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Kim N, Shin HY. Deciphering the Potential Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9598. [PMID: 39273541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related metabolic disorders, including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease, increasingly threaten global health. Uncontrolled inflammation is a key pathophysiological factor in many of these conditions. In the human body, inflammatory responses generate specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which are crucial for resolving inflammation and restoring tissue balance. SPMs derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as resolvins, protectins, and maresins hold promise in attenuating the chronic inflammatory diseases associated with lipid metabolism disorders. Recent research has highlighted the therapeutic potential of n-3 PUFA-derived metabolites in addressing these metabolic disorders. However, the understanding of the pharmacological aspects of SPMs, particularly in obesity-related metabolic disorders, remains limited. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of SPMs in resolving metabolic disorders, based on studies in animal models and humans. These studies indicate that SPMs have potential as therapeutic targets for combating obesity, as well as offering insights into their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Youn Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Sun Y, Zhang H, Liu R, Xing S, Huang R, Di D, Zhang X, Zhu B, Wu H. Zexieyin formula alleviates atherosclerosis with cognitive impairment: A novel role in the treatment of comorbidities and its underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117715. [PMID: 38181934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCY Zexieyin formula (ZXYF) has been identified to have therapeutic actions of atherosclerosis (AS). It's unknown that whether ZXYF has therapeutic potential of atherosclerosis (AS) with cognitive impairment (CI) and its underlying mechanisms. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate therapeutic effect of ZXYF for AS with CI as well as its underlying mechanisms in AS with CI mice model. METHODS AND MATERIALS To establish AS with CI model, we fed ApoE-/- mice with high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Oil red O staining (ORO) and Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) were used to detect aortic plaque area. Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze were used to measure cognitive function and cognitive improvement after administration of ZXYF and atorvastatin (ATO). Network pharmacology was used to screen for potential mechanisms for improving cognitive function. Western blot was used to detect expressions of MAPK, Aβ and synaptic proteins in hippocampus. RESULTS HFD caused and accelerated the AS in ApoE-/- mice, while it was easier able to produce CI than normal mice. Administration of ZXYF or ATO for 8 weeks significantly reduced aortic plaque area in ORO and HE tests, and improved cognitive abilities in MWM and Y-maze tests. Network pharmacology results showed that MAPK or synaptic proteins were highly associated with CI. HFD contributed to abnormal expressions of MAPK (pERK, pP38, pJNK), NF-kB, synaptic proteins (PSD95, synapsin1) and β-amyloid (Aβ) in hippocampus, which were all reversed by ZXYF. However, ERK and PSD95 expressions were not reversed by ATO in hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS ZXYF mitigated AS, further alleviating CI by modulating MAPK signaling, relating to synaptic proteins enhancing and Aβ protein decreasing in the hippocampus. This study firstly lit up the new clinical application of ZXYF, which might promote the use of ZXYF in AS and CI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hailou Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; GHM Joint Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Brain-Peripheral Homeostasis and Comprehensive Health, School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Ruiyi Liu
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Shan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Rumin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Dong Di
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Sheyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, 224300, PR China
| | - Boran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Haoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Djuricic I, Calder PC. Omega-3 ( n-3) Fatty Acid-Statin Interaction: Evidence for a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2024; 16:962. [PMID: 38612996 PMCID: PMC11013773 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) often involves a combination of lifestyle modifications and medications aiming to decrease the risk of cardiovascular outcomes, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The aim of this article is to discuss possible omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid-statin interactions in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD and to provide evidence to consider for clinical practice, highlighting novel insights in this field. Statins and n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) are commonly used to control cardiovascular risk factors in order to treat ASCVD. Statins are an important lipid-lowering therapy, primarily targeting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, while n-3 fatty acids address triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Both statins and n-3 fatty acids have pleiotropic actions which overlap, including improving endothelial function, modulation of inflammation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, both statins and n-3 fatty acids potentially mitigate the residual cardiovascular risk that remains beyond lipid lowering, such as persistent inflammation. EPA and DHA are both substrates for the synthesis of so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a relatively recently recognized feature of their ability to combat inflammation. Interestingly, statins seem to have the ability to promote the production of some SPMs, suggesting a largely unrecognized interaction between statins and n-3 fatty acids with relevance to the control of inflammation. Although n-3 fatty acids are the major substrates for the production of SPMs, these signaling molecules may have additional therapeutic benefits beyond those provided by the precursor n-3 fatty acids themselves. In this article, we discuss the accumulating evidence that supports SPMs as a novel therapeutic tool and the possible statin-n-3 fatty acid interactions relevant to the prevention and treatment of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Djuricic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Sherratt SCR, Mason RP, Libby P, Steg PG, Bhatt DL. Do patients benefit from omega-3 fatty acids? Cardiovasc Res 2024; 119:2884-2901. [PMID: 38252923 PMCID: PMC10874279 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) possess beneficial properties for cardiovascular (CV) health and elevated O3FA levels are associated with lower incident risk for CV disease (CVD.) Yet, treatment of at-risk patients with various O3FA formulations has produced disparate results in large, well-controlled and well-conducted clinical trials. Prescription formulations and fish oil supplements containing low-dose mixtures of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have routinely failed to prevent CV events in primary and secondary prevention settings when added to contemporary care, as shown most recently in the STRENGTH and OMEMI trials. However, as observed in JELIS, REDUCE-IT, and RESPECT-EPA, EPA-only formulations significantly reduce CVD events in high-risk patients. The CV mechanism of action of EPA, while certainly multifaceted, does not depend solely on reductions of circulating lipids, including triglycerides (TG) and LDL, and event reduction appears related to achieved EPA levels suggesting that the particular chemical and biological properties of EPA, as compared to DHA and other O3FAs, may contribute to its distinct clinical efficacy. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown different effects of EPA compared with DHA alone or EPA/DHA combination treatments, on atherosclerotic plaque morphology, LDL and membrane oxidation, cholesterol distribution, membrane lipid dynamics, glucose homeostasis, endothelial function, and downstream lipid metabolite function. These findings indicate that prescription-grade, EPA-only formulations provide greater benefit than other O3FAs formulations tested. This review summarizes the clinical findings associated with various O3FA formulations, their efficacy in treating CV disease, and their underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C R Sherratt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
| | - R Preston Mason
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ph Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris-Cité, INSERM_UMR1148/LVTS, FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials), Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, NewYork 10029-5674, NY, USA
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Fredman G, Serhan CN. Specialized pro-resolving mediators in vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024:10.1038/s41569-023-00984-x. [PMID: 38216693 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Timely resolution of the acute inflammatory response (or inflammation resolution) is an active, highly coordinated process that is essential to optimal health. Inflammation resolution is regulated by specific endogenous signalling molecules that function as 'stop signals' to terminate the inflammatory response when it is no longer needed; to actively promote healing, regeneration and tissue repair; and to limit pain. Specialized pro-resolving mediators are a superfamily of signalling molecules that initiate anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions. Without an effective and timely resolution response, inflammation can become chronic, a pathological state that is associated with many widely occurring human diseases, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Uncovering the mechanisms of inflammation resolution failure in cardiovascular diseases and identifying useful biomarkers for non-resolving inflammation are unmet needs. In this Review, we discuss the accumulating evidence that supports the role of non-resolving inflammation in atherosclerosis and the use of specialized pro-resolving mediators as therapeutic tools for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We highlight open questions about therapeutic strategies and mechanisms of disease to provide a framework for future studies on the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fredman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Miyoshi T, Naoe S, Wakabayashi H, Yano T, Mori T, Kanda S, Arita M, Ito H. Enhanced Production of EPA-Derived Anti-Inflammatory Metabolites after Oral Administration of a Novel Self-Emulsifying Highly Purified EPA Ethyl Ester Formulation (MND-2119). J Atheroscler Thromb 2023; 30:1927-1949. [PMID: 37532570 DOI: 10.5551/jat.64135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS MND-2119 is a novel once-daily dose self-emulsifying formulation of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) and is approved as an antihyperlipidemia agent in Japan. It has improved absorption and achieves higher plasma EPA concentrations at Cmax than conventional EPA-E. In the JELIS trial, concomitant use of EPA-E with statin therapy significantly reduced atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risks. As a potential mechanism of action of EPA, endogenous formation of EPA-derived anti-inflammatory metabolites is receiving greater attention. This study aims to investigate the endogenous formation of EPA-derived anti-inflammatory metabolites following single and multiple administrations of MND-2119. METHODS Healthy adult male subjects were randomly assigned to a nonintervention (control) group, MND-2119 2-g/day group, MND-2119 4-g/day group, or EPA-E 1.8-g/day group for 7 days (N=8 per group). Plasma fatty acids and EPA-derived metabolites were evaluated. Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated, and the production of EPA-derived metabolites from in vitro stimulated neutrophils was evaluated. RESULTS After single and multiple administrations of MND-2119 2 g/day, there were significant increases in plasma EPA concentration, 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), and 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid compared with those of EPA-E 1.8 g/day. They were further increased with MND-2119 4 g/day administration. In neutrophils, the EPA concentration in the MND-2119 2-g/day group was significantly higher compared with that in the EPA-E 1.8-g/day group after multiple administration, and 18-HEPE production was positively correlated with EPA concentration. No safety issues were noted. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that MND-2119 increases the plasma and cellular concentrations of EPA and EPA-derived metabolites to a greater extent than conventional EPA-E formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Miyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Satoko Naoe
