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Wang Y, Ren J, Ren S. Larsucosterol: endogenous epigenetic regulator for treating chronic and acute liver diseases. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E577-E587. [PMID: 38381400 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00406.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Larsucosterol, a potent endogenous epigenetic regulator, has been reported to play a significant role in lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell survival. The administration of larsucosterol has demonstrated a reduction in lipid accumulation within hepatocytes and the attenuation of inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFα in macrophages, alleviating LPS- and acetaminophen (ATMP)-induced multiple organ injury, and decreasing mortalities in animal models. Results from phase 1 and 2 clinical trials have shown that larsucosterol has potential as a biomedicine for the treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases. Recent evidence suggests that larsucosterol is a promising candidate for treating alcohol-associated hepatitis with positive results from a phase 2a clinical trial, and for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) from a phase 1b clinical trial. In this review, we present a culmination of our recent research efforts spanning two decades. We summarize the discovery, physiological and pharmacological mechanisms, and clinical applications of larsucosterol. Furthermore, we elucidate the pathophysiological pathways of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver diseases (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and acute liver injuries. A central focus of the review is the exploration of the therapeutic potential of larsucosterol in treating life-threatening conditions, including acetaminophen overdose, endotoxin shock, MASLD, MASH, hepatectomy, and alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Jenna Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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2
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Wang CY, Qiu ZJ, Zhang P, Tang XQ. Differentiated Embryo-Chondrocyte Expressed Gene1 and Parkinson's Disease: New Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2251-2265. [PMID: 37132111 PMCID: PMC10556388 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230502123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated embryo-chondrocyte expressed gene1 (DEC1), an important transcription factor with a basic helix-loop-helix domain, is ubiquitously expressed in both human embryonic and adult tissues. DEC1 is involved in neural differentiation and neural maturation in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies suggest that DEC1 protects against Parkinson's disease (PD) by regulating apoptosis, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, immune system, and glucose metabolism disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the role of DEC1 in the pathogenesis of PD and provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of PD and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zheng-Jie Qiu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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3
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Li X, Omonova Tuychi Qizi C, Mohamed Khamis A, Zhang C, Su Z. Nanotechnology for Enhanced Cytoplasmic and Organelle Delivery of Bioactive Molecules to Immune Cells. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1065-1083. [PMID: 35661086 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells stand as a critical component of the immune system to maintain the internal environment homeostasis. The dysfunction of immune cells can result in various life-threatening diseases, including refractory infection, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Therefore, strategies to standardize or even enhance the function of immune cells are critical. Recently, nanotechnology has been highly researched and extensively applied for enhancing the cytoplasmic delivery of bioactive molecules to immune cells, providing efficient approaches to correct in vivo and in vitro dysfunction of immune cells. This review focuses on the technologies and challenges involved in improving endo-lysosomal escape, cytoplasmic release and organelle targeted delivery of different bioactive molecules in immune cells. Furthermore, it will elaborate on the broader vision of applying nanotechnology for treating immune cell-related diseases and constructing immune therapies and cytopharmaceuticals as potential treatments for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Charos Omonova Tuychi Qizi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Amari Mohamed Khamis
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zhigui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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4
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Healthy Immunity on Preventive Medicine for Combating COVID-19. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051004. [PMID: 35267980 PMCID: PMC8912522 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation is influenced by the consumption of nutrients, and healthy immunity is pivotal to defending an individual from a variety of pathogens. The immune system is a network of intricately regulated biological processes that is comprised of many organs, cellular structures, and signaling molecules. A balanced diet, rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, is key to a strengthened immune system and, thus, crucial to proper functioning of various physiological activities. Conversely, deficiencies of these micronutrients, involving impaired immunity, are linked to numerous health complications, along with a host of pathologies. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a dangerous infectious disease caused by a β-form of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its genomic variants, which enter host cells upon binding to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors, and is associated with substantial morbidities and mortalities globally. Patients afflicted with COVID-19 display asymptomatic to severe symptoms, occurrences of which are multifactorial and include diverse immune responses, sex and gender differences, aging, and underlying medical conditions. Geriatric populations, especially men in comparison to women, regardless of their states, are most vulnerable to severe COVID-19-associated infections and complications, with fatal outcomes. Advances in genomic and proteomic technologies help one understand molecular events, including host–pathogen interactions and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and, subsequently, have developed a variety of preventive measures urgently, ranging from mask wearing to vaccination to medication. Despite these approaches, no unique strategy is available today that can effectively prevent and/or treat this hostile disease. As a consequence, the maintenance of a boosted immune system could be considered a high priority of preventive medicine for combating COVID-19. Herein, we discuss the current level of understanding underlining the contribution of healthy immunity and its relevance to COVID-19 molecular pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic strategies, in the management of this devastating disease.
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5
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Li H, Zou J, Yu XH, Ou X, Tang CK. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and atherosclerosis: New insights and therapeutic potential. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4216-4230. [PMID: 33275290 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), an important transcription factor belonging to the ZEB family, plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression required for both normal physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that ZEB1 participates in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest that ZEB1 protects against atherosclerosis by regulation of endothelial cell angiogenesis, endothelial dysfunction, monocyte-endothelial cell interaction, macrophage lipid accumulation, macrophage polarization, monocyte-vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) interaction, VSMC proliferation and migration, and T cell proliferation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of ZEB1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and provide insights into the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jin Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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6
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Martin R, Takei H, Rodriguez-Agudo D, LaSalle SA, Hashiguchi T, Liu X, Green R, Erickson S, Gil G, Fuchs M, Suzuki M, Murai T, Nittono H, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Pandak WM. Insulin resistance dysregulates CYP7B1 leading to oxysterol accumulation: a pathway for NAFL to NASH transition. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1629-1644. [PMID: 33008924 PMCID: PMC7707165 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NAFLD is an important public health issue closely associated with the pervasive epidemics of diabetes and obesity. Yet, despite NAFLD being among the most common of chronic liver diseases, the biological factors responsible for its transition from benign nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to NASH remain unclear. This lack of knowledge leads to a decreased ability to find relevant animal models, predict disease progression, or develop clinical treatments. In the current study, we used multiple mouse models of NAFLD, human correlation data, and selective gene overexpression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1) in mice to elucidate a plausible mechanistic pathway for promoting the transition from NAFL to NASH. We show that oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) controls the levels of intracellular regulatory oxysterols generated by the "acidic/alternative" pathway of cholesterol metabolism. Specifically, we report data showing that an inability to upregulate CYP7B1, in the setting of insulin resistance, results in the accumulation of toxic intracellular cholesterol metabolites that promote inflammation and hepatocyte injury. This metabolic pathway, initiated and exacerbated by insulin resistance, offers insight into approaches for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sandra A LaSalle
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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7
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Cortisol Metabolism in Carp Macrophages: A Role for Macrophage-Derived Cortisol in M1/M2 Polarization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238954. [PMID: 33255713 PMCID: PMC7728068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial not only for initiation of inflammation and pathogen eradication (classically polarized M1 macrophages), but also for inflammation inhibition and tissue regeneration (alternatively polarized M2 macrophages). Their polarization toward the M1 population occurs under the influence of interferon-γ + lipopolysaccharide (IFN-γ + LPS), while alternatively polarized M2 macrophages evolve upon, e.g., interlukin 4 (IL-4) or cortisol stimulation. This in vitro study focused on a possible role for macrophage-derived cortisol in M1/M2 polarization in common carp. We studied the expression of molecules involved in cortisol synthesis/conversion from and to cortisone like 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and 3. (11β-HSD2 and 3) and 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11b), as well as the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in M1 and M2 macrophages. Lastly, we analyzed how inhibition of these molecules affect macrophage polarization. In M1 cells, upregulation of gene expression of GRs and 11β-HSD3 was found, while, in M2 macrophages, expression of 11β-hsd2 was upregulated. Moreover, blocking of cortisol synthesis/conversion and GRs or PPARγ induced changes in expression of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10). Consequently, our data show that carp monocytes/macrophages can convert cortisol. The results strongly suggest that cortisol, via intracrine interaction with GRs, is important for IL-10-dependent control of the activity of macrophages and for the regulation of M1/M2 polarization to finally determine the outcome of an infection.
