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Xia D, Liu Y, Wu P, Wei D. Current Advances of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease and Promising Therapeutic Strategies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1485-1500. [PMID: 37481069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular power stations and essential organelles for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysfunctional mitochondria have emerged as a key factor in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on advances in the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical value and challenges of mitochondria-targeted strategies, including mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, mitochondrial quality control modulators, mitochondrial function protectors, mitochondrial biogenesis promoters, and recently developed mitochondrial transplants, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Hengyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Dangheng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
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Abu-Hanna J, Anastasakis E, Patel JA, Eddama MMR, Denton CP, Taanman JW, Abraham D, Clapp LH. Prostacyclin mimetics inhibit DRP1-mediated pro-proliferative mitochondrial fragmentation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 151:107194. [PMID: 37442283 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare cardiopulmonary disorder, involving the remodelling of the small pulmonary arteries. Underlying this remodelling is the hyper-proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells within the medial layers of these arteries and their encroachment on the lumen. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, a consequence of increased expression and post-translational activation of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), and pathological proliferation in PASMCs derived from PAH patients. However, the impact of prostacyclin mimetics, widely used in the treatment of PAH, on this pathological mitochondrial fragmentation remains unexplored. We hypothesise that these agents, which are known to attenuate the proliferative phenotype of PAH PASMCs, do so in part by inhibiting mitochondrial fragmentation. In this study, we confirmed the previously reported increase in DRP1-mediated mitochondrial hyper-fragmentation in PAH PASMCs. We then showed that the prostacyclin mimetic treprostinil signals via either the Gs-coupled IP or EP2 receptor to inhibit mitochondrial fragmentation and the associated hyper-proliferation in a manner analogous to the DRP1 inhibitor Mdivi-1. We also showed that treprostinil recruits either the IP or EP2 receptor to activate PKA and induce the phosphorylation of DRP1 at the inhibitory residue S637 and inhibit that at the stimulatory residue S616, both of which are suggestive of reduced DRP1 fission activity. Like treprostinil, MRE-269, an IP receptor agonist, and butaprost, an EP2 receptor agonist, attenuated DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation through PKA. We conclude that prostacyclin mimetics produce their anti-proliferative effects on PAH PASMCs in part by inhibiting DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeries Abu-Hanna
- Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Anastasakis
- Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jigisha A Patel
- Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Mahmoud Rajab Eddama
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie H Clapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Zhou J, Liu H, Zhang T, Wang Z, Zhang J, Lu Y, Li Z, Kong W, Zhao J. MORN4 protects cardiomyocytes against ischemic injury via MFN2-mediated mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:156-170. [PMID: 36682578 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance of mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamics causes ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis and heart injury by affecting mitophagy. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is an important therapeutic strategy for ischemic heart diseases. Considering the important roles of MORN motifs in heart diseases and chloroplast fission, we aimed to investigate the possible role of MORN repeat-containing protein 4 (MORN4) in the progression of myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy. We found that in the MI mouse, MORN4 knockdown remarkably accelerated cardiac injury and fibrosis with deteriorating cardiac dysfunction. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) alleviated ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis and heart injury through increased level of MORN4, indicating a vital function of MORN4 in heart with SPC used to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of MORN4. Mechanistically, we found that MORN4 directly binds to MFN2 and promotes the phosphorylation of MFN2 S442 through Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2), which mediates beneficial mitophagy induced by mitochondrial dynamics, while SPC promoted the binding of MORN4 and MFN2 and the process. Taken together, our data reveal a new perspective role of MORN4 in ischemic heart injury, and report that SPC could regulate myocardial mitochondrial homeostasis by activating the MORN4-MFN2 axis during the ischemic situation, this finding provides novel targets for improving myocardial ischemia tolerance and rescue of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Experimental Center for Medical Research, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261000, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Weihua Kong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Zhu T, Hu Q, Yuan Y, Yao H, Zhang J, Qi J. Mitochondrial dynamics in vascular remodeling and target-organ damage. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1067732. [PMID: 36860274 PMCID: PMC9970102 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1067732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is the pathological basis for the development of many cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms underlying endothelial cell dysfunction, smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching, fibroblast activation, and inflammatory macrophage differentiation during vascular remodeling remain elusive. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles. Recent studies showed that mitochondrial fusion and fission play crucial roles in vascular remodeling and that the delicate balance of fusion-fission may be more important than individual processes. In addition, vascular remodeling may also lead to target-organ damage by interfering with the blood supply to major body organs such as the heart, brain, and kidney. The protective effect of mitochondrial dynamics modulators on target-organs has been demonstrated in numerous studies, but whether they can be used for the treatment of related cardiovascular diseases needs to be verified in future clinical studies. Herein, we summarize recent advances regarding mitochondrial dynamics in multiple cells involved in vascular remodeling and associated target-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxun Hu
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Jian Zhang,
| | - Jia Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jia Qi,
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Liu YZ, Li ZX, Zhang LL, Wang D, Liu YP. Phenotypic plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: Role of mitochondria. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:972836. [PMID: 36312244 PMCID: PMC9597684 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.972836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is an important hallmark of cardiovascular disease, the osteo-/chondrocyte phenotype differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the main cause of vascular calcification. Accumulating evidence shows that mitochondrial dysfunction may ultimately be more detrimental in the VSMCs calcification. Mitochondrial participate in essential cellular functions, including energy production, metabolism, redox homeostasis regulation, intracellular calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and signal transduction. Mitochondrial dysfunction under pathological conditions results in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and metabolic disorders, which further lead to abnormal phenotypic differentiation of VSMCs. In this review, we summarize existing studies targeting mitochondria as a treatment for VC, and focus on VSMCs, highlighting recent progress in determining the roles of mitochondrial processes in regulating the phenotype transition of VSMCs, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, mitochondrial energy metabolism, and mitochondria/ER interactions. Along these lines, the impact of mitochondrial homeostasis on VC is discussed.