- Medical Affairs Department, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takashi Yano
- Medical Affairs Department, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takuya Mori
- Clinical Research Department, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Shingo Kanda
- Clinical Development Planning and Management Department, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of General Internal Medicine 3, Kawasaki Medical School
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Molaie M, Lotfi R, Heidari Moghadam R, Rezaiemanesh A, Karaji AG, Salari F. Imbalanced serum levels of resolvin E1 (RvE1) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 169:106781. [PMID: 37704124 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and chronic unresolved inflammation exerts a critical role in developing atherosclerosis; however, mechanisms that prevent the resolution of inflammation in atherosclerosis are poorly delineated. This study aims to evaluate the serum levels of inflammatory high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), pro-inflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB4), besides anti-inflammatory compounds, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and its derivative resolvin E1 (RvE1) in patients with atherosclerosis. Thirty-four atherosclerosis patients and thirty-two age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were included in this study. The serum levels of hsCRP, LTB4, EPA, and RvE1 were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Our results showed that the hsCRP serum levels in the three-vessel disease (3VD) subgroup of patients are significantly lower than those in the mild and single-vessel disease (SVD) subgroups (P < 0.05). Besides, the serum levels of LTB4 were meaningfully greater in patients with atherosclerosis compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). Also, the serum EPA and RvE1 levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). However, the ratio of RvE1 to LTB4 (RvE1:LTB4) in patients was significantly reduced to that in controls (P < 0.0001). These findings illustrate that imbalanced pro-resolving RvE1 and pro-inflammatory LTB4 might contribute to failing vascular inflammation resolution and subsequent progression toward chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Molaie
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ramin Lotfi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Tohid Hospital, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Islamic Republic of Iran; Lung Diseases and Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reza Heidari Moghadam
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Gorgin Karaji
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Farhad Salari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Soni SS, D'Elia AM, Rodell CB. Control of the post-infarct immune microenvironment through biotherapeutic and biomaterial-based approaches. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1983-2014. [PMID: 36763330 PMCID: PMC9913034 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart failure (IHF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, for which heart transplantation remains the only definitive treatment. IHF manifests from myocardial infarction (MI) that initiates tissue remodeling processes, mediated by mechanical changes in the tissue (loss of contractility, softening of the myocardium) that are interdependent with cellular mechanisms (cardiomyocyte death, inflammatory response). The early remodeling phase is characterized by robust inflammation that is necessary for tissue debridement and the initiation of repair processes. While later transition toward an immunoregenerative function is desirable, functional reorientation from an inflammatory to reparatory environment is often lacking, trapping the heart in a chronically inflamed state that perpetuates cardiomyocyte death, ventricular dilatation, excess fibrosis, and progressive IHF. Therapies can redirect the immune microenvironment, including biotherapeutic and biomaterial-based approaches. In this review, we outline these existing approaches, with a particular focus on the immunomodulatory effects of therapeutics (small molecule drugs, biomolecules, and cell or cell-derived products). Cardioprotective strategies, often focusing on immunosuppression, have shown promise in pre-clinical and clinical trials. However, immunoregenerative therapies are emerging that often benefit from exacerbating early inflammation. Biomaterials can be used to enhance these therapies as a result of their intrinsic immunomodulatory properties, parallel mechanisms of action (e.g., mechanical restraint), or by enabling cell or tissue-targeted delivery. We further discuss translatability and the continued progress of technologies and procedures that contribute to the bench-to-bedside development of these critically needed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya S Soni
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arielle M D'Elia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christopher B Rodell
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Harwood JL. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Conversion to Lipid Mediators, Roles in Inflammatory Diseases and Dietary Sources. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108838. [PMID: 37240183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important components of the diet of mammals. Their role was first established when the essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were discovered nearly a century ago. However, most of the biochemical and physiological actions of PUFAs rely on their conversion to 20C or 22C acids and subsequent metabolism to lipid mediators. As a generalisation, lipid mediators formed from n-6 PUFAs are pro-inflammatory while those from n-3 PUFAs are anti-inflammatory or neutral. Apart from the actions of the classic eicosanoids or docosanoids, many newly discovered compounds are described as Specialised Pro-resolving Mediators (SPMs) which have been proposed to have a role in resolving inflammatory conditions such as infections and preventing them from becoming chronic. In addition, a large group of molecules, termed isoprostanes, can be generated by free radical reactions and these too have powerful properties towards inflammation. The ultimate source of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are photosynthetic organisms which contain Δ-12 and Δ-15 desaturases, which are almost exclusively absent from animals. Moreover, the EFAs consumed from plant food are in competition with each other for conversion to lipid mediators. Thus, the relative amounts of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in the diet are important. Furthermore, the conversion of the EFAs to 20C and 22C PUFAs in mammals is rather poor. Thus, there has been much interest recently in the use of algae, many of which make substantial quantities of long-chain PUFAs or in manipulating oil crops to make such acids. This is especially important because fish oils, which are their main source in human diets, are becoming limited. In this review, the metabolic conversion of PUFAs into different lipid mediators is described. Then, the biological roles and molecular mechanisms of such mediators in inflammatory diseases are outlined. Finally, natural sources of PUFAs (including 20 or 22 carbon compounds) are detailed, as well as recent efforts to increase their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
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Bäck M. Icosapent ethyl in cardiovascular prevention: Resolution of inflammation through the eicosapentaenoic acid - resolvin E1 - ChemR23 axis. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108439. [PMID: 37201735 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular outcome trials on omega-3 fatty acids have generated contradictory results but indicate a dose-dependent beneficial effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Beneficial cardiovascular effects of EPA may in addition to triglyceride lowering be mediated through alternative mechanisms of action. In this review, the link between EPA and a resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation is addressed. EPA is a substrate for the enzymatic metabolism into the lipid mediator resolvin E1 (RvE1), which activates the receptor ChemR23 to transduce an active resolution of inflammation. This has been shown to dampen the immune response and provide atheroprotective responses in different models. The intermediate EPA metabolite 18-HEPE emerges as a biomarker of EPA metabolism towards proresolving mediators in observational studies. Genetic variations within the EPA-RvE1-ChemR23 axis affecting the response to EPA may open up for precision medicine to identify responders and non-responders to EPA and fish oil supplementation. In conclusion, activation of the EPA-RvE1-ChemR23 axis towards a resolution of inflammation may contribute to beneficial effects in cardiovascular prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Université de Lorraine, Inserm, DCAC, Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Spite M, Fredman G. Insights into the role of the resolvin D2-GPR18 signaling axis in cardiovascular physiology and disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:257-281. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Chen R, Li J, Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhao X, Li N, Liu W, Liu C, Zhou P, Chen Y, Yan S, Song L, Yan H, Zhao H. Prognostic impacts of Lipoxin A4 in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A prospective cohort study. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106618. [PMID: 36549409 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is one of the specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators proved to suppress the progression of atherosclerosis in vivo, but its clinical impacts in atherosclerotic patients is unclear. In this study, we assessed the prognostic impacts of LXA4 in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A total of 1569 consecutive AMI patients were prospectively recruited from March 2017 to January 2020. Plasma samples of AMI patients were collected, and LXA4 levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), a composite of all-cause death, recurrent MI, ischemic stroke, or ischemia-driven revascularization. Cox regression was used to assess associations between LXA4 and clinical outcomes. Overall, the median level of LXA4 was 5.637 (3.047-9.014) ng/mL for AMI patients. During a median follow-up of 786 (726-1108) days, high LXA4 (≥ 5.637 ng/mL) was associated with lower risk of MACE (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.60-0.89, P = 0.002), which was sustained in propensity score matching (HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.60-0.90, P = 0.004) and inverse probability weighting analysis (HR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.90, P = 0.002). Combined with pro-inflammatory biomarker, patients with high levels of LXA4 (≥ 5.637 ng/mL) but low levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (< 5.7 mg/L) acquired the lowest risk of MACE (HR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51-0.92, P = 0.012). In sum, high levels of LXA4 were associated with lower risk of recurrent ischemic events for AMI patients, which could serve as new therapeutic target to tackle cardiovascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weida Liu
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaodi Yan
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Yan
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Coronary Heart Disease Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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13
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Liu C, Fan D, Lei Q, Lu A, He X. Roles of Resolvins in Chronic Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314883. [PMID: 36499209 PMCID: PMC9738788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An inflammatory response is beneficial to the organism, while an excessive uncontrolled inflammatory response can lead to the nonspecific killing of tissue cells. Therefore, promoting the resolution of inflammation is an important mechanism for protecting an organism suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases. Resolvins are a series of endogenous lipid mediums and have the functions of inhibiting a leukocyte infiltration, increasing macrophagocyte phagocytosis, regulating cytokines, and alleviating inflammatory pain. By promoting the inflammation resolution, resolvins play an irreplaceable role throughout the pathological process of some joint inflammation, neuroinflammation, vascular inflammation, and tissue inflammation. Although a large number of experiments have been conducted to study different subtypes of resolvins in different directions, the differences in the action targets between the different subtypes are rarely compared. Hence, this paper reviews the generation of resolvins, the characteristics of resolvins, and the actions of resolvins under a chronic inflammatory response and clinical translation of resolvins for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dancai Fan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200052, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (X.H.)
