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Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS. Adaptive and maladaptive roles of different angiotensin receptors in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:86-104. [PMID: 37748204 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin-angiotensin system. This hormone is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and its actions are mediated by the interaction of both pro- and antihypertrophic Ang II receptors (AT1R and AT2R). Ang II is also metabolized by ACE 2 to Ang-(1-7), which elicits the activation of Mas receptors (MasR) for inducing antihypertrophic actions. Since heart failure under different pathophysiological situations is preceded by adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, we have reviewed the existing literature to gain some information regarding the roles of AT1R, AT2R, and MasR in both acute and chronic conditions of cardiac hypertrophy. It appears that the activation of AT1R may be involved in the development of adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy as well as subsequent heart failure because both ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonists exert beneficial effects. On the other hand, the activation of both AT2R and MasR may prevent the occurrence of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and delay the progression of heart failure, and thus therapy with different activators of these antihypertrophic receptors under chronic pathological stages may prove beneficial. Accordingly, it is suggested that a great deal of effort should be made to develop appropriate activators of both AT2R and MasR for the treatment of heart failure subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder K Bhullar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Molaei A, Molaei E, Hayes AW, Karimi G. Mas receptor: a potential strategy in the management of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1654-1674. [PMID: 37365840 PMCID: PMC10361149 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2228089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
MasR is a critical element in the RAS accessory pathway that protects the heart against myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and pathological remodeling by counteracting the effects of AT1R. This receptor is mainly stimulated by Ang 1-7, which is a bioactive metabolite of the angiotensin produced by ACE2. MasR activation attenuates ischemia-related myocardial damage by facilitating vasorelaxation, improving cell metabolism, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, inhibiting thrombosis, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque. It also prevents pathological cardiac remodeling by suppressing hypertrophy- and fibrosis-inducing signals. In addition, the potential of MasR in lowering blood pressure, improving blood glucose and lipid profiles, and weight loss has made it effective in modulating risk factors for coronary artery disease including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Considering these properties, the administration of MasR agonists offers a promising approach to the prevention and treatment of ischemic heart disease.Abbreviations: Acetylcholine (Ach); AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); Angiotensin (Ang); Angiotensin receptor (ATR); Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB); Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI); Anti-PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16 (PRDM16); bradykinin (BK); Calcineurin (CaN); cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB); Catalase (CAT); C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2); Chloride channel 3 (CIC3); c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK); Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36); Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART); Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); Coronary artery disease (CAD); Creatine phosphokinase (CPK); C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10); Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR); Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2); Fatty acid transport protein (FATP); Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21); Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1); Glucokinase (Gk); Glucose transporter (GLUT); Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β); High density lipoprotein (HDL); High sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); Inositol trisphosphate (IP3); Interleukin (IL); Ischemic heart disease (IHD); Janus kinase (JAK); Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4); Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP); Left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP); Lipoprotein lipase (LPL); L-NG-Nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME); Low density lipoprotein (LDL); Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgpr); Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP); MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1); Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); NADPH oxidase (NOX); Neuropeptide FF (NPFF); Neutral endopeptidase (NEP); Nitric oxide (NO); Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB); Nuclear-factor of activated T-cells (NFAT); Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1); Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ (PPARγ); Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3k); Phospholipase C (PLC); Prepro-orexin (PPO); Prolyl-endopeptidase (PEP); Prostacyclin (PGI2); Protein kinase B (Akt); Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Renin-angiotensin system (RAS); Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK); Serum amyloid A (SAA); Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT); Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1); Slit guidance ligand 3 (Slit3); Smooth muscle 22α (SM22α); Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1c); Stromal-derived factor-1a (SDF); Superoxide dismutase (SOD); Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); Tissue factor (TF); Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1); Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1); Ventrolateral medulla (VLM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Molaei