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Tang Y, Jia Y, Fan L, Liu H, Zhou Y, Wang M, Liu Y, Zhu J, Pang W, Zhou J. MFN2 Prevents Neointimal Hyperplasia in Vein Grafts via Destabilizing PFK1. Circ Res 2022; 130:e26-e43. [PMID: 35450439 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical forces play crucial roles in neointimal hyperplasia after vein grafting; yet, our understanding of their influences on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation remains rudimentary. METHODS A cuff mouse model was used to study vein graft hyperplasia. Fifteen percent to 1 Hz uniaxial cyclic stretch (arterial strain), 5% to 1 Hz uniaxial cyclic stretch or a static condition (venous strain) were applied to the cultured VSMCs. Metabolomics analysis, cell proliferation and migration assays, immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation, mutagenesis, pull-down and surface plasmon resonance assays were employed to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms. RESULTS RNA-sequencing in vein grafts and the controls identified changes in metabolic pathways and downregulation of mitochondrial protein MFN2 (mitofusin 2) in the vein grafts. Exposure of VSMCs to 15% stretch resulted in MFN2 downregulation, mitochondrial fragmentation, metabolic shift from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, and cell proliferation and migration, as compared with that to a static condition or 5% stretch. Metabolomics analysis indicated an increased generation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, an intermediate in the glycolytic pathway converted by PFK1 (phosphofructokinase 1) from fructose-6-phosphate, in cells exposed to 15% stretch. Mechanistic study revealed that MFN2 physically interacts through its C-terminus with PFK1. MFN2 knockdown or exposure of cells to 15% stretch promoted stabilization of PFK1, likely through interfering the association between PFK1 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21 (E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif [TRIM]-containing protein 21), thus, decreasing the ubiquitin-protease-dependent PFK1 degradation. In addition, study of mechanotransduction utilizing pharmaceutical inhibition indicated that the MFN2 downregulation by 15% stretch was dependent on inactivation of the SP1 (specificity protein 1) and activation of the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase). Adenovirus-mediated MFN2 overexpression or pharmaceutical inhibition of PFK1 suppressed the 15% stretch-induced VSMC proliferation and migration and alleviated neointimal hyperplasia in vein grafts. CONCLUSIONS MFN2 is a mechanoresponsive protein that interacts with PFK1 to mediate PFK1 degradation and therefore suppresses glycolysis in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,(Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.Z., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, China (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou)
| | - Yiting Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,(Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.Z., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou)
| | - Linwei Fan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,(Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.Z., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, China (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou)
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,(Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.Z., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, China (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou)
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.Z., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. (M.W.).,Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. (M.W.)
| | - Yuefeng Liu
- (Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.Z., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, China (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou)
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,(Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.Z., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, China (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou)
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,(Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,(Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J.Z., W.P., J.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China (Y.T., Y.J., L.F., H.L., Y.Z., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou).,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, China (Y.T., L.F., H.L., Y.L., J. Zhu, J. Zhou)
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Starovlah IM, Radovic Pletikosic SM, Tomanic TM, Medar MLJ, Kostic TS, Andric SA. Spermatozoa Develop Molecular Machinery to Recover From Acute Stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:896193. [PMID: 35909555 PMCID: PMC9329690 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.896193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to search for the possible mechanism(s) of male (in/sub)fertility by following the molecular response of spermatozoa on acute psychological stress (the most common stress in human society) and on a 20-h time-dependent recovery period. To mimic in vivo acute stress, the rats were exposed to immobilization once every 3 h. The recovery periods were as follows: 0 (immediately after stress and 3 h after the light is on-ZT3), 8 (ZT11), 14 (ZT17), and 20 (ZT23) h after stress. Results showed that acute stress provoked effects evident 20 h after the end of the stress period. Numbers of spermatozoa declined at ZT17 and ZT23, while functionality decreased at ZT3 and ZT11, but recovered at ZT17 and ZT23. Transcriptional profiles of 91% (20/22) of tracked mitochondrial dynamics and functionality markers and 91% (20/22) of signaling molecules regulating both mitochondrial dynamics and spermatozoa number/functionality were disturbed after acute stress and during the recovery period. Most of the changes presented as increased transcription or protein expression at ZT23. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed the clear separation of acute stress recovery effects during active/dark and inactive/light phases. The physiological relevance of these results is the recovered positive-acrosome-reaction, suggesting that molecular events are an adaptive mechanism, regulated by acute stress response signaling. The results of the PCA confirmed the separation of the effects of acute stress recovery on gene expression related to mitochondrial dynamics, cAMP, and MAPK signaling. The transcriptional patterns were different during the active and inactive phases. Most of the transcripts were highly expressed during the active phase, which is expected given that stress occurred at the beginning of the inactive phase. To the best of our knowledge, our results provide a completely new view and the first presentation of the markers of mitochondrial dynamics network in spermatozoa and their correlation with signaling molecules regulating both mitochondrial dynamics and spermatozoa number and functionality during recovery from acute stress. Moreover, the interactions between the proteins important for spermatozoa homeostasis and functionality (MFN2 and PRKA catalytic subunit, MFN2 and p38MAPK) are shown for the first time. Since the existing literature suggests the importance of semen quality and male fertility not only as the fundamental marker of reproductive health but also as the fundamental biomarkers of overall health and harbingers for the development of comorbidity and mortality, we anticipate our result to be a starting point for more investigations considering the mitochondrial dynamics markers or their transcriptional profiles as possible predictors of (in/sub)fertility.
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Luan Y, Ren KD, Luan Y, Chen X, Yang Y. Mitochondrial Dynamics: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets of Vascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:770574. [PMID: 34938787 PMCID: PMC8685340 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.770574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Endothelial cell (EC) or vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction leads to blood vessel abnormalities, which cause a series of vascular diseases. The mitochondria are the core sites of cell energy metabolism and function in blood vessel development and vascular disease pathogenesis. Mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion and fission, affect a variety of physiological or pathological processes. Multiple studies have confirmed the influence of mitochondrial dynamics on vascular diseases. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics, the key proteins that mediate mitochondrial fusion and fission, and their potential effects on ECs and VSMCs. We demonstrated the possibility of mitochondrial dynamics as a potential target for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luan
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Luan
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Kelly CM, Byrnes LJ, Neela N, Sondermann H, O'Donnell JP. The hypervariable region of atlastin-1 is a site for intrinsic and extrinsic regulation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212648. [PMID: 34546351 PMCID: PMC8563291 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlastin (ATL) GTPases catalyze homotypic membrane fusion of the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER). GTP-hydrolysis–driven conformational changes and membrane tethering are prerequisites for proper membrane fusion. However, the molecular basis for regulation of these processes is poorly understood. Here we establish intrinsic and extrinsic modes of ATL1 regulation that involve the N-terminal hypervariable region (HVR) of ATLs. Crystal structures of ATL1 and ATL3 exhibit the HVR as a distinct, isoform-specific structural feature. Characterizing the functional role of ATL1’s HVR uncovered its positive effect on membrane tethering and on ATL1’s cellular function. The HVR is post-translationally regulated through phosphorylation-dependent modification. A kinase screen identified candidates that modify the HVR site specifically, corresponding to the modifications on ATL1 detected in cells. This work reveals how the HVR contributes to efficient and potentially regulated activity of ATLs, laying the foundation for the identification of cellular effectors of ATL-mediated membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Kelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Laura J Byrnes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Niharika Neela
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Holger Sondermann
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.,Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - John P O'Donnell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Counsil (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Ng MYW, Wai T, Simonsen A. Quality control of the mitochondrion. Dev Cell 2021; 56:881-905. [PMID: 33662258 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles that execute and coordinate various metabolic processes in the cell. Mitochondrial dysfunction severely affects cell fitness and contributes to disease. Proper organellar function depends on the biogenesis and maintenance of mitochondria and its >1,000 proteins. As a result, the cell has evolved mechanisms to coordinate protein and organellar quality control, such as the turnover of proteins via mitochondria-associated degradation, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and mitoproteases, as well as the elimination of mitochondria through mitophagy. Specific quality control mechanisms are engaged depending upon the nature and severity of mitochondrial dysfunction, which can also feed back to elicit transcriptional or proteomic remodeling by the cell. Here, we will discuss the current understanding of how these different quality control mechanisms are integrated and overlap to maintain protein and organellar quality and how they may be relevant for cellular and organismal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Yoke Wui Ng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy Wai
- Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3691, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Regulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis by sAC-Derived cAMP Pool: Basic and Translational Aspects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020473. [PMID: 33671810 PMCID: PMC7926680 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the traditional view of mitochondria being solely a source of cellular energy, e.g., the "powerhouse" of the cell, mitochondria are now known to be key regulators of numerous cellular processes. Accordingly, disturbance of mitochondrial homeostasis is a basic mechanism in several pathologies. Emerging data demonstrate that 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling plays a key role in mitochondrial biology and homeostasis. Mitochondria are equipped with an endogenous cAMP synthesis system involving soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), which localizes in the mitochondrial matrix and regulates mitochondrial function. Furthermore, sAC localized at the outer mitochondrial membrane contributes significantly to mitochondrial biology. Disturbance of the sAC-dependent cAMP pools within mitochondria leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and pathology. In this review, we discuss the available data concerning the role of sAC in regulating mitochondrial biology in relation to diseases.