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8
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Dias IHK, Milic I, Heiss C, Ademowo OS, Polidori MC, Devitt A, Griffiths HR. Inflammation, Lipid (Per)oxidation, and Redox Regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:166-190. [PMID: 31989835 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Inflammation increases during the aging process. It is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mitochondrial macromolecules are critical targets of oxidative damage; they contribute to respiratory uncoupling with increased ROS production, redox stress, and a cycle of senescence, cytokine production, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Targeting the formation or accumulation of oxidized biomolecules, particularly oxidized lipids, in immune cells and mitochondria could be beneficial for age-related inflammation and comorbidities. Recent Advances: Inflammation is central to age-related decline in health and exhibits a complex relationship with mitochondrial redox state and metabolic function. Improvements in mass spectrometric methods have led to the identification of families of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), cholesterols, and fatty acids that increase during inflammation and which modulate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), activator protein 1 (AP1), and NF-κB redox-sensitive transcription factor activity. Critical Issues: The kinetic and spatial resolution of the modified lipidome has profound and sometimes opposing effects on inflammation, promoting initiation at high concentration and resolution at low concentration of OxPLs. Future Directions: There is an emerging opportunity to prevent or delay age-related inflammation and vascular comorbidity through a resolving (oxy)lipidome that is dependent on improving mitochondrial quality control and restoring redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irundika H K Dias
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Milic
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Heiss
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Opeyemi S Ademowo
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Polidori
- Ageing Clinical Research, Department II of Internal Medicine and Cologne Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, and CECAD, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew Devitt
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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9
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Banik B, Surnar B, Askins BW, Banerjee M, Dhar S. Dual-Targeted Synthetic Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Diseases. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6852-6862. [PMID: 31886643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the world's most aggressive diseases, claiming over 17.5 million lives per year. This disease is usually caused by high amounts of lipoproteins circulating in the blood stream, which leads to plaque formation. Ultimately, these plaques can undergo thrombosis and lead to major heart damage. A major contributor to these vulnerable plaques is macrophage apoptosis. Development of nanovehicles that carry contrast and therapeutic agents to the mitochondria within these macrophages is attractive for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a dual-targeted synthetic nanoparticle (NP) to perform the double duty of diagnosis and therapy in atherosclerosis treatment regime. A library of dual-targeted NPs with an encapsulated iron oxide NP, mito-magneto (MM), with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement capability was elucidated. Relaxivity measurements revealed that there is a substantial enhancement in transverse relaxivities upon the encapsulation of MM inside the dual-targeted NPs, highlighting the MRI contrast-enhancing ability of these NPs. Successful in vivo imaging documenting the distribution of MM-encapsulated dual-targeted NPs in the heart and aorta in mice ensured the diagnostic potential. The presence of mannose receptor targeting ligands and the optimization of the NP composition facilitated its ability to perform therapeutic duty by targeting the macrophages at the plaque. These dual-targeted NPs with the encapsulated MM were able to show therapeutic potential and did not trigger any toxic immunogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabatosh Banik
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , Florida 33136 , United States
| | - Bapurao Surnar
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , Florida 33136 , United States
| | - Brett W Askins
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , Florida 33136 , United States
| | - Shanta Dhar
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , Florida 33136 , United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine , University of Miami , Miami , Florida 33136 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens Georgia 30602 , United States
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10
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Caridis AM, Lightbody RJ, Tarlton JMR, Dolan S, Graham A. Genetic obesity increases pancreatic expression of mitochondrial proteins which regulate cholesterol efflux in BRIN-BD11 insulinoma cells. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181155. [PMID: 30819824 PMCID: PMC6430727 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are sensitive to fluctuations in cholesterol content, which can damage the insulin secretion pathway, contributing to the aetiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cholesterol efflux to (apo)lipoproteins, via ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter A1 (ABCA1), can prevent intracellular cholesterol accumulation; in some peripheral cells, ABCA1-dependent efflux is enhanced by promotion of cholesterol trafficking to, and generation of Liver X receptor (LXR) ligands by, mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27A1 (cytochrome P450 27 A1/sterol 27-hydroxylase)) and its redox partners, adrenodoxin (ADX) and ADX reductase (ADXR). Despite this, the roles of mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein [StAR] and 18-kDa translocator protein [TSPO]) and metabolising proteins in insulin-secreting cells remain wholly uncharacterised. Here, we demonstrate an increase in pancreatic expression of Cyp27A1, ADXR, TSPO and LXRα, but not ADX or StAR, in obese (fa/fa) rodents compared with lean (Fa/?) controls. Overexpression of Cyp27A1 alone in BRIN-BD11 cells increased INS2 expression, without affecting lipid metabolism; however, after exposure to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol efflux to (apo)lipoprotein acceptors was enhanced in Cyp27A1-overexpressing cells. Co-transfection of Cyp27A1, ADX and ADXR, at a ratio approximating that in pancreatic tissue, stimulated cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in both basal and cholesterol-loaded cells; insulin release was stimulated equally by all acceptors in cholesterol-loaded cells. Thus, genetic obesity increases pancreatic expression of Cyp27A1, ADXR, TSPO and LXRα, while modulation of Cyp27A1 and its redox partners promotes cholesterol efflux from insulin-secreting cells to acceptor (apo)lipoproteins; this response may help guard against loss of insulin secretion caused by accumulation of excess intracellular cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Caridis
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Lightbody
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie M R Tarlton
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sharron Dolan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Graham
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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Yang M, Zhang Y, Ren J. Autophagic Regulation of Lipid Homeostasis in Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:38. [PMID: 29774216 PMCID: PMC5943591 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important protein quality control process, autophagy is essential for the degradation and removal of long-lived or injured cellular components and organelles. Autophagy is known to participate in a number of pathophysiological processes including cardiometabolic syndrome. Recent findings have shown compelling evidence for the intricate interplay between autophagy and lipid metabolism. Autophagy serves as a major regulator of lipid homeostasis while lipid can also influence autophagosome formation and autophagic signaling. Lipophagy is a unique form of selective autophagy and functions as a fundamental mechanism for clearance of lipid excess in atherosclerotic plaques. Ample of evidence has denoted a novel therapeutic potential for autophagy in deranged lipid metabolism and management of cardiometabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Here we will review the interplays between cardiac autophagy and lipid metabolism in an effort to seek new therapeutic options for cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Yang
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, United States
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12
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Rubinow KB. An intracrine view of sex steroids, immunity, and metabolic regulation. Mol Metab 2018; 15:92-103. [PMID: 29551633 PMCID: PMC6066741 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past two decades, parallel recognition has grown of the importance of both sex steroids and immune activity in metabolic regulation. More recently, these discrete areas have been integrated in studies examining the metabolic effects of sex steroid immunomodulation. Implicit in these studies has been a traditional, endocrine model of sex steroid delivery from the gonads to target cells, including immune cells. Thus, research to date has focused on the metabolic effects of sex steroid receptor signaling in immune cells. This endocrine model, however, overlooks the extensive capacity of immune cells to generate and metabolize sex steroids, enabling the production of sex steroids for intracrine signaling – that is, sex steroid production for signaling within the cell of origin. Intracrine function allows highly cell-autonomous regulation of sex steroid exposure, and sex steroid secretion by immune cells could confer paracrine signaling effects in neighboring cells within metabolic tissues. In this review, immune cell intracrinology will denote sex steroid production within immune cells for either intracrine or paracrine signaling. This intracrine capacity of immune cells has been well established, and prior work has supported its importance in autoimmune disorders, trauma, and cancer. The potential relevance of immune cell intracrine function to the regulation of energy balance, body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity has yet to be explored. Scope of review The following review will detail findings to date regarding the steroidogenic and steroid metabolizing capacity of immune cells, the regulation of immune cell intracrine function, and the biological effects of immune-derived sex steroids, including the clinical relevance of immune cell intracrinology in fields other than metabolism. These findings will serve as the basis for a proposed model of immune cell intracrinology constituting a new frontier in metabolism research. Major conclusions The development of highly sensitive mass spectrometric methods for sex steroid measurement and quantitation of metabolic flux now allows unprecedented ability to interrogate sex steroid production, metabolism and secretion by immune cells. Immune cell intracrinology could reveal key mechanisms underlying immune cell-mediated metabolic regulation. Sex steroids exert immunomodulatory effects that may influence metabolic health. Immune cells can synthesize, modify, and metabolize sex steroids. Immune cell-derived sex steroids may play intracrine, autocrine, paracrine, and possibly even endocrine roles. Immune cell steroidogenesis is a largely unexplored area of metabolism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya B Rubinow
- Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, 850 Republican St., Box 358055, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Banik B, Wen R, Marrache S, Kumar A, Kolishetti N, Howerth EW, Dhar S. Core hydrophobicity tuning of a self-assembled particle results in efficient lipid reduction and favorable organ distribution. NANOSCALE 2017; 10:366-377. [PMID: 29218349 PMCID: PMC5744677 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06295h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the deadliest disease in the United States, arises due to the build up of plaques in the arteries as a result of excessive cholesterol deposition and an impaired cholesterol removal process. High density lipoproteins (HDL), popularly known as "good cholesterol", are naturally occurring nano-sized particles that, along with apolipoproteins, are deployed to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in the body. Both cholesterol efflux, from the fat-laden macrophages in the arteries, and intracellular lipid transport, to deliver cholesterol to the mitochondria of liver cells for metabolism, hold key responsibilities to maintain healthy lipid levels inside the body. We designed a library of nine mitochondria targeted polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (NPs), comprised of completely synthetic yet biodegradable components, that are capable of performing HDL-like functions. Using this library, we optimized a superior mitochondria targeted NP candidate, which can show favourable organ distribution, therapeutic potential, and non-toxic properties. Two targeted NP formulations with optimum NP size, zeta potential, and cholesterol binding and release properties were identified. Lipid reduction and anti-oxidative properties of these two NPs demonstrated cholesterol removal ability. In vivo therapeutic evaluation of the targeted-NP formulations in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mice indicated lipid reduction and anti-inflammatory properties compared to non-targeted NPs. This synthetic targeted NP with potential abilities to participate in both extra- and intracellular cholesterol transport might potentiate therapeutic interventions for heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabatosh Banik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Aghaie F, Khazali H, Hedayati M, Akbarnejad A. The Effects of Exercise on Expression of CYP19 and StAR mRNA in Steroid-Induced Polycystic Ovaries of Female Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2017; 11:298-303. [PMID: 29043706 PMCID: PMC5641462 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2018.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent female endocrine disorder that affects
5-10% of women. PCOS is characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo-/anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. The
aim of the present research is to evaluate the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and
aromatase (CYP19) mRNA in the ovaries of an estradiol valerate (EV)-induced PCOS rat model, and the effect of
treadmill and running wheel (voluntary) exercise on these parameters. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, we divided adult female Wistar rats that weighed approximately
220 ± 20 g initially into control (n=10) and PCOS (n=30). Subsequently, PCOS group were divided to
PCOS, PCOS with treadmill exercise (P-ExT), and PCOS with running wheel exercise (P-ExR) groups (n=10
per group). The expressions of StAR and CYP19 mRNA in the ovaries were determined by quantitative real-time
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS
software, version 16. The data were assessed at α=0.05. Results: There was significantly lower mRNA expression of CYP19 in the EV-induced PCOS, running wheel and
treadmill exercise rats compared to the control group (P<0.001). Treadmill exercise (P=0.972) and running wheel
exercise (P=0.839) had no significant effects on CYP19 mRNA expression compared to the PCOS group. mRNA
expression of StAR in the ovaries of the PCOS group indicated an increasing trend compared to the control group,
however this was not statistically significant (P=0.810). We observed that 8 weeks of running wheel and treadmill
exercises could not statistically decrease StAR mRNA expression compared to the PCOS group (P=0.632). Conclusion: EV-induced PCOS in rats decreased CYP19 mRNA expression, but had no effect on StAR mRNA expression.
We demonstrated that running wheel and moderate treadmill exercise could not modify CYP19 and StAR
mRNA expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aghaie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address :
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbarnejad
- College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Qiu Y, Sui X, Zhan Y, Xu C, Li X, Ning Y, Zhi X, Yin L. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) overexpression attenuates HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:978-990. [PMID: 28153708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) covers a wide spectrum of liver pathology. Intracellular lipid accumulation is the first step in the development and progression of NAFLD. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) plays an important role in the synthesis of bile acid and intracellular lipid homeostasis and cholesterol metabolism. We hypothesize that StAR is involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis. The hypothesis was identified using free fatty acid (FFA)-overloaded NAFLD in vitro model and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mouse model transfected by recombinant adenovirus encoding StAR (StAR). StAR expression was also examined in pathology samples of patients with fatty liver by immunohistochemical staining. We found that the expression level of StAR was reduced in the livers obtained from fatty liver patients and NAFLD mice. Additionally, StAR overexpression decreased the levels of hepatic lipids and maintained the hepatic glucose homeostasis due to the activation of farnesoid x receptor (FXR). StAR overexpression attenuated the impairment of insulin signaling in fatty liver. This protective role of StAR was owing to a reduction of intracellular diacylglycerol levels and the phosphorylation of PKCε. Furthermore, FXR inactivation reversed the observed beneficial effects of StAR. The present study revealed that StAR overexpression can reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, regulate glucose metabolism and attenuate insulin resistance through a mechanism involving the activation of FXR. Our study suggests that StAR may be a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qiu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianxian Sui
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongkun Zhan
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Ning
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Mutemberezi V, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Oxysterols: From cholesterol metabolites to key mediators. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:152-169. [PMID: 27687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites that can be produced through enzymatic or radical processes. They constitute a large family of lipids (i.e. the oxysterome) involved in a plethora of physiological processes. They can act through GPCR (e.g. EBI2, SMO, CXCR2), nuclear receptors (LXR, ROR, ERα) and through transporters or regulatory proteins. Their physiological effects encompass cholesterol, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, they were shown to be involved in other processes such as immune regulatory functions and brain homeostasis. First studied as precursors of bile acids, they quickly emerged as interesting lipid mediators. Their levels are greatly altered in several pathologies and some oxysterols (e.g. 4β-hydroxycholesterol or 7α-hydroxycholestenone) are used as biomarkers of specific pathologies. In this review, we discuss the complex metabolism and molecular targets (including binding properties) of these bioactive lipids in human and mice. We also discuss the genetic mouse models currently available to interrogate their effects in pathophysiological settings. We also summarize the levels of oxysterols reported in two key organs in oxysterol metabolism (liver and brain), plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we consider future opportunities and directions in the oxysterol field in order to gain a better insight and understanding of the complex oxysterol system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
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Intracellular cholesterol transport proteins: roles in health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1843-59. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective cholesterol homoeostasis is essential in maintaining cellular function, and this is achieved by a network of lipid-responsive nuclear transcription factors, and enzymes, receptors and transporters subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation, whereas loss of these elegant, tightly regulated homoeostatic responses is integral to disease pathologies. Recent data suggest that sterol-binding sensors, exchangers and transporters contribute to regulation of cellular cholesterol homoeostasis and that genetic overexpression or deletion, or mutations, in a number of these proteins are linked with diseases, including atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, cancer, autosomal dominant hearing loss and male infertility. This review focuses on current evidence exploring the function of members of the ‘START’ (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer) and ‘ORP’ (oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins) families of sterol-binding proteins in sterol homoeostasis in eukaryotic cells, and the evidence that they represent valid therapeutic targets to alleviate human disease.