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14
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Clinical significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Front Nutr 2022; 9:998291. [PMID: 36276836 PMCID: PMC9582942 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.998291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most important problems of modern medicine. They are associated with a large number of health care visits, hospitalizations and mortality. Prevention of atherosclerosis is one of the most effective strategies and should start as early as possible. Correction of lipid metabolism disorders is associated with definite clinical successes, both in primary prevention and in the prevention of complications of many cardiovascular diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests a multifaceted role for polyunsaturated fatty acids. They demonstrate a variety of functions in inflammation, both participating directly in a number of cellular processes and acting as a precursor for subsequent biosynthesis of lipid mediators. Extensive clinical data also support the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids, but all questions have not been answered to date, indicating the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacy Management and Economics, Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
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15
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Yamaguchi A, Botta E, Holinstat M. Eicosanoids in inflammation in the blood and the vessel. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:997403. [PMID: 36238558 PMCID: PMC9551235 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are structural components of membrane phospholipids in cells. PUFAs regulate cellular function through the formation of derived lipid mediators termed eicosanoids. The oxygenation of 20-carbon PUFAs via the oxygenases cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, or cytochrome P450, generates a class of classical eicosanoids including prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, and also the more recently identified hydroxy-, hydroperoxy-, epoxy- and oxo-eicosanoids, and the specialized pro-resolving (lipid) mediators. These eicosanoids play a critical role in the regulation of inflammation in the blood and the vessel. While arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids are extensively studied due to their pro-inflammatory effects and therefore involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and the coronavirus disease 2019; in recent years, several eicosanoids have been reported to attenuate exacerbated inflammatory responses and participate in the resolution of inflammation. This review focused on elucidating the biosynthesis and the mechanistic signaling of eicosanoids in inflammation, as well as the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of these eicosanoids in the blood and the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eliana Botta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Michael Holinstat,
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16
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Seidel F, Kleemann R, van Duyvenvoorde W, van Trigt N, Keijzer N, van der Kooij S, van Kooten C, Verschuren L, Menke A, Kiliaan AJ, Winter J, Hughes TR, Morgan BP, Baas F, Fluiter K, Morrison MC. Therapeutic Intervention with Anti-Complement Component 5 Antibody Does Not Reduce NASH but Does Attenuate Atherosclerosis and MIF Concentrations in Ldlr-/-.Leiden Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810736. [PMID: 36142647 PMCID: PMC9506266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic inflammation is an important driver in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and atherosclerosis. The complement system, one of the first lines of defense in innate immunity, has been implicated in both diseases. However, the potential therapeutic value of complement inhibition in the ongoing disease remains unclear. Methods: After 20 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice were treated twice a week with an established anti-C5 antibody (BB5.1) or vehicle control. A separate group of mice was kept on a chow diet as a healthy reference. After 12 weeks of treatment, NASH was analyzed histopathologically, and genome-wide hepatic gene expression was analyzed by next-generation sequencing and pathway analysis. Atherosclerotic lesion area and severity were quantified histopathologically in the aortic roots. Results: Anti-C5 treatment considerably reduced complement system activity in plasma and MAC deposition in the liver but did not affect NASH. Anti-C5 did, however, reduce the development of atherosclerosis, limiting the total lesion size and severity independently of an effect on plasma cholesterol but with reductions in oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Conclusion: We show, for the first time, that treatment with an anti-C5 antibody in advanced stages of NASH is not sufficient to reduce the disease, while therapeutic intervention against established atherosclerosis is beneficial to limit further progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Seidel
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki van Trigt
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Keijzer
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra van der Kooij
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Aswin Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda J. Kiliaan
- Department Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johnathan Winter
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Timothy R. Hughes
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Fluiter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Tackling inflammation in atherosclerosis: Are we there yet and what lies beyond? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 66:102283. [PMID: 36037627 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven disease of the artery characterized by chronic non-resolving inflammation. Despite availability of excellent lipid-lowering therapies, atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of disability and death globally. The demonstration that suppressing inflammation prevents the adverse clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis in recent clinical trials has led to heightened interest in anti-inflammatory therapies. In this review, we briefly highlight some key anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution pathways, which could be targeted to modulate pathogenesis and stall atherosclerosis progression. We also highlight key challenges that must be overcome to turn the concept of inflammation targeting therapies into clinical reality for atherosclerotic heart disease.
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18
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Radbakhsh S, Katsiki N, Santos RD, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros CS, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on specialized pro-resolving mediators: An additional pathway leading to resolution of inflammation. Metabolism 2022; 132:155211. [PMID: 35533891 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Statins are a class of cholesterol-lowering drugs that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as improvement of endothelial function and plaque stabilization have also been proposed as parts of the pleiotropic effects of statins. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous lipid-derived molecules originating from ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid that trigger and modulate the resolution of inflammation. Impaired SPM biosynthesis can lead to excessive or chronic inflammation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Exogenous administration of SPMs, including lipoxin, maresin, protectin, have been shown to improve both bacterial and viral infections, mainly in preclinical models, thus minimizing inflammation. Statin-triggered-SPM production in several in vitro and in vivo models may represent another anti-inflammatory pathway involving these drugs. This commentary discusses scientific publications on the effects of statins on SPMs and the resolution of inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Radbakhsh
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Raul D Santos
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Western Australia, Mashhad, Iran.