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12
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Kotrasová V, Keresztesová B, Ondrovičová G, Bauer JA, Havalová H, Pevala V, Kutejová E, Kunová N. Mitochondrial Kinases and the Role of Mitochondrial Protein Phosphorylation in Health and Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020082. [PMID: 33498615 PMCID: PMC7912454 DOI: 10.3390/life11020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major role of mitochondria is to provide cells with energy, but no less important are their roles in responding to various stress factors and the metabolic changes and pathological processes that might occur inside and outside the cells. The post-translational modification of proteins is a fast and efficient way for cells to adapt to ever changing conditions. Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that signals these changes and propagates these signals throughout the whole cell, but it also changes the structure, function and interaction of individual proteins. In this review, we summarize the influence of kinases, the proteins responsible for phosphorylation, on mitochondrial biogenesis under various cellular conditions. We focus on their role in keeping mitochondria fully functional in healthy cells and also on the changes in mitochondrial structure and function that occur in pathological processes arising from the phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kotrasová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Barbora Keresztesová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Jacob A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Henrieta Havalová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Vladimír Pevala
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Eva Kutejová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Nina Kunová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
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13
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Walden EA, Fong RY, Pham TT, Knill H, Laframboise SJ, Huard S, Harper ME, Baetz K. Phenomic screen identifies a role for the yeast lysine acetyltransferase NuA4 in the control of Bcy1 subcellular localization, glycogen biosynthesis, and mitochondrial morphology. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009220. [PMID: 33253187 PMCID: PMC7728387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is tightly regulated by many signaling pathways and processes, including lysine acetylation of proteins. While lysine acetylation of metabolic enzymes can directly influence enzyme activity, there is growing evidence that lysine acetylation can also impact protein localization. As the Saccharomyces cerevisiae lysine acetyltransferase complex NuA4 has been implicated in a variety of metabolic processes, we have explored whether NuA4 controls the localization and/or protein levels of metabolic proteins. We performed a high-throughput microscopy screen of over 360 GFP-tagged metabolic proteins and identified 23 proteins whose localization and/or abundance changed upon deletion of the NuA4 scaffolding subunit, EAF1. Within this, three proteins were required for glycogen synthesis and 14 proteins were associated with the mitochondria. We determined that in eaf1Δ cells the transcription of glycogen biosynthesis genes is upregulated resulting in increased proteins and glycogen production. Further, in the absence of EAF1, mitochondria are highly fused, increasing in volume approximately 3-fold, and are chaotically distributed but remain functional. Both the increased glycogen synthesis and mitochondrial elongation in eaf1Δ cells are dependent on Bcy1, the yeast regulatory subunit of PKA. Surprisingly, in the absence of EAF1, Bcy1 localization changes from being nuclear to cytoplasmic and PKA activity is altered. We found that NuA4-dependent localization of Bcy1 is dependent on a lysine residue at position 313 of Bcy1. However, the glycogen accumulation and mitochondrial elongation phenotypes of eaf1Δ, while dependent on Bcy1, were not fully dependent on Bcy1-K313 acetylation state and subcellular localization of Bcy1. As NuA4 is highly conserved with the human Tip60 complex, our work may inform human disease biology, revealing new avenues to investigate the role of Tip60 in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Walden
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Roger Y. Fong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Trang T. Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hana Knill
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sarah Jane Laframboise
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sylvain Huard
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kristin Baetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
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14
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Ren L, Chen X, Chen X, Li J, Cheng B, Xia J. Mitochondrial Dynamics: Fission and Fusion in Fate Determination of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580070. [PMID: 33178694 PMCID: PMC7593605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pivotal to tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration due to their potential for self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immune modulation. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that maintain their morphology via continuous fission and fusion, also known as mitochondrial dynamics. MSCs undergo specific mitochondrial dynamics during proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, or aging. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dynamics are key contributors to stem cell fate determination. The coordination of mitochondrial fission and fusion is crucial for cellular function and stress responses, while abnormal fission and/or fusion causes MSC dysfunction. This review focuses on the role of mitochondrial dynamics in MSC commitment under physiological and stress conditions. We highlight mechanistic insights into modulating mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial strategies for stem cell-based regenerative medicine. These findings shed light on the contribution of mitochondrial dynamics to MSC fate and MSC-based tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ren
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Sabouny R, Shutt TE. Reciprocal Regulation of Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:564-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Hughes WE, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD. Vascular autophagy in health and disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:41. [PMID: 32506214 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis is maintained within organisms through the physiological recycling process of autophagy, a catabolic process that is intricately involved in the mobilization of nutrients during starvation, recycling of cellular cargo, as well as initiation of cellular death pathways. Specific to the cardiovascular system, autophagy responds to both chemical (e.g. free radicals) and mechanical stressors (e.g. shear stress). It is imperative to note that autophagy is not a static process, and measurement of autophagic flux provides a more comprehensive investigation into the role of autophagy. The overarching themes emerging from decades of autophagy research are that basal levels of autophagic flux are critical, physiological stressors may increase or decrease autophagic flux, and more importantly, aberrant deviations from basal autophagy may elicit detrimental effects. Autophagy has predominantly been examined within cardiac or vascular smooth muscle tissue within the context of disease development and progression. Autophagic flux within the endothelium holds an important role in maintaining vascular function, demonstrated by the necessary role for intact autophagic flux for shear-induced release of nitric oxide however the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Within this review, we theorize that autophagy itself does not solely control vascular homeostasis, rather, it works in concert with mitochondria, telomerase, and lipids to maintain physiological function. The primary emphasis of this review is on the role of autophagy within the human vasculature, and the integrative effects with physiological processes and diseases as they relate to the vascular structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA.