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18
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IRAK regulates macrophage foam cell formation by modulating genes involved in cholesterol uptake and efflux. Bioessays 2016; 38:591-604. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Manna PR, Stetson CL, Slominski AT, Pruitt K. Role of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in health and disease. Endocrine 2016; 51:7-21. [PMID: 26271515 PMCID: PMC4707056 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are an important class of regulatory molecules that are synthesized in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal, ovary, testis, placenta, brain, and skin, and influence a spectrum of developmental and physiological processes. The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) predominantly mediates the rate-limiting step in steroid biosynthesis, i.e., the transport of the substrate of all steroid hormones, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. At the inner membrane, cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme cleaves the cholesterol side chain to form the first steroid, pregnenolone, which is converted by a series of enzymes to various steroid hormones in specific tissues. Both basic and clinical evidence have demonstrated the crucial involvement of the STAR protein in the regulation of steroid biosynthesis. Multiple levels of regulation impinge on STAR action. Recent findings demonstrate that hormone-sensitive lipase, through its action on the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters, plays an important role in regulating STAR expression and steroidogenesis which involve the liver X receptor pathway. Activation of the latter influences macrophage cholesterol efflux that is a key process in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Appropriate regulation of steroid hormones is vital for proper functioning of many important biological activities, which are also paramount for geriatric populations to live longer and healthier. This review summarizes the current level of understanding on tissue-specific and hormone-induced regulation of STAR expression and steroidogenesis, and provides insights into a number of cholesterol and/or steroid coupled physiological and pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
| | - Cloyce L Stetson
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
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Nazouri AS, Khosravifar M, Akhlaghi AA, Shiva M, Afsharian P. No relationship between most polymorphisms of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) gene with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Int J Reprod Biomed 2015; 13:771-8. [PMID: 27141537 PMCID: PMC4827514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine women's disorders in reproductive age. Hyperandrogenism has a critical role in the etiology of PCOS and it can cause fault in Steroidogenesis process. During steroidogenesis, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) seems to increase the delivery of cholesterol through mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, polymorphisms of StAR might effect on this protein and play a role in the etiology of PCOS. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between StAR SNPs with PCOS. Thus, seven polymorphisms in this gene: rs104894086, rs104894089, rs104894090, rs137852689, rs10489487, rs104894085 were detected. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case control study, 45 PCOS women, 40 male factor/unexplained infertile women, and 40 fertile women as two control groups were participated from 2008-2012. Polymorphisms were detected using restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS Heterozygote genotyping for rs137852689 SNP (amino acid 218 C > T) was only seen in seven PCOS patients, one in normal ovulatory women, and five in male factor/unexplained infertile women (15.5%, 2.5%, 12.5%, respectively) (p= 0.12). While, it has shown no association between other SNPS with PCOs. CONCLUSION The RFLP results for seven chosen SNPs, which located in exon 5 and 7 showed normal status in three groups, it means no heterozygous or homozygous forms of selected SNPs were observed. So, it seems evaluation of the active amino acid sites should be investigated and also the study population should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh-Sadat Nazouri
- Department of Biology, Sciences Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mona Khosravifar
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali-Asghar Akhlaghi
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Shiva
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parvaneh Afsharian
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Graham A. Mitochondrial regulation of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:982-92. [PMID: 26416507 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the relationship between mitochondrial structure and function in the regulation of macrophage cholesterol metabolism and proposes that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to loss of the elegant homeostatic mechanisms which normally maintain cellular sterol levels within defined limits. Mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) can generate oxysterol activators of liver X receptors which heterodimerise with retinoid X receptors, enhancing the transcription of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1, and ABCG4), that can remove excess cholesterol via efflux to apolipoproteins A-1, E, and high density lipoprotein, and inhibit inflammation. The activity of CYP27A1 is regulated by the rate of supply of cholesterol substrate to the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediated by a complex of proteins. The precise identity of this dynamic complex remains controversial, even in steroidogenic tissues, but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and the 18 kDa translocator protein, together with voltage-dependent anion channels, ATPase AAA domain containing protein 3A, and optic atrophy type 1 proteins. Certainly, overexpression of StAR and TSPO proteins can enhance macrophage cholesterol efflux to apoA-I and/or HDL, while perturbations in mitochondrial function, or changes in the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins, alter the efficiency of cholesterol efflux. Molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial function or increase the activity of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer may have utility in resolving the problem of dysregulated macrophage cholesterol homeostasis, a condition which may contribute to inflammation, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoblastic bone resorption, and some disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Graham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, and Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom.
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Korytowski W, Wawak K, Pabisz P, Schmitt JC, Chadwick AC, Sahoo D, Girotti AW. Impairment of Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux by Cholesterol Hydroperoxide Trafficking: Implications for Atherogenesis Under Oxidative Stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2104-13. [PMID: 26315403 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress associated with cardiovascular disease can produce various oxidized lipids, including cholesterol oxides, such as 7-hydroperoxide (7-OOH), 7-hydroxide (7-OH), and 7-ketone (7=O). Unlike 7=O and 7-OH, 7-OOH is redox active, giving rise to the others via potentially toxic-free radical reactions. We tested the novel hypothesis that under oxidative stress conditions, steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) family proteins not only deliver cholesterol to/into mitochondria of vascular macrophages, but also 7-OOH, which induces peroxidative damage that impairs early stage reverse cholesterol transport. APPROACH AND RESULTS Stimulation of human monocyte-derived THP-1 macrophages with dibutyryl-cAMP resulted in substantial upregulation of StarD1 and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCA1. Small interfering RNA-induced StarD1 knockdown before stimulation had no effect on StarD4, but reduced ABCA1 upregulation, linking the latter to StarD1 functionality. Mitochondria in stimulated StarD1-knockdown cells internalized 7-OOH slower than nonstimulated controls and underwent less 7-OOH-induced lipid peroxidation and membrane depolarization, as probed with C11-BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-inda-cene-3-undecanoic acid) and JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-benzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide), respectively. Major functional consequences of 7-OOH exposure were (1) loss of mitochondrial CYP27A1 activity, (2) reduced 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH) output, and (3) downregulation of cholesterol-exporting ABCA1 and ABCG1. Consistently, 7-OOH-challenged macrophages exported less cholesterol to apoA-I or high-density lipoprotein than did nonchallenged controls. StarD1-mediated 7-OOH transport was also found to be highly cytotoxic, whereas 7=O and 7-OH were minimally toxic. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a previously unrecognized mechanism by which macrophage cholesterol efflux can be incapacitated under oxidative stress-linked disorders, such as chronic obesity and hypertension. Our findings provide new insights into the role of macrophage redox damage/dysfunction in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Korytowski
- From the Department of Biochemistry (A.W.G., W.K., D.S., A.C.C., J.C.S.) and Department of Medicine (D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (W.K., K.W., P.P.).
| | - Katarzyna Wawak
- From the Department of Biochemistry (A.W.G., W.K., D.S., A.C.C., J.C.S.) and Department of Medicine (D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (W.K., K.W., P.P.)
| | - Pawel Pabisz
- From the Department of Biochemistry (A.W.G., W.K., D.S., A.C.C., J.C.S.) and Department of Medicine (D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (W.K., K.W., P.P.)
| | - Jared C Schmitt
- From the Department of Biochemistry (A.W.G., W.K., D.S., A.C.C., J.C.S.) and Department of Medicine (D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (W.K., K.W., P.P.)
| | - Alexandra C Chadwick
- From the Department of Biochemistry (A.W.G., W.K., D.S., A.C.C., J.C.S.) and Department of Medicine (D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (W.K., K.W., P.P.)
