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Nettersheim FS, Picard FSR, Hoyer FF, Winkels H. Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Cancer and Atherosclerosis-Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:812702. [PMID: 35097027 PMCID: PMC8792753 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.812702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and clinical approval of immunotherapies has revolutionized cancer therapy. Although the role of adaptive immunity in atherogenesis is now well-established and several immunomodulatory strategies have proven beneficial in preclinical studies, anti-atherosclerotic immunotherapies available for clinical application are not available. Considering that adaptive immune responses are critically involved in both carcinogenesis and atherogenesis, immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer and atherosclerosis may exert undesirable but also desirable side effects on the other condition, respectively. For example, the high antineoplastic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which enhance effector immune responses against tumor cells by blocking co-inhibitory molecules, was recently shown to be constrained by substantial proatherogenic properties. In this review, we outline the specific role of immune responses in the development of cancer and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we delineate how current cancer immunotherapies affect atherogenesis and discuss whether anti-atherosclerotic immunotherapies may similarly have an impact on carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Sebastian Nettersheim
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Simon Ruben Picard
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friedrich Felix Hoyer
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Montanaro M, Scimeca M, Toschi N, Bonanno E, Giacobbi E, Servadei F, Ippoliti A, Santeusanio G, Mauriello A, Anemona L. Effects of Risk Factors on In Situ Expression of Proinflammatory Markers Correlated to Carotid Plaque Instability. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:741-749. [PMID: 34039839 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies demonstrated a role of active chronic inflammatory infiltrate in carotid plaques progression suggesting a possible link between cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation-related plaque instability. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the possible effects of cardiovascular risk factors on in situ expression of proinflammatory markers associated with carotid plaque instability. METHODS AND RESULTS A tissue microarray containing carotid plaques from 36 symptomatic (major stroke or transient ischemic attack) and 37 asymptomatic patients was built. Serial sections were employed to evaluate the expression of some inflammatory markers by immunohistochemistry [CD3, CD4a, CD8, CD20, CD86, CD163, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-17]. Immunohistochemical data were analyzed to study the possible associations between in situ expression of inflammatory biomarker and the main cardiovascular risk factors. Our data demonstrated that plaque instability is associated with the high in situ expression of some cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-17. Besides the female sex, none of the risk factors analyzed showed a significant association between the in situ expression of these markers and unstable plaques. A significant increase of IL-6-positive and IL-17-positive cells was observed in unstable atheromatous plaques of female patients, as compared with unstable plaques of male patients. CONCLUSIONS Plaque destabilization is certainly correlated with the presence of the major cardiovascular risk factors, however, our results showed that, with the exception of sex, their action in the evolutive process of plaque instability seems rather nonspecific, favoring a general release of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Departments of Experimental Medicine
- University of San Raffaele
- Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"
- Imaging Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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3
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Distinct systemic cytokine networks in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21963. [PMID: 33319833 PMCID: PMC7738491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are crucial in atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. This study aimed to identify a cytokine-pattern that is associated with plaque-vulnerability or symptomatic state in comprehensively investigated patients with symptomatic (sCS) and asymptomatic carotid stenosis (aCS). Twenty-two patients with sCS and twenty-four patients with aCS undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) were considered. A cytokine-panel was measured in plasma-specimens prior to surgery and at a 90 day follow-up. Doppler-ultrasound detecting microembolic signals (MES) in the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery was performed. Carotid plaques were analysed regarding histopathological criteria of plaque-vulnerability and presence of chemokine receptor CXCR4. Correction for multiple comparisons and logistic regression analysis adjusting for vascular risk factors, grade of stenosis, antithrombotic and statin pretreatment were applied. In sCS-patients higher plasma-levels of Fractalkine (CX3CL1), IFN-α2, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-7 were found compared to aCS-patients. CXCR4-expression on inflammatory cells was more evident in sCS- compared to aCS-plaques and was associated with vulnerability-criteria. In contrast, plasma-cytokine-levels were not related to CXCR4-expression or other vulnerability-criteria or MES. However, in both groups distinct inter-cytokine correlation patterns, which persisted at follow-up and were more pronounced in the sCS-group could be detected. In conclusion, we identified a distinct cytokine/chemokine-network in sCS-patients with elevated and closely correlated mediators of diverse functions.