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
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17
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Fan H, He Z, Huang H, Zhuang H, Liu H, Liu X, Yang S, He P, Yang H, Feng D. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiomyocytes: A Critical Role in the Progression of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:252. [PMID: 32292354 PMCID: PMC7119225 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as an energy plant and participate in a variety of signaling pathways to regulate cellular metabolism, survival and immunity. Mitochondrial dysfunction, in particular in cardiomyocytes, is associated with the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, resulting in heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, mitochondrial quality control processes, including post-translational modifications of mitochondrial proteins, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and formation of mitochondrial-driven vesicles, play a critical role in maintenance of mitochondrial and even cellular homeostasis in physiological or pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocytes is able to improve cardiac function, rescue dying cardiomyocytes, and prevent the deterioration of cardiovascular disease upon external environmental stress. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocytes. We also evaluate potential targets to prevent or treat cardiovascular diseases, and highlight future research directions which will help uncover additional mechanisms underlying mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengjie He
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haofeng Huang
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Haixia Zhuang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sijun Yang
- ABSL-Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment and Institute of Animal Model for Human Disease, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Du Feng
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Abstract
Owing to their ability to efficiently generate ATP required to sustain normal cell function, mitochondria are often considered the 'powerhouses of the cell'. However, our understanding of the role of mitochondria in cell biology recently expanded when we recognized that they are key platforms for a plethora of cell signalling cascades. This functional versatility is tightly coupled to constant reshaping of the cellular mitochondrial network in a series of processes, collectively referred to as mitochondrial membrane dynamics and involving organelle fusion and fission (division) as well as ultrastructural remodelling of the membrane. Accordingly, mitochondrial dynamics influence and often orchestrate not only metabolism but also complex cell signalling events, such as those involved in regulating cell pluripotency, division, differentiation, senescence and death. Reciprocally, mitochondrial membrane dynamics are extensively regulated by post-translational modifications of its machinery and by the formation of membrane contact sites between mitochondria and other organelles, both of which have the capacity to integrate inputs from various pathways. Here, we discuss mitochondrial membrane dynamics and their regulation and describe how bioenergetics and cellular signalling are linked to these dynamic changes of mitochondrial morphology.
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19
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Yu R, Liu T, Ning C, Tan F, Jin SB, Lendahl U, Zhao J, Nistér M. The phosphorylation status of Ser-637 in dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) does not determine Drp1 recruitment to mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17262-17277. [PMID: 31533986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of the GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to mitochondria is a central step required for mitochondrial fission. Reversible Drp1 phosphorylation has been implicated in the regulation of this process, but whether Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser-637 determines its subcellular localization and fission activity remains to be fully elucidated. Here, using HEK 293T cells and immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, RNAi, subcellular fractionation, co-immunoprecipitation assays, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we show that Drp1 phosphorylated at Ser-637 (Drp1pS637) resides both in the cytosol and on mitochondria. We found that the receptors mitochondrial fission factor (Mff) and mitochondrial elongation factor 1/2 (MIEF1/2) interact with and recruit Drp1pS637 to mitochondria and that elevated Mff or MIEF levels promote Drp1pS637 accumulation on mitochondria. We also noted that protein kinase A (PKA), which mediates phosphorylation of Drp1 on Ser-637, is partially present on mitochondria and interacts with both MIEFs and Mff. PKA knockdown did not affect the Drp1-Mff interaction, but slightly enhanced the interaction between Drp1 and MIEFs. In Drp1-deficient HEK 293T cells, both phosphomimetic Drp1-S637D and phospho-deficient Drp1-S637A variants, like wild-type Drp1, located to the cytosol and to mitochondria and rescued a Drp1 deficiency-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion phenotype. However, Drp1-S637D was less efficient than Drp1-WT and Drp1-S637A in inducing mitochondrial fission. In conclusion, the Ser-637 phosphorylation status in Drp1 is not a determinant that controls Drp1 recruitment to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chenfei Ning
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fei Tan
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shao-Bo Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Abstract
Significance: In addition to their classical role in cellular ATP production, mitochondria are of key relevance in various (patho)physiological mechanisms including second messenger signaling, neuro-transduction, immune responses and death induction. Recent Advances: Within cells, mitochondria are motile and display temporal changes in internal and external structure ("mitochondrial dynamics"). During the last decade, substantial empirical and in silico evidence was presented demonstrating that mitochondrial dynamics impacts on mitochondrial function and vice versa. Critical Issues: However, a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of the bidirectional links between mitochondrial external shape, internal structure and function ("morphofunction") is still lacking. The latter particularly hampers our understanding of the functional properties and behavior of individual mitochondrial within single living cells. Future Directions: In this review we discuss the concept of mitochondrial morphofunction in mammalian cells, primarily using experimental evidence obtained within the last decade. The topic is introduced by briefly presenting the central role of mitochondria in cell physiology and the importance of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) therein. Next, we summarize in detail how mitochondrial (ultra)structure is controlled and discuss empirical evidence regarding the equivalence of mitochondrial (ultra)structure and function. Finally, we provide a brief summary of how mitochondrial morphofunction can be quantified at the level of single cells and mitochondria, how mitochondrial ultrastructure/volume impacts on mitochondrial bioreactions and intramitochondrial protein diffusion, and how mitochondrial morphofunction can be targeted by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elianne P. Bulthuis
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel J.W. Adjobo-Hermans
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H.G.M. Willems
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J.H. Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Werner J.H. Koopman, Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen NL-6500 HB, The Netherlands
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21
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Bouchez C, Devin A. Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): A Complex Relationship Regulated by the cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040287. [PMID: 30934711 PMCID: PMC6523352 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process. It requires the contribution of both the nuclear and the mitochondrial genomes and therefore cross talk between the nucleus and mitochondria. Cellular energy demand can vary by great length and it is now well known that one way to adjust adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis to energy demand is through modulation of mitochondrial content in eukaryotes. The knowledge of actors and signals regulating mitochondrial biogenesis is thus of high importance. Here, we review the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis both in yeast and in mammalian cells through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Bouchez
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France.
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 1, rue Camille Saint Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Anne Devin
- Université Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France.