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- From the Department of Biochemistry (A.W.G., W.K., D.S., A.C.C., J.C.S.) and Department of Medicine (D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (W.K., K.W., P.P.)
| | - Albert W Girotti
- From the Department of Biochemistry (A.W.G., W.K., D.S., A.C.C., J.C.S.) and Department of Medicine (D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (W.K., K.W., P.P.).
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Up-regulation of steroid biosynthesis by retinoid signaling: Implications for aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 150:74-82. [PMID: 26303142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) are critical for a spectrum of developmental and physiological processes, in which steroid hormones also play indispensable roles. The StAR protein predominantly regulates steroid biosynthesis in steroidogenic tissues. We have reported that regulation of retinoid, especially atRA and 9-cis RA, responsive StAR transcription is largely mediated by an LXR-RXR/RAR heterodimeric motif in the mouse StAR promoter. Herein we demonstrate that retinoids are capable of enhancing StAR protein, P-StAR, and steroid production in granulosa, adrenocortical, glial, and epidermal cells. Whereas transient expression of RARα and RXRα enhanced 9-cis RA induced StAR gene transcription, silencing of RXRα with siRNA, decreased StAR and steroid levels. An oligonucleotide probe encompassing an LXR-RXR/RAR motif bound to adrenocortical and epidermal keratinocyte nuclear proteins in EMSAs. ChIP studies revealed association of RARα and RXRα with the StAR proximal promoter. Further studies demonstrated that StAR mRNA levels decreased in diseased and elderly men and women skin tissues and that atRA could restore steroidogenesis in epidermal keratinocytes of aged individuals. These findings provide novel insights into the relevance of retinoid signaling in the up-regulation of steroid biosynthesis in various target tissues, and indicate that retinoid therapy may have important implications in age-related complications and diseases.
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Manna PR, Sennoune SR, Martinez-Zaguilan R, Slominski AT, Pruitt K. Regulation of retinoid mediated cholesterol efflux involves liver X receptor activation in mouse macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:312-7. [PMID: 26119689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Removal of cholesterol from macrophage-derived foam cells is a critical step to the prevention of atherosclerotic lesions. We have recently demonstrated the functional importance of retinoids in the regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein that predominantly mediates the intramitochondrial transport of cholesterol in target tissues. In the present study, treatment of mouse macrophages with retinoids, particularly all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and 9-cis RA, resulted in increases in cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein AI (Apo-A1). Activation of the PKA pathway by a cAMP analog, (Bu)2cAMP, markedly augmented retinoid mediated cholesterol efflux. Macrophages overexpressing hormone-sensitive lipase increased the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters and concomitantly enhanced the efficacy of retinoic acid receptor and liver X receptor (LXR) ligands on StAR and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) protein levels. RAs elevated StAR promoter activity in macrophages, and an increase in StAR levels augmented cholesterol efflux to Apo-A1, suggesting retinoid-mediated efflux of cholesterol involves enhanced oxysterol production. Further studies revealed that retinoids activate the LXR regulated genes, sterol receptor-element binding protein-1c and ABCA1. These findings provide insights into the regulatory events in which retinoid signaling effectively enhances macrophage cholesterol efflux and indicate that retinoid therapy may have important implications in limiting and/or regressing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Souad R Sennoune
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Raul Martinez-Zaguilan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, VA Medical Center, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Graham A, Allen AM. Mitochondrial function and regulation of macrophage sterol metabolism and inflammatory responses. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:277-286. [PMID: 26015858 PMCID: PMC4438467 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i5.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to explore the role of mitochondria in regulating macrophage sterol homeostasis and inflammatory responses within the aetiology of atherosclerosis. Macrophage generation of oxysterol activators of liver X receptors (LXRs), via sterol 27-hydroxylase, is regulated by the rate of flux of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane, via a complex of cholesterol trafficking proteins. Oxysterols are key signalling molecules, regulating the transcriptional activity of LXRs which coordinate macrophage sterol metabolism and cytokine production, key features influencing the impact of these cells within atherosclerotic lesions. The precise identity of the complex of proteins mediating mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking in macrophages remains a matter of debate, but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and translocator protein. There is clear evidence that targeting either of these proteins enhances removal of cholesterol via LXRα-dependent induction of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1) and limits the production of inflammatory cytokines; interventions which influence mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics also impact on removal of cholesterol from macrophages. Thus, molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial structure, the function of the electron transport chain, or increase the activity of components of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer, may therefore have utility in limiting or regressing atheroma development, reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.
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Luo Y, Sun G, Dong X, Wang M, Qin M, Yu Y, Sun X. Isorhamnetin attenuates atherosclerosis by inhibiting macrophage apoptosis via PI3K/AKT activation and HO-1 induction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120259. [PMID: 25799286 PMCID: PMC4370599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Isorhamnetin (Iso) is a flavonoid compound extracted from the Chinese herb Hippophae rhamnoides L. Previous studies have revealed its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. This study investigated the ability of Iso to inhibit oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced cell apoptosis in THP-1-derived macrophages. The effects of Iso on atherosclerosis in vivo were also evaluated in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice fed a high fat diet. Methods and Results Iso showed significant inhibitory effects on ox-LDL-induced THP-1-derived macrophage injuries via decreasing reactive oxygen species levels, lipid deposition, and caspase-3 activation, restoring mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, and regulating apoptosis-related proteins. We also determined the protective effects of Iso by PI3K/AKT activation and HO-1 induction. Iso reduced the atherosclerotic plaque size in vivo in ApoE-/- mice as assessed by oil red O, Sudan IV staining, and CD68-positive cells, and reduced macrophage apoptosis as assessed by caspase-3 and TUNEL assays in lesions. Conclusion In conclusion, our results show that Iso inhibited atherosclerotic plaque development in ApoE-/- mice by PI3K/AKT activation and HO-1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (GBS); (XBS)
| | - Xi Dong
- Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Meng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yingli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (GBS); (XBS)
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Nazouri AS, Khosravifar M, Akhlaghi AA, Shiva M, Afsharian P. No relationship between most polymorphisms of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) gene with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Int J Reprod Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.13.12.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Taylor JMW, Allen AM, Graham A. Targeting mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) regulates macrophage cholesterol efflux and lipid phenotype. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:603-13. [PMID: 24814875 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) as a potential therapeutic target, capable of increasing macrophage cholesterol efflux to (apo)lipoprotein acceptors. Expression and activity of TSPO in human (THP-1) macrophages were manipulated genetically and by the use of selective TSPO ligands. Cellular responses were analysed by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), immunoblotting and radiolabelling, including [3H]cholesterol efflux to (apo)lipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and human serum. Induction of macrophage cholesterol deposition by acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) increased expression of TSPO mRNA and protein, reflecting findings in human carotid atherosclerosis. Transient overexpression of TSPO enhanced efflux (E%) of [3H]cholesterol to apoA-I, HDL and human serum compared with empty vector (EV) controls, whereas gene knockdown of TSPO achieved the converse. Ligation of TSPO (using PK11195, FGIN-1-27 and flunitrazepam) triggered increases in [3H]cholesterol efflux, an effect that was amplified in TSPO-overexpressing macrophages. Overexpression of TSPO induced the expression of genes [PPARA (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α), NR1H3 (nuclear receptor 1H3/liver X receptor α), ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette A1), ABCG4 (ATP-binding cassette G4) and APOE (apolipoprotein E)] and proteins (ABCA1 and PPARα) involved in cholesterol efflux, reduced macrophage neutral lipid mass and lipogenesis and limited cholesterol esterification following exposure to AcLDL. Thus, targeting TSPO reduces macrophage lipid content and prevents macrophage foam cell formation, via enhanced cholesterol efflux to (apo)lipoprotein acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M W Taylor
