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Zhou S, Cheng F, He J, Xu T, Zhang X, Wan S, Qi J, He J, Chen F, Luo J, Luo Y, An P. Effects of high-quality protein supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1740-1750. [PMID: 38924998 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncertainties still existed about the effect of high-quality protein supplementation on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, although high-quality proteins such as soy and milk proteins have proposed to be beneficial for cardiometabolic health. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase was conducted to quantify the impact of high-quality protein on CVD risk factors. RESULTS 63 RCTs on 4 types of high-quality protein including soy protein, milk protein, whey, and casein were evaluated. Soy protein supplementation decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP, -1.42 [-2.68, -0.17] mmHg), total cholesterol (TC, -0.18 [-0.30, -0.07] mmol/L), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, -0.16 [-0.27, -0.05] mmol/L). Milk protein supplementation decreased SBP (-2.30 [-3.45, -1.15] mmHg) and total cholesterol (-0.27 [-0.51, -0.03] mmol/L). Whey supplementation decreased SBP (-2.20 [-3.89, -0.51] mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (DBP, -1.07 [-1.98, -0.16] mmHg), triglycerides (-0.10 [-0.17, -0.03] mmol/L), TC (-0.18 [-0.35, -0.01] mmol/L), LDL-C (-0.09 [-0.16, -0.01] mmol/L) and fasting blood insulin (FBI, -2.02 [-3.75, -0.29] pmol/L). Casein supplementation decreased SBP (-4.10 [-8.05, -0.14] mmHg). In the pooled analysis of four high-quality proteins, differential effects were seen in individuals with different health status. In hypertensive individuals, high-quality proteins decreased both SBP (-2.69 [-3.50, -1.87] mmHg) and DBP (-1.34 [-2.09, -0.60] mmHg). In overweight/obese individuals, high-quality proteins improved SBP (-1.40 [-2.22, -0.59] mmHg), DBP (-2.59 [-3.20, -1.98] mmHg), triglycerides (-0.09 [-0.15, -0.02] mmol/L), TC (-0.14 [-0.22, -0.05] mmol/L), LDL-C (-0.12 [-0.16, -0.07] mmol/L), and HDL-C levels (0.02 [0.01, 0.04] mmol/L). According to the benefits on CVD risks factors, whey ranked top for improving cardiometabolic health in hypertensive or overweight/obese individuals. CONCLUSION Our study supports a beneficial role of high-quality protein supplementation to reduce CVD risk factors. Further studies are still warranted to investigate the effects of different high-quality proteins on CVD risks in individuals with cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fangxiao Cheng
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian He
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Teng Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sitong Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyi Qi
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fangyan Chen
- Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Junjie Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yongting Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Peng An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Lammi C. Plant bioactive peptides for cardiovascular disease prevention. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 106:219-239. [PMID: 37722773 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of deaths in industrialized countries and a constantly growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide Hypercholesterolemia is one of the main risk factors for CVD progression that may be prevented by lifestyle changes, including diet. This chapter will discuss the role of peptides from plants (soybean, lupin, cowpea, hempseed, and rice bran) sources with pleotropic activity for the prevention of CVD. Overall, the bioactivity that will be mainly discussed it is the hypocholesterolemic one. The very diversified structures of the hypocholesterolemic peptides so far identified explains the reason why they exert their activity through different mechanisms of action that will be extensively described in this review. Doubtlessly, their potential use in nutritional application is desirable, however, only few of them have been tested in vivo. Therefore, more efforts need to be pursued for singling out good candidates for the development of functional foods or dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Matsumura Y, Kitabatake M, Kayano SI, Ito T. Dietary Phenolic Compounds: Their Health Benefits and Association with the Gut Microbiota. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040880. [PMID: 37107256 PMCID: PMC10135282 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes various diseases, such as type II diabetes and dyslipidemia, while antioxidants in foods may prevent a number of diseases and delay aging by exerting their effects in vivo. Phenolic compounds are phytochemicals such as flavonoids which consist of flavonols, flavones, flavanonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, lignans, stilbenoids, curcuminoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. They have phenolic hydroxyl groups in their molecular structures. These compounds are present in most plants, are abundant in nature, and contribute to the bitterness and color of various foods. Dietary phenolic compounds, such as quercetin in onions and sesamin in sesame, exhibit antioxidant activity and help prevent cell aging and diseases. In addition, other kinds of compounds, such as tannins, have larger molecular weights, and many unexplained aspects still exist. The antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds may be beneficial for human health. On the other hand, metabolism by intestinal bacteria changes the structures of these compounds with antioxidant properties, and the resulting metabolites exert their effects in vivo. In recent years, it has become possible to analyze the composition of the intestinal microbiota. The augmentation of the intestinal microbiota by the intake of phenolic compounds has been implicated in disease prevention and symptom recovery. Furthermore, the “brain–gut axis”, which is a communication system between the gut microbiome and brain, is attracting increasing attention, and research has revealed that the gut microbiota and dietary phenolic compounds affect brain homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the usefulness of dietary phenolic compounds with antioxidant activities against some diseases, their biotransformation by the gut microbiota, the augmentation of the intestinal microflora, and their effects on the brain–gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kio University, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitabatake
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kayano
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kio University, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara 635-0832, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Maeta A, Katsukawa M, Hayase Y, Takahashi K. Intake of Soymilk-Okara Powder for 12 Weeks Decreases Body Fat and Increases Body Muscle in Japanese Adults: a Single-Arm Intervention Study. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 78:173-178. [PMID: 36472712 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-01030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Okara is a by-product of soymilk manufacturing and a rich source of protein and dietary fiber. This study investigates whether dietary soymilk-okara powder intake in the long term affects the body composition and gut microbiota flora in healthy Japanese adults. In total, 46 subjects (43 women) were enrolled. All subjects ingested 15 g of soymilk-okara powder every day for 12 weeks. Subjects' body composition was assessed over four weeks. At baseline and after intervention for 12 weeks, fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and microbiota percentages were measured. The body muscle weight significantly increased, and the percentage of body fat significantly decreased at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the intervention. The increase in body muscle after 12 weeks was 0.6 kg (interquartile range:-0.03 to 1.0). The decrease in body fat was -0.9% (interquartile range: -1.6 to -0.2). There was a significant negative correlation between the changes in body fat and body muscle. For the fecal percentages of Coriobacteriaceae, Lactobacillales, Bacteroides, Clostridium cluster IV, and Clostridium cluster XI, there were significant differences between the baseline and 12 weeks after the intervention. Furthermore, there were significant negative correlations between the changes in body fat percentage and fecal acetic acid and propionic acid levels. Therefore, a dietary intake of 15 g of soymilk-okara powder for 12 weeks induced a decrease in body fat, an increase in body muscle, and a change in fecal microbiota flora. Soymilk-okara powder is effective in improving body composition and changing the intestinal microbiota flora in healthy Japanese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Maeta
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki-Cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsukawa
- Product Development Division, Kikkoman Food Products Company, 250, Noda, Noda, Chiba, 278-0037, Japan
| | - Yaeko Hayase
- Product Development Division, Kikkoman Food Products Company, 250, Noda, Noda, Chiba, 278-0037, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki-Cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan.
