transcription factors/repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
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Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of glutathione-s-transferase mitigates transplant arteriosclerosis in rabbit carotid allografts. Transplantation 2010; 89:409-16. [PMID: 20177342 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181c69838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac transplant arteriosclerosis or cardiac allograft vasculopathy remains the leading cause of graft failure and patient death in heart transplant recipients. Endothelial cell injury is crucial in the development of human atherosclerosis and may play a role in allograft vasculopathy. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is known to protect endothelial cells from damage by oxidants and toxins. However, the contribution of human GST A4-4 (hGSTA4-4) to vascular cell injury and consequent transplant arteriosclerosis is unknown. METHODS A recombinant adenoviral vector containing hGSTA4-4 gene was constructed and delivered to vascular endothelial cells in an in vivo rabbit carotid artery transplant model. Forty-five days after transplantation, allografts were harvested (n=28). Blood flow was measured by ultrasonography. In addition, grafts were analyzed by histology, morphometry, immunostaining, and western blot. RESULTS The severity of arteriosclerosis in hGSTA4-4 transduced allografts was compared with control by measuring degree of stenosis by neointima. Decrease in blood flow in hGSTA4-4 transduced allografts was significantly less than control allografts, which also developed greater intimal thickening and stenosis than hGSTA4-4 transduced allografts in the proximal and distal regions of the graft. Leukocyte and macrophage infiltration was reduced in hGSTA4-4 transduced carotid arteries. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that hGSTA4-4 overexpression protects the integrity of vessel wall from oxidative injury, and attenuates transplant arteriosclerosis.
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Argüelles S, Machado A, Ayala A. Adduct formation of 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde with elongation factor-2 in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:324-30. [PMID: 19447174 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is universally affected by aging in all organisms. There is no clear consensus about the mechanism underlying the decline of translation with aging. Previous reports from our laboratory have shown that the elongation step is especially affected with aging as a consequence of alterations in elongation factor-2 (eEF-2), the monomeric protein that catalyzes the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA during protein synthesis. eEF-2 seems to be specifically affected by lipid peroxidant compounds, which concomitantly produce several reactive, toxic aldehydes, such as MDA and HNE. These aldehydes are able to form adducts with proteins that lead to their inactivation. In this paper we studied the formation of adducts between MDA or HNE and eEF-2. The study was performed both in vitro, using liver homogenates treated with cumene hydroperoxide, and in vivo using young control rats, treated with the same oxidant, and 12-and 24-month-old rats. In all cases we found a decrease in the levels of eEF-2, an increase in the amount of lipid peroxidation, and a concomitant formation of adducts between eEF-2 and MDA or HNE. The results suggest that one possible mechanism responsible for the decline of protein synthesis during aging could be the alteration in eEF-2 levels, secondary to lipid peroxidation and adduct formation with these aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Argüelles
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Bromatología y Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Xu Y, Gong B, Yang Y, Awasthi YC, Woods M, Boor PJ. Glutathione-S-Transferase Protects against Oxidative Injury of Endothelial Cell Tight Junctions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:333-43. [DOI: 10.1080/10623320701746263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Capoluongo E, Onder G, Concolino P, Russo A, Santonocito C, Bernabei R, Zuppi C, Ameglio F, Landi F. GSTM1-null polymorphism as possible risk marker for hypertension: Results from the aging and longevity study in the Sirente Geographic Area (ilSIRENTE study). Clin Chim Acta 2009; 399:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Warnke MM, Wanigasekara E, Singhal SS, Singhal J, Awasthi S, Armstrong DW. The determination of glutathione-4-hydroxynonenal (GSHNE), E-4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and E-1-hydroxynon-2-en-4-one (HNO) in mouse liver tissue by LC-ESI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:1325-33. [PMID: 18815773 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) conjugation of 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE) is an efficient means of cellular detoxification. HNE is a byproduct of lipid peroxidation which has shown toxicity but also signaling roles. E-1-hydroxynon-2-en-4-one (HNO) is another byproduct of lipid peroxidation which has the same molecular weight as HNE. This study presents the LC-MS detection of GS-HNE, HNE, and HNO in tissue samples without derivatization and with minimal sample preparation. Tissue samples were taken from wild-type mice and knock-out mice, which have been bred without the RLIP76 transfer protein. Extraction procedures were developed to determine GS-HNE and HNE levels in the mouse liver tissue. A gradient elution LC-MS method was developed for GS-HNE analysis using electrospray ionization and selected ion monitoring (SIM). The HNE/HNO method involves isocratic elution due to instability issues. Higher levels of GSHNE, HNE, and HNO were found in the knock-out animals, due to the absence of the RLIP76 transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Warnke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Ibrahim SF, Osman K, Das S, Othman AM, Majid NA, Rahman MPA. A study of the antioxidant effect of alpha lipoic acids on sperm quality. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2008; 63:545-50. [PMID: 18719769 PMCID: PMC2664134 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322008000400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assisted reproductive techniques are useful in helping infertile couples achieve successful conception. Initial studies have shown that sperm cryopreservation, one step in assisted reproduction, causes a dramatic reduction in sperm quality. This has been attributed to, among other things, free radical activities. The aim of the present study was to minimize this oxidative attack by adding an antioxidant into the sperm microenvironment. Alpha lipoic acids were selected for this purpose for their efficient free radical scavenging properties and solubility in lipid and aqueous phases. METHODS For this investigation, semen from six Boer bucks was pooled. Seminal analysis of the baseline prior to incubation of samples with different concentrations of Alpha lipoic acids (0.00625, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 mmol/ml) was performed, and post-seminal analysis was conducted after a one-hour incubation. The comet assay was used to observe the effect of Alpha lipoic acids on sperm DNA integrity. Statistical analysis using an unpaired t-test with a significance level of p<0.05 was then performed. RESULTS Our results indicate that the sperm motility rate was improved after incubation with Alpha lipoic acids at a concentration of 0.02 mmol/ml. This concentration was also capable of reducing DNA damage. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Alpha lipoic acids renders cryoprotection to sperm, thereby improving sperm quality.
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Association between glutathione S-transferase A1, M1 and T1 polymorphisms and hypertension. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2008; 18:275-7. [PMID: 18300949 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3282f56176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of oxidative stress in hypertension has recently received increasing attention. The association between the incidence of hypertension and a super family of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione S-transferase (GST)A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1, polymorphisms was investigated in 468 Japanese participants in a health screening program. The frequency of the GSTA1*B allele carriers was significantly higher in hypertensive patients than normotensive participants [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-2.9]. The risk of hypertension was significantly increased in the GSTA1*B allele carriers having also the GSTM1 null genotype or both the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes (adjusted OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2-4.9; adjusted OR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.0-9.5, respectively). This is the first report identifying the GSTA1*B allele as a genetic risk factor for hypertension. The determination of the GST genotypes may help in identifying individuals at high-risk for hypertension.
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Endothelial glutathione-S-transferase A4-4 protects against oxidative stress and modulates iNOS expression through NF-kappaB translocation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 230:187-96. [PMID: 18485437 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our recent work in endothelial cells and human atherosclerotic plaque showed that overexpression of glutathione-S-tranferases (GSTs) in endothelium protects against oxidative damage from aldehydes such as 4-HNE. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB plays a crucial role during inflammation and immune responses by regulating the expression of inducible genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). 4-HNE induces apoptosis and affects NF-kappaB mediated gene expression, but conflicting results on 4-HNE's effect on NF-kappaB have been reported. We compared the effect of 4-HNE on iNOS and the NF-kappaB pathway in control mouse pancreatic islet endothelial (MS1) cells and those transfected with mGSTA4, a alpha-class GST with highest activity toward 4-HNE. When treated with 4-HNE, mGSTA4-transfected cells showed significant upregulation of iNOS and nitric oxide (NO) through (NF)-kappaB (p65) translocation in comparison with wild-type or vector-transfected cells. Immunohistochemical studies of early human plaques showed lower 4-HNE content and upregulation of iNOS, which we take to indicate that GSTA4-4 induction acts as an enzymatic defense against high levels of 4-HNE, since 4-HNE accumulated in more advanced plaques, when detoxification and exocytotic mechanisms are likely to be overwhelmed. These studies suggest that GSTA4-4 may play an important defensive role against atherogenesis through detoxification of 4-HNE and upregulation of iNOS.