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Li H, Zou J, Yu XH, Ou X, Tang CK. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and atherosclerosis: New insights and therapeutic potential. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4216-4230. [PMID: 33275290 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), an important transcription factor belonging to the ZEB family, plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression required for both normal physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that ZEB1 participates in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest that ZEB1 protects against atherosclerosis by regulation of endothelial cell angiogenesis, endothelial dysfunction, monocyte-endothelial cell interaction, macrophage lipid accumulation, macrophage polarization, monocyte-vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) interaction, VSMC proliferation and migration, and T cell proliferation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of ZEB1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and provide insights into the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jin Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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5
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Stankovic M, Ljujic B, Babic S, Maravic-Stojkovic V, Mitrovic S, Arsenijevic N, Radak D, Pejnovic N, Lukic ML. IL-33/IL-33R in various types of carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions. Cytokine 2019; 120:242-250. [PMID: 31132589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation plays a crucial role in the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The aim of the study was to investigate serum levels and expression of Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and ST2 receptor in atherosclerotic plaques and to analyze correlation with the type of the carotid plaques in patients with carotid disease. METHODS This study included 191 consecutive patients submitted for carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Preoperative serum levels of IL-33 and soluble ST2 (sST2) were measured. Atherosclerotic plaques obtained during surgery were initially histologically classified and immunohistochemical analyzes of IL-33, IL-33R, CD68 and alpha-SMA expression was performed. Ultrasound assessment of the level of carotid stenosis in each patient was performed prior to carotid surgery. Demographic and clinical data such as gender, age, smoking status, blood pressure, glycaemia, hemoglobin and creatinine levels, and comorbidities were collected and the comparisons between variables were statistically evaluated. RESULTS Serum levels of IL-33 (35.86 ± 7.93 pg/ml vs.12.29 ± 1.8 pg/ml, p < 0.05) and sST2 (183 ± 8.03 pg/ml vs. 122.31 ± 15.89 pg/ml, p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the group of CEA patients vs. healthy subjects. We demonstrated abundant tissue expression of IL-33 and ST2 in atherosclerotic carotid artery lesions. The levels of IL-33 and IL-33R expression were significantly higher in vulnerable plaques and significantly correlated with the degree of inflammatory cells infiltration in these plaques (R = 0.579, p = 0.049). Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed that cells responsible for IL-33 expression are not only mononuclear cells confined to inflammatory atherosclerotic lesions, but also smooth muscle cells which gained phenotypic characteristics of foam cells and were loaded with lipid droplets. CONCLUSION The obtained results confirm the importance of IL-33/ST2 axis in the process of atherosclerosis, and indicate its ambiguous function in immune response, whether as proinflammatory cytokine in advanced atherosclerotic lesions, or as profibrotic, in early lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Stankovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Ljujic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Babic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Maravic-Stojkovic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Mitrovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Djordje Radak
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nada Pejnovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose SM, Contrepois K, Moneghetti KJ, Zhou W, Mishra T, Mataraso S, Dagan-Rosenfeld O, Ganz AB, Dunn J, Hornburg D, Rego S, Perelman D, Ahadi S, Sailani MR, Zhou Y, Leopold SR, Chen J, Ashland M, Christle JW, Avina M, Limcaoco P, Ruiz C, Tan M, Butte AJ, Weinstock GM, Slavich GM, Sodergren E, McLaughlin TL, Haddad F, Snyder MP. A longitudinal big data approach for precision health. Nat Med 2019; 25:792-804. [PMID: 31068711 PMCID: PMC6713274 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Precision health relies on the ability to assess disease risk at an individual level, detect early preclinical conditions and initiate preventive strategies. Recent technological advances in omics and wearable monitoring enable deep molecular and physiological profiling and may provide important tools for precision health. We explored the ability of deep longitudinal profiling to make health-related discoveries, identify clinically relevant molecular pathways and affect behavior in a prospective longitudinal cohort (n = 109) enriched for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The cohort underwent integrative personalized omics profiling from samples collected quarterly for up to 8 years (median, 2.8 years) using clinical measures and emerging technologies including genome, immunome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, microbiome and wearable monitoring. We discovered more than 67 clinically actionable health discoveries and identified multiple molecular pathways associated with metabolic, cardiovascular and oncologic pathophysiology. We developed prediction models for insulin resistance by using omics measurements, illustrating their potential to replace burdensome tests. Finally, study participation led the majority of participants to implement diet and exercise changes. Altogether, we conclude that deep longitudinal profiling can lead to actionable health discoveries and provide relevant information for precision health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Miryam Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Spinal Cord Injury Service, Veteran Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kévin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kegan J Moneghetti
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wenyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tejaswini Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samson Mataraso
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Orit Dagan-Rosenfeld
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ariel B Ganz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jessilyn Dunn
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Mobilize Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Hornburg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Rego
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dalia Perelman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sara Ahadi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M Reza Sailani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Shana R Leopold
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jieming Chen
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Ashland
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Christle
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Monika Avina
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Limcaoco
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Camilo Ruiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marilyn Tan
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Atul J Butte
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica Sodergren
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tracey L McLaughlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Francois Haddad
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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7
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Impairment of vascular strain in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193397. [PMID: 29489881 PMCID: PMC5831412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Aim of this present study was to evaluate and extend recent research on the influence of obstructive sleep apnea on vascular strain. Methods A total number of 98 patients were integrated in the study. Patients were grouped according to the Apnea-Hypopnea-Index (AHI) in patients with mild-to-moderate OSA (5/h ≤ AHI < 30/h), severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30/h) and controls (AHI < 5/h). Groups were matched in age, body-mass-index and cardiovascular risks. Vascular strain of common carotid arteries was assessed by ultrasound speckle-tracking. A minor group of 30 patients and controls further underwent assessment of vascular strain of brachial and femoral arteries. Additionally, all patients underwent blood testing to reveal potential influences of inflammatory markers on arterial stiffness. In additional analysis we examined the effect of statin therapy on vascular strain. Results Patients with OSA showed significantly reduced values of vascular strain of common carotid arteries. Radial and circumferential strains were significantly lower in both patients with mild-to-moderate (p = .05) and patients with severe OSA (p = .001) compared to control. Vascular strain parameters of brachial and femoral arteries showed no consistent results. There were no significant correlations of inflammatory markers with vascular strain parameters. No significant differences in vascular strain were detected between statin and non-statin groups. Conclusion Patients with OSA show significantly reduced vascular strain assessed by ultrasound-based speckle-tracking. Vascular stiffness increases with the severity of the disease. Target vessels to assess vascular strain in patients with OSA are common carotid arteries, whereas other sites of the arterial tree are not reliable. No significant impact of current statin therapy on vascular strain was found. Further studies are needed to evaluate potential benefit of statins in secondary prevention of atherosclerosis in OSA.