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Emad Molaei
- PharmD, Assistant of Clinical Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Dysregulated ACE/Ang II/Ang1-7 signaling provokes cardiovascular and inflammatory sequelae of endotoxemia in weaning preeclamptic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Castoldi G, Carletti R, Ippolito S, Stella A, Zerbini G, Pelucchi S, Zatti G, di Gioia CRT. Angiotensin Type 2 and Mas Receptor Activation Prevents Myocardial Fibrosis and Hypertrophy through the Reduction of Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Local Sympathetic Activity in Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413678. [PMID: 34948475 PMCID: PMC8708804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound 21 (C21), an AT2 receptor agonist, and Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), through Mas receptor, play an important role in the modulation of the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system. The aim of this study was to investigate in an experimental model of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension whether the activation of the potentially protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system, through AT2 or Mas receptor stimulation, counteracts the onset of myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy, and whether these effects are mediated by inflammatory mechanism and/or sympathetic activation. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 67) were treated for 1 (n = 25) and 4 (n = 42) weeks and divided in the following groups: (a) Angiotensin II (Ang II, 200 ng/kg/min, osmotic minipumps, sub cutis); (b) Ang II+Compound 21 (C21, 0.3 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal); (c) Ang II+Ang 1-7 (576 µg/kg/day, intraperitoneal); (d) Ang II+Losartan (50 mg/kg/day, per os); (e) control group (physiological saline, sub cutis). Systolic blood pressure was measured by tail cuff method and, at the end of the experimental period, the rats were euthanized and the heart was excised to evaluate myocardial fibrosis, hypertrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration and tyrosine hydroxylase expression, used as marker of sympathetic activity. Ang II caused a significant increase of blood pressure, myocardial interstitial and perivascular fibrosis and myocardial hypertrophy, as compared to control groups. C21 or Ang 1-7 administration did not modify the increase in blood pressure in Ang II treated rats, but both prevented the development of myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy. Treatment with losartan blocked the onset of hypertension and myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy in Ang II treated rats. Activation of AT2 receptors or Mas receptors prevents the onset of myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy in Ang II-dependent hypertension through the reduction of myocardial inflammatory cell infiltration and tyrosine hydroxylase expression. Unlike what happens in case of treatment with losartan, the antifibrotic and antihypertrophic effects that follow the activation of the AT2 or Mas receptors are independent on the modulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Castoldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.S.); (S.P.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-2-64488058
| | - Raffaella Carletti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale e di Precisione, Sapienza Universita’ di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Ippolito
- Laboratorio Analisi Chimico Cliniche, Ospedale San Gerardo, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Andrea Stella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.S.); (S.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gianpaolo Zerbini
- Unita Complicanze del Diabete, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Pelucchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.S.); (S.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Giovanni Zatti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.S.); (S.P.); (G.Z.)
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Gerardo, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Cira R. T. di Gioia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomopatologiche, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Sapienza Universita’ di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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Zaidan I, Tavares LP, Sugimoto MA, Lima KM, Negreiros-Lima GL, Teixeira LC, Miranda TC, Valiate BV, Cramer A, Vago JP, Campolina-Silva GH, Souza JA, Grossi LC, Pinho V, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Santos RAS, Teixeira MM, Galvão I, Sousa LP. Angiotensin-(1-7)/MasR axis promotes migration of monocytes/macrophages with a regulatory phenotype to perform phagocytosis and efferocytosis. JCI Insight 2021; 7:147819. [PMID: 34874920 PMCID: PMC8765051 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonphlogistic migration of macrophages contributes to the clearance of pathogens and apoptotic cells, a critical step for the resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a heptapeptide of the renin-angiotensin system that acts through Mas receptor (MasR). Ang-(1-7) has recently emerged as a novel proresolving mediator, yet Ang-(1-7) resolution mechanisms are not fully determined. Herein, Ang-(1-7) stimulated migration of human and murine monocytes/macrophages