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Messina M, Duncan A, Messina V, Lynch H, Kiel J, Erdman JW. The health effects of soy: A reference guide for health professionals. Front Nutr 2022; 9:970364. [PMID: 36034914 PMCID: PMC9410752 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.970364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy is a hotly debated and widely discussed topic in the field of nutrition. However, health practitioners may be ill-equipped to counsel clients and patients about the use of soyfoods because of the enormous, and often contradictory, amount of research that has been published over the past 30 years. As interest in plant-based diets increases, there will be increased pressure for practitioners to gain a working knowledge of this area. The purpose of this review is to provide concise literature summaries (400-500 words) along with a short perspective on the current state of knowledge of a wide range of topics related to soy, from the cholesterol-lowering effects of soy protein to the impact of isoflavones on breast cancer risk. In addition to the literature summaries, general background information on soyfoods, soy protein, and isoflavones is provided. This analysis can serve as a tool for health professionals to be used when discussing soyfoods with their clients and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Soy Nutrition Institute Global, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alison Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Heidi Lynch
- Kinesiology Department, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Kiel
- Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Medifast Inc., Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Beckman Institute, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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6
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Messina M, Sievenpiper JL, Williamson P, Kiel J, Erdman JW. Perspective: Soy-based Meat and Dairy Alternatives, Despite Classification as Ultra-processed Foods, Deliver High-quality Nutrition on Par with Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Animal-based Counterparts. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:726-738. [PMID: 35325028 PMCID: PMC9156366 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In many non-Asian countries, soy is consumed via soy-based meat and dairy alternatives, in addition to the traditional Asian soyfoods, such as tofu and miso. Meat alternatives are typically made using concentrated sources of soy protein, such as soy protein isolate (SPI) and soy protein concentrate (SPC). Therefore, these products are classified as ultra-processed foods (UPFs; group 4) according to NOVA, an increasingly widely used food-classification system that classifies all foods into 1 of 4 groups according to the processing they undergo. Furthermore, most soymilks, even those made from whole soybeans, are also classified as UPFs because of the addition of sugars and emulsifiers. Increasingly, recommendations are being made to restrict the consumption of UPFs because their intake is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. Critics of UPFs argue these foods are unhealthful for a wide assortment of reasons. Explanations for the proposed adverse effects of UPFs include their high energy density, high glycemic index (GI), hyper-palatability, and low satiety potential. Claims have also been made that UPFs are not sustainably produced. However, this perspective argues that none of the criticisms of UPFs apply to soy-based meat and dairy alternatives when compared with their animal-based counterparts, beef and cow milk, which are classified as unprocessed or minimally processed foods (group 1). Classifying soy-based meat and dairy alternatives as UPFs may hinder their public acceptance, which could detrimentally affect personal and planetary health. In conclusion, the NOVA classification system is simplistic and does not adequately evaluate the nutritional attributes of meat and dairy alternatives based on soy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Soy Nutrition Institute Global, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Williamson
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Research and Development, Cargill, Wayzata, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Kiel
- Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Medifast, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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7
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Maeta A, Katsukawa M, Hayase Y, Takahashi K. Comparisons of Soybean and Wheat; in the Focus on the Nutritional Aspects and Acute Appetite Sensation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030389. [PMID: 35159539 PMCID: PMC8834618 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean flour is often used as a gluten-free ingredient. We aimed to compare the nutrients and the difference in satiety of soybean and wheat after ingestion. We measured the amounts of polyphenol and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and examined the acute appetite sensation after the ingestion of soybean powder and bread powder. Japanese women were enrolled in the meal tests. Participants were provided with 18 g of bread or soybean powder, 180 g of yogurt, and 285 mL of bottled water. Subjective satiety (hunger, appetite, satiety, and stomach fullness) was measured using a visual analog scale 120 min after sample ingestion. The polyphenol content and ORAC were 2- and 12-folds higher, respectively, in soybean powder than in bread flour. In the meal tests, the area under the curve (AUC) of satiety 60–120 min after ingestion (n = 44) was significantly higher for soybean powder than bread powder. The AUCs of hunger and appetite 60–120 min after ingestion were significantly lower for soybean powder than bread powder. The effect sizes of hunger and appetite by soybean powder were 0.341 and 0.424, respectively. Thus, these results suggest that soybean is a healthy food and soybeans maintain satiety and suppress hunger more than bread flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Maeta
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women’s University, 6-46, Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya 663-8558, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Katsukawa
- Product Development Division, Kikkoman Food Products Company, 338, Noda 278-0037, Japan; (M.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yaeko Hayase
- Product Development Division, Kikkoman Food Products Company, 338, Noda 278-0037, Japan; (M.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women’s University, 6-46, Ikebiraki, Nishinomiya 663-8558, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-798-45-9878
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Saha S, Mukherjee U, Miller M, Peng LL, Napier C, Grobbelaar H, Oldewage-Theron W. Food and beverages promoting elderly health: six food-based dietary guidelines to plan good mixed meals for elderly South Africans. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2021.1956232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Saha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Makenzie Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Li-Ling Peng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Carin Napier
- Department of Food & Nutrition Consumer Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Longitudinal Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heleen Grobbelaar
- Department of Food & Nutrition Consumer Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Wilna Oldewage-Theron
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Sustainable Food Systems and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Adel Mehraban MS, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Rahimi R, Daniali M, Khashayar P, Larijani B. Targeting dyslipidemia by herbal medicines: A systematic review of meta-analyses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114407. [PMID: 34252530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The worldwide increasing prevalence of dyslipidemia has become a global health concern. Various herbal remedies have been claimed to be effective for the treatment of dyslipidemia in traditional and folkloric medicine of different regions clinical trials have been conducted to investigate their efficacy. The aim of the current systematic review is to critically assess the meta-analyses of controlled trials (CT) evaluated herb medicines for dyslipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant studies from Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist until January 2021 have been searched. All meta-analyses which pooled studies on the effect of herbal medicines on lipid profile including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C) were also included. Meta-analyses of in vitro, animal or observational studies were excluded. RESULTS The overall of 141 meta-analyses were revealed. Vegetable oils, phytosterols, tea, soy protein, nuts, and curcumin have been studied frequently among the herbal medicines. Among 13 meta-analyses on vegetable oils, the greater reduce of TC (18.95 mg/dl), LDL-C (16.24 mg/dl) and TG (13.69 mg/dl) were exhibited from sunflower oil. Furthermore, rice bran oil (6.65 mg/dl) increased HDL-C significantly. Phytosterols in 12 meta-analyses demonstrated significant improvements in reducing TC, LDL-C and TG as 16.4, 23.7, and 8.85 mg/dl, respectively, and rise in HDL-C as 10.6 mg/dl. The highest reduction in serum level of TC, LDL-C and TG was reported while intake Green tea; 27.57, 24.75, and 31.87 mg/dl, accordingly within 9 meta-analyses. Average improvement of lipid profiles by 6 meta-analyses on plant proteins were 23.2, 21.7, 15.06, and 1.55 mg/dl for TC, LDL-C, TG, and HDL-C, respectively. Among 11 meta-analyses on nuts, almond showed better and significant alleviations in TC (10.69 mg/dl), walnut in LDL-C (9.23 mg/dl), pistachio in TG (22.14 mg/dl), and peanut in HDL-C (2.72 mg/dl). Overall, Curcumin, Curcuminoid, and Turmeric have resulted in the reduction of TC (25.13 mg/dl), LDL-C (39.83 mg/dl), TG (33.65 mg/dl), and an increase in the HDL-C (4.31 mg/dl). CONCLUSION The current systematic review shed light on the use of herbal medicines for the management of dyslipidemia. However, more well-conducted CTs are required to determine effective doses of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Adel Mehraban
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Daniali
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patricia Khashayar
- Center for Microsystem Technology, Imec and Ghent University, Gent-Zwijnaarde, 9052, Belgium; Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinpology & Metabolism Clinical Science Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Vázquez L, Flórez AB, Rodríguez J, Mayo B. Heterologous expression of equol biosynthesis genes from Adlercreutzia equolifaciens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6309895. [PMID: 34173644 PMCID: PMC8266531 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol is the isoflavone-derived metabolite with the greatest estrogenic and antioxidant activity. It is produced from daidzein by fastidious and oxygen-susceptible intestinal bacteria, which hinders their use at an industrial scale. Therefore, expressing the equol production machinery into easily-cultivable hosts would expedite the heterologous production of this compound. In this work, four genes (racemase, tdr, ddr and dzr) coding for key enzymes involved in equol production in Adlercreutzia equolifaciens DSM19450T were synthesized and cloned in a pUC-derived vector (pUC57-equol) that was introduced in Escherichia coli. Recombinant clones of E. coli produced equol in cultures supplemented with daidzein (equol precursor) and dihydrodaidzein (intermediate compound). To check whether equol genes were expressed in Gram-positive bacteria, the pUC57-equol construct was cloned into the low-copy-number vector pIL252, and the new construct (pIL252-pUC57-equol) introduced into model strains of Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lactococcus lactis. L. casei clones carrying pIL252-pUC57-equol produced a small amount of equol from dihydrodaidzein but not from daidzein, while L. lactis recombinant clones produced no equol from either of the substrates. This is the first time that A. equolifaciens equol genes have been cloned and expressed in heterologous hosts. E. coli clones harboring pUC57-equol could be used for biotechnological production of equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300-Villaviciosa, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011-Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
Legumes are an essential food source worldwide. Their high-quality proteins, complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and relatively low-fat content make these an important functional food. Known to possess a multitude of health benefits, legume consumption is associated with the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Legume crude protein isolates and purified peptides possess many cardiopreventive properties. Here, we review selected economically valued legumes, their taxonomy and distribution, biochemical composition, and their protein components and the mechanism(s) of action associated with cardiovascular health. Most of the legume protein studies had shown upregulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor leading to increased binding and uptake, in effect significantly reducing total lipid levels in the blood serum and liver. This is followed by decreased biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. To understand the relationship of identified genes from legume studies, we performed gene network analysis, pathway, and gene ontology (GO) enrichment. Results showed that the genes were functionally interrelated while enrichment and pathway analysis revealed involvement in lipid transport, fatty acid and triglyceride metabolic processes, and regulatory processes. This review is the first attempt to collate all known mechanisms of action of legume proteins associated with cardiovascular health. This also provides a snapshot of possible targets leading to systems-level approaches to further investigate the cardiometabolic potentials of legumes.