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, 1, rue Camille Saint Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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22
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Adaniya SM, O-Uchi J, Cypress MW, Kusakari Y, Jhun BS. Posttranslational modifications of mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C583-C604. [PMID: 30758993 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00523.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fragmentation frequently occurs in chronic pathological conditions as seen in various human diseases. In fact, abnormal mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial dysfunction are hallmarks of heart failure (HF) in both human patients and HF animal models. A link between mitochondrial fragmentation and cardiac pathologies has been widely proposed, but the physiological relevance of mitochondrial fission and fusion in the heart is still unclear. Recent studies have increasingly shown that posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of fission and fusion proteins are capable of directly modulating the stability, localization, and/or activity of these proteins. These PTMs include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier proteins, O-linked-N-acetyl-glucosamine glycosylation, and proteolysis. Thus, understanding the PTMs of fission and fusion proteins may allow us to understand the complexities that determine the balance of mitochondrial fission and fusion as well as mitochondrial function in various cell types and organs including cardiomyocytes and the heart. In this review, we summarize present knowledge regarding the function and regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion in cardiomyocytes, specifically focusing on the PTMs of each mitochondrial fission/fusion protein. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal mitochondrial morphology in HF and their contributions to the development of cardiac diseases, highlighting the crucial roles of PTMs of mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins. Finally, we discuss the future potential of manipulating PTMs of fission and fusion proteins as a therapeutic strategy for preventing and/or treating HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Adaniya
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jin O-Uchi
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael W Cypress
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yoichiro Kusakari
- Department of Cell Physiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Bong Sook Jhun
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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23
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Durgin BG, Straub AC. Redox control of vascular smooth muscle cell function and plasticity. J Transl Med 2018; 98:1254-1262. [PMID: 29463879 PMCID: PMC6102093 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) play a major role in vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. It has long been established in vitro that contractile SMC can phenotypically switch to function as proliferative and/or migratory cells in response to stimulation by oxidative stress, growth factors, and inflammatory cytokines. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxidative stressors implicated in driving vascular diseases, shifting cell bioenergetics, and increasing SMC proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of how disruptions to redox balance can functionally change SMC and how this may influence vascular disease pathogenesis. Specifically, we focus on our current understanding of the role of vascular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) 1, 4, and 5 in SMC function. We also review the evidence implicating mitochondrial fission in SMC phenotypic transitions and mitochondrial fusion in maintenance of SMC homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the importance of the redox regulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-protein kinase G (PKG) pathway as a potential oxidative and therapeutic target for regulating SMC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany G Durgin
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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24
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Yu F, Xu T, Wang M, Chang W, Li P, Wang J. Function and regulation of mitofusin 2 in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:474-482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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25
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Mitochondrial cAMP-PKA signaling: What do we really know? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:868-877. [PMID: 29694829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles for cellular homeostasis. They generate the most part of ATP that is used by cells through oxidative phosphorylation. They also produce reactive oxygen species, neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules. They are important for calcium homeostasis and apoptosis. Considering the role of this organelle, it is not surprising that most mitochondrial dysfunctions are linked to the development of pathologies. Various mechanisms adjust mitochondrial activity according to physiological needs. The cAMP-PKA signaling emerged in recent years as a direct and powerful mean to regulate mitochondrial functions. Multiple evidence demonstrates that such pathway can be triggered from cytosol or directly within mitochondria. Notably, specific anchor proteins target PKA to mitochondria whereas enzymes necessary for generation and degradation of cAMP are found directly in these organelles. Mitochondrial PKA targets proteins localized in different compartments of mitochondria, and related to various functions. Alterations of mitochondrial cAMP-PKA signaling affect the development of several physiopathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. It is however difficult to discriminate between the effects of cAMP-PKA signaling triggered from cytosol or directly in mitochondria. The specific roles of PKA localized in different mitochondrial compartments are also not completely understood. The aim of this work is to review the role of cAMP-PKA signaling in mitochondrial (patho)physiology.
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26
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Characterization of two splice variants of EGFR and their effects on the growth of the razor clam. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Oanh NTK, Park YY, Cho H. Mitochondria elongation is mediated through SIRT1-mediated MFN1 stabilization. Cell Signal 2017; 38:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Beikoghli Kalkhoran S, Hall AR, White IJ, Cooper J, Fan Q, Ong SB, Hernández-Reséndiz S, Cabrera-Fuentes H, Chinda K, Chakraborty B, Dorn GW, Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Assessing the effects of mitofusin 2 deficiency in the adult heart using 3D electron tomography. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13437. [PMID: 28904083 PMCID: PMC5599868 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of mitofusin 2 (MFN2) deficiency, on mitochondrial morphology and the mitochondria-junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (jSR) complex in the adult heart, have been previously investigated using 2D electron microscopy, an approach which is unable to provide a 3D spatial assessment of these imaging parameters. Here, we use 3D electron tomography to show that MFN2-deficient mitochondria are larger in volume, more elongated, and less rounded; have fewer mitochondria-jSR contacts, and an increase in the distance between mitochondria and jSR, when compared to WT mitochondria. In comparison to 2D electron microscopy, 3D electron tomography can provide further insights into mitochondrial morphology and the mitochondria-jSR complex in the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Hall
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J White
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Cooper
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao Fan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sang-Bing Ong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hector Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kroekkiat Chinda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Gerald W Dorn
- Centre for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Mistriotis P, Andreadis ST. Vascular aging: Molecular mechanisms and potential treatments for vascular rejuvenation. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:94-116. [PMID: 28579130 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor contributing to vascular dysfunction and the progression of vascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the causes and mechanisms of vascular aging at the tissue and cellular level. We focus on Endothelial Cell (EC) and Smooth Muscle Cell (SMC) aging due to their critical role in mediating the defective vascular phenotype. We elaborate on two categories that contribute to cellular dysfunction: cell extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors reflect systemic or environmental changes which alter EC and SMC homeostasis compromising vascular function. Intrinsic factors induce EC and SMC transformation resulting in cellular senescence. Replenishing or rejuvenating the aged/dysfunctional vascular cells is critical to the effective repair of the vasculature. As such, this review also elaborates on recent findings which indicate that stem cell and gene therapies may restore the impaired vascular cell function, reverse vascular aging, and prolong lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mistriotis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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30
