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Wang Q, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Effects of Dietary Plant-Derived Low-Ratio Linoleic Acid/Alpha-Linolenic Acid on Blood Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:3005. [PMID: 37628004 PMCID: PMC10453764 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of low-ratio linoleic acid/alpha-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) supplementation on the blood lipid profiles in adults. We conducted a systematic search for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of low-ratio LA/ALA using databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science, as well as screened related references up until February 2023. The intervention effects were analyzed adopting weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The meta-analysis indicated that low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation decreased total cholesterol (TC, WMD: -0.09 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.17, -0.01, p = 0.031, I2 = 33.2%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, WMD: -0.08 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.13, -0.02, p = 0.007, I2 = 0.0%), and triglycerides (TG, WMD: -0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.09, 0.00, p = 0.049, I2 = 0.0%) concentrations. There was no significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (HDL-C, WMD: -0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.02, 0.02, p = 0.895, I2 = 0.0%). Subgroup analysis showed that low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation significantly decreased plasma TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations when the intervention period was less than 12 weeks. In the subgroup analysis, a noteworthy decrease in both TC and LDL-C levels was observed in individuals receiving low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation in the range of 1-5. These findings suggest that this specific range could potentially be effective in reducing lipid profiles. The findings of this study provide additional evidence supporting the potential role of low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation in reducing TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations, although no significant impact on HDL-C was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Sala-Vila A, Fleming J, Kris-Etherton P, Ros E. Impact of α-Linolenic Acid, the Vegetable ω-3 Fatty Acid, on Cardiovascular Disease and Cognition. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1584-1602. [PMID: 35170723 PMCID: PMC9526859 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the evidence of the health benefits of plant-based diets and long-chain n-3 (ω-3) fatty acids, there is keen interest in better understanding the role of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a plant-derived n-3 fatty acid, on cardiometabolic diseases and cognition. There is increasing evidence for ALA largely based on its major food sources (i.e., walnuts and flaxseed); however, this lags behind our understanding of long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Meta-analyses of observational studies have shown that increasing dietary ALA is associated with a 10% lower risk of total cardiovascular disease and a 20% reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [AlphaOmega trial, Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) trial, and Lyon Diet Heart Study] all showed benefits of diets high in ALA on cardiovascular-related outcomes, but the AlphaOmega trial, designed to specifically evaluate ALA effects, only showed a trend for benefit. RCTs have shown that dietary ALA reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure, and epidemiologic studies and some trials also have shown an anti-inflammatory effect of ALA, which collectively account for, in part, the cardiovascular benefits of ALA. A meta-analysis reported a trend toward diabetes risk reduction with both dietary and biomarker ALA. For metabolic syndrome and obesity, the evidence for ALA benefits is inconclusive. The role of ALA in cognition is in the early stages but shows promising evidence of counteracting cognitive impairment. Much has been learned about the health benefits of ALA and with additional research we will be better positioned to make strong evidence-based dietary recommendations for the reduction of many chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Penny Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Emilio Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Effects of supplementation with vegetable sources of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on inflammatory markers and lipid profile in individuals with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1434-1444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tree nut consumption and prevalence of carotid artery plaques: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:211-218. [PMID: 34279727 PMCID: PMC8766619 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While tree nut consumption has been shown to be cardioprotective, a few studies have examined the relationship between tree nut consumption and carotid atherosclerosis. We tested the hypothesis that tree nut consumption would be inversely related with carotid atherosclerosis in adults. METHODS We cross-sectionally analyzed data from 4536 participants of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study conducted in the United States. Dietary patterns among participants were variable, tree nut consumption was self-reported using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and B-mode ultrasound of the carotid arteries was used to assess for the presence of carotid artery plaques (primary outcome) and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of prevalent carotid artery plaques and linear regression was used to estimate adjusted mean cIMT across categories of nut consumption. RESULTS The mean age was 52.3 years (SD = 13.6), 95.6% of the participants were white, and 54% were female. The median tree nut intake was 1-3 servings/month. Odds ratios (95% CI) for prevalent carotid artery plaques were 1.0 (reference), 1.03 [0.86, 1.4], 0.89 [0.70, 1.13], and 0.96 [0.73, 1.26] for tree nut consumption of almost never, 1-3 times/month, 1/week, and 2+/week, respectively, adjusting for age, sex, race, field center, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, creatinine, energy intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, exercise, and education. In secondary analysis, there was a suggestive inverse association of tree nut consumption with cIMT in the internal carotid artery, but not the common carotid or bifurcation. CONCLUSION Our data showed no association between tree nut consumption and prevalence of carotid artery plaques in adults.