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12
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Naveed M, Majeed F, Taleb A, Zubair HM, Shumzaid M, Farooq MA, Baig MMFA, Abbas M, Saeed M, Changxing L. A Review of Medicinal Plants in Cardiovascular Disorders: Benefits and Risks. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:259-286. [PMID: 32345058 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many cultivated and wild plants are used for the management of various diseases, specifically renal and hepatic diseases and those of the immune and cardiovascular systems. In China, medicinal plants from ancient to modern history have been used in patients with angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (CHF), systolic hypertension, arrhythmia, and venous insufficiency for centuries. The latest increase in the fame of natural products and alternative medicine has revived interest in conventional remedies that have been consumed in the management of CVD. The cardio-protective properties of the various herbs are possibly due to their anti-oxidative, antihypercholesterolemic, anti-ischemic activities, and inhibition of platelet aggregation that reduce the risk of CVD. Ethno-pharmacological and biological properties of these plants are explored, based upon published scientific literature. Although a majority of medicinal plants having a biological mechanism that linked with CVD management, to date, published literature pertaining to their promising scientific properties are still poorly understood. Compared with synthetic medicines, alternative medicines do not need scientific studies before their formal approval from the government sector and due to this purpose; their safety, as well as efficacy, still remain elusive. Taken together, we addressed all accessible evidence on alternative medicines commonly consumed in CVD management. Our comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature indicated that many TCMs are available and valuable herbal medication would be the best alternative for the management of CVD as a complementary therapy. Furthermore, practitioners should always discuss possible benefits-risks of alternative medicines with patients so that they are aware of the consumption of alternative medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Fatima Majeed
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Abdoh Taleb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Shumzaid
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Punjab Province, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 6300, Pakistan
| | - Li Changxing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810000, Qinghai Province, P. R. China
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13
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Rao AS, Hegde S, Pacioretty LM, DeBenedetto J, Babish JG. Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graecum Supplemented Chapatis Safely Improve HbA1c, Body Weight, Waist Circumference, Blood Lipids, and Fatty Liver in Overweight and Diabetic Subjects: A Twelve-Week Safety and Efficacy Study. J Med Food 2020; 23:905-919. [PMID: 32758056 PMCID: PMC7478223 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, ∼ 463 million people globally had diabetes mellitus (DM), with China (25.1%), India (16.6%), and the United States (6.69%) representing nearly 50% of that total. The primary objectives of this exploratory study were to assess the safety and potential efficacy of Nigella sativa and fenugreek seed supplemented chapatis in overweight (OW) and type 2 DM subjects. Forty subjects (15/OW; 9/DM; 16/DM/OW) consumed two chapatis twice a day 6 days/week for a daily dose of 5.45 g of an N. sativa/fenugreek combination over 12 weeks with no changes in lifestyle or medications. Anthropometric, glycemic, and vascular variables were recorded at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma lipids, and complete metabolic profile were measured at baseline and termination. Compliance, estimated during twice-daily individual delivery of precooked chapatis, was 100%, with no significant adverse effects. At termination, body weights, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, index of central obesity, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, estimated average glucose over 12 weeks, total cholesterol (TC), non-high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides (TG) were decreased (P < .05) over all subjects. Subjects with HbA1c ≥7.0 exhibited greater improvements in all glycemic variables than HbA1c <7.0 subjects. In addition, the decrease in HbA1c was positively correlated with decreases in (1) hepatic enzymes alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.301, P = .0067) and aspartate transaminase (r = 0.277, P = .0129), (2) systolic blood pressure (r = 0.388, P = .0004), and (3) number of diagnostic metabolic syndrome criteria exhibited per subject (r = 0.391, P = .0005), cardiovascular risk score (CRS) (r = 0.281, P = .0115), and hepatic steatosis index (HSI) (r = 0.223, P = .0467). Atherogenic and diabetogenic indexes TC/HDL, low density lipoprotein/HDL, VLDL/HDL, and TG/HDL were all decreased (P < .05). Among all subjects, improvement (P < .05) was seen in CRS (-10.7%), fatty liver index (-19.8%), lipid accumulation product (-13.8%), and HSI (-7.53%). N. sativa/fenugreek supplemented chapatis present a safe and seamless dietary modification to address cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Rao
- Supreem Pharmaceuticals Mysore Pvt. Ltd., KIADB Industrial Area, Mysore, India
| | - Shyamala Hegde
- Supreem Pharmaceuticals Mysore Pvt. Ltd., KIADB Industrial Area, Mysore, India
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14
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Palacios OM, Cortes HN, Jenks BH, Maki KC. Naturally occurring hormones in foods and potential health effects. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320936281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones and hormone-like substances, for example, phytoestrogens, are food components that can be endogenously produced by a food source or occur secondary to farming practices. The hormone content of foods has been studied for decades, and safety evaluations in the United States and Europe indicate that naturally occurring hormones found in foods are safe for human consumption. More recent studies have focused on the role of certain hormones found in specific foods (e.g. dairy or soy) and their potential health effects. However, limited summaries exist on food content of hormones and hormone-like phytoestrogens in the context of a comprehensive US diet and implications, if any, of their daily consumption for overall health. This review provides an outline of hormone biosynthesis and functions in the body; discusses the more commonly studied, naturally occurring hormones in food and their biological role within food; estimates relative dietary contribution and when available, bioavailability, of naturally occurring food hormones; and summarizes the potential health associations of their intake in food. Based on the review of the scientific literature, the hormone content of typical serving sizes of commonly consumed foods is undetectable or in quantities that fall well within safety guidelines without any evidence for adverse effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya M Palacios
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
| | | | - Belinda H Jenks
- Belinda H. Jenks Consulting, Sunshine Terrace, Studio City, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research/Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Addison, IL, USA
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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15
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Effects of a High-Protein Diet on Cardiometabolic Health, Vascular Function, and Endocannabinoids-A PREVIEW Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051512. [PMID: 32455987 PMCID: PMC7284520 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An unfavorable lipid profile and being overweight are known mediators in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The effect of diet, particularly high in protein, remains under discussion. Therefore, this study examines the effects of a high-protein (HP) diet on cardiometabolic health and vascular function (i.e., endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and retinal microvascular structure), and the possible association with plasma endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related compounds in overweight participants. Thirty-eight participants (64.5 ± 5.9 (mean ± SD) years; body mass index (BMI) 28.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2) were measured for 48 h in a respiration chamber after body-weight maintenance for approximately 34 months following weight reduction. Diets with either a HP (n = 20) or moderate protein (MP; n = 18) content (25%/45%/30% vs. 15%/55%/30% protein/carbohydrate/fat) were provided in energy balance. Validated markers for cardiometabolic health (i.e., office blood pressure (BP) and serum lipoprotein concentrations) and vascular function (i.e., brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation, pulse wave analysis and velocity, and retinal microvascular calibers) were measured before and after those 48 h. Additionally, 24 h ambulatory BP, plasma anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and pregnenolone (PREG) were analyzed throughout the day. Office and ambulatory BP, serum lipoprotein concentrations, and vascular function markers were not different between the groups. Only heart rate (HR) was higher in the HP group. HR was positively associated with OEA, while OEA and PEA were also positively associated with total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. Vascular function markers were not associated with endocannabinoids (or endocannabinoid-related substances). In conclusion, the HP diet did not affect cardiometabolic health and vascular function in overweight participants after completing a weight-loss intervention. Furthermore, our data indicate a possible association between OEA and PEA with TC and LDL cholesterol.