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Das Banerjee T, Dagda RY, Dagda M, Chu CT, Rice M, Vazquez-Mayorga E, Dagda RK. PINK1 regulates mitochondrial trafficking in dendrites of cortical neurons through mitochondrial PKA. J Neurochem 2017; 142:545-559. [PMID: 28556983 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Protein Kinase A (PKA) and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), which is linked to Parkinson's disease, are two neuroprotective serine/threonine kinases that regulate dendrite remodeling and mitochondrial function. We have previously shown that PINK1 regulates dendrite morphology by enhancing PKA activity. Here, we show the molecular mechanisms by which PINK1 and PKA in the mitochondrion interact to regulate dendrite remodeling, mitochondrial morphology, content, and trafficking in dendrites. PINK1-deficient cortical neurons exhibit impaired mitochondrial trafficking, reduced mitochondrial content, fragmented mitochondria, and a reduction in dendrite outgrowth compared to wild-type neurons. Transient expression of wild-type, but not a PKA-binding-deficient mutant of the PKA-mitochondrial scaffold dual-specificity A Kinase Anchoring Protein 1 (D-AKAP1), restores mitochondrial trafficking, morphology, and content in dendrites of PINK1-deficient cortical neurons suggesting that recruiting PKA to the mitochondrion reverses mitochondrial pathology in dendrites induced by loss of PINK1. Mechanistically, full-length and cleaved forms of PINK1 increase the binding of the regulatory subunit β of PKA (PKA/RIIβ) to D-AKAP1 to enhance the autocatalytic-mediated phosphorylation of PKA/RIIβ and PKA activity. D-AKAP1/PKA governs mitochondrial trafficking in dendrites via the Miro-2/TRAK2 complex and by increasing the phosphorylation of Miro-2. Our study identifies a new role of D-AKAP1 in regulating mitochondrial trafficking through Miro-2, and supports a model in which PINK1 and mitochondrial PKA participate in a similar neuroprotective signaling pathway to maintain dendrite connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Das Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Raul Y Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Marisela Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monica Rice
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Emmanuel Vazquez-Mayorga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Cd. Juarez, Mexico
| | - Ruben K Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
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31
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Zhuang X, Maimaitijiang A, Li Y, Shi H, Jiang X. Salidroside inhibits high-glucose induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via inhibiting mitochondrial fission and oxidative stress. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:515-524. [PMID: 28672961 PMCID: PMC5488502 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, carefully maintaining network homeostasis by regulating mitochondrial fusion and fission. Mitochondrial dynamics are involved in the regulation of a variety of pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation. Oxidative stress serves an important role in the remodeling of arterial vascular tissue in diabetic patients by affecting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Salidroside is the primary active component of Rhodiola rosea and has been demonstrated to be an antioxidant with cardio- and vascular-protective effects, in addition to improving glucose metabolism. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the impact of Salidroside on VSMC proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial dynamics under high glucose conditions and the potential mechanisms involved. The current study used Salidroside and a mitochondrial division inhibitor, specifically of Drp1 (Mdivi-1) to treat VSMCs under high glucose conditions for 24 h and assessed VSMCs proliferation, the state of mitochondrial fission and fusion and the expression level of proteins related to mitochondrial dynamics including dynamin-related protein (Drp1) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), ROS level and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity. The results of the present study indicate that Salidroside and Mdivi-1 inhibit VSMC proliferation, Drp1 expression and oxidative stress and upregulate Mfn2 expression (all P<0.05). The inhibitive effect on VSMC proliferation may be partly reversed by exogenous ROS. In addition, the inhibitive effect on VSMCs proliferation and oxidative stress may also be in part reversed by Mfn2-siRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that Salidroside inhibits VSMCs proliferation induced by high-glucose and may perform its therapeutic effect via maintaining mitochondrial dynamic homeostasis and regulating oxidative stress level, with Mfn2 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200036, P.R. China
| | | | - Yong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200036, P.R. China
| | - Haiming Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200036, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200036, P.R. China
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32
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Di Benedetto G, Gerbino A, Lefkimmiatis K. Shaping mitochondrial dynamics: The role of cAMP signalling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 500:65-74. [PMID: 28501614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, our idea of mitochondria evolved from "mere" energy and metabolite producers to key regulators of many cellular functions. In order to preserve and protect their functional status, these organelles engage a number of dynamic processes that allow them to decrease accumulated burden and maintain their homeostasis. Indeed, mitochondria can unite (fusion), divide (fission), position themselves strategically in the cell (motility/trafficking) and if irreversibly damaged or dysfunctional eliminated (mitophagy). These dynamic processes can be controlled both by mitochondrial and cellular signalling pathways, hence allowing mitochondria to tune their function to the cellular needs. Among the regulatory mechanisms, reversible phosphorylation downstream the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signalling cascade was shown to deeply influence mitochondrial dynamics. This review explores the emerging evidence suggesting that cAMP is a key player in the orchestration of mitochondrial fusion/fission, motility and mitophagy, extending the repertoire of this second messenger, which is now recognised as a major regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta Di Benedetto
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Lefkimmiatis
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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33
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Ong SB, Kalkhoran SB, Hernández-Reséndiz S, Samangouei P, Ong SG, Hausenloy DJ. Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Cardiac Health and Disease - the Long and the Short of It! Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 31:87-107. [PMID: 28190190 PMCID: PMC5346600 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial health is critically dependent on the ability of mitochondria to undergo changes in mitochondrial morphology, a process which is regulated by mitochondrial shaping proteins. Mitochondria undergo fission to generate fragmented discrete organelles, a process which is mediated by the mitochondrial fission proteins (Drp1, hFIS1, Mff and MiD49/51), and is required for cell division, and to remove damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Mitochondria undergo fusion to form elongated interconnected networks, a process which is orchestrated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins (Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1), and which enables the replenishment of damaged mitochondrial DNA. In the adult heart, mitochondria are relatively static, are constrained in their movement, and are characteristically arranged into 3 distinct subpopulations based on their locality and function (subsarcolemmal, myofibrillar, and perinuclear). Although the mitochondria are arranged differently, emerging data supports a role for the mitochondrial shaping proteins in cardiac health and disease. Interestingly, in the adult heart, it appears that the pleiotropic effects of the mitochondrial fusion proteins, Mfn2 (endoplasmic reticulum-tethering, mitophagy) and OPA1 (cristae remodeling, regulation of apoptosis, and energy production) may play more important roles than their pro-fusion effects. In this review article, we provide an overview of the mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins in the adult heart, and highlight their roles as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siavash Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parisa Samangouei
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Derek John Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. .,The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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34
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Shi Y, Yi C, Li X, Wang J, Zhou F, Chen X. Overexpression of Mitofusin2 decreased the reactive astrocytes proliferation in vitro induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. Neurosci Lett 2016; 639:68-73. [PMID: 28013092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glia scar is a hallmark in late-stage of brain stroke disease, which hinder axonal regeneration and neuronal repair. Mitofusin2 (Mfn2) is a newly found cellular proliferation inhibitor. This study is to elucidate the role of Mfn2 in reactive astrocytes induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R) model in vitro. Up-expression in EdU staining and protein level of GFAP, PCNA and CyclinD1, demonstrates the distinct activation and proliferation of astrocytes after the stimulation of OGD/R. Meanwhile, Mfn2 was proved to be down-regulated both in gene and protein levels. Pretreatment of cells with adenoviral vector encoding Mfn2 gene increased Mfn2 expression and subsequently attenuated OGD-induced astrocyte proliferation. Down-regulation of Ras-p-Raf1-p-ERK1/2 pathway and cell cycle arrest were found to be relevant. Together, these results suggested that overexpression of Mfn2 can effectively inhibit the proliferation of reactive astrogliosis, which might contribute to a promising therapeutic intervention in cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Shi