in a MasR-, CCR2-, and MEK/ERK1/2–dependent manner. Pleural injection of Ang-(1-7) promoted nonphlogistic mononuclear cell influx alongside increased levels of CCL2, IL-10, and macrophage polarization toward a regulatory phenotype. Ang-(1-7) induction of CCL2 and mononuclear cell migration was also dependent on MasR and MEK/ERK. Of note, MasR was upregulated during the resolution phase of inflammation, and its pharmacological inhibition or genetic deficiency impaired mononuclear cell recruitment during self-resolving models of LPS pleurisy and E. coli peritonitis. Inhibition/absence of MasR was associated with reduced CCL2 levels, impaired phagocytosis of bacteria, efferocytosis, and delayed resolution of inflammation. In summary, we have uncovered a potentially novel proresolving feature of Ang-(1-7), namely the recruitment of mononuclear cells favoring efferocytosis, phagocytosis, and resolution of inflammation. Mechanistically, cell migration was dependent on MasR, CCR2, and the MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zaidan
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michelle A Sugimoto
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kátia M Lima
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Graziele L Negreiros-Lima
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lívia Cr Teixeira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thais C Miranda
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vs Valiate
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Allysson Cramer
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Priscila Vago
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Am Souza
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laís C Grossi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Robson A S Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabela Galvão
- Departamento Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis from the School of Pharma, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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da Silva GM, da Silva MC, Nascimento DVG, Lima Silva EM, Gouvêa FFF, de França Lopes LG, Araújo AV, Ferraz Pereira KN, de Queiroz TM. Nitric Oxide as a Central Molecule in Hypertension: Focus on the Vasorelaxant Activity of New Nitric Oxide Donors. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1041. [PMID: 34681140 PMCID: PMC8533285 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases include all types of disorders related to the heart or blood vessels. High blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiac complications and pathological disorders. An increase in circulating angiotensin-II is a potent stimulus for the expression of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines that activate oxidative stress, perpetuating a deleterious effect in hypertension. Studies demonstrate the capacity of NO to prevent platelet or leukocyte activation and adhesion and inhibition of proliferation, as well as to modulate inflammatory or anti-inflammatory reactions and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, in conditions of low availability of NO, such as during hypertension, these processes are impaired. Currently, there is great interest in the development of compounds capable of releasing NO in a modulated and stable way. Accordingly, compounds containing metal ions coupled to NO are being investigated and are widely recognized as having great relevance in the treatment of different diseases. Therefore, the exogenous administration of NO is an attractive and pharmacological alternative in the study and treatment of hypertension. The present review summarizes the role of nitric oxide in hypertension, focusing on the role of new NO donors, particularly the metal-based drugs and their protagonist activity in vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maria da Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Mirelly Cunha da Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Déborah Victória Gomes Nascimento
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Ellen Mayara Lima Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Fabíola Furtado Fialho Gouvêa
- School of Technical Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58.051-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de França Lopes
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60.020-181, CE, Brazil;
| | - Alice Valença Araújo
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Kelli Nogueira Ferraz Pereira
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Thyago Moreira de Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
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Poznyak AV, Bharadwaj D, Prasad G, Grechko AV, Sazonova MA, Orekhov AN. Renin-Angiotensin System in Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Treatment of CVD. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136702. [PMID: 34206708 PMCID: PMC8269397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has complex pathogenesis, which involves at least three serious aspects: inflammation, lipid metabolism alterations, and endothelial injury. There are no effective treatment options, as well as preventive measures for atherosclerosis. However, this disease has various severe complications, the most severe of which is cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is important to note, that CVD is among the leading causes of death worldwide. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is an important part of inflammatory response regulation. This system contributes to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the injured site and stimulates the production of various cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-a, and COX-2. There is also an association between RAAS and oxidative stress, which is also an important player in atherogenesis. Angiotensin-II induces plaque formation at early stages, and this is one of the most crucial impacts on atherogenesis from the RAAS. Importantly, while stimulating the production of ROS, Angiotensin-II at the same time decreases the generation of NO. The endothelium is known as a major contributor to vascular function. Oxidative stress is the main trigger of endothelial dysfunction, and, once again, links RAAS to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. All these implications of RAAS in atherogenesis lead to an explicable conclusion that elements of RAAS can be promising targets for atherosclerosis treatment. In this review, we also summarize the data on treatment approaches involving cytokine targeting in CVD, which can contribute to a better understanding of atherogenesis and even its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Campus, New Delhi 110067, India;