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Aldini G, Vistoli G, Regazzoni L, Gamberoni L, Facino RM, Yamaguchi S, Uchida K, Carini M. Albumin is the main nucleophilic target of human plasma: a protective role against pro-atherogenic electrophilic reactive carbonyl species? Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:824-35. [PMID: 18324789 DOI: 10.1021/tx700349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the metabolic fate of 4-hydroxy- trans-2-nonenal (HNE) in human plasma, which represents the main vascular site of reactive carbonyl species (RCS) formation and where the main pro-atherogenic target proteins are formed. When HNE was spiked in human plasma, it rapidly disappeared (within 40 s) and no phase I metabolites were detected, suggesting that the main fate of HNE is due to an adduction mechanism. HNE consumption was then monitored in two plasma fractions: low molecular weight plasma protein fractions (<10 kDa; LMWF) and high molecular weight plasma protein fractions (>10 kDa; HMWF). HNE was almost stable in LMWF, while in HMWF it was consumed by almost 70% within 5 min. Proteomics identified albumin (HSA) as the main protein target, as further confirmed by a significantly reduced HNE quenching of dealbuminated plasma. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified Cys34 and Lys199 as the most reactive adduction sites of HSA, through the formation of a Michael and Schiff base adducts, respectively. The rate constant of HNE trapping by albumin was 50.61 +/- 1.89 M (-1) s (-1) and that of Cys34 (29.37 M (-1) s (-1)) was 1 order of magnitude higher with respect to that of GSH (3.81 +/- 0.17 M (-1) s (-1)), as explained by molecular modeling studies. In conclusion, we suggest that albumin, through nucleophilic residues, and in particular Cys34, can act as an endogenous detoxifying agent of circulating RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica Pietro Pratesi, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, I-20131, Milan, Italy.
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Poli G, Schaur R, Siems W, Leonarduzzi G. 4-Hydroxynonenal: A membrane lipid oxidation product of medicinal interest. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:569-631. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gong B, Sun J, Vargas G, Chang Q, Xu Y, Srivastava D, Boor PJ. Nonlinear imaging study of extracellular matrix in chemical-induced, developmental dissecting aortic aneurysm: Evidence for defective collagen type III. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 82:16-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Stevens JF, Maier CS. Acrolein: sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:7-25. [PMID: 18203133 PMCID: PMC2423340 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein (2-propenal) is ubiquitously present in (cooked) foods and in the environment. It is formed from carbohydrates, vegetable oils and animal fats, amino acids during heating of foods, and by combustion of petroleum fuels and biodiesel. Chemical reactions responsible for release of acrolein include heat-induced dehydration of glycerol, retro-aldol cleavage of dehydrated carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Strecker degradation of methionine and threonine. Smoking of tobacco products equals or exceeds the total human exposure to acrolein from all other sources. The main endogenous sources of acrolein are myeloperoxidase-mediated degradation of threonine and amine oxidase-mediated degradation of spermine and spermidine, which may constitute a significant source of acrolein in situations of oxidative stress and inflammation. Acrolein is metabolized by conjugation with glutathione and excreted in the urine as mercapturic acid metabolites. Acrolein forms Michael adducts with ascorbic acid in vitro, but the biological relevance of this reaction is not clear. The biological effects of acrolein are a consequence of its reactivity towards biological nucleophiles such as guanine in DNA and cysteine, lysine, histidine, and arginine residues in critical regions of nuclear factors, proteases, and other proteins. Acrolein adduction disrupts the function of these biomacromolecules which may result in mutations, altered gene transcription, and modulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Whitsett J, Picklo MJ, Vasquez-Vivar J. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal increases superoxide anion radical in endothelial cells via stimulated GTP cyclohydrolase proteasomal degradation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2340-7. [PMID: 17872449 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.153742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is an abundant electrophilic lipid that mediates oxidative stress in endothelium by mechanisms that remain controversial. This study examines the effects of 4-HNE on nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide levels in bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAECs). METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of BAECs to 4-HNE caused a dose-dependent inhibition of NO that correlated with losses of hsp90 and phosphorylated eNOS-serine1179 but not eNOS protein levels. 