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Kim JM, Lee U, Kang JY, Park SK, Shin EJ, Kim HJ, Kim CW, Kim MJ, Heo HJ. Anti-Amnesic Effect of Walnut via the Regulation of BBB Function and Neuro-Inflammation in Aβ 1-42-Induced Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100976. [PMID: 33053754 PMCID: PMC7600148 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the protective effect of walnut (Juglans regia L.) extract on amyloid beta (Aβ)1-42-induced institute of cancer research (ICR) mice. By conducting a Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests with amyloidogenic mice, it was found that walnut extract ameliorated behavioral dysfunction and memory deficit. The walnut extract showed a protective effect on the antioxidant system and cholinergic system by regulating malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, acetylcholine (ACh) levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and protein expression of AChE and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Furthermore, the walnut extract suppressed Aβ-induced abnormality of mitochondrial function by ameliorating reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP contents. Finally, the walnut extract regulated the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin concerned with blood–brain barrier (BBB) function, expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phosphorylated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (p-IκB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), related to neuroinflammation and the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), caspase-3, hyperphosphorylation of tau (p-tau), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), associated with the Aβ-related Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (E.J.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Uk Lee
- Division of Special Purpose Tree, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea; (U.L.); (C.-W.K.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Jin Yong Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (E.J.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Seon Kyeong Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (E.J.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Eun Jin Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (E.J.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (E.J.S.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Chul-Woo Kim
- Division of Special Purpose Tree, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea; (U.L.); (C.-W.K.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Mahn-Jo Kim
- Division of Special Purpose Tree, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea; (U.L.); (C.-W.K.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.M.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.K.P.); (E.J.S.); (H.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1907
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Metabolic and Vascular Effect of the Mediterranean Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194716. [PMID: 31547615 PMCID: PMC6801699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicated how dietary patterns that were obtained from nutritional cluster analysis can predict disease risk or mortality. Low-grade chronic inflammation represents a background pathogenetic mechanism linking metabolic risk factors to increased risk of chronic degenerative diseases. A Mediterranean diet (MeDi) style has been reported as associated with a lower degree of inflammation biomarkers and with a protective role on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. There is heterogeneity in defining the MedDiet, and it can, owing to its complexity, be considered as an exposome with thousands of nutrients and phytochemicals. Recently, it has been reported a novel positive association between baseline plasma ceramide concentrations and cardiovascular events and how adherence to a Mediterranean Diet-style may influence the potential negative relationship between elevated plasma ceramide concentrations and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed the positive effects of the MeDi diet style on several cardiovascular risk factors, such as body mass index, waist circumference, blood lipids, blood pressure, inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules, and diabetes and how these advantages of the MeDi are maintained in comparison of a low-fat diet. Some studies reported a positive effect of adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and heart failure incidence, whereas some recent studies, such as the PREDIMED study, showed that the incidence of major cardiovascular events was lower among those assigned to MeDi supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts than among those assigned to a reduced-fat diet. New studies are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms, whereby the MedDiet may exercise its effects. Here, we present recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of MedDiet effects, mainly focusing on cardiovascular diseases, but also discussing other related diseases. We review MedDiet composition and assessment as well as the latest advances in the genomic, epigenomic (DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNAs, and other emerging regulators), transcriptomic (selected genes and whole transcriptome), and metabolomic and metagenomic aspects of the MedDiet effects (as a whole and for its most typical food components). We also present a review of the clinical effects of this dietary style underlying the biochemical and molecular effects of the Mediterranean diet. Our purpose is to review the main features of the Mediterranean diet in particular its benefits on human health, underling the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects to which new knowledge about epigenetic and gut-microbiota relationship is recently added.