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19
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Dubé L, Spahis S, Lachaîne K, Lemieux A, Monhem H, Poulin SM, Randoll C, Travaillaud E, Ould-Chikh NEH, Marcil V, Delvin E, Levy E. Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators Derived from N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Role in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Complications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:54-83. [PMID: 35072542 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence continues to grow and represents a serious public health issue worldwide. This multifactorial condition carries the risk of hastening the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Another troubling aspect of MetS is the requirement of poly-pharmacological therapy not devoid of side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for prospecting alternative nutraceuticals as effective therapeutic agents for MetS. Recent Advances: Currently, there is an increased interest in understanding the regulation of metabolic derangements by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), especially those derived from the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Critical Issues: The SPMs are recognized as efficient modulators that are capable of inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, blocking neutrophil activation/recruitment, and inducing non-phlogistic (anti-inflammatory) activation of macrophage engulfment and removal of apoptotic inflammatory cells and debris. The aim of the present review is precisely to first underline key concepts relative to SPM functions before focusing on their status and actions on MetS components (e.g., obesity, glucose dysmetabolism, hyperlipidemia, hypertension) and complications such as T2D, NAFLD, and CVD. Future Directions: Valuable data from preclinical and clinical investigations have emphasized the SPM functions and influence on oxidative stress- and inflammation-related MetS. Despite these promising findings obtained without compromising host defense, additional efforts are needed to evaluate their potential therapeutic applications and further develop practical tools to monitor their bioavailability to cope with cardiometabolic disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 54-83.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dubé
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Karelle Lachaîne
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Hanine Monhem
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Carolane Randoll
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eva Travaillaud
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Hepatology Unit, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Molecular Pharmacology of Inflammation Resolution in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094808. [PMID: 35563200 PMCID: PMC9104781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important problems of modern medicine as it is the leading cause of hospitalizations, disability, and mortality. The key role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis is the imbalance between the activation of inflammation in the vascular wall and the mechanisms of its control. The resolution of inflammation is the most important physiological mechanism that is impaired in atherosclerosis. The resolution of inflammation has complex, not fully known mechanisms, in which lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) represent a group of substances that carry out inflammation resolution and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. SPMs include lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins, which are formed from PUFAs and regulate many processes related to the active resolution of inflammation. Given the physiological importance of these substances, studies examining the possibility of pharmacological effects on inflammation resolution are of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
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21
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Artru F, McPhail MJW, Triantafyllou E, Trovato FM. Lipids in Liver Failure Syndromes: A Focus on Eicosanoids, Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators and Lysophospholipids. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867261. [PMID: 35432367 PMCID: PMC9008479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are organic compounds insoluble in water with a variety of metabolic and non-metabolic functions. They not only represent an efficient energy substrate but can also act as key inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules as part of a network of soluble mediators at the interface of metabolism and the immune system. The role of endogenous bioactive lipid mediators has been demonstrated in several inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, cancer). The liver is unique in providing balanced immunotolerance to the exposure of bacterial components from the gut transiting through the portal vein and the lymphatic system. This balance is abruptly deranged in liver failure syndromes such as acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure. In these syndromes, researchers have recently focused on bioactive lipid mediators by global metabonomic profiling and uncovered the pivotal role of these mediators in the immune dysfunction observed in liver failure syndromes explaining the high occurrence of sepsis and subsequent organ failure. Among endogenous bioactive lipids, the mechanistic actions of three classes (eicosanoids, pro-resolving lipid mediators and lysophospholipids) in the pathophysiological modulation of liver failure syndromes will be the topic of this narrative review. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of lipid-immune pathways will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Artru
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J W McPhail
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Triantafyllou
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators: New Therapeutic Approaches for Vascular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073592. [PMID: 35408952 PMCID: PMC8998739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is a typical feature of vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms or restenosis. Excessive inflammation is a key mechanism underlying vascular remodeling via the modulation of vascular fibrosis, phenotype and function. Recent evidence suggests that not only augmented inflammation but unresolved inflammation might also contribute to different aspects of vascular diseases. Resolution of inflammation is mediated by a family of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that limit immune cell infiltration and initiate tissue repair mechanisms. SPMs (lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins) are generated from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Synthases and receptors for SPMs were initially described in immune cells, but they are also present in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), where they regulate processes important for vascular physiology, such as EC activation and VSMC phenotype. Evidence from genetic models targeting SPM pathways and pharmacological supplementation with SPMs have demonstrated that these mediators may play a protective role against the development of vascular remodeling in atherosclerosis, aneurysms and restenosis. This review focuses on the latest advances in understanding the role of SPMs in vascular cells and their therapeutic effects in the vascular remodeling associated with different cardiovascular diseases.
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Xie Y, Liu L. Role of Chemerin/ChemR23 axis as an emerging therapeutic perspective on obesity-related vascular dysfunction. J Transl Med 2022; 20:141. [PMID: 35317838 PMCID: PMC8939091 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sufficient epidemiological investigations demonstrate that there is a close correlation between obesity and vascular dysfunction. Nevertheless, specific mechanisms underlying this link remain currently unclear. Given the crucial and decisive role of vascular dysfunction in multitudinous diseases, various hypotheses had been proposed and numerous experiments were being carried out. One recognized view is that increased adipokine secretion following the expanded mass of white adipose tissue due to obesity contributes to the regulation of vascular function. Chemerin, as a neo-adipokine, whose systemic level is elevated in obesity, is believed as a regulator of adipogenesis, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction via binding its cell surface receptor, chemR23. Hence, this review aims to focus on the up-to-date proof on chemerin/chemR23 axis-relevant signaling pathways, emphasize the multifarious impacts of chemerin/chemR23 axis on vascular function regulation, raise certain unsettled questions to inspire further investigations, and explore the therapeutic possibilities targeting chemerin/chemR23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China. .,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
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Specialized Proresolving Lipid Mediators: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063133. [PMID: 35328553 PMCID: PMC8955102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global public health issue due to its high morbidity, mortality, and economic impact. The implementation of innovative therapeutic alternatives for CVD is urgently required. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are bioactive compounds derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, integrated into four families: Lipoxins, Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins. SPMs have generated interest in recent years due to their ability to promote the resolution of inflammation associated with the pathogeneses of numerous illnesses, particularly CVD. Several preclinical studies in animal models have evidenced their ability to decrease the progression of atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, and reperfusion injury via diverse mechanisms. Large-scale clinical trials are required to determine the effects of SPMs in humans. This review integrates the currently available knowledge of the therapeutic impact of SPMs in CVD from preclinical and clinical studies, along with the implicated molecular pathways. In vitro results have been promising, and as such, SPMs could soon represent a new therapeutic alternative for CVD.