4-HNE failed to inhibit NO production in sepiapterin and ascorbate supplemented cells suggesting that tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a limiting factor in non supplemented cells. This was verified by quantification of BH4 by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with electrochemical detection and by examining GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) protein levels and activity all of which were diminished by 4-HNE treatment. Analysis of 2-hydroxyethidium indicated that 4-HNE increased superoxide release in BAECs. The effects of 4-HNE on GTPCH and hsp90 were efficiently counteracted by proteasomal inhibition, indicating that depletion of BH4 by 4-HNE is attributable to specific mechanisms involving protein degradation. CONCLUSIONS 4-HNE by altering BH4 homeostasis mediates eNOS-uncoupling and superoxide generation in BAECs. By also decreasing phosphorylation of eNOS-serine 1179 4-HNE may specifically regulate NO/reactive oxygen species fluxes in the endothelium with important consequences to redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Whitsett
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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Ranganna K, Mathew OP, Yatsu FM, Yousefipour Z, Hayes BE, Milton SG. Involvement of glutathione/glutathione S-transferase antioxidant system in butyrate-inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. FEBS J 2007; 274:5962-78. [PMID: 17961182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is an important etiological factor in vascular proliferative diseases such as primary atherosclerosis, hypertension, arterial and in-stent restenosis, and transplant vasculopathy. Our studies established that butyrate, a bacterial fermentation product of dietary fiber and a chromatin modulator, is a potent inhibitor of VSMC proliferation. The cardiovascular health benefits of a high-fiber diet, the principle source of butyrate in the body, have been known for a long time, however, very little is known about the antiatherogenic potential of butyrate. Because oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we examined involvement of the glutathione/glutathione S-transferase (GST) antioxidant system in butyrate's inhibition of VSMC proliferation. Treatment of proliferating VSMCs with butyrate leads to the induction of several GSTs. Interestingly, our study also demonstrated the nuclear localization of GST-P1 (GST-7-7), which is considered to be a cytosolic protein; this was demonstrated using immunostaining and was corroborated by western blotting. Also, the butyrate-induced antiproliferative action, and the induction of GST-P1 and its nuclear localization are downregulated when butyrate is withdrawn. Furthermore, assessment of intracellular glutathione levels reveals their augmentation by butyrate. Conversely, butyrate treatment reduces the levels of reactive oxygen species in VSMCs. Collectively, the butyrate-treatment-related increase in glutathione content, the reduction in reactive oxygen species, the upregulation of GST and the nuclear localization of GST-P1 in growth-arrested VSMCs imply that butyrate's antiproliferative action involves modulation of the cellular redox state. Thus, induction of the glutathione/GST antioxidant system appears to have other regulatory role(s) besides detoxification and regulation of the cellular redox state, for example, cell-cycle control and cell proliferation, which are both critical to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Ranganna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
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Hou L, Honaker MT, Shireman LM, Balogh LM, Roberts AG, Ng KC, Nath A, Atkins WM. Functional Promiscuity Correlates with Conformational Heterogeneity in A-class Glutathione S-Transferases. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23264-74. [PMID: 17561509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700868200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structurally related glutathione S-transferase isoforms GSTA1-1 and GSTA4-4 differ greatly in their relative catalytic promiscuity. GSTA1-1 is a highly promiscuous detoxification enzyme. In contrast, GSTA4-4 exhibits selectivity for congeners of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal. The contribution of protein dynamics to promiscuity has not been studied. Therefore, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (H/DX) and fluorescence lifetime distribution analysis were performed with glutathione S-transferases A1-1 and A4-4. Differences in local dynamics of the C-terminal helix were evident as expected on the basis of previous studies. However, H/DX demonstrated significantly greater solvent accessibility throughout most of the GSTA1-1 sequence compared with GSTA4-4. A Phe-111/Tyr-217 aromatic-aromatic interaction in A4-4, which is not present in A1-1, was hypothesized to increase core packing. "Swap" mutants that eliminate this interaction from A4-4 or incorporate it into A1-1 yield H/DX behavior that is intermediate between the wild type templates. In addition, the single Trp-21 residue of each isoform was exploited to probe the conformational heterogeneity at the intrasubunit domain-domain interface. Excited state fluorescence lifetime distribution analysis indicates that this core residue is more conformationally heterogeneous in GSTA1-1 than in GSTA4-4, and this correlates with greater stability toward urea denaturation for GSTA4-4. The fluorescence distribution and urea sensitivity of the mutant proteins were intermediate between the wild type templates. The results suggest that the differences in protein dynamics of these homologs are global. The results suggest also the possible importance of extensive conformational plasticity to achieve high levels of functional promiscuity, possibly at the cost of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, USA
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Ellis EM. Reactive carbonyls and oxidative stress: potential for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 115:13-24. [PMID: 17570531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes and ketones are produced as a result of oxidative stress in several disease processes. Considerable evidence is now accumulating that these reactive carbonyl products are also involved in the progression of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, atherosclerosis, diabetic complications, reperfusion after ischemic injury, hypertension, and inflammation. To counter carbonyl stress, cells possess enzymes that can decrease aldehyde load. These enzymes include aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), aldo-keto reductases (AKR), carbonyl reductase (CBR), and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Some of these enzymes are inducible by chemoprotective compounds via Nrf2/ARE- or AhR/XRE-dependent mechanisms. This review describes the metabolism of reactive carbonyls and discusses the potential for manipulating levels of carbonyl-metabolizing enzymes through chemical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Ellis
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, United Kingdom.
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Grimsrud PA, Picklo MJ, Griffin TJ, Bernlohr DA. Carbonylation of adipose proteins in obesity and insulin resistance: identification of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein as a cellular target of 4-hydroxynonenal. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:624-37. [PMID: 17205980 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600120-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a state of mild inflammation correlated with increased oxidative stress. In general, pro-oxidative conditions lead to production of reactive aldehydes such as trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and trans-4-oxo-2-nonenal implicated in the development of a variety of metabolic diseases. To investigate protein modification by 4-HNE as a consequence of obesity and its potential relationship to the development of insulin resistance, proteomics technologies were utilized to identify aldehyde-modified proteins in adipose tissue. Adipose proteins from lean insulin-sensitive and obese insulin-resistant C57Bl/6J mice were incubated with biotin hydrazide and detected using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin. High carbohydrate, high fat feeding of mice resulted in a approximately 2-3-fold increase in total adipose protein carbonylation. Consistent with an increase in oxidative stress in obesity, the abundance of glutathione S-transferase A4 (GSTA4), a key enzyme responsible for metabolizing 4-HNE, was decreased approximately 3-4-fold in adipose tissue of obese mice. To identify specific carbonylated proteins, biotin hydrazide-modified adipose proteins from obese mice were captured using avidin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, proteolytically digested, and subjected to LC-ESI MS/MS. Interestingly enzymes involved in cellular stress response, lipotoxicity, and insulin signaling such as glutathione S-transferase M1, peroxiredoxin 1, glutathione peroxidase 1, eukaryotic elongation factor 1alpha-1 (eEF1alpha1), and filamin A were identified. The adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, a protein implicated in the regulation of insulin resistance, was found to be carbonylated in vivo with 4-HNE. In vitro modification of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein with 4-HNE was mapped to Cys-117, occurred equivalently using either the R or S enantiomer of 4-HNE, and reduced the affinity of the protein for fatty acids approximately 10-fold. These results indicate that obesity is accompanied by an increase in the carbonylation of a number of adipose-regulatory proteins that may serve as a mechanistic link between increased oxidative stress and the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Grimsrud