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Tuccinardi D, Farr OM, Upadhyay J, Oussaada SM, Klapa MI, Candela M, Rampelli S, Lehoux S, Lázaro I, Sala-Vila A, Brigidi P, Cummings RD, Mantzoros CS. Mechanisms underlying the cardiometabolic protective effect of walnut consumption in obese people: A cross-over, randomized, double-blind, controlled inpatient physiology study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:2086-2095. [PMID: 31087608 PMCID: PMC6684390 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the effects of walnuts on cardiometabolic outcomes in obese people and to explore the underlying mechanisms using novel methods including metabolomic, lipidomic, glycomic and microbiome analysis, integrated with lipid particle fractionation, appetite-regulating hormones and haemodynamic measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 10 obese individuals were enrolled in this cross-over, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The participants had two 5-day inpatient stays, during which they consumed a smoothie containing 48 g walnuts or a macronutrient-matched placebo smoothie without nuts, with a 1-month washout period between the two visits. RESULTS Walnut consumption improved aspects of the lipid profile; it reduced fasting small and dense LDL particles (P < 0.02) and increased postprandial large HDL particles (P < 0.01). Lipoprotein insulin resistance score, glucose and the insulin area under the curve (AUC) decreased significantly after walnut consumption (P < 0.01, P < 0.02 and P < 0.04, respectively). Consuming walnuts significantly increased 10 N-glycans, with eight of them carrying a fucose core. Lipidomic analysis showed a robust reduction in harmful ceramides, hexosylceramides and sphingomyelins, which have been shown to mediate effects on cardiometabolic risk. The peptide YY AUC significantly increased after walnut consumption (P < 0.03). No major significant changes in haemodynamic or metabolomic analysis or in microbiome host health-promoting bacteria such as Faecalibacterium were found. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a more comprehensive mechanistic perspective of the effect of dietary walnut consumption on cardiometabolic variables. Lipidomic and lipid nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis showed an early but significant reduction in ceramides and other atherogenic lipids with walnut consumption, which may explain the longer-term benefits of walnuts or other nuts on insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Tuccinardi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jagriti Upadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sabrina M Oussaada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria I Klapa
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering & Bioengineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sylvain Lehoux
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre Glycomics Core, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Iolanda Lázaro
- CIBERde Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August PiSunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- CIBERde Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August PiSunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
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Bork CS, Venø SK, Lundbye-Christensen S, Jakobsen MU, Tjønneland A, Calder PC, Overvad K, Schmidt EB. Adipose tissue content of alpha-linolenic acid and the risk of ischemic stroke and ischemic stroke subtypes: A Danish case-cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198927. [PMID: 29889889 PMCID: PMC5995395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE We have investigated associations between the content of ALA in adipose tissue and the risk of ischemic stroke and its subtypes. METHODS Incident cases of ischemic stroke among participants enrolled into the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort (n = 57,053) were identified by linkage with the Danish National Patient Register. Subsequently, all potential cases were validated and classified into ischemic stroke subtypes. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue was determined by gas chromatography in cases and in a randomly drawn sub-cohort (n = 3500). Statistical analyses were performed using weighted Cox regression. RESULTS During a median of 13.4 years of follow-up, 1735 cases of total ischemic stroke were identified including 297 cases of large artery atherosclerosis, 772 cases of small-vessel occlusion, 99 cases of cardio-embolism, 91 cases with stroke of other etiology and 476 cases with stroke of undetermined etiology. The median content of ALA in adipose tissue within the sub-cohort was 0.84% (95% central range: 0.53-1.19%). Multivariable analyses showed a U-shaped association between adipose tissue content of ALA and the rate of total ischemic stroke, but this association was not statistically significant (p = 0.172). In analyses of ischemic stroke subtypes, we observed a statistically significant U-shaped association between ALA and the rate of ischemic stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis (p = 0.017), whereas no appreciable association was observed between ALA and the rate of small-vessel occlusion (p = 0.427). A positive but statistically non-significant association was observed between ALA and the rate of ischemic stroke due to cardio-embolism (p = 0.162). CONCLUSIONS The content of ALA in adipose tissue was statistically non-significantly U-shaped associated with risk of total ischemic stroke. For ischemic stroke subtypes a statistically significant, U-shaped association with large artery atherosclerosis was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sørensen Bork
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stine Krogh Venø
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Lundbye-Christensen
- Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Atrial Fibrillation Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Berg Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Perales-Torres AL, Castillo-Ruíz O, Castañeda Licón MT, Alemán-Castillo SE, Jiménez Andrade JM. [Diabetes and type of diet as determinant factor in the progression of atherosclerosis]. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2016; 86:326-334. [PMID: 26775035 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to analyze the biochemical progression of atherosclerotic plaque and its association with diet and diabetes. This study shows the scientific evidence of demonstrating that diabetic patients present high levels of fatty acids like palmitic acid and linoleic acid in their atheroma plaques in comparison with non-diabetic patients. This study also establishes how patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic heart diseases in the form of Coronary Thrombosis and have different anatomopathological appearance like higher necrotic core and thin fibrotic layer than the general population. Furthermore this review describes the different anatomopathological appearance and cellular changes involved in the formation of these plaques and how diet can affect the development of these plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Octelina Castillo-Ruíz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México.