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Becerra-Tomás N, Papandreou C, Salas-Salvadó J. Legume Consumption and Cardiometabolic Health. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S437-S450. [PMID: 31728491 PMCID: PMC6855964 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes are key components of several plant-based diets and are recognized as having a wide range of potential health benefits. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have summarized the evidence regarding different cardiometabolic outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and legume consumption. However, those studies did not differentiate between nonsoy and soy legumes, which have different nutritional profiles. The aim of the present updated review, therefore, was to summarize and meta-analyze the published evidence regarding legume consumption (making a distinction between nonsoy and soy legumes) and cardiometabolic diseases. In addition, we reviewed randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of legume consumption on CVD risk factors in order to understand their associations. The results revealed a prospective, significant inverse association between total legume consumption and CVD and coronary heart disease risk, whereas a nonsignificant association was observed with T2D and stroke. In the stratified analysis by legume subtypes, only nonsoy legumes were associated with lower risk of T2D. Unfortunately, owing to the paucity of studies analyzing legumes and CVD, it was not possible to stratify the analysis for these outcomes. Because of the high degree of heterogeneity observed for most of the outcomes and the few studies included in some analyses, further prospective studies are warranted to determine the potential role of legume consumption on CVD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Becerra-Tomás
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Papandreou
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain,Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Address correspondence to JS-S (e-mail: )
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17
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Mayo B, Vázquez L, Flórez AB. Equol: A Bacterial Metabolite from The Daidzein Isoflavone and Its Presumed Beneficial Health Effects. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2231. [PMID: 31527435 PMCID: PMC6770660 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that regular intake of isoflavones from soy reduces the incidence of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders, such as menopause symptoms in women, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Equol, produced from daidzein, is the isoflavone-derived metabolite with the greatest estrogenic and antioxidant activity. Consequently, equol has been endorsed as having many beneficial effects on human health. The conversion of daidzein into equol takes place in the intestine via the action of reductase enzymes belonging to incompletely characterized members of the gut microbiota. While all animal species analyzed so far produce equol, only between one third and one half of human subjects (depending on the community) are able to do so, ostensibly those that harbor equol-producing microbes. Conceivably, these subjects might be the only ones who can fully benefit from soy or isoflavone consumption. This review summarizes current knowledge on the microorganisms involved in, the genetic background to, and the biochemical pathways of, equol biosynthesis. It also outlines the results of recent clinical trials and meta-analyses on the effects of equol on different areas of human health and discusses briefly its presumptive mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
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18
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Soy food and isoflavones are not associated with changes in serum lipids and glycohemoglobin concentrations among Japanese adults: a cohort study. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2075-2087. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Jenkins DJA, Blanco Mejia S, Chiavaroli L, Viguiliouk E, Li SS, Kendall CWC, Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL. Cumulative Meta-Analysis of the Soy Effect Over Time. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012458. [PMID: 31242779 PMCID: PMC6662359 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Soy protein foods have attracted attention as useful plant protein foods with mild cholesterol‐lowering effects that are suitable for inclusion in therapeutic diets. But on the basis of the lack of consistency in significant cholesterol reduction by soy in 46 randomized controlled trials, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is reassessing whether the 1999 heart health claim for soy protein should be revoked. Methods and Results We have, therefore, performed a cumulative meta‐analysis on the 46 soy trials identified by the FDA to determine if at any time, since the 1999 FDA final rule that established the soy heart health claim, the soy effect on serum cholesterol lost significance. The cumulative meta‐analysis for both total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol demonstrated preservation of the small, but significant, reductions seen both before and during the subsequent 14 years since the health claim was originally approved. For low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, the mean reduction in 1999 was −6.3 mg/dL (95% CI, −8.7 to −3.9 mg/dL; P=0.00001) and remained in the range of −4.2 to −6.7 mg/dL (P=0.0006 to P=0.0002, respectively) in the years after 1999. At no time point did the total cholesterol or low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol reductions lose significance or were the differences at individual time points in the cumulative meta‐analysis significantly different from those seen in 1999 when the health claim was approved. Conclusions A cumulative meta‐analysis of the data selected by the FDA indicates continued significance of total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction after soy consumption and supports the rationale behind the original soy FDA heart health claim. See Editorial Petersen and Kris‐Etherton
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Affiliation(s)
- David J A Jenkins
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,2 Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,3 Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,4 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,5 Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,8 Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,3 Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,8 Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Laura Chiavaroli
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,3 Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,8 Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Effie Viguiliouk
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,8 Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Siying S Li
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,7 School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Cyril W C Kendall
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,3 Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,6 College of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan, Canada.,8 Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vladmir Vuksan
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,2 Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,3 Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,4 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,5 Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Ontario Canada.,3 Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,4 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,5 Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Ontario Canada.,8 Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
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20
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Lammi C, Arnoldi A, Aiello G. Soybean Peptides Exert Multifunctional Bioactivity Modulating 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Targets in Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4824-4830. [PMID: 30969121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the cellular mechanism through which peptic (P) and tryptic (T) soybean hydrolysates modulate the targets involved in hypocholesterolemic pathways in HepG2 and antidiabetic pathways in Caco-2 cells. Both hydrolysates (tested in the concentration range of 0.5-2.5 mg/mL) inhibited the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in HepG2 cells. In addition, Soybean P increased LDLR protein levels on HepG2 membranes by 51.5 ± 11.6% and 63.0 ± 6.9% (0.5-1.0 mg/mL) whereas Soybean T increased them by 55.2 ± 9.7% and 85.8 ± 21.5% (0.5-1.0 mg/mL) vs the control, with a final improved HepG2 capacity in the uptake of extracellular LDL. Soybean P reduced in vitro the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity by 16.3 ± 3.0% and 31.4 ± 0.12% (1.0 and 2.5 mg/mL), whereas Soybean T reduced it by 15.3 ± 11.0% and 11.0 ± 0.30% (1.0 and 2.5 mg/mL) vs the control. Finally, both hydrolysates inhibited dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity in situ in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. This investigation may help to explain the activities observed in experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , 20133 Milan , Italy
| | - Gilda Aiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , 20133 Milan , Italy
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21
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Guasch-Ferré M, Satija A, Blondin SA, Janiszewski M, Emlen E, O’Connor LE, Campbell WW, Hu FB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Red Meat Consumption in Comparison With Various Comparison Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Circulation 2019; 139:1828-1845. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Guasch-Ferré
- Department of Nutrition (M.G.-F., A.S., S.A.B., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.G.-F., M.J., E.E., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.)
| | - Ambika Satija
- Department of Nutrition (M.G.-F., A.S., S.A.B., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Stacy A. Blondin
- Department of Nutrition (M.G.-F., A.S., S.A.B., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Marie Janiszewski
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.G.-F., M.J., E.E., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.)
| | - Ester Emlen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.G.-F., M.J., E.E., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.)
| | - Lauren E. O’Connor
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (L.W.O., W.W.C.)
| | - Wayne W. Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (L.W.O., W.W.C.)
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition (M.G.-F., A.S., S.A.B., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology (F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.G.-F., M.J., E.E., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.)
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Nutrition (M.G.-F., A.S., S.A.B., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology (F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.G.-F., M.J., E.E., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.)
| | - Meir J. Stampfer
- Department of Nutrition (M.G.-F., A.S., S.A.B., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology (F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.G.-F., M.J., E.E., F.B.H., W.C.W., M.J.S.)