- *Department of Life Sciences and the Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, U.K
| | - Anne-Marie Allen
- *Department of Life Sciences and the Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, U.K
| | - Annette Graham
- *Department of Life Sciences and the Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, U.K
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Ren S, Kim JK, Kakiyama G, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Pandak WM, Min HK, Ning Y. Identification of novel regulatory cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten, 3β,25-diol, disulfate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103621. [PMID: 25072708 PMCID: PMC4114806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol sulfation plays an important role in regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we report the discovery of a novel regulatory sulfated oxysterol in nuclei of primary rat hepatocytes after overexpression of the gene encoding mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein (StarD1). Forty-eight hours after infection of the hepatocytes with recombinant StarD1 adenovirus, a water-soluble oxysterol product was isolated and purified by chemical extraction and reverse-phase HPLC. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified the oxysterol as 5-cholesten-3β, 25-diol, disulfate (25HCDS), and confirmed the structure by comparing with a chemically synthesized compound. Administration of 25HCDS to human THP-1-derived macrophages or HepG2 cells significantly inhibited cholesterol synthesis and markedly decreased lipid levels in vivo in NAFLD mouse models. RT-PCR showed that 25HCDS significantly decreased SREBP-1/2 activities by suppressing expression of their responding genes, including ACC, FAS, and HMG-CoA reductase. Analysis of lipid profiles in the liver tissues showed that administration of 25HCDS significantly decreased cholesterol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides by 30, 25, and 20%, respectively. The results suggest that 25HCDS inhibits lipid biosynthesis via blocking SREBP signaling. We conclude that 25HCDS is a potent regulator of lipid metabolism and propose its biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jin Koung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yanxia Ning
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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Lee J, Cho JY, Kim WK. Anti-inflammation effect of Exercise and Korean red ginseng in aging model rats with diet-induced atherosclerosis. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:284-91. [PMID: 24944773 PMCID: PMC4058562 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.3.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise (EX) and Korean red ginseng (KRG) on inflammation mechanism in aging model rats with diet-induced atherosclerosis. MATERIALS/METHODS Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: Young control (Y-C), Aging control (A-C), A-C with HFD (AHF), AHF with EX (AHF-EX), AHF-EX with KRG (AHF-EX+RG), and AHF with KRG (AHF-RG). Aging was induced by D-gal (100mg/kg) and atherosclerosis was induced by HFD (60% fat) for 9 weeks. The experimental rats were performed swimming (60 min/day, 5 days/week) and supplied KRG orally (dose of 200 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. All rat aorta samples were harvested for biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. REULTS The EX and KRG supplementation significantly inhibited body weight and levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and enhance of HDL-C compared with untreated AHF groups. AHF-EX, AHF-EX+RG, and AHF-RG group showed a decreased plasma CRP and increase plasma NO activities compared to AHF group. In addition, these groups revealed reduced 4-HNE, NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and enhanced eNOS expression in the aorta. CONCLUSION These results suggest that EX alone, KRG alone, and combined treatment of EX and KRG may be an effective anti-inflammatory therapeutic for the atherosclerosis, possibly acting via the decreased of CRP and pro-inflammation proteins and the increased NO and eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Collage of Medicine, Han-Yang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, 138-763, Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Collage of Medicine, Han-Yang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
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Ren S, Ning Y. Sulfation of 25-hydroxycholesterol regulates lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E123-30. [PMID: 24302009 PMCID: PMC3920008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00552.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid accumulation, inflammatory responses, and subsequent apoptosis are the major pathogenic events of metabolic disorders, including atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Recently, a novel regulatory oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3b, 25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S), has been identified, and hydroxysterol sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) has been elucidated as the key enzyme for its biosynthesis from 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) via oxysterol sulfation. The product 25HC3S and the substrate 25HC have been shown to coordinately regulate lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. 25HC3S decreases levels of the nuclear liver oxysterol receptor (LXR) and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), inhibits SREBP processing, subsequently downregulates key enzymes in lipid biosynthesis, decreases intracellular lipid levels in hepatocytes and THP-1-derived macrophages, prevents apoptosis, and promotes cell proliferation in liver tissues. Furthermore, 25HC3S increases nuclear PPARγ and cytosolic IκBα and decreases nuclear NF-κB levels and proinflammatory cytokine expression and secretion when cells are challenged with LPS and TNFα. In contrast to 25HC3S, 25HC, a known LXR ligand, increases nuclear LXR and decreases nuclear PPARs and cytosol IκBα levels. In this review, we summarize our recent findings, including the discovery of the regulatory oxysterol sulfate, its biosynthetic pathway, and its functional mechanism. We also propose that oxysterol sulfation functions as a regulatory signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- Departments of Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Anuka E, Gal M, Stocco DM, Orly J. Expression and roles of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in 'non-classical', extra-adrenal and extra-gonadal cells and tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371:47-61. [PMID: 23415713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is indispensable and rate limiting for high output synthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex and the gonads, known as the 'classical' steroidogenic organs (StAR is not expressed in the human placenta). In addition, studies of recent years have shown that StAR is also expressed in many tissues that produce steroid hormones for local use, potentially conferring some functional advantage by acting via intracrine, autocrine or paracrine fashion. Others hypothesized that StAR might also function in non-steroidogenic roles in specific tissues. This review highlights the evidence for the presence of StAR in 17 extra-adrenal and extra-gonadal organs, cell types and malignancies. Provided is the physiological context and the rationale for searching for the presence of StAR in such cells. Since in many of the tissues the overall level of StAR is relatively low, we also reviewed the methods used for StAR detection. The gathered information suggests that a comprehensive understanding of StAR activity in 'non-classical' tissues will require the use of experimental approaches that are able to analyze StAR presence at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Anuka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Abstract
Cholesterol trafficking from the outer to the cholesterol-poor inner mitochondrial membrane requires energized, polarized and actively respiring mitochondria, mediated by a highly regulated multimeric (140-200 kDa) protein complex comprising StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein), mitochondrial TSPO (translocator protein), VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel), ANT (adenine nucleotide transporter) and associated regulatory proteins. Mitochondrial cholesterol transport is rate-limiting in the CYP27A1 (sterol 27-hydroxylase)-dependent generation of oxysterol ligands for LXR (liver X receptor) transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes encoding proteins in the cholesterol efflux pathway, such as ABC transporters (ATP-binding cassette transporters) ABCA1 and ABCG1. These transporters transfer cholesterol and/or phospholipids across the plasma membrane to (apo)lipoprotein acceptors, generating nascent HDLs (high-density lipoproteins), which can safely transport excess cholesterol through the bloodstream to the liver for excretion in bile. Utilizing information from steroidogenic tissues, we propose that perturbations in mitochondrial function may reduce the efficiency of the cholesterol efflux pathway, favouring accumulation of cholesteryl ester 'foam cells' and allowing the toxic accumulation of free cholesterol at the interface between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondrial membrane. In turn, this will trigger opening of the permeability transition pore, allowing unregulated production of oxysterols via CYP27A1, allowing the accumulation of esterified forms of this oxysterol within human atherosclerotic lesions. Defective cholesterol efflux also induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, proteasomal degradation of ABCA1 and Fas-dependent apoptosis, replicating findings in macrophages in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Small molecules targeted to mitochondria, capable of sustaining mitochondrial function or improving cholesterol trafficking may aid cholesterol efflux from macrophage 'foam' cells, regressing and stabilizing the atherosclerotic plaque.