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10
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Herreras Z, Cofán M, Catalan M, Calvo C, Pinyol M, Amor AJ, Gilabert R, Ros E, Sala-Vila A, Ortega E. The proportion of total C18:1 trans-fatty acids in red blood cell membranes relates to carotid plaque prevalence. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 38:81-85. [PMID: 27732912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Consistent evidence supports the pro-atherogenic properties of dietary trans-fatty acids (TFAs). However, there are no clinical data on TFA intake and atheroma plaque. We cross sectionally investigated whether the proportion of total C18:1 TFA in red blood cells (RBCs), which mirrors dietary TFA intake, independently relates to carotid plaque prevalence in subjects with new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus without prior cardiovascular disease (n=101, 56% men, mean age 61 years) and age- and sex-matched controls (n=96). RBC fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Plaque (defined as carotid intima-media thickness ≥1.5 mm) was sonographically assessed at three bilateral carotid segments. In multivariate models adjusting for group (diabetes or control) and classical cardiovascular risk factors, for each 0.1% increase in RBC total C18:1 TFA isomers, plaque prevalence increased by 53% (P=.002). In contrast, for each 0.1% increase in RBC alpha-linolenic acid, the vegetable omega-3 fatty acid, plaque prevalence decreased by 43% (P<.001). We conclude that the RBC membrane proportion of total C18:1 TFA, considered a proxy of intake, directly relates to the ultrasound feature that best predicts future cardiovascular events. Our findings support current recommendations to limit TFA intake for cardiovascular health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Herreras
- Consorci d'Atenció Primària de Salut Eixample (CAPSE), Grup Transversal de Recerca en Atenció Primària, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Cofán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Catalan
- Consorci d'Atenció Primària de Salut Eixample (CAPSE), Grup Transversal de Recerca en Atenció Primària, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Calvo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pinyol
- Consorci d'Atenció Primària de Salut Eixample (CAPSE), Grup Transversal de Recerca en Atenció Primària, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio J Amor
- Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Gilabert
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Emilio Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Bork CS, Jakobsen MU, Lundbye-Christensen S, Tjønneland A, Schmidt EB, Overvad K. Dietary intake and adipose tissue content of α-linolenic acid and risk of myocardial infarction: a Danish cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:41-8. [PMID: 27169831 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intake of the plant-derived ω-3 (n-3) fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3; n-3) may reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but the results of previous studies have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake of ALA, adipose tissue content of ALA, and risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI). DESIGN A total of 57,053 participants, aged 50-64 y, were enrolled in the prospective Danish cohort study Diet, Cancer and Health between 1993 and 1997. Dietary intake of ALA was assessed with the use of a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire in the full cohort, whereas the adipose tissue content of ALA was determined with the use of gas chromatography in all incident MI cases and in a random sex-stratified sample of the total cohort (n = 3500). RESULTS During a median of 17 y of follow-up, we identified 2177 male and 912 female cases of MI. After appropriate exclusions, we included 2124 men and 854 women for analyses of dietary intake of ALA, whereas 1994 men and 770 women were included in the analysis of the adipose tissue content of ALA. In multivariate analyses that were conducted with the use of restricted cubic splines and adjusted for established CHD risk factors, weak positive associations in men and weak U-shaped associations in women were shown between both dietary intake and the adipose tissue content of ALA and risk of MI, but these associations were not statistically significant. Additional adjustments for dietary factors did not influence the observed associations numerically. CONCLUSION This study suggests that ALA has no appreciable association with risk of incident MI in either men or women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne U Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Søren Lundbye-Christensen
- Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, and Aalborg AF Study Group, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
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12
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Rosa CDOB, Dos Santos CA, Leite JIA, Caldas APS, Bressan J. Impact of nutrients and food components on dyslipidemias: what is the evidence? Adv Nutr 2015; 6:703-11. [PMID: 26567195 PMCID: PMC4642424 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.009480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemias have been shown to bear a close association with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis in particular. As efforts are being made to find alternative therapies and ways to prevent disease, there is a corresponding rise in public interest in food and/or active food components that contribute to an improved lipid profile and, thus, to better health. Besides supplying the basic nutrients necessary for well-being, some foods add further physiologic benefits. In fact, specific foods and bioactive components could be beneficial in controlling dyslipidemias. From a review of the literature on foods and bioactive compounds, their recommended quantities, and expected effects, we found that the following nutrients and food components could positively impact the lipid profile: monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, soluble fiber, vegetable proteins, phytosterols, and polyphenols. Therefore, incorporating these components into the regular diets of individuals is justified, because they contribute additional positive effects. This suggests that they also be recommended in clinical practice.