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Abdali NT, Yaseen AH, Said E, Ibrahim TM. Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil mitigates high-cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and vascular damage. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:409-422. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Icli A, Cure E, Cure MC, Uslu AU, Balta S, Mikhailidis DP, Ozturk C, Arslan S, Sakız D, Sahin M, Kucuk A. Endocan Levels and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Angiology 2016; 67:749-55. [PMID: 26614790 DOI: 10.1177/0003319715616240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. A major cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE is accelerated atherosclerosis. Endothelial-specific molecule 1 (endocan) is a potential predictor of vascular events and is expressed in response to inflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells. We investigated the relationship between endocan and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) as a marker of early atherosclerosis. We included 44 women with SLE and 44 healthy women as controls. Disease severity of SLE was evaluated using the SLE Disease Activity Index. Endocan, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and lipid panel were measured. The cIMT was 0.70 (range: 0.45-1.20) mm in patients with SLE and 0.40 (0.25-0.60) mm in controls (P < .001). Endocan value was 1.6 ± 0.9 ng/mL in controls and 2.2 ± 1.0 ng/mL in patients with SLE (P = .014). Endocan levels were positively correlated with cIMT (r = .469, P < .001), body mass index (r = .373, P = .013), and ESR (r = .393, P = .008). Endocan level may be associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE. Consequently, endocan levels may be a promising clinical tool for patients with SLE as a guide for preventive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Icli
- Department of Cardiology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Erkan Cure
- Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Medine Cumhur Cure
- Department of Biochemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ali Ugur Uslu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eskisehir Military Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Sevket Balta
- Department of Cardiology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University College London Medical School London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cengiz Ozturk
- Department of Cardiology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevket Arslan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Davut Sakız
- Department of Internal Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Sahin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Patnos State Hospital, Agri, Turkey
| | - Adem Kucuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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10
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Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Although CAD was formerly considered a lipid accumulation-mediated disease, it has now been clearly shown to involve an ongoing inflammatory response. Advances in basic science research have established the crucial role of inflammation in mediating all stages of CAD. Today, there is convincing evidence that multiple interrelated immune mechanisms interact with metabolic risk factors to initiate, promote, and ultimately activate lesions in the coronary arteries. This review aims to provide current evidence pertaining to the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CAD and discusses the impact of inflammatory markers and their modification on clinical outcomes.
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11
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Shivaprasad K, Kumar M, Dutta D, Sinha B, Mondal SA, Maisnam I, Mukhopadhyay S, Chowdhury S. Increased Soluble TNF Receptor-1 and Glutathione Peroxidase May Predict Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Females with Cushing Syndrome. Endocr Pract 2015; 21:286-295. [DOI: 10.4158/ep14399.or] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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12
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall characterized by activation of the innate immune system, with macrophages as the main players, as well as the adaptive immune system, characterized by a Th1-dominant immune response. Cytokines play a major role in the initiation and regulation of inflammation. In recent years, many studies have investigated the role of these molecules in experimental models of atherosclerosis. While some cytokines such as TNF or IFNγ clearly had atherogenic effects, others such as IL-10 were found to be atheroprotective. However, studies investigating the different cytokines in experimental atherosclerosis revealed that the cytokine system is complex with both disease stage-dependent and site-specific effects. In this review, we strive to provide an overview of the main cytokines involved in atherosclerosis and to shed light on their individual role during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal J H Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, L01-146.1, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading global cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a highly conserved family of proteins with diverse functions expressed by all cells exposed to environmental stress. Studies have reported that several HSPs may be potential risk markers of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, or may be directly involved in the atherogenic process itself. HSPs are expressed by cells in atherosclerotic plaque and anti-HSP has been reported to be increased in patients with vascular disease. Autoimmune responses may be generated against antigens present within the atherosclerotic plaque, including HSP and may lead to a cycle of ongoing vascular injury. It has been suggested that by inducing a state of tolerance to these antigens, the atherogenic process may be limited and thus provide a potential therapeutic approach. It has been suggested that anti-HSPs are independent predictors of risk of vascular disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of HSP in cardiovascular disease and highlight their potential role as diagnostic agents and therapeutic targets.
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Ding R, Gao W, Ostrodci DH, He Z, Song Y, Ma L, Liang C, Wu Z. Effect of interleukin-2 level and genetic variants on coronary artery disease. Inflammation 2014; 36:1225-31. [PMID: 23715819 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays important roles in the development of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a proinflammatory cytokine and induces proliferation of T cells. The aim of the study was to understand the effect of IL-2 on the development of CAD from genetic polymorphism perspective and serum level perspective. IL-2 -330T/G and +114T/G polymorphisms were tested in 692 CAD cases and 723 healthy controls. IL-2 expression of these two polymorphisms was compared. Serum level of IL-2 in CAD patients and controls was analyzed. Data showed that prevalence of IL-2 -330GG genotype was significantly increased in CAD than in controls (p = 5.1 × 10(-6)). Function analysis revealed that subjects carrying IL-2 -330GG genotype had higher serum level of IL-2 than those with TG or TT genotypes (p < 0.01). Serum level of IL-2 in the study subjects was further analyzed, and results showed that CAD patients had significantly increased IL-2 level than healthy controls (p < 0.01). Also, cases with three vessels affected were observed to have higher IL-2 level than cases with one vessel affected (p < 0.05). These data suggested IL-2 polymorphism could affect the susceptibility to CAD by elevating protein expression, and serum level of IL-2 may be closed correlated with the development and progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