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, China
| | - Chengla Yi
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jiangpeng Wang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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35
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Zhang F, Zhang L, Qi Y, Xu H. Mitochondrial cAMP signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4577-4590. [PMID: 27233501 PMCID: PMC5097110 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3, 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger regulating many biological processes, such as cell migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. cAMP signaling functions not only on the plasma membrane, but also in the nucleus and in organelles such as mitochondria. Mitochondrial cAMP signaling is an indispensable part of the cytoplasm-mitochondrion crosstalk that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis, regulates mitochondrial dynamics, and modulates cellular stress responses and other signaling pathways. Recently, the compartmentalization of mitochondrial cAMP signaling has attracted great attentions. This new input should be carefully taken into account when we interpret the findings of mitochondrial cAMP signaling. In this review, we summarize previous and recent progress in our understanding of mitochondrial cAMP signaling, including the components of the signaling cascade, and the function and regulation of this signaling pathway in different mitochondrial compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Liping Zhang
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yun Qi
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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36
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Torres G, Morales PE, García-Miguel M, Norambuena-Soto I, Cartes-Saavedra B, Vidal-Peña G, Moncada-Ruff D, Sanhueza-Olivares F, San Martín A, Chiong M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation through mitochondrial dynamics regulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:52-61. [PMID: 26807480 PMCID: PMC4775317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a neuroendocrine hormone produced by gastrointestinal tract in response to food ingestion. GLP-1 plays a very important role in the glucose homeostasis by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion, inhibiting gastric emptying, reducing appetite and food intake. Because of these actions, the GLP-1 peptide-mimetic exenatide is one of the most promising new medicines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In vivo treatments with GLP-1 or exenatide prevent neo-intima layer formation in response to endothelial damage and atherosclerotic lesion formation in aortic tissue. Whether GLP-1 modulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation by controlling mitochondrial dynamics is unknown. In this report, we showed that GLP-1 increased mitochondrial fusion and activity in a PKA-dependent manner in the VSMC cell line A7r5. GLP-1 induced a Ser-637 phosphorylation in the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1, and decreased Drp1 mitochondrial localization. GLP-1 inhibited PDGF-BB-induced VSMC migration and proliferation, actions inhibited by overexpressing wild type Drp1 and mimicked by the Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 and by overexpressing dominant negative Drp1. These results show that GLP-1 stimulates mitochondrial fusion, increases mitochondrial activity and decreases PDGF-BB-induced VSMC dedifferentiation by a PKA/Drp1 signaling pathway. Our data suggest that GLP-1 inhibits vascular remodeling through a mitochondrial dynamics-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Torres
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pablo E Morales
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marina García-Miguel
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Cartes-Saavedra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Vidal-Peña
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Moncada-Ruff
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Sanhueza-Olivares
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra San Martín
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Walters JW, Amos D, Ray K, Santanam N. Mitochondrial redox status as a target for cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 27:50-5. [PMID: 26894468 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are major players in cellular energetics, oxidative stress and programmed cell death. Mitochondrial dynamics regulate and integrate these functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Reactive oxygen species generation is modulated by the fusion-fission pathway as well as key proteins such as sirtuins that act as metabolic sensors of cellular energetics. Mitochondrial redox status has thus become a good target for therapy against cardiovascular diseases. Recently, there is an influx of studies garnered towards assessing the beneficial effects of mitochondrial targeted antioxidants, drugs modulating the fusion-fission proteins, sirtuins, and other mitochondrial processes as potential cardio-protecting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Walters
- School of Arts & Sciences, Bluefield State College, Basic Science Building B213, 219 Rock Street, Bluefield, WV 24701, USA
| | - Deborah Amos
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Toxicology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Kristeena Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Toxicology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Nalini Santanam
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Toxicology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, One John Marshall Dr, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Archer SL. Acquired Mitochondrial Abnormalities, Including Epigenetic Inhibition of Superoxide Dismutase 2, in Pulmonary Hypertension and Cancer: Therapeutic Implications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 903:29-53. [PMID: 27343087 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is no cure for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Therapies lack efficacy and/or are toxic, reflecting a failure to target disease abnormalities that are distinct from processes vital to normal cells. NSCLC and PAH share reversible mitochondrial-metabolic abnormalities which may offer selective therapeutic targets. The following mutually reinforcing, mitochondrial abnormalities favor proliferation, impair apoptosis, and are relatively restricted to PAH and cancer cells: (1) Epigenetic silencing of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) by methylation of CpG islands creates a pseudohypoxic redox environment that causes normoxic activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α). (2) HIF-1α increases expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), which impairs oxidative metabolism and promotes a glycolytic metabolic state. (3) Mitochondrial fragmentation, partially due to mitofusin-2 downregulation, promotes proliferation. This review focuses on the recent discovery that decreased expression of SOD2, a putative tumor-suppressor gene and the major source of H2O2, results from hypermethylation of CpG islands. In cancer and PAH hypermethylation of a site in the enhancer region of intron 2 inhibits SOD2 transcription. In normal PASMC, SOD2 siRNA decreases H2O2 and activates HIF-1α. In PAH, reduced SOD2 expression decreases H2O2, reduces the cytosol and thereby activates HIF-1α. This causes a glycolytic shift in metabolism and increases the proliferation/apoptosis ratio by downregulating Kv1.5 channels, increasing cytosolic calcium, and inhibiting caspases. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, which restores SOD2 expression, corrects the proliferation/apoptosis imbalance in PAH and cancer cells. The specificity of PAH for lung vessels may relate to the selective upregulation of DNA methyltransferases that mediate CpG methylation in PASMC (DNA MT-1A and -3B). SOD2 augmentation inactivates HIF-1α in PAH PASMC and therapy with the SOD mimetic, MnTBAP, regresses experimental PAH. In conclusion, cancer and PAH share acquired mitochondrial abnormalities that increase proliferation and inhibit apoptosis, suggesting new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Archer
- Head Department of Medicine, Queen's University Program Medical Director KGH, HD, SMOL Etherington Hall, Room 3041 94 Stuart St., Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
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39
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Ong SB, Kalkhoran SB, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Hausenloy DJ. Mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiovascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:104-14. [PMID: 25987420 PMCID: PMC4784719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a number of exciting developments in the field of mitochondrial dynamics - a phenomenon in which changes in mitochondrial shape and movement impact on cellular physiology and pathology. By undergoing fusion and fission, mitochondria are able to change their morphology between elongated interconnected networks and discrete fragmented structures, respectively. The cardiac mitochondria, in particular, have garnered much interest due to their unique spatial arrangement in the adult cardiomyocyte, and the multiple roles they play in cell death and survival. In this article, we review the role of the mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | | | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Microbiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK; The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UK.