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Kinoshita M, Yokote K, Arai H, Iida M, Ishigaki Y, Ishibashi S, Umemoto S, Egusa G, Ohmura H, Okamura T, Kihara S, Koba S, Saito I, Shoji T, Daida H, Tsukamoto K, Deguchi J, Dohi S, Dobashi K, Hamaguchi H, Hara M, Hiro T, Biro S, Fujioka Y, Maruyama C, Miyamoto Y, Murakami Y, Yokode M, Yoshida H, Rakugi H, Wakatsuki A, Yamashita S. Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2017. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:846-984. [PMID: 30135334 PMCID: PMC6143773 DOI: 10.5551/jat.gl2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mami Iida
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiji Umemoto
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Hirotoshi Ohmura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Koba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Community Health Systems Nursing, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juno Deguchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seitaro Dohi
- Chief Health Management Department, Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masumi Hara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hiro
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshio Fujioka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Chizuko Maruyama
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Yokode
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Wakatsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shizuya Yamashita
- Department of Community Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
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Aiello G, Ferruzza S, Ranaldi G, Sambuy Y, Arnoldi A, Vistoli G, Lammi C. Behavior of three hypocholesterolemic peptides from soy protein in an intestinal model based on differentiated Caco-2 cell. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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24
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Thomas S, Browne H, Mobasheri A, Rayman MP. What is the evidence for a role for diet and nutrition in osteoarthritis? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57:iv61-iv74. [PMID: 29684218 PMCID: PMC5905611 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As current treatment options in OA are very limited, OA patients would benefit greatly from some ability to self-manage their condition. Since diet may potentially affect OA, we reviewed the literature on the relationship between nutrition and OA risk or progression, aiming to provide guidance for clinicians. For overweight/obese patients, weight reduction, ideally incorporating exercise, is paramount. The association between metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes and OA risk or progression may partly explain the apparent benefit of dietary-lipid modification resulting from increased consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty-acids from oily fish/fish oil supplements. A strong association between OA and raised serum cholesterol together with clinical effects in statin users suggests a potential benefit of reduction of cholesterol by dietary means. Patients should ensure that they meet the recommended intakes for micronutrients such as vitamin K, which has a role in bone/cartilage mineralization. Evidence for a role of vitamin D supplementation in OA is unconvincing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Thomas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Heather Browne
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, 08661 Vilnius, Republic of Lithuania
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Bianconi V, Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A, Cosentino T, Pirro M. Cholesterol-Lowering Nutraceuticals Affecting Vascular Function and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:53. [PMID: 29802549 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-0994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an update on the effects of the dietary supplementation with cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations affecting vascular function and CV risk in clinical interventional studies. RECENT FINDINGS Current evidence supports the mild-to-moderate cholesterol-lowering efficacy of red yeast rice, berberine, plant sterols, fibers, and some nutraceutical combinations whereas data on the individual cholesterol-lowering action of other nutraceuticals are either less striking or even inconclusive. There is also promising evidence on the vascular protective effects of some of the aforementioned nutraceuticals. However, except for red yeast rice, clinical interventional studies have not investigated their impact on CV outcomes. Evidence of both cholesterol-lowering and vascular protection is a prerogative of few single nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations, which may support their clinical use; however, caution on their uncontrolled adoption is necessary as they are freely available on the market and, therefore, subject to potential misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Raffaele Mannarino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Teresa Cosentino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
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26
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Rizzo G, Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. Nutrients 2018; 10:E43. [PMID: 29304010 PMCID: PMC5793271 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy is a basic food ingredient of traditional Asian cuisine used for thousands of years. In Western countries, soybeans have been introduced about a hundred years ago and recently they are mainly used for surrogate foods production. Soy and soy foods are common nutritional solutions for vegetarians, due to their high protein content and versatility in the production of meat analogues and milk substitutes. However, there are some doubts about the potential effects on health, such as the effectiveness on cardiovascular risk reduction or, conversely, on the possible disruption of thyroid function and sexual hormones. The soy components that have stimulated the most research interest are isoflavones, which are polyphenols with estrogenic properties highly contained in soybeans. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of soy and soy foods, focusing on their nutrient content, including phytoestrogens and other bioactive substances that are noteworthy for vegetarians, the largest soy consumers in the Western countries. The safety of use will also be discussed, given the growing trend in adoption of vegetarian styles and the new soy-based foods availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Primary Care Unit, Northern District, Local Health Unit 2, 31100 Treviso, Italy.
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27
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Houston M. Dyslipidemia. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Effects of isoflavone-containing soya protein on ex vivo cholesterol efflux, vascular function and blood markers of CVD risk in adults with moderately elevated blood pressure: a dose-response randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1403-1413. [PMID: 28661316 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451700143x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging CVD risk factors (e.g. HDL function and central haemodynamics) may account for residual CVD risk experienced by individuals who meet LDL-cholesterol and blood pressure (BP) targets. Recent evidence suggests that these emerging risk factors can be modified by polyphenol-rich interventions such as soya, but additional research is needed. This study was designed to investigate the effects of an isoflavone-containing soya protein isolate (delivering 25 and 50 g/d soya protein) on HDL function (i.e. ex vivo cholesterol efflux), macrovascular function and blood markers of CVD risk. Middle-aged adults (n 20; mean age=51·6 (sem 6·6) years) with moderately elevated brachial BP (mean systolic BP=129 (sem 9) mmHg; mean diastolic BP=82·5 (sem 8·4) mmHg) consumed 0 (control), 25 and 50 g/d soya protein in a randomised cross-over design. Soya and control powders were consumed for 6 weeks each with a 2-week compliance break between treatment periods. Blood samples and vascular function measures were obtained at baseline and following each supplementation period. Supplementation with 50 g/d soya protein significantly reduced brachial diastolic BP (-2·3 mmHg) compared with 25 g/d soya protein (Tukey-adjusted P=0·03) but not the control. Soya supplementation did not improve ex vivo cholesterol efflux, macrovascular function or other blood markers of CVD risk compared with the carbohydrate-matched control. Additional research is needed to clarify whether effects on these CVD risk factors depend on the relative health of participants and/or equol producing capacity.
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29
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Melini F, Melini V, Luziatelli F, Ruzzi M. Current and Forward-Looking Approaches to Technological and Nutritional Improvements of Gluten-Free Bread with Legume Flours: A Critical Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:1101-1122. [PMID: 33371611 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The gluten-free market currently offers a range of products which can be safely consumed by patients affected by celiac disease. Nevertheless, challenges for optimal formulation remain on the way in terms of appreciable texture, flavor, and adequate nutritional characteristics. Within that framework, legumes have recently attracted attention among scientists as structure- and texture-forming agents, as source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, and as a low-glycemic-index ingredient. This work aims at providing an updated and comprehensive overview of the advantages and disadvantages in the use of legumes in gluten-free breadmaking. It also shows how legumes can contribute to tackling the main technological, nutritional, and organoleptic challenges. From this critical analysis, it emerged that viscoelastic properties of gluten-free bread batter can be enhanced by the use of carob germ, chickpea, lupin, and soybean. Gluten-free bread organoleptic acceptability can be improved by incorporating leguminous flours, such as carob, chickpea, lupin, and soybean. Moreover, a better nutritional quality of gluten-free bread can be obtained by the addition of chickpea and soybean. Gaps and needs in the use of legumes in gluten-free breadmaking emerged and were gathered together to have a sound basis for future studies. The technological and nutritional potential of sourdough should be more extensively exploited. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies should be prompted to understand the health benefits of bread formulated with legumes. A holistic approach, interfacing food science, nutrition, and health might help to have, on the market, products with improved sensory properties and nutritional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Melini
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Univ. of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Research Centre on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, I-00178, Rome, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Research Centre on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, I-00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Melini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Research Centre on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, I-00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Luziatelli
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Univ. of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ruzzi
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Univ. of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy
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30
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Ramdath DD, Padhi EMT, Sarfaraz S, Renwick S, Duncan AM. Beyond the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Soy Protein: A Review of the Effects of Dietary Soy and Its Constituents on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:E324. [PMID: 28338639 PMCID: PMC5409663 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocholesterolemic effect of soy is well-documented and this has led to the regulatory approval of a health claim relating soy protein to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, soybeans contain additional components, such as isoflavones, lecithins, saponins and fiber that may improve cardiovascular health through independent mechanisms. This review summarizes the evidence on the cardiovascular benefits of non-protein soy components in relation to known CVD risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, inflammation, and obesity beyond cholesterol lowering. Overall, the available evidence suggests non-protein soy constituents improve markers of cardiovascular health; however, additional carefully designed studies are required to independently elucidate these effects. Further, work is also needed to clarify the role of isoflavone-metabolizing phenotype and gut microbiota composition on biological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dan Ramdath
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Emily M T Padhi
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Sidra Sarfaraz
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Simone Renwick
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Alison M Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2E1, Canada.
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31
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Pirro M, Vetrani C, Bianchi C, Mannarino MR, Bernini F, Rivellese AA. Joint position statement on "Nutraceuticals for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia" of the Italian Society of Diabetology (SID) and of the Italian Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis (SISA). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:2-17. [PMID: 27956024 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evidence showed that LDL-cholesterol lowering is associated with a significant cardiovascular risk reduction. The initial therapeutic approach to hypercholesterolemia includes dietary modifications but the compliance to recommendations is often inadequate. Some dietary components with potential cholesterol-lowering activity are present in small amounts in food. Therefore, in recent years the use of "nutraceuticals" (i.e., nutrients and/or bioactive compounds with potential beneficial effects on human health) has become widespread. Such substances may be added to foods and beverages, or taken as dietary supplements (liquid preparations, tablets, capsules). In the present manuscript, the cholesterol-lowering activity of some nutraceuticals (i.e. fiber, phytosterols, soy, policosanol, red yeast rice and berberine) will be discussed along with: 1) the level of evidence on the cholesterol-lowering efficacy emerging from clinical trial; 2) the possible side effects associated with their use; 3) the categories of patients who could benefit from their use. DATA SYNTHESIS Based on the current literature, the cholesterol-lowering effect of fiber, phytosterols and red yeast rice is consistent and supported by a good level of evidence. Over berberine, there is sufficient evidence showing significant cholesterol-lowering effects, although the results come from studies carried out almost exclusively in Asian populations. Data on the effects of soy are conflicting and, therefore, the strength of recommendation is quite low. The evidence on policosanol is inconclusive. CONCLUSION Although health benefits may arise from the use of nutraceuticals with cholesterol-lowering activity, their use might be also associated with possible risks and pitfalls, some of which are common to all nutraceuticals whereas others are related to specific nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Italian Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis (SISA), Italy
| | - C Vetrani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Italy
| | - C Bianchi
- Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Italy; Unit of Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Area "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana", Pisa, Italy
| | - M R Mannarino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Italian Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis (SISA), Italy
| | - F Bernini
- Italian Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis (SISA), Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A A Rivellese
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Italy.