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Kim J, Pack A, Maislin G, Lee SK, Kim SH, Shin C. Prospective observation on the association of snoring with subclinical changes in carotid atherosclerosis over four years. Sleep Med 2014; 15:769-75. [PMID: 24841110 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there is a growing interest in the independent effect of snoring on carotid atherosclerosis, few studies have observed the relationship between snoring and change in carotid atherosclerosis prospectively. Therefore, the present study aimed to prospectively examine the association of snoring with subclinical changes in carotid atherosclerosis during a four-year period. METHODS Participants in an ongoing prospective cohort study (n=3129) were enrolled. Subclinical changes in carotid atherosclerosis were assessed using: (i) mean and maximum intima-media thickness (IMT) on both common carotid arteries; (ii) prevalence of elevated IMT (maximum IMT > or = 1.0 mm); and (iii) presence of plaque. Measurement was performed using B-mode ultrasonogram at baseline and after two and four years. Subjects were classified into three groups, based on self-reported snoring frequency at baseline: habitual, occasional, and non-snorer. RESULTS After adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors and self-reported witnessed sleep apnea, the present study found significant cross-sectional differences in mean and maximum IMT between female snorers and non-snorers at baseline only. The changes in IMTs and presence of plaque over four years, however, did not differ by three groups, with different snoring frequency in both genders. CONCLUSIONS Snoring did not accelerate subclinical change in carotid atherosclerosis during a four-year follow-up, although baseline difference in IMT between snorers and non-snorers was significant in women, independent of witnessed sleep apnea. Additional longer-term studies with objective assessment of snoring are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Kim
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Allan Pack
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Greg Maislin
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Seung Ku Lee
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
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16
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Glaudemans AWJM, Bonanno E, Galli F, Zeebregts CJ, de Vries EFJ, Koole M, Luurtsema G, Boersma HH, Taurino M, Slart RHJA, Signore A. In vivo and in vitro evidence that ⁹⁹mTc-HYNIC-interleukin-2 is able to detect T lymphocytes in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid artery. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41:1710-9. [PMID: 24737117 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent advances in basic science have established that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Inflammatory cells are thought to be responsible for the transformation of a stable plaque into a vulnerable one. Lymphocytes constitute at least 20 % of infiltrating cells in these vulnerable plaques. Therefore, the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, being overexpressed on activated T lymphocytes, may represent an attractive biomarker for plaque vulnerability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity of radiolabelled IL-2 [(99m)Tc-hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC)-IL-2] for imaging the lymphocytic infiltration in carotid plaques in vivo by planar and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging and ex vivo by microSPECT and autoradiography. METHODS For the in vivo study, ten symptomatic patients with advanced plaques at ultrasound who were scheduled for carotid endarterectomy underwent (99m)Tc-HYNIC-IL-2 scintigraphy. The images were analysed visually on planar and SPECT images and semi-quantitatively on SPECT images by calculating target to background (T/B) ratios. After endarterectomy, immunomorphological evaluation and immunophenotyping were performed on plaque slices. For the ex vivo studies, four additional patients were included and, after in vitro incubation of removed plaques with (99m)Tc-HYNIC-IL-2, autoradiography was performed and microSPECT images were acquired. RESULTS Visual analysis defined clear (99m)Tc-HYNIC-IL-2 uptake in seven of the ten symptomatic plaques. SPECT/CT allowed visualization in eight of ten. A significant correlation was found between the number of CD25+ lymphocytes and the total number of CD25+ cells in the plaque and the T/B ratio with adjacent carotid artery as background (Pearson's r = 0.89, p = 0.003 and r = 0.87, p = 0.005, respectively). MicroSPECT imaging showed clear (99m)Tc-HYNIC-IL-2 uptake within the plaque wall and not in the lipidic core. With autoradiography, only CD3+ lymphocytes were found to be labelled. CONCLUSION These in vivo and ex vivo studies confirm the specificity of (99m)Tc-HYNIC-IL-2 for imaging activated T lymphocytes in carotid plaques. (99m)Tc-HYNIC-IL-2 is a true marker for the inflamed plaque and therefore of plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands,
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17
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Olson NC, Sallam R, Doyle MF, Tracy RP, Huber SA. T helper cell polarization in healthy people: implications for cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:772-86. [PMID: 23921946 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by T lymphocyte infiltration into the atherosclerotic plaque. Assessments of T cell subtypes have demonstrated a predominance of CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells, implicated Th1 and Th17 immunity in both human and mouse atherogenesis, and provided some evidence suggesting protective roles of Th2 and T regulatory cells. Observations that certain inbred mouse strains have an inherent T helper bias suggest a genetic predisposition toward developing a particular T helper phenotype. This review summarizes our current understanding of mechanisms of antigen processing for major histocompatibility complex molecules, describes the different T helper cell subsets and their roles in atherosclerosis, and discusses mechanisms of genetic predisposition toward Th1/Th2 bias in mice. We also present data from our laboratory demonstrating inherent Th1/Th2 phenotypes in apparently healthy human volunteers that are stable over time and discuss the potential implications for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nels C Olson
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA,
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18
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Rundek T, Blanton SH, Bartels S, Dong C, Raval A, Demmer RT, Cabral D, Elkind MSV, Sacco RL, Desvarieux M. Traditional risk factors are not major contributors to the variance in carotid intima-media thickness. Stroke 2013; 44:2101-8. [PMID: 23704105 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was a widely accepted ultrasound marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in the past. Although traditional risk factors may explain ≈50% of the variance in plaque burden, they may not explain such a high proportion of the variance in IMT, especially when measured in plaque-freel ocations. We aimed this study to identify individuals with cIMT unexplained by traditional risk factors for future environmental and genetic research. METHODS As part of the Northern Manhattan Study, 1790 stroke-free individuals (mean age, 69±9 years; 60% women; 61% Hispanic; 19% black; 18% white) were assessed for cIMT using B-mode carotid ultrasound. Multiple linear regression models were evaluated: (1) incorporating prespecified traditional risk factors; and (2) including less traditional factors, such as inflammation biomarkers, adiponectin, homocysteine, and kidney function. Standardized cIMT residual scores were constructed to select individuals with unexplained cIMT. RESULTS Mean total cIMT was 0.92±0.09 mm. The traditional model explained 11% of the variance in cIMT. Age (7%), male sex (3%), glucose (<1%), pack-years of smoking (<1%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<1%) were significant contributing factors. The model, including inflammatory biomarkers, explained 16% of the variance in cIMT. Adiponectin was the only additional significant contributor to the variance in cIMT. We identified 358 individuals (20%) with cIMT unexplained by the investigated risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Vascular risk factors explain only a small proportion of variance in cIMT. Identification of novel genetic and environmental factors underlying unexplained subclinical atherosclerosis is of utmost importance for future effective prevention of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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19