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40
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Abstract
Within living cells, mitochondria are considered relevant sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are exposed to reactive nitrogen species (RNS). During the last decade, accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial (dys)function, ROS/RNS levels, and aberrations in mitochondrial morphology are interconnected, albeit in a cell- and context-dependent manner. Here it is hypothesized that ROS and RNS are involved in the short-term regulation of mitochondrial morphology and function via non-transcriptional pathways. We review the evidence for such a mechanism and propose that it allows homeostatic control of mitochondrial function and morphology by redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H G M Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- University of Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), 330000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Cindy E J Dieteren
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Chiong M, Cartes-Saavedra B, Norambuena-Soto I, Mondaca-Ruff D, Morales PE, García-Miguel M, Mellado R. Mitochondrial metabolism and the control of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:72. [PMID: 25566542 PMCID: PMC4266092 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation and dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential processes of vascular development. VSMC have biosynthetic, proliferative, and contractile roles in the vessel wall. Alterations in the differentiated state of the VSMC play a critical role in the pathogenesis of a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and vascular stenosis. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in the control of VSMC proliferation, with particular focus on mitochondrial metabolism. Mitochondrial activity can be controlled by regulating mitochondrial dynamics, i.e., mitochondrial fusion and fission, and by regulating mitochondrial calcium handling through the interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Alterations in both VSMC proliferation and mitochondrial function can be triggered by dysregulation of mitofusin-2, a small GTPase associated with mitochondrial fusion and mitochondrial–ER interaction. Several lines of evidence highlight the relevance of mitochondrial metabolism in the control of VSMC proliferation, indicating a new area to be explored in the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chiong
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Cartes-Saavedra
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - David Mondaca-Ruff
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo E Morales
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Marina García-Miguel
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosemarie Mellado
- Faculty of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Santiago, Chile
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Hall AR, Burke N, Dongworth RK, Hausenloy DJ. Mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins: novel therapeutic targets for combating cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1890-906. [PMID: 24328763 PMCID: PMC3976611 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are no longer considered to be solely the static powerhouses of the cell. While they are undoubtedly essential to sustaining life and meeting the energy requirements of the cell through oxidative phosphorylation, they are now regarded as highly dynamic organelles with multiple functions, playing key roles in cell survival and death. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins, as novel therapeutic targets for treating a wide range of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hall
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, London, UK
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43
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Mitofusin 2 deficiency leads to oxidative stress that contributes to insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle cells. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6975-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Shu Z, Yu M, Zeng G, Zhang X, Wu L, Tan X. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits proliferation of human aortic smooth muscle cells via up-regulating expression of mitofusin 2. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:137-44. [PMID: 24880525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn-2) also suppresses VSMC proliferation through Ras-Raf-ERK/MAPK, suggesting a possible link between EGCG, Mfn-2 and ERK/MAPK. However, the effect of EGCG on Mfn-2 remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Mfn-2 in the regulation of VSMC proliferation by EGCG, and assessed the underlying mechanisms. The effects of EGCG on the proliferation of cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were observed by 5-ethynl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay. Mfn-2 gene and protein levels, and Ras, p-c-Raf and p-ERK1/2 protein levels were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Mfn-2 gene silencing was achieved by RNA interference. EGCG 50 μmol/L profoundly inhibited the proliferation of HASMCs in culture, up-regulated Mfn-2, and down-regulated the expression of p-c-Raf and p-ERK1/2. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated gene knockdown of Mfn-2 antagonized EGCG-induced anti-proliferation and down-regulation of Ras, p-c-Raf and p-ERK1/2. These results suggest that EGCG inhibits the proliferation of HASMCs in vitro largely via Mfn-2-mediated suppression of the Ras-Raf-ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouwu Shu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Molecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Molecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Guoning Zeng
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Libiao Wu
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xuerui Tan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria are dynamic organelles capable of changing their shape and distribution by undergoing either fission or fusion. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics, which is under the control of specific mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, have been implicated in cell division, embryonic development, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism. Although the machinery for modulating mitochondrial dynamics is present in the cardiovascular system, its function there has only recently been investigated. In this article, we review the emerging role of mitochondrial dynamics in cardiovascular health and disease. RECENT ADVANCES Changes in mitochondrial dynamics have been implicated in vascular smooth cell proliferation, cardiac development and differentiation, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardioprotection, and heart failure. CRITICAL ISSUES Many of the experimental studies investigating mitochondrial dynamics in the cardiovascular system have been confined to cardiac cell lines, vascular cells, or neonatal cardiomyocytes, in which mitochondria are distributed throughout the cytoplasm and are free to move. However, in the adult heart where mitochondrial movements are restricted by their tightly-packed distribution along myofibrils or beneath the subsarcolemma, the relevance of mitochondrial dynamics is less obvious. The investigation of transgenic mice deficient in cardiac mitochondrial fission or fusion proteins should help elucidate the role of mitochondrial dynamics in the adult heart. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigating the role of mitochondrial dynamics in cardiovascular health and disease should result in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for treating patients with cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death and disability globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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46
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Tian G, Tepikin AV, Tengholm A, Gylfe E. cAMP induces stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) puncta but neither Orai1 protein clustering nor store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in islet cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9862-9872. [PMID: 22298778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.292854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The events leading to the activation of store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) involve Ca(2+) depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resulting in translocation of the transmembrane Ca(2+) sensor protein, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), to the junctions between ER and the plasma membrane where it binds to the Ca(2+) channel protein Orai1 to activate Ca(2+) influx. Using confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we studied redistribution kinetics of fluorescence-tagged STIM1 and Orai1 as well as SOCE in insulin-releasing β-cells and glucagon-secreting α-cells within intact mouse and human pancreatic islets. ER Ca(2+) depletion triggered accumulation of STIM1 puncta in the subplasmalemmal ER where they co-clustered with Orai1 in the plasma membrane and activated SOCE. Glucose, which promotes Ca(2+) store filling and inhibits SOCE, stimulated retranslocation of STIM1 to the bulk ER. This effect was evident at much lower glucose concentrations in α- than in β-cells consistent with involvement of SOCE in the regulation of glucagon secretion. Epinephrine stimulated subplasmalemmal translocation of STIM1 in α-cells and retranslocation in β-cells involving raising and lowering of cAMP, respectively. The cAMP effect was mediated both by protein kinase A and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP. However, the cAMP-induced STIM1 puncta did not co-cluster with Orai1, and there was no activation of SOCE. STIM1 translocation can consequently occur independently of Orai1 clustering and SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Tian
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Alexei V Tepikin
- Physiological Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Tengholm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden and
| | - Erik Gylfe
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden and.
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47
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Valsartan inhibits angiotensin II-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via regulating the expression of mitofusin 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:31-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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48
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Bravo R, Gutierrez T, Paredes F, Gatica D, Rodriguez AE, Pedrozo Z, Chiong M, Parra V, Quest AF, Rothermel BA, Lavandero S. Endoplasmic reticulum: ER stress regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:16-20. [PMID: 22064245 PMCID: PMC4118286 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) that facilitates cellular repair, however, under prolonged ER stress, the UPR can ultimately trigger apoptosis thereby terminating damaged cells. The molecular mechanisms responsible for execution of the cell death program are relatively well characterized, but the metabolic events taking place during the adaptive phase of ER stress remain largely undefined. Here we discuss emerging evidence regarding the metabolic changes that occur during the onset of ER stress and how ER influences mitochondrial function through mechanisms involving calcium transfer, thereby facilitating cellular adaptation. Finally, we highlight how dysregulation of ER-mitochondrial calcium homeostasis during prolonged ER stress is emerging as a novel mechanism implicated in the onset of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bravo
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
| | - Tomás Gutierrez
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
| | - Felipe Paredes
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
| | - Damián Gatica
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
| | - Andrea E. Rodriguez
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
| | - Valentina Parra
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
| | - Andrew F.G. Quest
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
- Instituto Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Beverly A. Rothermel
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Celula, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Chile
- Instituto Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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49
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Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic and are able to interchange their morphology between elongated interconnected mitochondrial networks and a fragmented disconnected arrangement by the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial morphology are regulated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins (mitofusins 1 and 2, and optic atrophy 1) and the mitochondrial fission proteins (dynamin-related peptide 1 and mitochondrial fission protein 1) and have been implicated in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development, metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy, although the majority of studies have been largely confined to non-cardiac cells. Despite the unique arrangement of mitochondria in the adult heart, emerging data suggest that changes in mitochondrial morphology may be relevant to various aspects of cardiovascular biology-these include cardiac development, the response to ischaemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and apoptosis. Interestingly, the machinery required for altering mitochondrial shape in terms of the mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins are all present in the adult heart, but their physiological function remains unclear. In this article, we review the current developments in this exciting new field of mitochondrial biology, the implications for cardiovascular physiology, and the potential for discovering novel therapeutic strategies for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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