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Gauri Prasad
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 14-3 Solyanka Street, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Margarita A. Sazonova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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8
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Kuriakose J, Montezano A, Touyz R. ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis and the vascular system: vasoprotection to COVID-19-associated vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:387-407. [PMID: 33511992 PMCID: PMC7846970 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The two axes of the renin-angiotensin system include the classical ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis and the counter-regulatory ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis. ACE2 is a multifunctional monocarboxypeptidase responsible for generating Ang-(1-7) from Ang II. ACE2 is important in the vascular system where it is found in arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in many vascular beds. Among the best characterized functions of ACE2 is its role in regulating vascular tone. ACE2 through its effector peptide Ang-(1-7) and receptor Mas1 induces vasodilation and attenuates Ang II-induced vasoconstriction. In endothelial cells activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis increases production of the vasodilator's nitric oxide and prostacyclin's and in vascular smooth muscle cells it inhibits pro-contractile and pro-inflammatory signaling. Endothelial ACE2 is cleaved by proteases, shed into the circulation and measured as soluble ACE2. Plasma ACE2 activity is increased in cardiovascular disease and may have prognostic significance in disease severity. In addition to its enzymatic function, ACE2 is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) and SARS-Cov-2, which cause SARS and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) respectively. ACE-2 is thus a double-edged sword: it promotes cardiovascular health while also facilitating the devastations caused by coronaviruses. COVID-19 is associated with cardiovascular disease as a risk factor and as a complication. Mechanisms linking COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease are unclear, but vascular ACE2 may be important. This review focuses on the vascular biology and (patho)physiology of ACE2 in cardiovascular health and disease and briefly discusses the role of vascular ACE2 as a potential mediator of vascular injury in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Kuriakose
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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9
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Silva GM, França-Falcão MS, Calzerra NTM, Luz MS, Gadelha DDA, Balarini CM, Queiroz TM. Role of Renin-Angiotensin System Components in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Ang-II, ACE2, and Ang-1-7. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1067. [PMID: 33013457 PMCID: PMC7494970 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of vascular disease worldwide and contributes significantly to deaths from cardiovascular complications. There is a remarkably close relationship between atherosclerotic plaque formation and the activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, depending on which RAS pathway is activated, pro- or anti-atherogenic outcomes may be observed. This brief review focuses on the role of three of the most important pieces of RAS axis, angiotensin II (Ang-II), angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2), and angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-1-7) and their involvement in atherosclerosis. We focused on the effects of these molecules on vascular function and inflammation, which are important determinants of atherogenesis. Furthermore, we highlighted potential pharmacological approaches to treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mickael S Luz
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Camille M Balarini
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Thyago M Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
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10