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Kraft JD, Blomgran R, Bergström I, Soták M, Clark M, Rani A, Rajan MR, Dalli J, Nyström S, Quiding‐Järbrink M, Bromberg J, Skoog P, Börgeson E. Lipoxins modulate neutrophil oxidative burst, integrin expression and lymphatic transmigration differentially in human health and atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22173. [PMID: 35104001 PMCID: PMC9305188 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101219rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and may be a result of impaired resolution. Thus, restoring levels of specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs) to promote the resolution of inflammation has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for patients with atherosclerosis, in addition to standard clinical care. Herein, we evaluated the effects of the SPM lipids, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and lipoxin B4 (LXB4), on neutrophils isolated from patients with atherosclerosis compared with healthy controls. Patients displayed altered endogenous SPM production, and we demonstrated that lipoxin treatment in whole blood from atherosclerosis patients attenuates neutrophil oxidative burst, a key contributor to atherosclerotic development. We found the opposite effect in neutrophils from healthy controls, indicating a potential mechanism whereby lipoxins aid the endogenous neutrophil function in health but reduce its excessive activation in disease. We also demonstrated that lipoxins attenuated upregulation of the high‐affinity conformation of the CD11b/CD18 integrin, which plays a central role in clot activation and atherosclerosis. Finally, LXB4 enhanced lymphatic transmigration of human neutrophils isolated from patients with atherosclerosis. This finding is noteworthy, as impaired lymphatic function is now recognized as an important contributor to atherosclerosis. Although both lipoxins modulated neutrophil function, LXB4 displayed more potent effects than LXA4 in humans. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of lipoxins in atherosclerotic disease and demonstrates that the effect of these SPMs may be specifically tailored to the need of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D. Kraft
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Inflammation and Infection Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Ida Bergström
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Matúš Soták
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Region Vaestra Goetaland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Madison Clark
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Alankrita Rani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Region Vaestra Goetaland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Meenu Rohini Rajan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Region Vaestra Goetaland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Marianne Quiding‐Järbrink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jonathan Bromberg
- Department of Surgery University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Maryland Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Per Skoog
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Emma Börgeson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Region Vaestra Goetaland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
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26
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Role of EPA in Inflammation: Mechanisms, Effects, and Clinical Relevance. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020242. [PMID: 35204743 PMCID: PMC8961629 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chronic inflammatory processes are linked with the continuous release of inflammatory mediators and the activation of harmful signal-transduction pathways that are able to facilitate disease progression. In this context atherosclerosis represents the most common pathological substrate of coronary heart disease, and the characterization of the disease as a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition is now validated. The biomarkers of inflammation associated with clinical cardiovascular risk support the theory that targeted anti-inflammatory treatment appears to be a promising strategy in reducing residual cardiovascular risk. Several literature data highlight cardioprotective effects of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This PUFA lowers plasma triglyceride levels and has potential beneficial effects on atherosclerotic plaques. Preclinical studies reported that EPA reduces both pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines levels. Clinical studies in patients with coronary artery disease that receive pharmacological statin therapy suggest that EPA may decrease plaque vulnerability preventing plaque progression. This review aims to provide an overview of the links between inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors, importantly focusing on the role of diet, in particular examining the proposed role of EPA as well as the success or failure of standard pharmacological therapy for cardiovascular diseases.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, characterized by the formation of plaques containing lipid, connective tissue and immune cells in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. Over the past three decades, a substantial reduction in cardiovascular mortality has been achieved largely through LDL-cholesterol-lowering regimes and therapies targeting other traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the overall benefits of targeting these risk factors have stagnated, and a huge global burden of cardiovascular disease remains. The indispensable role of immunological components in the establishment and chronicity of atherosclerosis has come to the forefront as a clinical target, with proof-of-principle studies demonstrating the benefit and challenges of targeting inflammation and the immune system in cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we provide an overview of the role of the immune system in atherosclerosis by discussing findings from preclinical research and clinical trials. We also identify important challenges that need to be addressed to advance the field and for successful clinical translation, including patient selection, identification of responders and non-responders to immunotherapies, implementation of patient immunophenotyping and potential surrogate end points for vascular inflammation. Finally, we provide strategic guidance for the translation of novel targets of immunotherapy into improvements in patient outcomes. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the immune cells involved in atherosclerosis, discuss preclinical research and published and ongoing clinical trials assessing the therapeutic potential of targeting the immune system in atherosclerosis, highlight emerging therapeutic targets from preclinical studies and identify challenges for successful clinical translation. Inflammation is an important component of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease; an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes drives chronic inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessel wall. Clinical trials assessing canakinumab and colchicine therapies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have provided proof-of-principle of the benefits associated with therapeutic targeting of the immune system in atherosclerosis. The immunosuppressive adverse effects associated with the systemic use of anti-inflammatory drugs can be minimized through targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the atherosclerotic plaque, defining the window of opportunity for treatment and identifying more specific targets for cardiovascular inflammation. Implementing immunophenotyping in clinical trials in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease will allow the identification of immune signatures and the selection of patients with the highest probability of deriving benefit from a specific therapy. Clinical stratification via novel risk factors and discovery of new surrogate markers of vascular inflammation are crucial for identifying new immunotherapeutic targets and their successful translation into the clinic.
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Abstract
Resolution is an active and highly coordinated process that occurs in response to inflammation to limit tissue damage and promote repair. When the resolution program fails, inflammation persists. It is now understood that failed resolution is a major underlying cause of many chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we will review the major failures of resolution in atherosclerosis, including the imbalance of proinflammatory to pro-resolving mediator production, impaired clearance of dead cells, and functional changes in immune cells that favor ongoing inflammation. In addition, we will briefly discuss new concepts that are emerging as possible regulators of resolution and highlight the translational significance for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Doran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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Fredman G, MacNamara KC. Atherosclerosis is a major human killer and non-resolving inflammation is a prime suspect. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2563-2574. [PMID: 34609505 PMCID: PMC8783387 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation (or inflammation-resolution) is an active and highly coordinated process. Inflammation-resolution is governed by several endogenous factors, and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are one such class of molecules that have robust biological function. Non-resolving inflammation is associated with a variety of human diseases, including atherosclerosis. Moreover, non-resolving inflammation is a hallmark of ageing, an inevitable process associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Uncovering mechanisms as to why inflammation-resolution is impaired in ageing and in disease and identifying useful biomarkers for non-resolving inflammation are unmet needs. Recent work has pointed to a critical role for balanced ratios of SPMs and pro-inflammatory lipids (i.e. leucotrienes and/or specific prostaglandins) as a key determinant of timely inflammation resolution. This review will focus on the accumulating findings that support the role of non-resolving inflammation and imbalanced pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory mediators in atherosclerosis. We aim to provide insight as to why these imbalances occur, the importance of ageing in disease progression, and how haematopoietic function impacts inflammation-resolution and atherosclerosis. We highlight open questions regarding therapeutic strategies and mechanisms of disease to provide a framework for future studies that aim to tackle this important human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fredman
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Katherine C MacNamara
- The Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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30
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Rasheed A, Rayner KJ. Macrophage Responses to Environmental Stimuli During Homeostasis and Disease. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:407-435. [PMID: 33523133 PMCID: PMC8284619 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Work over the last 40 years has described macrophages as a heterogeneous population that serve as the frontline surveyors of tissue immunity. As a class, macrophages are found in almost every tissue in the body and as distinct populations within discrete microenvironments in any given tissue. During homeostasis, macrophages protect these tissues by clearing invading foreign bodies and/or mounting immune responses. In addition to varying identities regulated by transcriptional programs shaped by their respective environments, macrophage metabolism serves as an additional regulator to temper responses to extracellular stimuli. The area of research known as "immunometabolism" has been established within the last decade, owing to an increase in studies focusing on the crosstalk between altered metabolism and the regulation of cellular immune processes. From this research, macrophages have emerged as a prime focus of immunometabolic studies, although macrophage metabolism and their immune responses have been studied for centuries. During disease, the metabolic profile of the tissue and/or systemic regulators, such as endocrine factors, become increasingly dysregulated. Owing to these changes, macrophage responses can become skewed to promote further pathophysiologic changes. For instance, during diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis, macrophages favor a proinflammatory phenotype; whereas in the tumor microenvironment, macrophages elicit an anti-inflammatory response to enhance tumor growth. Herein we have described how macrophages respond to extracellular cues including inflammatory stimuli, nutrient availability, and endocrine factors that occur during and further promote disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Rasheed
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katey J Rayner
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Dead cell and debris clearance in the atherosclerotic plaque: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities to promote inflammation resolution. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105699. [PMID: 34087352 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance of dead cells and debris is critical for inflammation resolution and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Consequently, defective clearance of dead cells and debris is associated with initiation and exacerbation of several autoimmune disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. The progressive loss of dead cell clearance capacity within the atherosclerotic plaque leads to accumulation of necrotic cells, chronic non-resolving inflammation, and expansion of the necrotic core, which triggers atherosclerotic plaque rupture and clinical manifestation of acute thrombotic cardiovascular adverse events. In this review, we describe the fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms of dead cell clearance and how it goes awry in atherosclerosis. Finally, we highlight novel therapeutic strategies that enhance dead cell and debris clearance within the atherosclerotic plaque to promote inflammation resolution and atherosclerotic plaque stabilization.