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Conklin D, Prough R, Bhatanagar A. Aldehyde metabolism in the cardiovascular system. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2006; 3:136-50. [PMID: 17245493 DOI: 10.1039/b612702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Conklin
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Zhang D, Lu H, Li J, Shi X, Huang C. Essential roles of ERKs and p38K in up-regulation of GST A1 expression by Maotai content in human hepatoma cell line Hep3B. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 293:161-71. [PMID: 16786188 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the consumption of alcohol may lead to hepatic injuries such as hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, consumption of Maotai, one of the famous liquors in China, is found to have no obvious relevance with hepatic injury as ordinary white wine does in both epidemiological and histopathological studies. Present study used human hepatoma cell line Hep3B to address the mechanisms involved in the resistance of alcohol-induced hepatic injury by Maotai liquor. We found that exposure of Hep3B cells to Maotai residue without ethanol (MRWE) resulted in the increased GST A1 anti-oxidant responsive element (ARE) transcriptional expression, while MRWE treatment did not affect Nrf-2-dependent transcriptional activity. Those findings were further confirmed at all time points and doses tested, suggesting that GST A1 transcription was regulated by MRWE via an Nrf-2-independent pathway. Consistent with GST A1 induction, the phosphorylation of c-Jun, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and p38 kinase (p38 K), were also observed in MRWE-treated Hep3B cells. Furthermore, pretreatment of cells with either PD98059 (an inhibitor specific for MEK1/2-ERKs pathway) or SB202190 (an inhibitor specific for p38 K) led to a significant decrease in the induction of GST A1 transcriptional expression by MRWE treatment. Our results indicate that certain content in MRWE is able to induce GST A1 ARE transcriptional expression, which may provide protective effects for hepatic cells by antagonizing the oxidative stress derived from ethanol via an ERKs- and p38 K-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Zhang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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Romero L, Andrews K, Ng L, O'Rourke K, Maslen A, Kirby G. Human GSTA1-1 reduces c-Jun N-terminal kinase signalling and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. Biochem J 2006; 400:135-41. [PMID: 16836488 PMCID: PMC1635444 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of GSTA1-1 (glutathione S-transferase Alpha 1-1) on JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) activation was investigated in Caco-2 cells in which GSTA1 expression increases with degree of confluency, and in MEF3T3 cells with Tet-Off-inducible GSTA1 expression. Comparison of GSTA1 expression in pre-confluent, confluent and 8-day post-confluent Caco-2 cells revealed progressively increasing mRNA and protein levels at later stages of confluency. Exposure of pre-confluent cells to stress conditions including IL-1beta (interleukin-1beta), H2O2 or UV irradiation resulted in marked increases in JNK activity as indicated by c-Jun phosphorylation. However, JNK activation was significantly reduced in post-confluent cells exposed to the same stresses. Western-blot analysis of GSTA1-1 protein bound to JNK protein pulled down from cellular extracts showed approx. 4-fold higher GSTA1-1-JNK complex formation in post-confluent cells compared with pre-confluent cells. However, stress conditions did not alter the amount of GSTA1-1 bound to JNK. The role of GSTA1-1 in JNK suppression was more specifically revealed in Tet-Off-inducible MEF3T3-GSTA1-1 cells in which GSTA1 overexpression significantly reduced phosphorylation of c-Jun following exposure to IL-1beta, H2O2 and UV irradiation. Finally, the incidence of tumour necrosis factor alpha/butyrate-induced apoptosis was significantly higher in pre-confluent Caco-2 cells expressing low levels of GSTA1 compared with post-confluent cells. These results indicate that GSTA1 suppresses activation of JNK signalling by a pro-inflammatory cytokine and oxidative stress and suggests a protective role for GSTA1-1 in JNK-associated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Romero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Kimberly Andrews