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Sousa-Lopes A, de Freitas RA, Carneiro FS, Nunes KP, Allahdadi KJ, Webb RC, Tostes RDC, Giachini FR, Lima VV. Angiotensin (1-7) Inhibits Ang II-mediated ERK1/2 Activation by Stimulating MKP-1 Activation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2020; 9:50-61. [PMID: 32832484 PMCID: PMC7422848 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.9.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) exerts profound physiological effects on blood pressure regulation and fluid homeostasis, mainly by modulating renal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), an end-product of RAS, is recognized by its cardiovascular protective properties through stimulation of the Mas receptor, including vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive actions, and consequently, counter-regulating the well-known Ang II-elicited actions. The overall hypothesis of this study is that Ang-(1-7) inhibits Ang II-induced ERK1/2 activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), via regulation of mitogen-activated protein phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) activity. Aortas from male Wistar rats were incubated with Ang-(1-7) or vehicle. Concentration-response curves to Ang II were performed in endothelium-denuded aortas, in the presence or absence of ERK1/2 (PD98059) inhibitor or Mas receptor (A-779) antagonist. Expression of proteins was assessed by western blot, and immunohistochemistry was conducted in VSMCs. Ang-(1-7) incubation decreased Ang II-induced contractile response in aortas, and this effect was not observed in the presence of PD98059 or A-779. Stimulation of VSMCs with Ang-(1-7) prevented Ang II-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but not C-Raf-activation. Furthermore, Ang II decreased MKP-1 phosphorylation in VSMCs. Interestingly, simultaneous incubation of Ang-(1-7) with Ang II favored MKP-1 phosphorylation, negatively modulating ERK1/2 activation in VSMCs. The results suggest that Ang-(1-7) counter-regulates actions evoked by Ang II overproduction, as observed in cardiovascular diseases, mainly by modulating MKP-1 activity. This evidence suggests that the role of Ang-(1-7) in MKP-1-regulation represents a target for new therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Sousa-Lopes
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Raiany Alves de Freitas
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silva Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, United States
| | | | | | - Rita de Cassia Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina Giachini
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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11
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhou D, Zhang LS, Deng FX, Shu S, Wang LJ, Wu Y, Guo N, Zhou J, Yuan ZY. Angiotensin II deteriorates advanced atherosclerosis by promoting MerTK cleavage and impairing efferocytosis through the AT1R/ROS/p38 MAPK/ADAM17 pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C776-C787. [PMID: 31390228 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00145.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerable plaques in advanced atherosclerosis have defective efferocytosis. The role of ANG II in the progression of atherosclerosis is not fully understood. Herein, we investigated the effects and the underlying mechanisms of ANG II on macrophage efferocytosis in advanced atherosclerosis. ANG II decreased the surface expression of Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) in macrophages through a disintegrin and metalloproteinase17 (ADAM17)-mediated shedding of the soluble form of MerTK (sMer) in the medium, which led to efferocytosis suppression. ANG II-activated ADAM17 required reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker losartan suppressed ROS production, and ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) prevented p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In addition, mutant MERTKΔ483-488was resistant to ANG II-induced MerTK shedding and efferocytosis suppression. The advanced atherosclerosis model that is characterized by larger necrotic cores, and less collagen content was established by feeding apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice with a high-fat diet for 16 wk. NAC and losartan oral administration prevented atherosclerotic lesion progression. Meanwhile, the inefficient efferocytosis represented by decreased macrophage-associated apoptotic cells and decreased MerTK+CD68+double-positive macrophages in advanced atherosclerosis were prevented by losartan and NAC. Additionally, the serum levels of sMer were increased and positively correlated with the upregulated levels of ANG II in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. In conclusion, ANG II promotes MerTK shedding via AT1R/ROS/p38 MAPK/ADAM17 pathway in macrophages, which led to defective efferocytosis and atherosclerosis progression. Defining the molecular mechanisms of defective efferocytosis may provide a promising prognosis and therapy for ACS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xi’an No. 4 Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hanzhong 3201 Hospital, Hanzhong, China
| | - Li-Sha Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fu-Xue Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shan Shu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shannxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shannxi Province, Xi’an, China
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12
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is an important component of the cardiovascular system. Mounting evidence suggests that the metabolic products of angiotensin I and II - initially thought to be biologically inactive - have key roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. This non-canonical axis of the renin-angiotensin system consists of angiotensin 1-7, angiotensin 1-9, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the type 2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R), the proto-oncogene Mas receptor and the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the classical renin-angiotensin system. This counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system has a central role in the pathogenesis and development of various cardiovascular diseases and, therefore, represents a potential therapeutic target. In this Review, we provide the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the components of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this system to treat cardiovascular disease.