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Tian D, Qiu Y, Zhan Y, Li X, Zhi X, Wang X, Yin L, Ning Y. Overexpression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in rat aortic endothelial cells attenuates palmitic acid-induced inflammation and reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:144. [PMID: 23170972 PMCID: PMC3537593 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction is a well documented evidence for the onset of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. Lipids disorder is among the main risk factors for endothelial dysfunction in these diseases. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), one of the cholesterol transporters, plays an important role in the maintenance of intracellular lipid homeostasis. However, the effect of StAR on endothelial dysfunction is not well understood. Palmitic acid (PA) has been shown to decrease eNOS activity and induce inflammation, both are the causes of endothelial dysfunction, in an endothelial cell culture model. METHODS StAR gene was introduced into primary rat aortic endothelial cells by adenovirus infection. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to determine the relative genes and proteins expression level to elucidate the underlying mechanism. The free fatty acid and cholesterol quantification kits were used to detect total cellular free fatty acid and cholesterol. The levels of inflammatory factors and nitric oxide were determined by ELISA and classic Griess reagent methods respectively. RESULTS We successfully overexpressed StAR in primary rat aortic endothelial cells. Following StAR overexpression, mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNFα, IL6 and VCAM-1 and protein levels of IL-1β, , TNFα and IL-6 in culture supernatant were significantly decreased, which duing to blocke NFκB nuclear translocation and activation. Moreover, StAR overexpression attenuated the PA-induced reduction of nitric oxide bioavailability by protecting the bioactivity of pAkt/peNOS/NO pathway. Furthermore, the key genes involved in lipid metabolism were greatly reduced following StAR overexpression. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism, cerulenin and lovastatin, the inhibitor of fatty acid and cholesterol synthase, were added prior to PA treatment. The results showed that both cerulenin and lovastatin had a similar effect as StAR overexpression. On the other hand, the role of StAR was inhibited when siRNA was introduced to reduce StAR expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that StAR attenuated lipid synthesis and uptake as well as PA-induced inflammation and reduction in NO bioavailability in aortic endothelial cells. StAR can ameliorate endothelial dysfunction induced by PA via reducing the intracellular lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Tian
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
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Kim SJ, Park JH, Kim KH, Lee WR, An HJ, Min BK, Han SM, Kim KS, Park KK. Apamin inhibits THP-1-derived macrophage apoptosis via mitochondria-related apoptotic pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:129-34. [PMID: 22537544 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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The Protective Effect of Apamin on LPS/Fat-Induced Atherosclerotic Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:305454. [PMID: 22645626 PMCID: PMC3357006 DOI: 10.1155/2012/305454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apamin, a peptide component of bee venom (BV), has anti-inflammatory properties. However, the molecular mechanisms by which apamin prevents atherosclerosis are not fully understood. We examined the effect of apamin on atherosclerotic mice. Atherosclerotic mice received intraperitoneal (ip) injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg) to induce atherosclerotic change and were fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. Apamin (0.05 mg/kg) was administered by ip injection. LPS-induced THP-1-derived macrophage inflammation treated with apamin reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and intracellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, as well as the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Apamin decreased the formation of atherosclerotic lesions as assessed by hematoxylin and elastic staining. Treatment with apamin reduced lipids, Ca(2+) levels, and TNF-α in the serum from atherosclerotic mice. Further, apamin significantly attenuated expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, TGF-β1, and fibronectin in the descending aorta from atherosclerotic mice. These results indicate that apamin plays an important role in monocyte/macrophage inflammatory processing and may be of potential value for preventing atherosclerosis.
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Dushkin MI. Macrophage/foam cell is an attribute of inflammation: Mechanisms of formation and functional role. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:327-38. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (START) domain family are defined by the presence of a conserved ∼210 amino acid sequence that folds into an α/β helix-grip structure forming a hydrophobic pocket for ligand binding. The mammalian START proteins bind diverse ligands, such as cholesterol, oxysterols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and possibly fatty acids, and have putative roles in non-vesicular lipid transport, thioesterase enzymatic activity, and tumor suppression. However, the biological functions of many members of the START domain protein family are not well established. Recent research has focused on characterizing the cell-type distribution and regulation of the START proteins, examining the specificity and directionality of lipid transport, and identifying disease states associated with dysregulation of START protein expression. This review summarizes the current concepts of the proposed physiological and pathological roles for the mammalian START domain proteins in cholesterol and lipid trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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Gao Q, Wang F, Guo S, Li J, Zhu B, Cheng J, Jin Y, Li B, Wang H, Shi S, Gao Q, Zhang Z, Cao W, Tian Y. Sonodynamic effect of an anti-inflammatory agent--emodin on macrophages. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2011; 37:1478-1485. [PMID: 21767904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.05.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Emodin has been used as an anti-inflammatory agent and inflammation is a crucial feature of atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the sonodynamic effect of emodin on macrophages, the pivotal inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic plaque. THP-1 derived macrophages were cultured with emodin and exposed to ultrasound. Six hours later, unlike the cells treated for 5 and 10 min, the viability of cells treated for 15 min decreased significantly and the cells showed typical apoptotic chromatin fragmentation. The percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells in the sonodynamic therapy (SDT) group was higher than that in the ultrasound group. Two hours after treatment for 15 min, the cytoskeleton lost its original features as the filaments dispersed and the cytoskeletal proteins aggregated. The percentage of cells with disturbed cytoskeletal filaments in the SDT group was higher than that in the ultrasound group. These results suggest emodin has a sonodynamic effect on macrophages and might be used as a novel sonosensitizer for SDT for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianping Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P R China
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Nithya RS, Anuja MM, Swathy SS, Rajamanickam C, Indira M. Effects on spermatogenesis in swiss mice of a protein isolated from the roots of Ricinus communis (Linn.) (Euphorbiaceae). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 187:386-392. [PMID: 21288636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect on spermatogenesis of a 62 kDa protein (Rp) isolated from 50% ethanolic extract of the root of Ricinus communis in mice. A dose response study in mice revealed that 25mg/kg body weight/day was the most effective dose. Swiss strain mature male mice of 30 days old were divided into two group namely control and Rp treated (25mg/kg body weight/day). The study showed that sperm motility and count were decreased significantly in the treated group as compared to the control. The fertility index of the treated groups was reduced by 100%. The activity of HMG Co A reductase and cholesterol were increased significantly in the treated group. The testicular activities of 3βHSD, 17βHSD, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme and the level of serum testosterone were decreased significantly in the treated group. The expression of 3βHSD and 17βHSD were decreased and the expression of StAR increased significantly in the treated group as compared to the control. Proteolytic digestion of the native protein with trypsin and chymotrypsin showed that the proteolytic cleavage did not affect the spermicidal action of Rp. Hence this study can be concluded that Rp impaired spermatogenesis in vivo by suppressing the production of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Nithya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, India