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13
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Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an n-3 (ω-3) fatty acid found mostly in plant foods such as flaxseed, walnuts, and vegetable oils, including canola and soybean oils. Most of the health benefits observed for n-3 fatty acids have been attributed to the marine-derived long-chain n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, because of the strength of evidence from both epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials. Furthermore, the observed cardioprotective and other health effects of ALA have been credited to its precursor role in converting to EPA in the body. The promotion of fatty fish consumption for its documented health benefits may not be practical for those who are concerned with the unsustainability of marine sources or who avoid eating fish for a variety of reasons. ALA-rich plant sources are more abundant and may serve as a suitable alternate. It is therefore worthwhile to consider the evidence for the health benefits of ALA. The purpose of this review is to present the evidence from recent studies on the association between ALA and cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and fracture risk. The potential mechanisms that explain these associations will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Rajaram
- From the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
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14
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Wu L, Piotrowski K, Rau T, Waldmann E, Broedl UC, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Stark RG, Nagel JM, Mantzoros CS, Parhofer KG. Walnut-enriched diet reduces fasting non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in healthy Caucasian subjects: a randomized controlled cross-over clinical trial. Metabolism 2014; 63:382-91. [PMID: 24360749 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walnut consumption is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). OBJECTIVE We assessed the effect of walnuts on lipid and glucose metabolism, adipokines, inflammation and endothelial function in healthy Caucasian men and postmenopausal women ≥50years old. DESIGN Forty subjects (mean±SEM: age 60±1years, BMI 24.9±0.6kg/m(2); 30 females) were included in a controlled, cross-over study and randomized to receive first a walnut-enriched (43g/d) and then a Western-type (control) diet or vice-versa, with each lasting 8weeks and separated by a 2-week wash-out. At the beginning and end of each diet phase, measurements of fasting values, a mixed meal test and an assessment of postprandial endothelial function (determination of microcirculation by peripheral artery tonometry) were conducted. Area under the curve (AUC), incremental AUC (iAUC) and treatment×time interaction (shape of the curve) were evaluated for postprandial triglycerides, VLDL-triglycerides, chylomicron-triglycerides, glucose and insulin. RESULTS Compared with the control diet, the walnut diet significantly reduced non-HDL-cholesterol (walnut vs. control: -10±3 vs. -3±2mg/dL; p=0.025) and apolipoprotein-B (-5.0±1.3 vs. -0.2±1.1mg/dL; p=0.009) after adjusting for age, gender, BMI and diet sequence. Total cholesterol showed a trend toward reduction (p=0.073). Fasting VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c did not change significantly. Similarly, fasting adipokines, C-reactive protein, biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, postprandial lipid and glucose metabolism and endothelial function were unaffected. CONCLUSION Daily consumption of 43g of walnuts for 8weeks significantly reduced non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein-B, which may explain in part the epidemiological observation that regular walnut consumption decreases CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Medical Department 2, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Piotrowski
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Medical Department 2, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Tiina Rau
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Medical Department 2, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Waldmann
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Medical Department 2, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Uli C Broedl
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Medical Department 2, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine at Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine at Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Renee G Stark
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute for Health Economics and Healthcare Management, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta M Nagel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Medical Department 2, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klaus G Parhofer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Medical Department 2, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Robbins WA, Xun L, FitzGerald LZ, Esguerra S, Henning SM, Carpenter CL. Walnuts improve semen quality in men consuming a Western-style diet: randomized control dietary intervention trial. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:101. [PMID: 22895856 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that 75 g of whole-shelled walnuts/day added to the Western-style diet of healthy young men would beneficially affect semen quality. A randomized, parallel two-group dietary intervention trial with single-blind masking of outcome assessors was conducted with 117 healthy men, age 21-35 yr old, who routinely consumed a Western-style diet. The primary outcome was improvement in conventional semen parameters and sperm aneuploidy from baseline to 12 wk. Secondary endpoints included blood serum and sperm fatty acid (FA) profiles, sex hormones, and serum folate. The group consuming walnuts (n = 59) experienced improvement in sperm vitality, motility, and morphology, but no change was seen in the group continuing their usual diet but avoiding tree nuts (n = 58). Comparing differences between the groups from baseline, significance was found for vitality (P = 0.003), motility (P = 0.009), and morphology (normal forms; P = 0.04). Serum FA profiles improved in the walnut group with increases in omega-6 (P = 0.0004) and omega-3 (P = 0.0007) but not in the control group. The plant source of omega-3, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) increased (P = 0.0001). Sperm aneuploidy was inversely correlated with sperm ALA, particularly sex chromosome nullisomy (Spearman correlation, -0.41, P = 0.002). Findings demonstrated that walnuts added to a Western-style diet improved sperm vitality, motility, and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendie A Robbins
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 90095-1772, USA.
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16
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Sala-Vila A, Ros E. Mounting evidence that increased consumption of α-linolenic acid, the vegetable n-3 fatty acid, may benefit cardiovascular health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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