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Tucker WJ, Tucker B, Januszewski AS, Jenkins AJ, Keech AC, Kestenbaum BR, Allison MA, Rye KA, Ong KL. Association of circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 555:117799. [PMID: 38309558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels are often elevated in cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no study has assessed its association with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a population free of clinically evident CVD. METHODS A total of 5543 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants (mean age 62.7 years, 47.5 % male), free of clinically evident CVD at baseline, were studied. From baseline (2000-2002), 1606 deaths (including 387 CVD deaths) were observed over a median follow-up of 17.7 years. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the association of plasma FGF21 levels with mortality. RESULTS FGF21 levels at baseline were associated with all-cause mortality, even after adjustment for traditional risk factors, including demographic, socioeconomic and cardiovascular risk factors (adjusted hazard ratio 1.08 [95% confidence interval 1.01, 1.16] per 1 SD increase in ln-transformed levels; 1.27 for the highest vs, lowest quartile). Baseline FGF21 levels were significantly associated with both CVD and non-CVD mortality in unadjusted models. However, the association with non-CVD mortality, but not CVD mortality, remained statistically significant after adjusting for covariates. Similar results were obtained in FGF21 quartile analyses and also when using competing risk regression or matched case-control cohort in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS In subjects without clinically-evident CVD at baseline, over 17.7 years follow-up there is a modest association of baseline FGF21 levels with all-cause mortality. The finding that this is driven primarily by a significant association with non-CVD mortality over almost two decades merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Tucker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley Tucker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Alicia J Jenkins
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony C Keech
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bryan R Kestenbaum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Al Zein M, Zein O, Diab R, Dimachkie L, Sahebkar A, Al-Asmakh M, Kobeissy F, Eid AH. Intermittent fasting favorably modulates adipokines and potentially attenuates atherosclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115876. [PMID: 37871879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is now recognized as an endocrine organ that secretes bioactive molecules called adipokines. These biomolecules regulate key physiological functions, including insulin sensitivity, energy metabolism, appetite regulation, endothelial function and immunity. Dysregulated secretion of adipokines is intimately associated with obesity, and translates into increased risk of obesity-related cardiovasculo-metabolic diseases. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that adipokine imbalance contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. One of the promising diet regimens that is beneficial in the fight against obesity and cardiometabolic disorders is intermittent fasting (IF). Indeed, IF robustly suppresses inflammation, meditates weight loss and mitigates many aspects of the cardiometabolic syndrome. In this paper, we review the main adipokines and their role in atherosclerosis, which remains a major contributor to cardiovascular-associated morbidity and mortality. We further discuss how IF can be employed as an effective management modality for obesity-associated atherosclerosis. By exploring a plethora of the beneficial effects of IF, particularly on inflammatory markers, we present IF as a possible intervention to help prevent atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Zein
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omar Zein
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rawan Diab
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Dimachkie
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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3
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Zhang C, Sui Y, Liu S, Yang M. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic disease-associated hepatic inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. EXPLORATION OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES 2023:246-275. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.37349/edd.2023.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide, with a progressive form of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It may progress to advanced liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD/NASH is a comorbidity of many metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. These metabolic diseases are often accompanied by systemic or extrahepatic inflammation, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD or NASH. Metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, impact the function, inflammation, and death of hepatocytes, the primary parenchymal cells in the liver tissue. Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells that line the bile ducts, can differentiate into proliferative hepatocytes in chronic liver injury. In addition, hepatic non-parenchymal cells, including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, and innate and adaptive immune cells, are involved in liver inflammation. Proteins such as fibroblast growth factors, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylases, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 are involved in liver metabolism and inflammation, which are potential targets for NASH treatment. This review focuses on the effects of metabolic disease-induced extrahepatic inflammation, liver inflammation, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver metabolism on the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH, as well as the associated treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sui