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Lorraine Ng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Kelly O'Rourke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Ann Maslen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Gordon Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Meiners S, Ludwig A, Lorenz M, Dreger H, Baumann G, Stangl V, Stangl K. Nontoxic proteasome inhibition activates a protective antioxidant defense response in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:2232-41. [PMID: 16785037 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system offer a new and promising approach in the therapy of proliferative and inflammatory diseases. In order to narrow the therapeutic window for cytotoxic effects on the one hand and nontoxic, anti-inflammatory effects on the other hand, we elucidated the complex cellular effects of toxic versus nontoxic proteasome inhibition in human endothelial cells by expressional profiling. Nontoxic doses of proteasome inhibitors induced a defined, dose-dependent transcriptional response that was markedly attenuated in terms of gene number and amplitude of regulation compared to toxic doses. In particular, we observed uniform upregulation of several antioxidative enzymes and differential regulation of genes involved in endothelial function. This adaptive transcriptional pattern was translated into a protective response of endothelial cells against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress and into improvement of endothelial function of rat aortic rings. Our data thus suggest that nontoxic proteasome inhibition might offer a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Meiners
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie, Angiologie, Pneumologie, Schumannstrasse 20/21, D - 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Gong B, Trent MB, Srivastava D, Boor PJ. Chemical-induced, nonlethal, developmental model of dissecting aortic aneurysm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 76:29-38. [PMID: 16397885 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chemical-induced, nonlethal, dissecting aortic aneurysm (DAA) is described following in utero exposure to semicarbazide, an inhibitor of the vascular enzyme semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rat dams were given semicarbazide (0.096-49.000 mg/kg/day) by IP injection on gestation days (GDs) 14-20, a period of rapid aortic development. Newborn rats (day 1) were killed and their thoracic organs were removed en bloc for near-serial cross sections and routine histopathology, Movat stain for elastin, and immunohistochemistry to differentiate cells involved in the evolution of the DAA. In subsequent experiments, pups from treated dams (0.096-6.125 mg/kg/day) were allowed to survive for 7 or 28 days. RESULTS DAA occurred in nearly 100% of the rats at all doses except the lowest tested (1.530, 0.096 mg/kg/day). Dissections frequently extended to the carotids and, less frequently, to the abdominal aorta. Remodeling of vascular lesions proceeded by organization of collections of blood in vascular media (the "false lumen"), proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, fibrosis, and formation of irregular frayed elastic lamellae in healed vascular media. Biochemical quantitation and Western blot analysis of main extracellular matrix proteins on GD 20 showed no overt difference in expression of collagen type I, fibrillin-1, or elastin. CONCLUSION This developmental model provides investigators an opportunity to explore the pathologic mechanisms of DAA and to examine the potential long-term effects of vascular remodeling of DAA.
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MESH Headings
- Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Analysis of Variance
- Aortic Dissection/chemically induced
- Aortic Dissection/enzymology
- Aortic Dissection/metabolism
- Aortic Dissection/pathology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/growth & development
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Collagen/analysis
- Collagen/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Elastin/analysis
- Elastin/metabolism
- Female
- Gestational Age
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Models, Biological
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Semicarbazides/administration & dosage
- Semicarbazides/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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