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Messina M. Soy and Health Update: Evaluation of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Literature. Nutrients 2016; 8:E754. [PMID: 27886135 PMCID: PMC5188409 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Soyfoods have long been recognized as sources of high-quality protein and healthful fat, but over the past 25 years these foods have been rigorously investigated for their role in chronic disease prevention and treatment. There is evidence, for example, that they reduce risk of coronary heart disease and breast and prostate cancer. In addition, soy alleviates hot flashes and may favorably affect renal function, alleviate depressive symptoms and improve skin health. Much of the focus on soyfoods is because they are uniquely-rich sources of isoflavones. Isoflavones are classified as both phytoestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Despite the many proposed benefits, the presence of isoflavones has led to concerns that soy may exert untoward effects in some individuals. However, these concerns are based primarily on animal studies, whereas the human research supports the safety and benefits of soyfoods. In support of safety is the recent conclusion of the European Food Safety Authority that isoflavones do not adversely affect the breast, thyroid or uterus of postmenopausal women. This review covers each of the major research areas involving soy focusing primarily on the clinical and epidemiologic research. Background information on Asian soy intake, isoflavones, and nutrient content is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Nutrition Matters, Inc., 26 Spadina Parkway, Pittsfield, MA 01201, USA.
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33
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Harland J, Garton L. An update of the evidence relating to plant-based diets and cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and overweight. NUTR BULL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Effect of soy on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:499-511. [PMID: 27757595 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are currently the commonest cause of death worldwide. Different strategies for their primary prevention have been planned, taking into account the main known risk factors, which include an atherogenic lipid profile and visceral fat excess. METHODS The study was designed as a randomized, parallel, single-center study with a nutritional intervention duration of 12 weeks. Whole soy foods corresponding to 30 g/day soy protein were given in substitution of animal foods containing the same protein amount. RESULTS Soy nutritional intervention resulted in a reduction in the number of MetS features in 13/26 subjects. Moreover, in the soy group we observed a significant improvement of median percentage changes for body weight (-1.5 %) and BMI (-1.5 %), as well as for atherogenic lipid markers, namely TC (-4.85 %), LDL-C (-5.25 %), non-HDL-C (-7.14 %) and apoB (-14.8 %). Since the majority of the studied variables were strongly correlated, three factors were identified which explained the majority (52 %) of the total variance in the whole data set. Among them, factor 1, which loaded lipid and adipose variables, explained the 22 % of total variance, showing a statistically significant difference between treatment arms (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of whole soy foods (corresponding to 30 g/day protein) in a lipid-lowering diet significantly improved a relevant set of biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risk.
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35
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Gonciulea AR, Sellmeyer DE. The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 11:46-54. [PMID: 28391910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-based diets can lower serum lipids. Whether soy foods offer additional benefits remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of different protein sources on serum lipids and glucose metabolism, emphasizing comparisons between soy and nonsoy plant-based diets. METHODS Secondary data analysis. A total of 173 postmenopausal women were randomized to 1 of 4 weighed metabolic diets for 6 weeks. Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat with at least 80% of protein from either nondairy animal, dairy, nonsoy plant, or soy foods. At baseline and week 6, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, glucose, and insulin were measured. Changes in variables during the diet period were compared within and among groups using t tests and analysis of variance. RESULTS TC decreased 38.8 mg/dL in soy group (P < .001 vs dairy and animal) and 30.5 mg/dL in nonsoy plant group (P = .003 vs dairy, .03 vs animal). LDL decreased 28.3 mg/dL in soy group (P < .001 vs dairy and animal) and 20.6 mg/dL in nonsoy plant group (P = .005 vs dairy, .06 vs animal). HDL decreased 12 mg/dL in soy group (P = .003 vs dairy, .0008 vs animal) and 10 mg/dL in nonsoy plant group (P = .05 vs dairy, .04 vs animal). There were no significant differences in lipid changes between soy and nonsoy plant-based diets. No differences among groups in changes in triglycerides, glucose, or insulin were seen. CONCLUSIONS Soy and nonsoy plant-based diets reduced TC and LDL with no significant difference between them. Further studies are needed to determine the specific lipid-lowering components of both soy and nonsoy plant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda R Gonciulea
- Division of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah E Sellmeyer
- Division of Endocrinology, The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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36
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Paul G, Mendelson GJ. Evidence Supports the Use of Soy Protein to Promote Cardiometabolic Health and Muscle Development. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 34 Suppl 1:56-9. [PMID: 26400436 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1080531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of adequate amounts of dietary protein can help individuals maintain a healthy body composition, especially when combined with resistance exercise and during weight loss. It is well established that dietary protein intake supports muscle development and helps reduce loss of lean body mass during weight loss. Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of soy protein intake for promoting fat loss while preserving muscle mass and supporting lean body mass gains. In fact, soy protein and animal-based proteins both support weight loss and weight maintenance equally as part of an energy-restricted diet; however, soy protein offers additional cardiometabolic advantages. Key teaching points: Soy protein is a high-quality, plant-based protein that can be consumed throughout the life span. More human clinical studies have been conducted to assess the cholesterol-lowering effects of soy protein than any other cholesterol-lowering food ingredient. Ingestion of proteins with unique and complementary characteristics like soy, whey, and casein helps resistance-trained individuals achieve significant muscle growth. Recent research supports the efficacy of consuming a combination of soy, whey, and casein after resistance exercise to extend the time period that muscle building occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Paul
- a DuPont Nutrition & Health , St. Louis , Missouri
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Stradling C, Thomas GN, Hemming K, Frost G, Garcia-Perez I, Redwood S, Taheri S. Randomised controlled pilot study to assess the feasibility of a Mediterranean Portfolio dietary intervention for cardiovascular risk reduction in HIV dyslipidaemia: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010821. [PMID: 26857107 PMCID: PMC4746447 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV drug treatment has greatly improved life expectancy, but increased risk of cardiovascular disease remains, potentially due to the additional burdens of infection, inflammation and antiretroviral treatment. The Mediterranean Diet has been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk and mortality in the general population, but no evidence exists for this effect in the HIV population. This study will explore the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to examine whether a Mediterranean-style diet that incorporates a portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods, reduces cardiovascular risk in people with HIV dyslipidaemia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS 60 adults with stable HIV infection on antiretroviral treatment and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >3 mmol/L will be recruited from 3 West Midlands HIV services. Participants will be randomised 1:1 to 1 of 2 dietary interventions, with stratification by gender and smoking status. Participants allocated to Diet1 will receive advice to reduce saturated fat intake, and those to Diet2 on how to adopt the Mediterranean Portfolio Diet with additional cholesterol-lowering foods (nuts, stanols, soya, oats, pulses). Measurements of fasting blood lipids, body composition and arterial stiffness will be conducted at baseline, and month 6 and 12 of the intervention. Food intake will be assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Score, 3-day food diaries and metabolomic biomarkers. Questionnaires will be used to assess quality of life and process evaluation. Qualitative interviews will explore barriers and facilitators to making dietary changes, and participant views on the intervention. Qualitative data will be analysed using the Framework Method. Feasibility will be assessed in terms of trial recruitment, retention, compliance to study visits and the intervention. SD of outcomes will inform the power calculation of the definitive RCT. ETHICS The West Midlands Ethics Committee has approved this study and informed consent forms. This trial is the first to test cholesterol-lowering foods in adults with HIV. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN32090191; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shahrad Taheri
- Clinical Research Core and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar and New York, Doha, Qatar