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Profumo E, Buttari B, Saso L, Capoano R, Salvati B, Riganò R. T lymphocyte autoreactivity in inflammatory mechanisms regulating atherosclerosis. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:157534. [PMID: 23304078 PMCID: PMC3529860 DOI: 10.1100/2012/157534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been clearly demonstrated to be a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Both cells of the innate and the acquired immune system, particularly monocytes and T lymphocytes, are implicated in the atherogenic process, producing different cytokines with pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The majority of pathogenic T cells involved in atherosclerosis are of the Th1 profile, that has been correlated positively with coronary artery disease. Many studies conducted to evaluate the molecular factors responsible for the activation of T cells have demonstrated that the main antigenic targets in atherosclerosis are modified endogenous structures. These self-molecules activate autoimmune reactions mainly characterized by the production of Th1 cytokines, thus sustaining the inflammatory mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction and plaque development. In this paper we will summarize the different T-cell subsets involved in atherosclerosis and the best characterized autoantigens involved in cardiovascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Profumo
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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20
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Cheng CC, Yang SP, Lin WS, Ho LJ, Lai JH, Cheng SM, Lin WY. Magnesium lithospermate B mediates anti-inflammation targeting activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways in human peripheral T lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:354-61. [PMID: 22569344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The activation of T lymphocytes contributes to the inflammatory processes of atherosclerotic diseases. Danshen is a traditional Chinese medicine and has shown therapeutic effects in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. We investigated the effects of aqueous extract of Danshen (magnesium lithospermate B (MLB)) on phorbol 12-myristate acetate+ionomycin and anti-CD3+anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody-activated T cells. We showed that MLB inhibited interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma production from activated T cells. The expressions of T cell activation markers CD 25 and CD 69 were effectively reduced. EMSA analysis indicated that MLB down-regulated activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and octamer binding transcription factor (Oct-1) DNA-binding activity. In addition, MLB inhibited c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not extracellular signal regulated protein kinase activity. MLB also inhibited IκBα degradation, nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 as well as decreased IκBα kinase (IKK) activity. Through suppressing JNK-AP-1, IKK-IκBα-NF-κB and Oct-1 signaling pathways by MLB in activated T cells, our results provide support for efficacy of MLB in inflammatory diseases and raise its therapeutic potential in activated T cell-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325 Section 2 Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Genes involved in systemic and arterial bed dependent atherosclerosis--Tampere Vascular study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33787. [PMID: 22509262 PMCID: PMC3324479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with hundreds of genes influencing its progression. In addition, the phenotype of the disease varies significantly depending on the arterial bed. Methodology/Principal Findings We characterized the genes generally involved in human advanced atherosclerotic (AHA type V–VI) plaques in carotid and femoral arteries as well as aortas from 24 subjects of Tampere Vascular study and compared the results to non-atherosclerotic internal thoracic arteries (n=6) using genome-wide expression array and QRT-PCR. In addition we determined genes that were typical for each arterial plaque studied. To gain a comprehensive insight into the pathologic processes in the plaques we also analyzed pathways and gene sets dysregulated in this disease using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). According to the selection criteria used (>3.0 fold change and p-value <0.05), 235 genes were up-regulated and 68 genes down-regulated in the carotid plaques, 242 genes up-regulated and 116 down-regulated in the femoral plaques and 256 genes up-regulated and 49 genes down-regulated in the aortic plaques. Nine genes were found to be specifically induced predominantly in aortic plaques, e.g., lactoferrin, and three genes in femoral plaques, e.g., chondroadherin, whereas no gene was found to be specific for carotid plaques. In pathway analysis, a total of 28 pathways or gene sets were found to be significantly dysregulated in atherosclerotic plaques (false discovery rate [FDR] <0.25). Conclusions This study describes comprehensively the gene expression changes that generally prevail in human atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, site specific genes induced only in femoral or aortic plaques were found, reflecting that atherosclerotic process has unique features in different vascular beds.
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22
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Takahashi R, Taguchi N, Suzuki M, Cheng XW, Numaguchi Y, Tsukamoto H, Ikeda N, Murohara T, Okumura K. Cholesterol and Triglyceride Concentrations in Lipoproteins as Related to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. Int Heart J 2012; 53:29-34. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.53.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasushi Numaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Toki Municipal General Hospital
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23
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Maes M, Ruckoanich P, Chang YS, Mahanonda N, Berk M. Multiple aberrations in shared inflammatory and oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways explain the co-association of depression and cardiovascular disorder (CVD), and the increased risk for CVD and due mortality in depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:769-83. [PMID: 20561554 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that there is a bidirectional relationship between major depression and cardiovascular disorder (CVD): depressed patients are a population at risk for increased cardiac morbidity and mortality, and depression is more frequent in patients who suffer from CVD. There is also evidence that inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways underpin the common pathophysiology of both CVD and major depression. Activation of these pathways may increase risk for both disorders and contribute to shared risk. The shared IO&NS pathways that may contribute to CVD and depression comprise the following: increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ; T cell activation; increased acute phase proteins, like C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, fibrinogen and α1-antitrypsin; complement factors; increased LPS load through bacterial translocation and subsequent gut-derived inflammation; induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase with increased levels of tryptophan catabolites; decreased levels of antioxidants, like coenzyme Q10, zinc, vitamin E, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase; increased O&NS characterized by oxidative damage to low density lipoprotein (LDL) and phospholipid inositol, increased malondialdehyde, and damage to DNA and mitochondria; increased nitrosative stress; and decreased ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The complex interplay between the abovementioned IO&NS pathways in depression results in pro-atherogenic effects and should be regarded as a risk factor to future clinical CVD and due mortality. We suggest that major depression should be added as a risk factor to the Charlson "comorbidity" index. It is advised that patients with (sub)chronic or recurrent major depression should routinely be assessed by serology tests to predict if they have an increased risk to cardiovascular disorders.