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32
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Duan J, Song Y, Zhang X, Wang C. Effect of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-Derived Bioactive Lipids on Metabolic Disorders. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646491. [PMID: 34113260 PMCID: PMC8185290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an important ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) are three well-known ω-3 PUFAs. These fatty acids can be metabolized into a number of bioactive lipids. Eicosanoids derived from ARA have drawn great attention because of their important and complex biofunctions. Although EPA, DHA and n-3 DPA have also shown powerful biofunctions, we have fewer studies of metabolites derived from them than those from ARA. Recently, growing research has focused on the bioaction of ω-3 PUFA-derived metabolites, which indicates their great potential for treating metabolic disorders. Most of the functional studies of these bioactive lipids focused on their anti-inflammatory effects. However, several studies elucidated their direct effects on pancreatic β cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and endothelial cells. These researches revealed the importance of studying the functions of metabolites derived from ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids other than themselves. The current review summarizes research into the effects of ω-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins on metabolic disorders, including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adipose tissue dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Duan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yayue Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunjiong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Nelson JR, Budoff MJ, Wani OR, Le V, Patel DK, Nelson A, Nemiroff RL. EPA's pleiotropic mechanisms of action: a narrative review. Postgrad Med 2021; 133:651-664. [PMID: 33900135 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1921491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with icosapent ethyl 4 g/day, a highly purified and stable ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), demonstrated a significant reduction in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events and death in REDUCE-IT. However, analyses of REDUCE-IT and meta-analyses have suggested that this clinical benefit is greater than can be achieved by triglyceride reduction alone. EPA therefore may have additional pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregatory mechanisms. EPA competes with arachidonic acid for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, producing anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregatory metabolites rather than the more deleterious metabolites associated with arachidonic acid. Changing the EPA:arachidonic acid ratio may shift metabolic status from pro-inflammatory/pro-aggregatory to anti-inflammatory/anti-aggregatory. EPA also has antioxidant effects and increases synthesis of nitric oxide. Incorporation of EPA into phospholipid bilayers influences membrane structure and may help to prevent cardiac arrhythmias. Clinically, this may translate into improved vascular health, including regression of atherosclerotic plaque. Overall, EPA has a range of pleiotropic effects that contribute to a reduction in ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Nelson
- California Cardiovascular Institute, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Omar R Wani
- Northern Arizona Healthcare Medical Group - Flagstaff, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Viet Le
- Cardiovascular Research, Intermountain Heart Institute/CV Research, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, Utah, and Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, USA
| | - Dhiren K Patel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Agnes Medical Center, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Richard L Nemiroff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Disentangling the Molecular Mechanisms of the Antidepressant Activity of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094393. [PMID: 33922396 PMCID: PMC8122828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorders (MDDs) are often associated with a deficiency in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), as well as signs of low-grade inflammation. Epidemiological and dietary studies suggest that a high intake of fish, the major source of ω-3 PUFAs, is associated with lower rates of MDDs. Meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled ω-3 PUFAs intervention-trials suggest that primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is responsible for the proposed antidepressant effect. In this review, we dissect the current biological knowledge on EPA and DHA and their bioactive lipid metabolites to search for a pharmacological explanation of this, to date, unexplained clinical observation. Through enzymatic conversion by cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (ALOX), and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase (CYP), EPA and DHA are metabolized to major anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators. In addition, both ω-3 PUFAs are precursors for endocannabinoids, with known effects on immunomodulation, neuroinflammation, food intake and mood. Finally, both ω-3 PUFAs are crucial for the structure and organization of membranes and lipid rafts. While most biological effects are shared by these two ω-3 PUFAs, some distinct features could be identified: (1) The preferential CYP monooxygenase pathway for EPA and EPA derived eicosanoids; (2) The high CB2 receptor affinities of EPA-derived EPEA and its epoxy-metabolite 17,18-EEQ-EA, while the DHA-derived endocannabinoids lack such receptor affinities; (3) The competition of EPA but not DHA with arachidonic acid (AA) for particular glycerophospholipids. EPA and AA are preferentially incorporated into phosphatidylinositols, while DHA is mainly incorporated into phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, -serine and -choline. We propose that these distinct features may explain the superior antidepressant activity of EPA rich ω-3 PUFAs and that these are potential novel targets for future antidepressant drugs.
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Welty FK, Schulte F, Alfaddagh A, Elajami TK, Bistrian BR, Hardt M. Regression of human coronary artery plaque is associated with a high ratio of (18-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid + resolvin E1) to leukotriene B 4. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21448. [PMID: 33749913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002471r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in arterial walls leads to coronary artery disease (CAD). We previously reported that a high omega-3 fatty index was associated with prevention of progression of coronary atherosclerosis, a disease of chronic inflammation in the arterial wall. However, the mechanism of such benefit is unclear. The two main omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are precursors of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs)-resolvins and maresins-which actively resolve chronic inflammation. To explore whether SPMs are associated with coronary plaque progression, levels of SPMs and proinflammatory mediators (leukotriene B4 [LTB4 ] and prostaglandins) were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 31 statin-treated patients with stable CAD randomized to either EPA and DHA, 3.36 g daily, or no EPA/DHA (control). Coronary plaque volume was measured by coronary computed tomographic angiography at baseline and at 30-month follow-up. Higher plasma levels of EPA+DHA were associated with significantly increased levels of two SPMs-resolvin E1 and maresin 1-and 18-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid (HEPE), the precursor of resolvin E1. Those with low plasma EPA+DHA levels had a low (18-HEPE+resolvin E1)/LTB4 ratio and significant plaque progression. Those with high plasma EPA+DHA levels had either low (18-HEPE+resolvin E1)/LTB4 ratios with significant plaque progression or high (18-HEPE+resolvin E1)/LTB4 ratios with significant plaque regression. These findings suggest that an imbalance between pro-resolving and proinflammatory lipid mediators is associated with plaque progression and potentially mediates the beneficial effects of EPA and DHA in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine K Welty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabian Schulte
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdulhamied Alfaddagh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarec K Elajami
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Bistrian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus Hardt
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nephrology lacks effective therapeutics for many of the presentations and diseases seen in clinical practice. In recent decades, we have come to understand the central place of inflammation in initiating and propagating kidney disease, and, research in more recent years has established that the resolution of inflammation is a highly regulated and active process. With this, has evolved an appreciation that this aspect of the host inflammatory response is defective in kidney disease and led to consideration of a therapeutic paradigm aiming to harness the activity of the molecular drivers of the resolution phase of inflammation. Fatty-acid-derived Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), partly responsible for resolution of inflammation have gained traction as potential therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS We describe our current understanding of SPMs for this purpose in acute and chronic kidney disease. These studies cement the place of inflammation and its defective resolution in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, and highlight new avenues for therapy. SUMMARY Targeting resolution of inflammation is a viable approach to treating kidney disease. We optimistically look forward to translating these experimental advances into tractable therapeutics to treat kidney disease.
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Salas-Hernández A, Espinoza-Pérez C, Vivar R, Espitia-Corredor J, Lillo J, Parra-Flores P, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Peiró C, Díaz-Araya G. Resolvin D1 and E1 promote resolution of inflammation in rat cardiac fibroblast in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:57-66. [PMID: 33459958 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) have a key role in the inflammatory response after cardiac injury and are necessary for wound healing. Resolvins are potent agonists that control the duration and magnitude of inflammation. They decrease mediators of pro-inflammatory expression, reduce neutrophil migration to inflammation sites, promote the removal of microbes and apoptotic cells, and reduce exudate. However, whether resolvins can prevent pro-inflammatory-dependent effects in CFs is unknown. Thus, the present work was addressed to study whether resolvin D1 and E1 (RvD1 and RvE1) can prevent pro-inflammatory effects on CFs after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. For this, CFs were stimulated with LPS, in the presence or absence of RvD1 or RvE1, to analyze its effects on intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), monocyte adhesion and the cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Our results showed that CFs are expressing ALX/FPR2 and ChemR23, RvD1 and RvE1 receptors, respectively. RvD1 and RvE1 prevent the increase of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein levels and the adhesion of spleen mononuclear cells to CFs induced by LPS. Finally, RvD1, but not RvE1, prevents the LPS-induced increase of IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-10. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that in CFs, RvD1 and RvE1 might actively participate in the prevention of inflammatory response triggered by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimeé Salas-Hernández
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacodependence, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Claudio Espinoza-Pérez
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Pharmacology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenaro Espitia-Corredor
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Lillo
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Parra-Flores
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos F Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile. .,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis - from experimental insights to the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:589-610. [PMID: 33976384 PMCID: PMC8112476 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a dominant and growing cause of death and disability worldwide, involves inflammation from its inception to the emergence of complications. Targeting inflammatory pathways could therefore provide a promising new avenue to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. Indeed, clinical studies have now demonstrated unequivocally that modulation of inflammation can forestall the clinical complications of atherosclerosis. This progress pinpoints the need for preclinical investigations to refine strategies for combatting inflammation in the human disease. In this Review, we consider a gamut of attractive possibilities for modifying inflammation in atherosclerosis, including targeting pivotal inflammatory pathways such as the inflammasomes, inhibiting cytokines, manipulating adaptive immunity and promoting pro-resolution mechanisms. Along with lifestyle measures, pharmacological interventions to mute inflammation could complement traditional targets, such as lipids and hypertension, to make new inroads into the management of atherosclerotic risk.