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Hakvoort TBM, Moerland PD, Frijters R, Sokolović A, Labruyère WT, Vermeulen JLM, Ver Loren van Themaat E, Breit TM, Wittink FRA, van Kampen AHC, Verhoeven AJ, Lamers WH, Sokolović M. Interorgan coordination of the murine adaptive response to fasting. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16332-43. [PMID: 21393243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Starvation elicits a complex adaptive response in an organism. No information on transcriptional regulation of metabolic adaptations is available. We, therefore, studied the gene expression profiles of brain, small intestine, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle in mice that were subjected to 0-72 h of fasting. Functional-category enrichment, text mining, and network analyses were employed to scrutinize the overall adaptation, aiming to identify responsive pathways, processes, and networks, and their regulation. The observed transcriptomics response did not follow the accepted "carbohydrate-lipid-protein" succession of expenditure of energy substrates. Instead, these processes were activated simultaneously in different organs during the entire period. The most prominent changes occurred in lipid and steroid metabolism, especially in the liver and kidney. They were accompanied by suppression of the immune response and cell turnover, particularly in the small intestine, and by increased proteolysis in the muscle. The brain was extremely well protected from the sequels of starvation. 60% of the identified overconnected transcription factors were organ-specific, 6% were common for 4 organs, with nuclear receptors as protagonists, accounting for almost 40% of all transcriptional regulators during fasting. The common transcription factors were PPARα, HNF4α, GCRα, AR (androgen receptor), SREBP1 and -2, FOXOs, EGR1, c-JUN, c-MYC, SP1, YY1, and ETS1. Our data strongly suggest that the control of metabolism in four metabolically active organs is exerted by transcription factors that are activated by nutrient signals and serves, at least partly, to prevent irreversible brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodorus B M Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research (formerly AMC Liver Center), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bai Q, Xu L, Kakiyama G, Runge-Morris MA, Hylemon PB, Yin L, Pandak WM, Ren S. Sulfation of 25-hydroxycholesterol by SULT2B1b decreases cellular lipids via the LXR/SREBP-1c signaling pathway in human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2011; 214:350-6. [PMID: 21146170 PMCID: PMC3031658 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and its sulfated metabolite, 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate (25HC3S), regulate certain aspects of lipid metabolism in opposite ways. Hence, the enzyme for the biosynthesis of 25HC3S, oxysterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b), may play a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism. We evaluate the effect of 25HC sulfation on lipid metabolism by overexpressing the gene encoding SULT2B1b in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) in culture. METHODS AND RESULTS The human SULT2B1b gene was successfully overexpressed in HAECs following infection using a recombinant adenovirus. HPLC analysis demonstrated that more than 50% of (3)H-25HC was sulfated in 24h following overexpression of the SULT2B1b gene. In the presence of 25HC, SULT2B1b overexpression significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of LXR, ABCA1, SREBP-1c, ACC-1, and FAS, which are key regulators of lipid biosynthesis and transport; and subsequently reduced cellular lipid levels. Overexpression of the gene encoding SULT2B1b gave similar results as adding exogenous 25HC3S. However, in the absence of 25HC or in the presence of T0901317, synthetic liver oxysterol receptor (LXR) agonist, SULT2B1b overexpression had no effect on the regulation of key genes involved in lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that sulfation of 25HC by SULT2B1b plays an important role in the maintenance of intracellular lipid homeostasis via the LXR/SREBP-1c signaling pathway in HAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Bai
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
| | | | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China 200032
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, VA, 23249
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Shunlin Ren, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA, 23249. Tel. (804) 675-5000 x 4973;
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Ning YX, Ren SL, Zhao FD, Yin LH. Overexpression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein increases the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters in microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 11:350-6. [PMID: 20443213 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0900369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) overexpression on the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) in an endothelial cell line (bEnd.3). METHODS The StAR gene was induced in bEnd.3 cells with adenovirus infection. The infection efficiency was detected by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescence microscopy. The expressions of StAR gene and protein levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. The gene and protein levels of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot after StAR overexpression. RESULTS The result shows that StAR was successfully overexpressed in bEnd.3 cells by adenovirus infection. The mRNA and protein expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were greatly increased by StAR overexpression in bEnd.3 cells. CONCLUSION Overexpression of StAR increases ABCA1 and ABCG1 expressions in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Ning
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Overexpression of STARD3 in human monocyte/macrophages induces an anti-atherogenic lipid phenotype. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 119:265-72. [PMID: 20491656 PMCID: PMC2891001 DOI: 10.1042/cs20100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated macrophage cholesterol homoeostasis lies at the heart of early and developing atheroma, and removal of excess cholesterol from macrophage foam cells, by efficient transport mechanisms, is central to stabilization and regression of atherosclerotic lesions. The present study demonstrates that transient overexpression of STARD3 {START [StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein)-related lipid transfer] domain 3; also known as MLN64 (metastatic lymph node 64)}, an endosomal cholesterol transporter and member of the 'START' family of lipid trafficking proteins, induces significant increases in macrophage ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) mRNA and protein, enhances [(3)H]cholesterol efflux to apo (apolipoprotein) AI, and reduces biosynthesis of cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, fatty acids, triacylglycerol and phospholipids from [(14)C]acetate, compared with controls. Notably, overexpression of STARD3 prevents increases in cholesterol esterification in response to acetylated LDL (low-density lipoprotein), blocking cholesteryl ester deposition. Thus enhanced endosomal trafficking via STARD3 induces an anti-atherogenic macrophage lipid phenotype, positing a potentially therapeutic strategy.
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Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. Current world literature. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13:215-21. [PMID: 20145440 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32833643b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Bai Q, Li X, Ning Y, Zhao F, Yin L. Mitochondrial cholesterol transporter, StAR, inhibits human THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophage apoptosis. Lipids 2009; 45:29-36. [PMID: 19946756 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) plays an important role in the maintenance of intracellular lipid homeostasis. Macrophages are the key cellular player in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Imbalance of macrophage lipid homeostasis causes cellular apoptosis, which is the key process in the initiation of atherosclerosis. The present study has investigated the effects of StAR in the apoptotic process of human THP-1 derived macrophages induced by serum withdrawal or Ox-LDL. Overexpression of StAR significantly decreased the number of apoptotic macrophages by decreasing the expression of pro-apoptotic genes Caspase-3 and Bax mRNA and protein levels, as well as through increasing expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels in the absence and presence of Ox-LDL. The results indicate that StAR plays an important role in macrophage and foam cell apoptotic processing, which may provide a potential method for preventing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, P.O. Box 224, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Ning Y, Xu L, Ren S, Pandak WM, Chen S, Yin L. StAR overexpression decreases serum and tissue lipids in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Lipids 2009; 44:511-9. [PMID: 19373502 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism as initiated by mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) is a ubiquitous pathway capable of synthesizing multiple key regulatory oxysterols involved in lipid homeostasis. Previously we have shown that the regulation of its activities within hepatocytes is highly controlled by the rate of mitochondrial cholesterol delivery. In the present study, we hypothesized that increasing expression of the mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), is able to lower lipid accumulation in liver, aortic wall, as well as in serum in a well-documented animal model, apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. ApoE(-/-) mice, characterized by increased serum, liver, and endothelial cholesterol and triglyceride levels by 3 months of age, were infected with recombinant cytomegalovirus (CMV)-StAR adenovirus to increase StAR protein expression. Six days following infection, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides had decreased 19 and 30% (P < 0.01), respectively, with a compensatory 40% (P < 0.01) increase in serum HDL-cholesterol in increased StAR expressing mice as compared to controls (no or control virus). Histologic and biochemical analysis of the liver demonstrated not only a dramatic decrease in cholesterol ( downward arrow25%; P < 0.01), but an even more marked decrease in triglyceride ( downward arrow56%; P < 0.01) content. En bloc Sudan IV staining of the aorta revealed a >80% (P < 0.01) decrease in neutral lipid staining. This study demonstrates for the first time a possible therapeutic role of the CYP27A1-initiated pathway in the treatment of dyslipidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Ning
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, PO Box 224, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, People's Republic China
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