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13
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Regan DP, Coy JW, Chahal KK, Chow L, Kurihara JN, Guth AM, Kufareva I, Dow SW. The Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Losartan Suppresses Growth of Pulmonary Metastases via AT1R-Independent Inhibition of CCR2 Signaling and Monocyte Recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3087-3102. [PMID: 30971441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory monocytes have been shown to play key roles in cancer metastasis through promotion of tumor cell extravasation, growth, and angiogenesis. Monocyte recruitment to metastases is mediated primarily via the CCL2-CCR2 chemotactic axis. Thus, disruption of this axis represents an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of metastatic disease. Losartan, a type I angiotensin II receptor (AT1R) antagonist, has been previously shown to have immunomodulatory actions involving monocyte and macrophage activity. However, the exact mechanisms accounting for these effects have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effects of losartan and its primary metabolite on CCL2-mediated monocyte recruitment and CCR2 receptor function using mouse tumor models and in vitro human monocyte cultures. We show, in this study, that losartan and its metabolite potently inhibit monocyte recruitment through the noncompetitive inhibition of CCL2-induced ERK1/2 activation, independent of AT1R activity. Studies in experimental metastasis models demonstrated that losartan treatment significantly reduced the metastatic burden in mice, an effect associated with a significant decrease in CD11b+/Ly6C+-recruited monocytes in the lungs. Collectively, these results indicate that losartan can exert antimetastatic activity by inhibiting CCR2 signaling and suppressing monocyte recruitment and therefore suggest that losartan (and potentially other AT1R blocker drugs) could be repurposed for use in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Regan
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Jonathan W Coy
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Kirti Kandhwal Chahal
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Jade N Kurihara
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Amanda M Guth
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Steven W Dow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; .,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
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14
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Nehme A, Zibara K. Efficiency and specificity of RAAS inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases: how to achieve better end-organ protection? Hypertens Res 2017; 40:903-909. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Villalobos LA, San Hipólito-Luengo Á, Ramos-González M, Cercas E, Vallejo S, Romero A, Romacho T, Carraro R, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Peiró C. The Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas Axis Counteracts Angiotensin II-Dependent and -Independent Pro-inflammatory Signaling in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:482. [PMID: 28018220 PMCID: PMC5156706 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Targeting inflammation is nowadays considered as a challenging pharmacological strategy to prevent or delay the development of vascular diseases. Angiotensin-(1-7) is a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that binds Mas receptors and has gained growing attention in the last years as a regulator of vascular homeostasis. Here, we explored the capacity of Ang-(1-7) to counteract human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) inflammation triggered by RAS-dependent and -independent stimuli, such as Ang II or interleukin (IL)-1β. Methods and Results: In cultured HASMC, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the release of nitric oxide were stimulated by both Ang II and IL-1β, as determined by Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence or the Griess method, respectively. iNOS induction was inhibited by Ang-(1-7) in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was equally blocked by two different Mas receptor antagonists, A779 and D-Pro7-Ang-(1-7), suggesting the participation of a unique Mas receptor subtype. Using pharmacological inhibitors, the induction of iNOS was proven to rely on the consecutive upstream activation of NADPH oxidase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Indeed, Ang-(1-7) markedly inhibited the activation of the NADPH oxidase and subsequently of NF-κB, as determined by lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence and electromobility shift assay, respectively. Conclusion: Ang-(1-7) can act as a counter-regulator of the inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cells triggered by Ang II, but also by other stimuli beyond the RAS. Activating or mimicking the Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis may represent a pharmacological opportunity to attenuate the pro-inflammatory environment that promotes and sustains the development of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Villalobos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mariella Ramos-González
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Cercas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Vallejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Romacho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaele Carraro
- Service of Endocrinology, Hospital de La PrincesaMadrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Carlos F Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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16
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The kinetics of angiotensin-I metabolism in human carotid atheroma: An emerging role for angiotensin (1-7). Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 85:50-56. [PMID: 27497910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Local levels of angiotensin peptides depend on their rates of production and degradation, which induce proatherogenic or atheroprotective effects. Here, we reveal the kinetics of Angiotensin-I metabolism in paired early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS Lesions were spiked with labeled Ang-I* and supernatants withdrawn after 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80min. The concentration of produced Ang-II*, Ang-III*, Ang-IV* and Ang-(1-7)* peptides were measured using multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography, normalized to tissue weight and initial [Ang-I*]. RESULTS Ang-(1-7)* was the major angiotensin peptide produced, showing increased levels in both tissue types, with 2-3 fold lower levels in advanced compared to early lesions. In contrast, Ang-II* was 2-3 fold higher in advanced compared to early lesions, showing a decrease between 0 and 40min then an increase at 80min in both tissue types. The levels of Ang-IV were stable in both tissue types across all time points. Finally, Ang-III was non-detectable in both lesions across all time points. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that progression of atherosclerosis depends on the increased levels of Ang-II along with the decreased levels of Ang-(1-7), which supports the use of Ang-(1-7) along with Angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1R) blockers.