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Sobrino A, Walker ME, Colas RA, Dalli J. Protective activities of distinct omega-3 enriched oils are linked to their ability to upregulate specialized pro-resolving mediators. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242543. [PMID: 33326419 PMCID: PMC7743945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies using a range of omega-3 supplements have yielded conflicting results on their efficacy to control inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids are substrate for the formation of potent immune-protective mediators, termed as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM). Herein, we investigated whether observed differences in the potencies of distinct omega-3 supplements were linked with their ability to upregulate SPM formation. Using lipid mediator profiling we found that four commercially available supplements conferred a unique SPM signature profile to human macrophages, with the overall increases in SPM concentrations being different between the four supplements. These increases in SPM concentrations were linked with an upregulation of macrophage phagocytosis and a decreased uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Pharmacological inhibition of two key SPM biosynthetic enzymes 5-Lipoxygenase or 15-Lipoxygenase reversed the macrophage-directed actions of each of the omega-3 supplements. Furthermore, administration of the two supplements that most potently upregulated macrophage SPM formation and reprogrammed their responses in vitro, to APOE-/- mice fed a western diet, increased plasma SPM concentrations and reduced vascular inflammation. Together these findings support the utility of SPM as potential prognostic markers in determining the utility of a given supplement to regulate macrophage responses and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agua Sobrino
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E. Walker
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romain A. Colas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Roh J, Go EJ, Park JW, Kim YH, Park CK. Resolvins: Potent Pain Inhibiting Lipid Mediators via Transient Receptor Potential Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584206. [PMID: 33363143 PMCID: PMC7758237 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a serious condition that occurs in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). It is caused by inflammation or nerve damage that induces the release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells and/or protein kinase activation in neuronal cells. Both nervous systems are closely linked; therefore, inflammation or nerve damage in the PNS can affect the CNS (central sensitization). In this process, nociceptive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel activation and expression are increased. As a result, nociceptive neurons are activated, and pain signals to the brain are amplified and prolonged. In other words, suppressing the onset of pain signals in the PNS can suppress pain signals to the CNS. Resolvins, endogenous lipid mediators generated during the resolution phase of acute inflammation, inhibit nociceptive TRP ion channels and alleviate chronic pain. This paper summarizes the effect of resolvins in chronic pain control and discusses future scientific perspectives. Further study on the effect of resolvins on neuropathic pain will expand the scope of pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Roh
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Go
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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Callan N, Hanes D, Bradley R. Early evidence of efficacy for orally administered SPM-enriched marine lipid fraction on quality of life and pain in a sample of adults with chronic pain. J Transl Med 2020; 18:401. [PMID: 33087142 PMCID: PMC7579794 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine lipids contain omega-3 fatty acids that can be metabolized into anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators-namely 17-HDHA and 18-HEPE-which can serve as modulators of the pain experience. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of 4 weeks of oral supplementation with a fractionated marine lipid concentration, standardized to 17-HDHA and 18-HEPE, on health-related quality of life and inflammation in adults with chronic pain. METHODS This study was a prospective, non-randomized, open-label clinical trial. Forty-four adults with ≥ moderate pain intensity for at least 3 months were recruited. The primary outcome was change in health-related quality of life (QOL) using the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-43 Profile (PROMIS-43) and the American Chronic Pain Association (ACPA) QOL scale. Exploratory outcomes assessed safety and tolerability, changes in anxiety and depression, levels of pain intensity and interference, patient satisfaction, and impression of change. Changes in blood biomarkers of inflammation (hs-CRP and ESR) were also explored. RESULTS Outcome measures were collected at Baseline, Week 2, and Week 4 (primary endpoint). At Week 4, PROMIS-43 QOL subdomains changed with significance from baseline (p < 0.05), with borderline changes in the ACPA Quality of Life scale (p < 0.052). Exploratory analyses revealed significant changes (p < 0.05) in all measures of pain intensity, pain interference, depression, and anxiety. There were no statistically significant changes in either hs-CRP or ESR, which stayed within normal limits. CONCLUSION We conclude that oral supplementation with a fractionated marine lipid concentration standardized to 17-HDHA and 18-HEPE may improve quality of life, reduce pain intensity and interference, and improve mood within 4 weeks in adults with chronic pain. The consistency and magnitude of these results support the need for placebo-controlled clinical trials of marine lipid concentrations standardized to 17-HDHA and 18-HEPE. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: Influence of an Omega-3 SPM Supplement on Quality of Life, NCT02683850. Registered 17 February 2016-retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02683850 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Callan
- National University of Natural Medicine, Helfgott Research Institute, 2220 SW 1st Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Doug Hanes
- National University of Natural Medicine, Helfgott Research Institute, 2220 SW 1st Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Ryan Bradley
- National University of Natural Medicine, Helfgott Research Institute, 2220 SW 1st Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA. .,Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Tułowiecka N, Kotlęga D, Prowans P, Szczuko M. The Role of Resolvins: EPA and DHA Derivatives Can Be Useful in the Prevention and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7628. [PMID: 33076354 PMCID: PMC7589657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most ischemic strokes develop as a result of atherosclerosis, in which inflammation plays a key role. The synthesis cascade of proinflammatory mediators participates in the process induced in the vascular endothelium and platelets. Resolvins are anti-inflammatory mediators originating from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which may improve the prognosis related to atherosclerosis by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines, limiting neutrophil migration, or positively influencing phagocytosis. Although clinical trials with resolvin in humans after stroke have not been realized, they may soon find application. AIM The aim of the study was to review the available literature on the scope of the possibilities of the prevention and treatment of stroke with the use of resolvins, EPA and DHA derivatives. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review features articles published until 31 January 2020. The search for adequate literature was conducted using the keywords: stroke and resolvins. Over 150 articles were found. Studies not written in English, letters to the editor, conference abstracts, and duplicate information were excluded. RESULTS In several studies using the animal model, the supplementation of resolvin D2 decreased brain damage caused by myocardial infarction, and it reversed the neurological dysfunction of the brain. A decrease in the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, Il-6, and Il-1β, was also observed, as well as a decrease in the scope of brain damage. In the context of stroke in animals, the treatment with resolvin D2 (RvD2) (injection) has a better effect than supplementation with DHA. CONCLUSIONS Resolvins are characterised by strong anti-inflammatory properties. Resolvins improve prognosis and decrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, consequently lowering the risk of stroke, and may find application in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Tułowiecka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Kotlęga
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Piotr Prowans
- Clinic of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72-009 Police, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Szczuko
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland;
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Oppedisano F, Macrì R, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Carresi C, Maiuolo J, Bosco F, Nucera S, Caterina Zito M, Guarnieri L, Scarano F, Nicita C, Coppoletta AR, Ruga S, Scicchitano M, Mollace R, Palma E, Mollace V. The Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of n-3 PUFAs: Their Role in Cardiovascular Protection. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090306. [PMID: 32854210 PMCID: PMC7554783 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 18, 20 or 22 carbon atoms, which have been found able to counteract cardiovascular diseases. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in particular, have been found to produce both vaso- and cardio-protective response via modulation of membrane phospholipids thereby improving cardiac mitochondrial functions and energy production. However, antioxidant properties of n-3 PUFAs, along with their anti-inflammatory effect in both blood vessels and cardiac cells, seem to exert beneficial effects in cardiovascular impairment. In fact, dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFAs has been demonstrated to reduce oxidative stress-related mitochondrial dysfunction and endothelial cell apoptosis, an effect occurring via an increased activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. On the other hand, n-3 PUFAs have been shown to counteract the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both vascular tissues and in the myocardium, thereby restoring vascular reactivity and myocardial performance. Here we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 PUFAs in vascular and cardiac tissues and their implication in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oppedisano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Federica Scarano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Caterina Nicita
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.O.); (R.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (C.C.); (J.M.); (F.B.); (S.N.); (M.C.Z.); (L.G.); (F.S.); (C.N.); (A.R.C.); (S.R.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (E.P.)
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Leuti A, Fazio D, Fava M, Piccoli A, Oddi S, Maccarrone M. Bioactive lipids, inflammation and chronic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:133-169. [PMID: 32628989 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous bioactive lipids are part of a complex network that modulates a plethora of cellular and molecular processes involved in health and disease, of which inflammation represents one of the most prominent examples. Inflammation serves as a well-conserved defence mechanism, triggered in the event of chemical, mechanical or microbial damage, that is meant to eradicate the source of damage and restore tissue function. However, excessive inflammatory signals, or impairment of pro-resolving/anti-inflammatory pathways leads to chronic inflammation, which is a hallmark of chronic pathologies. All main classes of endogenous bioactive lipids - namely eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, lysoglycerophopsholipids and endocannabinoids - have been consistently involved in the chronic inflammation that characterises pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, as well as autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. This review gathers the current knowledge concerning the involvement of endogenous bioactive lipids in the pathogenic processes of chronic inflammatory pathologies.