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24
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Signore A, Mather SJ, Piaggio G, Malviya G, Dierckx RA. Molecular imaging of inflammation/infection: nuclear medicine and optical imaging agents and methods. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3112-45. [PMID: 20415479 DOI: 10.1021/cr900351r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, II Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Glaudemans AWJM, Slart RHJA, Bozzao A, Bonanno E, Arca M, Dierckx RAJO, Signore A. Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37:2381-97. [PMID: 20306036 PMCID: PMC2975909 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular disease, which still has the leading position in morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Many risk factors and pathobiological processes are acting together in the development of atherosclerosis. This leads to different remodelling stages (positive and negative) which are both associated with plaque physiology and clinical presentation. The different remodelling stages of atherosclerosis are explained with their clinical relevance. Recent advances in basic science have established that atherosclerosis is not only a lipid storage disease, but that also inflammation has a fundamental role in all stages of the disease. The molecular events leading to atherosclerosis will be extensively reviewed and described. Further on in this review different modalities and their role in the different stages of atherosclerosis will be discussed. Non-nuclear invasive imaging techniques (intravascular ultrasound, intravascular MRI, intracoronary angioscopy and intravascular optical coherence tomography) and non-nuclear non-invasive imaging techniques (ultrasound with Doppler flow, electron-bean computed tomography, coronary computed tomography angiography, MRI and coronary artery MR angiography) will be reviewed. After that we focus on nuclear imaging techniques for detecting atherosclerotic plaques, divided into three groups: atherosclerotic lesion components, inflammation and thrombosis. This emerging area of nuclear imaging techniques can provide measures of biological activity of atherosclerotic plaques, thereby improving the prediction of clinical events. As we will see in the future perspectives, at present, there is no special tracer that can be called the diagnostic tool to diagnose prospective stroke or infarction in patients. Nevertheless, we expect such a tracer to be developed in the next few years and maybe, theoretically, it could even be used for targeted therapy (in the form of a beta-emitter) to combat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Gokkusu C, Tulubas F, Unlucerci Y, Ozkok E, Umman B, Aydin M. Homocysteine and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in acute heart disease. Cytokine 2010; 50:15-8. [PMID: 20129796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is involved in development and progression of atherosclerosis. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been correlated with various cardiovascular diseases. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis and thrombotic disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that homocysteine (Hcy) enhances productions of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the light of these findings, we decided to determine if any relationship exists between IL-2 and IL-6, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and total homocysteine (tHcy) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A total of 102 patients with ACS and 90 healthy subjects were included in the study. The levels of tHcy, IL-2 and IL-6 were higher and folic acid was lower in patients as compared with those of controls. Furthermore, data of the area under ROC plot for IL-2 demonstrated that IL-2 had higher sensitivity. These data suggest that enhanced inflammation may be associated with tHcy-related cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cahide Gokkusu
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Turkey.
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27
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Siebler M. What is hot in neurosonology? Int J Stroke 2008; 2:109-10. [PMID: 18705962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2007.00108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Siebler
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf.
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28
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Profumo E, Buttari B, Tosti ME, Siracusano A, Ortona E, Margutti P, Capoano R, Salvati B, Riganò R. Association of intracellular pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood with the clinical or ultrasound indications for carotid endarterectomy in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:120-6. [PMID: 18307518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early non-invasive diagnostic information would be useful in identifying patients at risk of progressive carotid atherosclerosis, despite an apparently harmless plaque on ultrasound imaging. In this study, we assessed the possible association of intracellular cytokines in peripheral blood with the ultrasound (stenosis > or = 70%) and clinical indications (transient ischaemic attack, amaurosis fugax or stroke) for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients. Intracellular cytokine expression was determined in 106 patients (67 undergoing and 39 not undergoing CEA). Cells primed for the proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were found in significantly higher percentages in patients undergoing CEA than in patients who were not (P < 0.05). Intracellular cytokine expression was significantly higher in patients undergoing CEA who had stenosis > or = 70% (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10), with previous stroke (IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4 and IL-10) and with amaurosis fugax (IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10) than in patients not undergoing CEA. Increased intracellular cytokines in patients' peripheral blood might be a warning signal indicating progressive atherosclerosis. If so, intracellular cytokine monitoring could help in selecting patients at high risk of future clinical cardiovascular events and therefore most likely to benefit from CEA or adjustment of pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Profumo
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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29
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Baldassarre D, De Jong A, Amato M, Werba JP, Castelnuovo S, Frigerio B, Veglia F, Tremoli E, Sirtori CR. Carotid intima-media thickness and markers of inflammation, endothelial damage and hemostasis. Ann Med 2008; 40:21-44. [PMID: 17934910 DOI: 10.1080/07853890701645399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different soluble molecules involved in inflammation, endothelial damage, or hemostasis are recognized as potential cardiovascular risk markers. Studies to assess the role of these markers in the atherosclerotic process by evaluating their relationship to carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) tend to provide contrasting results. PURPOSE To perform a review of studies addressing the association between C-IMT and soluble markers and to investigate whether the observed inconsistencies could be explained by the characteristics of the patients included in different studies, for example prevalence of atherosclerotic disease (atherosclerotic burden), gender, age, or occurrence of specific vascular risk factors (VRFs). DATA SOURCES PubMed and Embase (January 1990 to March 2006). STUDY SELECTION Articles in English reporting original cross-sectional studies. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently extracted data on study design, population, sample size, ultrasonic methodology, and statistical approach. DATA SYNTHESIS Despite the marked heterogeneity of results presented in the literature, meta-analysis established that studies showing positive associations between C-IMT and plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) or fibrinogen are in the majority. Funnel plot analyses suggested the absence of an important publication bias. Data on the relationships between C-IMT and other soluble markers are by contrast scanty, contradictory, or unconfirmed by multivariate (as opposed to univariate) analyses, and the freedom from publication bias here cannot be vouched for. The degree of atherosclerotic burden in the population studied does not account for the heterogeneity of findings reported. Gender, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and hypercholesterolemia influence the association between C-IMT and CRP. Blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia influence the association between C-IMT and fibrinogen. For all the other soluble markers considered, the number of groups was too small for this kind of statistical considerations. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity in ultrasound methodologies and in statistical approach limited comparability between studies. For most soluble markers, publication bias of positive results cannot be excluded. CONCLUSIONS Only CRP and fibrinogen seem to be unequivocally related to C-IMT. For all the other soluble markers considered, no clear-cut conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Baldassarre