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Guadamuro L, Jiménez-Girón AM, Delgado S, Flórez AB, Suárez A, Martín-Álvarez PJ, Bartolomé B, Moreno-Arribas MV, Mayo B. Profiling of Phenolic Metabolites in Feces from Menopausal Women after Long-Term Isoflavone Supplementation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:210-216. [PMID: 26690567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds were screened by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS in the feces of 15 menopausal women before and after long-term isoflavone treatment. In total, 44 compounds were detected. Large intertreatment, interindividual, and intersample variations were observed in terms of the number of compounds and their concentration. Four compounds, the aglycones daidzein and genistein and the daidzein derivatives dihydrodaidzein and O-desmethylangolensin, were associated with isoflavone metabolism; these were identified only after the isoflavone treatment. In addition, 4-ethylcatechol, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3-phenylpropionic acid differed significantly in pre- and postintervention samples, whereas the concentration of 4-hydroxy-5-phenylvaleric acid showed a trend toward increasing over the treatment. The phenolic profiles of equol-producing and -non-producing groups were similar, with the exceptions of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3-phenylpropionic acid, which showed higher concentrations in equol-non-producing women. These findings may help to trace isoflavone-derived metabolites in feces during isoflavone interventions and to design new studies to address their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Guadamuro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquı́mica de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC) , Paseo Rı́o Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC , c/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Jiménez-Girón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC , c/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquı́mica de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC) , Paseo Rı́o Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquı́mica de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC) , Paseo Rı́o Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Adolfo Suárez
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital de Cabueñes , Calle Los Prados 395, 33394 Gijón, Spain
| | - Pedro J Martín-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC , c/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bartolomé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC , c/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Victoria Moreno-Arribas
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC , c/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquı́mica de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC) , Paseo Rı́o Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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Padhi EM, Blewett HJ, Duncan AM, Guzman RP, Hawke A, Seetharaman K, Tsao R, Wolever TM, Ramdath DD. Whole Soy Flour Incorporated into a Muffin and Consumed at 2 Doses of Soy Protein Does Not Lower LDL Cholesterol in a Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial of Hypercholesterolemic Adults. J Nutr 2015; 145:2665-74. [PMID: 26446482 PMCID: PMC4656908 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.219873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy protein may reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk by lowering LDL cholesterol, but few studies have assessed whether whole soy flour displays a similar effect. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the dose effect of whole soy flour incorporated into muffins on plasma LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults. METHODS Adults aged 30-70 y (n = 243) with elevated LDL cholesterol (≥3.0 and ≤5.0 mmol/L) were stratified by LDL cholesterol and randomly assigned to consume 2 soy muffins containing 25 g soy protein [high-dose soy (HDS)], 1 soy and 1 wheat muffin containing 12.5 g soy protein and 12.5 g whey protein [low-dose soy (LDS)], or 2 wheat muffins containing 25 g whey protein (control) daily for 6 wk while consuming a self-selected diet. Fasting blood samples were collected at weeks 0, 3, and 6 for analysis of plasma lipids [total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs)], glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and isoflavones. Blood pressures also were measured. Dietary intake was assessed at weeks 0 and 4 with the use of 3 d food records. Treatment effects were assessed with the use of intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation and LDL cholesterol as the primary outcome. RESULTS In total, 213 (87.6%) participants completed the trial. Participants were primarily Caucasian (83%) and mostly female (63%), with a mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m2) of 28.0 ± 4.6 and systolic and diastolic blood pressures of 122 ± 16 and 77 ± 11 mm Hg, respectively. Despite a dose-dependent increase in plasma isoflavones (P < 0.001), neither HDS nor LDS had a significant effect on LDL cholesterol compared with control (mean ± SEM changes: control, -0.04 ± 0.05 mmol/L; HDS, 0.01 ± 0.05 mmol/L; and LDS, -0.04 ± 0.06 mmol/L). There were no significant treatment effects on total or HDL cholesterol, TGs, CRP, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, blood pressure, or the Framingham 10-y CHD risk score. CONCLUSION Consuming 12.5 or 25 g protein from defatted soy flour incorporated into muffins does not reduce LDL cholesterol or other CHD risk factors in hypercholesterolemic adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01547585.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mt Padhi
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Heather J Blewett
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and
| | - Alison M Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Randolph P Guzman
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and
| | - Aileen Hawke
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - D Dan Ramdath
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada;
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Three Peptides from Soy Glycinin Modulate Glucose Metabolism in Human Hepatic HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27362-70. [PMID: 26580610 PMCID: PMC4661887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ile-Ala-Val-Pro-Gly-Glu-Val-Ala (IAVPGEVA), Ile-Ala-Val-Pro-Thr-Gly-Val-Ala (IAVPTGVA) and Leu-Pro-Tyr-Pro (LPYP), three peptides deriving from soy glycinin hydrolysis, are known to regulate cholesterol metabolism in human hepatic HepG2 cells. We have recently demonstrated that the mechanism of action involves the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This fact suggested a potential activity of the same peptides on glucose metabolism that prompted us to also investigate this aspect in the same cells. After treatment with IAVPGEVA, IAVPTGVA and LPYP, HepG2 cells were analyzed using a combination of molecular techniques, including western blot analysis, glucose uptake experiments and fluorescence microscopy evaluation. The results showed that these peptides are indeed able to enhance the capacity of HepG2 cells to uptake glucose, via glucose transporter 1 GLUT1 and glucose transporter 4 GLUT4 activation, through the stimulation of protein kinase B Akt and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase AMPK pathways, both involved in glucose metabolism.
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Kietsiriroje N, Kwankaew J, Kitpakornsanti S, Leelawattana R. Effect of phytosterols and inulin-enriched soymilk on LDL-cholesterol in Thai subjects: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:146. [PMID: 26553006 PMCID: PMC4640379 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercholesterolemia, particularly high LDL-c and non-HDL-c levels, is a traditional risk for cardiovascular disease. Ingestion of diets containing phytosterols and inulin can reduce plasma LDL-c and triglyceride levels, respectively. Phytosterols and inulin-enriched soymilk may be an alternative for a supplemental diet to improve both LDL-c and non-HDL-c to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Methods Two hundred and forty subjects who were 18 years old or older and had a baseline LDL-c of 130 mg/dl or higher were enrolled into the double-blinded randomized controlled trial study. Subjects were randomly assigned into the study group that received 2 g/day of phytosterols and 10 g/day of inulin-enriched soymilk or into the control group that received standard soymilk. The lipid profile was measured every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were 1) to determine the LDL-c reduction after consumption of phytosterols and inulin-enriched soymilk for 8 weeks and 2) to compare the difference of the LDL-c levels between the study and control groups. The secondary outcomes were to compare the difference of TC, TG and HDL-c between the study and control groups. Results At the end of the study, the median LDL-c levels decreased significantly from 165 (132, 254) mg/dl to 150 (105, 263) mg/dl in the study group (p < 0.001) and from 165 (130, 243) mg/dl to 159 (89, 277) mg/dl in the control group (p = 0.014). The LDL-c reduction was significantly better in the study group (−10.03 %, (−37.07, 36.00) vs −1.31 % (−53.40, 89.73), p < 0.001). TC also reduced significantly by 6.60 % in the study group while it reduced only by 1.76 % in the control group (p < 0.001). There were no statistical differences in TG and HDL-c levels between both study groups. The adverse events in the study group and the control groups were not different (RR 1.33 [0.871-2.030, 95 % CI]). Conclusion Daily consumption of soymilk containing 2 g of phytosterols and 10 g of inulin reduced TC and LDL-c better than standard soymilk. It had no effect on TG and HDL-c levels compared to standard soymilk. Both soymilk products were comparably safe. Trial registration Thai Clinical Trial Registry: TCTR20150417001 date: April 17, 2015 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0149-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppadol Kietsiriroje
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Kanjanavanish Rd, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Jirateep Kwankaew
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Kanjanavanish Rd, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand. .,Internal Medicine Clinic, Samitivej Srinakarin Hospital, Bangkok, 10250, Thailand.
| | - Sunita Kitpakornsanti
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Kanjanavanish Rd, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand. .,Division of Internal Medicine, Trang Hospital, Trang, 92000, Thailand.