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17
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Li W, Li J, Hao P, Chen W, Meng X, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yang J. Imbalance between angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) in human coronary atherosclerosis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:17/3/1470320316659618. [PMID: 27432541 PMCID: PMC5843867 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316659618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Our previous studies found that angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang-(1–7)) is an endogenous counter-factor of angiotensin II (Ang-II). However, the balance between Ang-II and Ang-(1–7) in the development of human coronary atherosclerosis is not determined. Methods and results: The plasma levels of Ang-II and Ang-(1–7) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 112 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing coronary angiography. Patients were divided into three groups based on the coronary angiography as follows: (1) normal (n = 13); (2) noncritical CAD (<50% stenosis, n = 17); and (3) critical CAD (⩾50% stenosis, n = 82). The plasma levels of Ang-II, Ang-(1–7) and the ratio of Ang-II and Ang-(1–7) (Ang-II/Ang-(1–7) were comparable between the normal and noncritical CAD groups. However, Ang-II, Ang-(1–7), and especially Ang-II/Ang-(1–7), were elevated in patients with critical CAD, compared with patients with normal or noncritical CAD. The level of Ang-II/Ang-(1–7) was positively associated with serious coronary stenosis, and correlated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level. Conclusion: Both Ang-II and Ang-(1–7) expression are significantly increased in patients with critical CAD. However, increased Ang-II/Ang-(1–7) ratios may lead to Ang-II over-activation and aggravate atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, P.R. China Fine Arts School of Shandong University, P.R. China
| | - Jifu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, P.R. China
| | - Hongxuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, P.R. China
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18
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Anti-atherosclerotic effects of serelaxin in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:430-437. [PMID: 27341752 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Serelaxin (SLX) is a recombinant form of human relaxin-2, a naturally occurring peptide that regulates maternal cardiovascular adaptations to pregnancy. It is unclear whether SLX has a therapeutic effect on atherosclerosis. Therefore, we investigated direct vascular effects of SLX in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS 6-8 week-old female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a high-fat, cholesterol-rich diet for 6 weeks and additionally received a continuous treatment with vehicle or SLX (0.05 or 0.1 μg/h), during the last 4 weeks, via subcutaneously implanted osmotic mini-pumps. Vascular oxidative stress, vasorelaxation and atherosclerotic plaque development were assessed. RESULTS Vascular oxidative stress was reduced in SLX-treated mice (vehicle: 322.67 RLU/s, SLX 0.05 μg/h: 119.76 RLU/s (p < 0.001 vs. vehicle), SLX 0.1 μg/h: 109.33 RLU/s (p < 0.001 vs. vehicle; p = 0.967 vs. 0.05 μg/h SLX)). Further SLX improved endothelium-dependent vasodilatation without influencing endothelium-independent vasorelaxation. Atherosclerotic plaque development was significantly reduced by SLX (vehicle: 0.38 ± 0.02 mm(2), 0.05 μg/h SLX: 0.32 ± 0.02 mm(2) (p = 0.047 vs. vehicle), 0.1 μg/h SLX: 0.29 ± 0.02 mm(2) (p = 0.002 vs. vehicle; p = 0.490 vs. 0.05 μg/h SLX)). Neither vascular macrophage, T-cell or neutrophil infiltration, nor collagen/vascular smooth muscle cell content differed between the groups. We observed a significant down-regulation of the angiotensin II type 1a receptor and a decrease in IL-6 and an increase in IL-10 plasma concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrates novel pleiotropic effects of SLX on vascular oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic plaque burden. Therefore, SLX could serve as a new drug for the treatment of atherosclerosis-related diseases.
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19
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Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is recognized as a new bioactive peptide in renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Ang-(1-7) is a counter-regulatory mediator of Ang-II which appears to be protective against cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have found that Ang-(1-7) played an important role in reducing smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, improving endothelial function and regulating lipid metabolism, leading to inhibition of atherosclerotic lesions and increase of plaque stability. Although clinical application of Ang-(1-7) is restricted due to its pharmacokinetic properties, identification of stabilized compounds, including more stable analogues and specific delivery compounds, has enabled clinical application of Ang-(1-7). In this review, we discussed recent findings concerning the biological role of Ang-(1-7) and related mechanism during atherosclerosis development. In addition, we highlighted the perspective to develop therapeutic strategies using Ang-(1-7) to treat atherosclerosis.
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