- E. Grossi Paoletti Center, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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30
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Lind L, Andersson J, Rönn M, Gustavsson T, Holdfelt P, Hulthe J, Elmgren A, Zilmer K, Zilmer M. Brachial artery intima-media thickness and echogenicity in relation to lipids and markers of oxidative stress in elderly subjects:--the prospective investigation of the vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) Study. Lipids 2007; 43:133-41. [PMID: 18004605 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to relate brachial artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and the grey scale median of the intima-media complex (IM-GSM) to traditional cardiovascular risk factors and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. In the Prospective Study of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study, a population-based study of 1016 subjects aged 70, brachial artery IMT and IM-GSM, who were evaluated by ultrasound. Lipids, thirteen markers of inflammation and nine markers of oxidative stress were measured. The Framingham risk score was related to IMT (p < 0.0001), but not to the IM-GSM. In univariate analysis, HDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting glucose, smoking, HOMA insulin resistance index and oxidized LDL levels were related to IMT. HDL and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, VCAM-1, e-selectin, leukocyte count, conjugated diens, baseline conjugated diens (BCD)-LDL, antibodies to oxLDL, the GSSG/GSH glutathione ratio and homocysteine were related to IM-GSM. In multiple regression models, HDL-cholesterol, fasting glucose and oxLDL levels were the independently related to IMT (p = 0.01-0.04), while serum triglycerides, BCD-LDL and the GSSG/GSH ratio were independently related to IM-GSM (p = 0.0001-0.004). In conclusion, in addition to traditional lipid variables, markers of oxidative stress were associated with both thickness and echogenicity of the brachial artery intima-media complex. Thus, both thickness and echogenicity of the brachial artery intima-media complex might be useful biomarkers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Department of Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kampus P, Kals J, Ristimäe T, Muda P, Ulst K, Zilmer K, Salonen RM, Tuomainen TP, Teesalu R, Zilmer M. Augmentation index and carotid intima-media thickness are differently related to age, C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. J Hypertens 2007; 25:819-25. [PMID: 17351374 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328014952b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ageing, plasma circulating C-reactive protein (CRP), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and homocysteine (Hcy) are associated with atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between age, inflammatory and oxidative stress-related markers with functional and structural changes of the arteries in asymptomatic persons. METHODS CRP, OxLDL and Hcy were measured in 175 clinically healthy subjects, aged 40-70 years. Ultrasonography and pulse wave analysis were used to measure carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and augmentation index (AIx). RESULTS OxLDL was correlated with IMT (r = 0.24, P = 0.003), whereas CRP was correlated with AIx (r = 0.21, P = 0.005). No correlation was detected between Hcy and AIx or age-adjusted IMT. There was a significant association between AIx and age <or=50 years (r = 0.33; P = 0.001) and between IMT and age > 50 years (r = 0.40; P = 0.001). In stepwise regression analysis age, weight, white blood cell count, OxLDL, heart rate and timing of the reflected waveform adjusted for height were significantly and independently associated with IMT (R = 0.41; P < 0.001). At the same time, AIx as the dependent variable correlated positively with age, gender, CRP and mean arterial pressure, and negatively with heart rate, weight and height, in stepwise regression analysis (R = 0.63; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that CRP, OxLDL, Hcy and age are not similarly related to AIx and IMT in asymptomatic persons. The results suggest that CRP and younger age are related to arterial stiffness, whereas OxLDL and older age become more important determinants of structural changes of the arteries in asymptomatic persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priit Kampus
- Department of Cardiology, National and European Centre of Excellence of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Wohlin M, Helmersson J, Sundström J, Arnlöv J, Vessby B, Larsson A, Andrén B, Lind L, Basu S. Both cyclooxygenase- and cytokine-mediated inflammation are associated with carotid intima–media thickness. Cytokine 2007; 38:130-6. [PMID: 17644349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) is a valid index of atherosclerosis, which is viewed as an inflammatory disease. It is unknown if various modes of inflammation (cyclooxygenase [COX]-mediated, cytokine-mediated), oxidative stress and anti-oxidants are independently related to CCA-IMT. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated cross-sectional relations between CCA-IMT measured by B-mode ultrasound and COX-mediated inflammation (as measured by 15-keto-dihydro-prostaglandin F(2alpha) [PGF(2alpha)], cytokine-mediated inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6], high sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP] and serum amyloid A protein [SAA]), oxidative stress (8-iso-PGF(2alpha), an F(2)-isoprostane; a non-enzymatic, free radical-induced product of arachidonic acid), and tocopherols (anti-oxidants) in a small subset of a population-based sample of elderly men (n=234) stating no use of anti-inflammatory medications. In a backward-stepwise regression analysis of correlates of CCA-IMT (with PGF(2alpha), hsCRP, IL-6, SAA, F(2)-isoprostanes, tocopherols, diabetes, body mass index (BMI), beta-blocker, statin treatment, smoking, hypertension and cholesterol), PGF(2alpha), CRP, beta-blocker treatment, diabetes and BMI were independently associated with CCA-IMT. There were no associations between F(2)-isoprostanes or tocopherols and CCA-IMT in this study. CONCLUSION This study suggests both COX- and cytokine-mediated inflammation to be independently associated with increased CCA-IMT, implying that there might be more than one mode of inflammation involved in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wohlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala Science Park, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sacco RL. The 2006 William Feinberg lecture: shifting the paradigm from stroke to global vascular risk estimation. Stroke 2007; 38:1980-7. [PMID: 17495216 PMCID: PMC2701234 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.106.481143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By the year 2010, it is estimated that 18.1 million people worldwide will die annually because of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. "Global vascular risk" more broadly includes the multiple overlapping disease silos of stroke, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, and vascular death. Estimation of global vascular risk requires consideration of a variety of variables including demographics, environmental behaviors, and risk factors. Data from multiple studies suggest continuous linear relationships between the physiological