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Chamani S, Bianconi V, Tasbandi A, Pirro M, Barreto GE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Resolution of Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Role of Resolvins. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:3267172. [PMID: 32308554 PMCID: PMC7132591 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3267172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation has been described as a reactive dynamic process, promoted by the secretion of proinflammatory mediators, including lipid molecules like leukotrienes and prostaglandins, and counterbalanced by proresolving mediators including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid- (PUFA-) derived molecules. The switch from the initiation to the resolution phase of acute inflammatory response is crucial for tissue homeostasis, whereas the failure to resolve early inflammation by specialized proresolving mediators leads to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Among PUFA-derived proresolving mediators, different eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derivatives have been described, namely, resolvins (resolution phase interaction products), which exert their anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory activities through specific G-protein-coupled receptors. In recent years, compelling evidence has shown that impairment of resolution of inflammation is a crucial pathogenic hallmark in different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of resolvins in resolution of inflammation and highlights available evidence showing the neuroprotective potential of EPA- and DHA-derived resolvins (E-series and D-series resolvins, respectively) in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Chamani
- Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aida Tasbandi
- School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhang J, Wang M, Ye J, Liu J, Xu Y, Wang Z, Ye D, Zhao M, Wan J. The Anti-inflammatory Mediator Resolvin E1 Protects Mice Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Heart Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:203. [PMID: 32256344 PMCID: PMC7094758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) is a common severe complication of sepsis that contributes to mortality. SIC is closely associated with excessive inflammatory responses, failed inflammation resolution, and apoptotic damage. Resolvin E1 (RvE1), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-derived metabolite, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory or proresolving activity in multiple animal models of inflammatory disease. However, the therapeutic potential of RvE1 in SIC remains undetermined, which was, therefore, the aim of the present study. Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS + RvE1. Echocardiography, Western blotting (WB), quantitative real-time (QRT)-PCR, histological analyses, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate cardiac function, myocardial inflammation, and the underlying mechanisms. Results The RvE1-injected group showed improved left ventricular (LV) function and reduced serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase myocardial bound (CK-MB) levels. Compared to LPS treatment alone, RvE1 treatment inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the heart and spleen and suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, in the heart. We also observed that the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways was blocked by RvE1 treatment, and this inhibition contributed to the improvement in the inflammatory response induced by LPS. RvE1 inhibited LPS-induced M1 macrophage polarization and promoted macrophage polarization toward the M2-like phenotype in both the heart and spleen. In addition, LPS administration dysregulated cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) in the heart, which were rectified by RvE1 treatment. RvE1 also reduced myocardial apoptosis rate in response to LPS-induced heart injury. Conclusion RvE1 protects the heart against SIC possibly through the inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathways, modulation of macrophage polarization, and reduction in myocardial apoptosis. RvE1 may be a novel lipid mediator for the treatment of SIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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Bäck M, Yurdagul A, Tabas I, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 16:389-406. [PMID: 30846875 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima in which the balance of pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving mechanisms dictates the final clinical outcome. Intimal infiltration and modification of plasma-derived lipoproteins and their uptake mainly by macrophages, with ensuing formation of lipid-filled foam cells, initiate atherosclerotic lesion formation, and deficient efferocytotic removal of apoptotic cells and foam cells sustains lesion progression. Defective efferocytosis, as a sign of inadequate inflammation resolution, leads to accumulation of secondarily necrotic macrophages and foam cells and the formation of an advanced lesion with a necrotic lipid core, indicative of plaque vulnerability. Resolution of inflammation is mediated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids or arachidonic acid and by relevant proteins and signalling gaseous molecules. One of the major effects of inflammation resolution mediators is phenotypic conversion of pro-inflammatory macrophages into macrophages that suppress inflammation and promote healing. In advanced atherosclerotic lesions, the ratio between specialized pro-resolving mediators and pro-inflammatory lipids (in particular leukotrienes) is strikingly low, providing a molecular explanation for the defective inflammation resolution features of these lesions. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of the formation of clinically dangerous atherosclerotic lesions and the potential of pro-resolving mediator therapy to inhibit this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Specialized pro-resolving mediators in diabetes: novel therapeutic strategies. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:2121-2141. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20190067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is an important metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate production and secretion of insulin, impaired insulin action, or a combination of both. Genetic disorders and insulin receptor disorders, environmental factors, lifestyle choices and toxins are key factors that contribute to DM. While it is often referred to as a metabolic disorder, modern lifestyle choices and nutrient excess induce a state of systemic chronic inflammation that results in the increased production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines that contribute to DM. It is chronic hyperglycemia and the low-grade chronic-inflammation that underlies the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications leading to damage in a number of tissues and organs, including eyes, vasculature, heart, nerves, and kidneys. Improvements in the management of risk factors have been beneficial, including focus on intensified glycemic control, but most current approaches only slow disease progression. Even with recent studies employing SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrating protection against cardiovascular and kidney diseases, kidney function continues to decline in people with established diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Despite the many advances and a greatly improved understanding of the pathobiology of diabetes and its complications, there remains a major unmet need for more effective therapeutics to prevent and reverse the chronic complications of diabetes. More recently, there has been growing interest in the use of specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) as an exciting therapeutic strategy to target diabetes and the chronic complications of diabetes.
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The resolution of inflammation through omega-3 fatty acids in atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, and vascular calcification. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:757-766. [PMID: 31696250 PMCID: PMC6881483 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids serve as the substrate for the formation of a group of lipid mediators that mediate the resolution of inflammation. The cardiovascular inflammatory response in atherosclerosis and vascular injury is characterized by a failure in the resolution of inflammation, resulting in a chronic inflammatory response. The proresolving lipid mediator resolvin E1 (RvE1) is formed by enzymatic conversion of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and signals resolution of inflammation through its receptor ChemR23. Importantly, the resolution of cardiovascular inflammation is an active, multifactorial process that involves modulation of the immune response, direct actions on the vascular wall, as well as close interactions between macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. Promoting anti-atherogenic signalling through the stimulation of endogenous resolution of inflammation pathways may provide a novel therapeutic strategy in cardiovascular prevention.
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Sirtori CR, Ruscica M, Calabresi L, Chiesa G, Giovannoni R, Badimon JJ. HDL therapy today: from atherosclerosis, to stent compatibility to heart failure. Ann Med 2019; 51:345-359. [PMID: 31729238 PMCID: PMC7877888 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2019.1694695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologically, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels have been inversely associated to cardiovascular (CV) events, although a Mendelian Randomisation Study had failed to establish a clear causal role. Numerous atheroprotective mechanisms have been attributed to HDL, the main being the ability to promote cholesterol efflux from arterial walls; anti-inflammatory effects related to HDL ligands such as S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate), resolvins and others have been recently identified. Experimental studies and early clinical investigations have indicated the potential of HDL to slow progression or induce regression of atherosclerosis. More recently, the availability of different HDL formulations, with different phospholipid moieties, has allowed to test other indications for HDL therapy. Positive reports have come from studies on coronary stent biocompatibility, where the use of HDL from different sources reduced arterial cell proliferation and thrombogenicity. The observation that low HDL-C levels may be associated with an enhanced risk of heart failure (HF) has also suggested that HDL therapy may be applied to this condition. HDL infusions or apoA-I gene transfer were able to reverse heart abnormalities, reduce diastolic resistance and improve cardiac metabolism. HDL therapy may be effective not only in atherosclerosis, but also in other conditions, of relevant impact on human health.Key messagesHigh-density lipoproteins have as a major activity that of removing excess cholesterol from tissues (particularly arteries).Knowledge on the activity of high-density lipoproteins on health have however significantly widened.HDL-therapy may help to improve stent biocompatibility and to reduce peripheral arterial resistance in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Sirtori
- Dyslipidemia Center, A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - M Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L Calabresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - R Giovannoni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - J J Badimon
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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