| | - Rattana Leelawattana
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Kanjanavanish Rd, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Rohn S, van Griensven L. Grain legumes and further gluten free legumes—Science, technology and impacts on human health. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Arnoldi A, Boschin G, Zanoni C, Lammi C. The health benefits of sweet lupin seed flours and isolated proteins. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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44
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Lammi C, Zanoni C, Arnoldi A, Vistoli G. Two Peptides from Soy β-Conglycinin Induce a Hypocholesterolemic Effect in HepG2 Cells by a Statin-Like Mechanism: Comparative in Vitro and in Silico Modeling Studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7945-7951. [PMID: 26310992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two peptides from soybean β-conglycinin, i.e., YVVNPDNDEN (peptide 2) and YVVNPDNNEN (peptide 3), are known to be absorbed by human enterocytes. The former is a fragment of LRVPAGTTFYVVNPDNDENLRMIA (peptide 1), previously shown to increase the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and degradation in hepatocytes. Research carried out in silico on their interactions with the catalytic site of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCoAR) demonstrated that they behave as competitive inhibitors of HMGCoAR activity with a statin-like mechanism, confirmed by direct inhibition experiments. Research in HepG2 cells aimed at investigating the effects of these peptides on cholesterol metabolism showed that compared to mock treatment peptide 2 at 350 μM up-regulates the mature SREBP2 protein level by 134.0 ± 10.5%, increases the LDLR protein level by 152.0 ± 20.0%, and enhances the HMGCoAR protein production by 171 ± 29.9%, whereas peptide 3 up-regulates the mature SREBP2 protein level by 158.0 ± 9.2%, increases the LDL level 164.0 ± 17.9%, and induces a HMGCoAR protein increase by 170 ± 50.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan , via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanoni
- Cardio-toraco-vascular Department, Niguarda Hospital , Milan 20162, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan , via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan , via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy
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Abstract
Soya proteins and isoflavones have been reported to exert beneficial effects on the serum lipid profile. More recently, this claim is being challenged. The objective of this study was to comprehensively examine the effects of soya consumption on the lipid profile using published trials. A detailed literature search was conducted via MEDLINE (from 2004 through February 2014), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register) and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of soya on the lipid profile. The primary effect measure was the difference in means of the final measurements between the intervention and control groups. In all, thirty-five studies (fifty comparisons) were included in our analyses. Treatment duration ranged from 4 weeks to 1 year. Intake of soya products resulted in a significant reduction in serum LDL-cholesterol concentration, -4.83 (95% CI -7.34, -2.31) mg/dl, TAG, -4.92 (95% CI -7.79, -2.04) mg/dl, and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations, -5.33 (95% CI -8.35, -2.30) mg/dl. There was also a significant increase in serum HDL-cholesterol concentration, 1.40 (95% CI 0.58, 2.23) mg/dl. The I² statistic ranged from 92 to 99%, indicating significant heterogeneity. LDL reductions were more marked in hypercholesterolaemic patients, -7.47 (95% CI -11.79, -3.16) mg/dl, than in healthy subjects, -2.96 (95% CI -5.28, -0.65) mg/dl. LDL reduction was stronger when whole soya products (soya milk, soyabeans and nuts) were used as the test regimen, -11.06 (95% CI -15.74, -6.37) mg/dl, as opposed to when 'processed' soya extracts, -3.17 (95% CI -5.75, -0.58) mg/dl, were used. These data are consistent with the beneficial effects of soya proteins on serum LDL, HDL, TAG and TC concentrations. The effect was stronger in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Whole soya foods appeared to be more beneficial than soya supplementation, whereas isoflavone supplementation had no effects on the lipid profile.
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46
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47
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Lammi C, Zanoni C, Arnoldi A. IAVPGEVA, IAVPTGVA, and LPYP, three peptides from soy glycinin, modulate cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells through the activation of the LDLR-SREBP2 pathway. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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48
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Ferreira ES, Amaral ALS, Demonte A, Zanelli CF, Capraro J, Duranti M, Neves VA. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of rat-administered oral doses of the isolated 7S globulins from cowpeas and adzuki beans. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e7. [PMID: 26090103 PMCID: PMC4463012 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of seed proteins, especially soyabean 7S globulins, in controlling dyslipidaemia is widely acknowledged. Amino acid sequence homology among the proteins of this family could reflect similar biological functions in other species. The aim of the present study was to unveil a hypolipidaemic effect of the 7S globulins from cowpeas (7S-C) and adzuki beans (7S-A), administered orally to rats fed a hypercholesterolaemic (HC; high cholesterol and TAG) diet for 28 d. A total of forty-five rats were divided into five groups (nine rats per group): (1) standard (STD) diet; (2) HC diet; (3) HC diet + 7S-C (300 mg/kg per d); (4) HC diet + 7S-A (300 mg/kg per d); and (5) HC diet + simvastatin (SVT; 50 mg/kg per d), as a control. Significant decreases in food intake and final body weight of rats receiving HC + 7S-C and HC + 7S-A diets compared with groups fed the HC and STD diets were observed. Significant decreases in serum total and non-HDL-cholesterol of 7S-C, 7S-A and SVT groups were also observed. HDL-cholesterol levels increased in the 7S-C, 7S-A and SVT groups, while hepatic cholesterol and TAG concentrations were significantly lower than in the HC diet group for the 7S-C-supplemented group only. Faecal excretions of fat and cholesterol in HC diet groups were considerably higher in animals consuming the 7S globulins. The results show that cowpea and adzuki bean 7S globulins promote cholesterol-decreasing effects in hypercholesterolaemic rats even at low dosages, as already observed for other legume seed storage proteins of this family. This main effect is discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ederlan S. Ferreira
- Department of Bromatological Analysis,
School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia,
Barão de Jeremoabo Road, 147, 40170-115,
Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia S. Amaral
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara –
Jaú, km 1, 14801-902,
Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aureluce Demonte
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara –
Jaú, km 1, 14801-902,
Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleslei F. Zanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University,
Rodovia Araraquara – Jaú, km 1,
14801-902, Araraquara,
SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Capraro
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional
Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di
Milano, Via G. Celoria, 2,
20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Duranti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional
Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di
Milano, Via G. Celoria, 2,
20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valdir A. Neves
- Department of Food and Nutrition,
São Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara –
Jaú, km 1, 14801-902,
Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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van Nielen M, Feskens EJM, Rietman A, Siebelink E, Mensink M. Partly replacing meat protein with soy protein alters insulin resistance and blood lipids in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. J Nutr 2014; 144:1423-9. [PMID: 25008579 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.193706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing protein intake and soy consumption appear to be promising approaches to prevent metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the effect of soy consumption on insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, and other characteristics of MetS is not frequently studied in humans. We aimed to investigate the effects of a 4-wk, strictly controlled, weight-maintaining, moderately high-protein diet rich in soy on insulin sensitivity and other cardiometabolic risk factors. We performed a randomized crossover trial of 2 4-wk diet periods in 15 postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity to test diets with 22 energy percent (En%) protein, 27 En% fat, and 50 En% carbohydrate. One diet contained protein of mixed origin (mainly meat, dairy, and bread), and the other diet partly replaced meat with soy meat analogues and soy nuts containing 30 g/d soy protein. For our primary outcome, a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) was performed at the end of both periods. Plasma total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein were assessed, and blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and intrahepatic lipid content were measured at the start and end of both periods. Compared with the mixed-protein diet, the soy-protein diet resulted in greater insulin sensitivity [FSIGT: insulin sensitivity, 34 ± 29 vs. 22 ± 17 (mU/L)(-1) · min(-1), P = 0.048; disposition index, 4974 ± 2543 vs. 2899 ± 1878, P = 0.038; n = 11]. Total cholesterol was 4% lower after the soy-protein diet than after the mixed-protein diet (4.9 ± 0.7 vs. 5.1 ± 0.6 mmol/L, P = 0.001), and LDL cholesterol was 9% lower (2.9 ± 0.7 vs. 3.2 ± 0.6 mmol/L, P = 0.004; n = 15). Thus, partly replacing meat with soy in a moderately high-protein diet has clear advantages regarding insulin sensitivity and total and LDL cholesterol. Therefore, partly replacing meat products with soy products could be important in preventing MetS. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01694056.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique van Nielen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Rietman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Els Siebelink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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50
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Chen Q, Wood C, Gagnon C, Cober ER, Frégeau-Reid JA, Gleddie S, Xiao CW. The α' subunit of β-conglycinin and the A1-5 subunits of glycinin are not essential for many hypolipidemic actions of dietary soy proteins in rats. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1195-207. [PMID: 24276222 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the effects of dietary soy protein (SP) lacking different storage protein subunits and isoflavones (ISF) on the abdominal fat, blood lipids, thyroid hormones, and enzymatic activities in rats. METHODS Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats (8 males and 8 females/group) were fed diets containing either 20 % casein without or with supplemental isoflavones or alcohol-washed SP isolate or SP concentrates (SPC) prepared from 6 different soy bean lines for 8 weeks. RESULTS Feeding of diets containing SPC regardless of their subunit compositions significantly lowered relative liver weights, blood total, free, and LDL cholesterol in both genders (P < 0.05) and also reduced serum free fatty acids (FFA) and abdominal fat in females (P < 0.05) compared to the casein or casein + ISF diets. Dietary SPC significantly elevated the plasma free triiodothyronine (T3) in both genders and total T3 in females compared to the casein diet (P < 0.05). The SPC lacking β-conglycinin α' and either the glycinin A1-3 or A1-5 subunits increased total T3 in males and reduced plasma enzymatic activities of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase compared to casein or casein + ISF diet (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Soy isoflavones were mainly responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effects and increased plasma free T3, whereas reduction in FFA, abdominal fat, liver weight and increased plasma total T3 were the effects of the soy proteins. Neither the α' subunit of β-conglycinin nor the A1-5 subunits of glycinin are essential for the hypolipidemic properties of soy proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Chen
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
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