vascular risk modulators of blood pressure, lipids, and blood glucose rather than treating these conditions as categorical risk factors. Constellations of risk factors may be more relevant than individual categorical components. Exciting work with novel risk factors may also have predictive value in estimates of global vascular risk. Advances in imaging have led to the measurement of subclinical conditions such as carotid intima-media thickness and subclinical brain conditions such as white matter hyperintensities and silent infarcts. These subclinical measurements may be intermediate stages in the transition from asymptomatic to symptomatic vascular events, appear to be associated with the fundamental vascular risk factors, and represent opportunities to more precisely quantitate disease progression. The expansion of studies in molecular epidemiology and detection of genetic markers underlying vascular risks also promises to extend our precision of global vascular risk estimation. Global vascular risk estimation will require quantitative methods that bundle these multi-dimensional data into more precise estimates of future risk. The power of genetic information coupled with data on demographics, risk-inducing behaviors, vascular risk modulators, biomarkers, and measures of subclinical conditions should provide the most realistic approximation of an individual's future global vascular risk. The ultimate public health benefit, however, will depend on not only identification of global vascular risk but also the realization that we can modify this risk and prove the prediction models wrong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Borges PKDO, Gimeno SGA, Tomita NE, Ferreira SR. Prevalência e características associadas à síndrome metabólica em nipo-brasileiros com e sem doença periodontal. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2007; 23:657-68. [PMID: 17334579 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2007000300024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Verificou-se, num estudo transversal, a relação entre as doenças periodontais e a síndrome metabólica. Foram analisados dados de 1.315 nipo-brasileiros com idade entre 30 e 92 anos. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a exames físicos, odontológicos e laboratoriais. Os dados foram descritos através de médias e porcentagens e a associação entre as variáveis foi verificada por meio de regressão logística. Do total de sujeitos examinados, 215 (16,4%) apresentaram higidez periodontal, 484 (36,8%) edentulismo total, 513 (39%) gengivites, 85 (6,5%) periodontite inicial ou moderada e 18 (1,4%) periodontite avançada. A prevalência de síndrome metabólica entre os nipo-brasileiros foi 54,3%, e apesar de esta ter sido maior entre os que apresentaram periodontites quando comparados aos sem nenhum comprometimento da saúde bucal (51,5% vs. 48,8%) essa associação não foi estatisticamente significante. Neste estudo os indivíduos com síndrome metabólica se caracterizaram por pior perfil antropométrico e metabólico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyanna Kássia de Oliveira Borges
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Onofre Pereira de Matos 1070, Dourados, MS 79802-010, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kwon TG, Kim KH, Yoon HJ, Hyun DW, Bae JH. The Prognostic Significance of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Korean Circ J 2007. [DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2007.37.3.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taek-Geun Kwon
- Cardiology Division, Heart Center, Konyang University Hospital, Deajeon, Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Kim
- Cardiology Division, Heart Center, Konyang University Hospital, Deajeon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Yoon
- Cardiology Division, Heart Center, Konyang University Hospital, Deajeon, Korea
| | - Dae-Woo Hyun
- Cardiology Division, Heart Center, Konyang University Hospital, Deajeon, Korea
| | - Jang-Ho Bae
- Cardiology Division, Heart Center, Konyang University Hospital, Deajeon, Korea
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Shimbo D, Grahame-Clarke C, Miyake Y, Rodriguez C, Sciacca R, Di Tullio M, Boden-Albala B, Sacco R, Homma S. The association between endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes in a population-based multi-ethnic cohort. Atherosclerosis 2006; 192:197-203. [PMID: 16762358 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) may predict cardiovascular events in selected high-risk patients. Whether FMD testing predicts cardiovascular events in asymptomatic, lower risk individuals from the general population is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS As a part of a multi-ethnic, prospective cohort study, the Northern Manhattan Study, we examined FMD by high-resolution ultrasonography in 842 community participants who were free of stroke or myocardial infarction. Lower FMD levels predicted cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke and vascular death) at 36 months of follow-up (hazard ratio (HR)=1.12 for every 1% decrease in FMD, 95% CI 1.01-1.25, p=0.03). The risk of events in patients with FMD in the lower two tertiles (FMD<7.5%) was significantly higher than those in the highest tertile (HR=3.28, 95% CI 1.07-10.06, p=0.04 for lowest versus highest tertile, and HR=3.05, 95% CI 1.03-9.66, p=0.04 for middle versus highest tertile). In a multivariate analysis including cardiovascular risk factors, the increase in risk associated with FMD was no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Non-invasive FMD testing predicts incident cardiovascular events in this multi-ethnic, population-based sample, but its predictive value is not independent of cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Shimbo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Alexandrov
- Stroke Research and Neurosonology Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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Scola L, Candore G, Colonna-Romano G, Crivello A, Forte GI, Paolisso G, Franceschi C, Lio D, Caruso C. Study of the Association with −330T/G IL-2 in a Population of Centenarians from Centre and South Italy. Biogerontology 2005; 6:425-9. [PMID: 16518704 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-005-4909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immune response in elderly is characterised by a progressive loss of the ability to cope environmental stressors with a characteristic remodelling of cytokine network. One of the data constantly reported in literature is the decrease of IL-2 production. An IL-2 central role in the reconstitution of T cell function in vitro is largely documented. Studies on a T-->G polymorphism at -330 nt of IL-2 gene promoter region have demonstrated that T lymphocytes from 330GG homozygous subjects are able to produce in vitro higher amount of IL-2, than -330TG heterozygous or -330TT homozygous subjects. As a genetic background conditioning the maintaining of an efficient immune response would exert positive effects on healthy ageing, we have typed for 330T/G IL-2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 168 centenarians and 214 control subjects matched for age and ancestry from Centre and South Italy to check the 330GG genotype association to longevity. The statistical analysis doesn't show a significant difference of genotypic and allelic frequencies at -330 IL-2 T/G SNP among centenarians and controls. Comparing the two cohorts of subjects by extended Mantel Haenszel procedure a marginally significant trend for an increased -330TT genotype frequency was observed. Our data seem to be paradoxical considering the role attributed to a well-conserved T cell function in the successful ageing. On the other hand, in a recent study on a sample of Irish octogenarians a similar distribution of -330T/G genotype even was observed. These data suggest that a genetic background favouring an increased IL-2 production might be detrimental for longevity. On the other hand, an increase of IL-2 and other pro-inflammatory cytokine production characterise the Alzheimer's disease serum profile. All in all our data seem to suggest that reduction of -330G allele frequency might be protective for healthy ageing limiting cell mediated inflammation implied in age associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Scola
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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