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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4
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Sayanthan S, Allison MA, Budoff MJ, Rye KA, Ong KL. Relationship of fibroblast growth factor 21 with the prevalence and progression of vascular and valvular calcification: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2023; 370:388-395. [PMID: 36306948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we investigated the relationship of plasma FGF21 with calcification at different vascular and valvular sites. METHODS A total of 5786 participants, free of clinically apparent CVD at baseline and with valid data on plasma FGF21 and calcification (Agatston score, volume and density) at coronary arteries, thoracic arteries, mitral and aortic valves, and aortic valve ring, were included in the analysis. Vascular calcification was measured at 2-3 follow-up visits. RESULTS At baseline, higher FGF21 levels were associated with prevalent descending thoracic aortic calcification (DTAC) (prevalence ratio = 1.06 [95% CI 1.01-1.11] per SD increase in log-transformed unit, P = 0.016). Among participants without prevalent calcification, higher FGF21 levels were associated with incident DTAC (relative risk [RR] = 1.13 [95% CI 1.04-1.22], P = 0.002). Among all participants, higher FGF21 levels were also associated with the progression of DTAC score and volume (RR = 1.07 [95% CI 1.03-1.12] and 1.08 [95% CI 1.03-1.12] respectively, both P < 0.01). No significant association of FGF21 was found for prevalence (prevalence ratio = 0.89-1.05), incidence (RR = 0.97-1.16) and progression of calcification (RR = 0.94-1.14) at the other sites. CONCLUSION Higher FGF21 levels were associated with the presence, incidence and progression of DTAC. However, the magnitude of this association was similar to those of the non-significant associations of FGF21 levels with calcifications at other sites. Further research is needed to assess the potential of FGF21 as a biomarker for vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoban Sayanthan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Li XH, Liu LZ, Chen L, Pan QN, Ouyang ZY, Fan DJ, Pan X, Lu SY, Luo QH, Tao PY, Huang HQ. Aerobic exercise regulates FGF21 and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and inhibits atherosclerosis in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273527. [PMID: 36006939 PMCID: PMC9409497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a known risk factor for atherosclerosis, is readily regulated by exercise, and it can inhibit NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated pyroptosis. However, it is not clear whether aerobic exercise inhibits atherosclerosis via these pathways. Eight-week-old apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice on a high-fat diet were randomly divided into 1-h post-exercise (EX-1h), 24-h post-exercise (EX-24h), and sedentary (SED) groups. C57BL/6J wild-type mice fed normal chow served as controls (WT group). Mice in the EX-1h and EX-24h groups were subjected to treadmill exercise training for 12 weeks. Aerobic exercise reduced body weight; blood glucose, lipid, and inflammation levels; and aortic plaque area proportion. Aerobic exercise increased the sensitivity of FGF21 by upregulating the expression of the downstream receptor adiponectin (ApN); the serum FGF21 level after exercise increased initially, and then decreased. Aerobic exercise downregulated the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis-related markers in the aorta, and FGF21 may participate in the above process. Meanwhile, the liver may be the tissue source of serum FGF21 during aerobic exercise. In conclusion, aerobic exercise may inhibit atherogenesis by regulating FGF21 and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. Our study provides new information on the atherosclerosis-preventing mechanism of aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang-Zhong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi-Ni Pan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zi-Yao Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - De-Jing Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Pan
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Su-Yu Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiu-Hu Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Pin-Yue Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (PYT); (HQH)
| | - Hui-Qiao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (PYT); (HQH)
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Research Progress of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Fibrotic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5042762. [PMID: 35677107 PMCID: PMC9168133 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5042762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of chronic injuries, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in organs, as seen in most chronic inflammatory diseases. At present, there is an increasing tendency of the morbidity and mortality of diseases caused by fibrosis, but the treatment measures for fibrosis are still limited. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the FGF19 subfamily, which also has the name endocrine FGFs because of their endocrine manner. In recent years, it has been found that plasma FGF21 level is significantly correlated with fibrosis progression. Furthermore, there is evidence that FGF21 has a pronounced antifibrotic effect in a variety of fibrotic diseases. This review summarizes the biological effects of FGF21 and discusses what is currently known about this factor and fibrosis disease, highlighting emerging insights that warrant further research.
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7
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Liu L, Shi Z, Ji X, Zhang W, Luan J, Zahr T, Qiang L. Adipokines, adiposity, and atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:272. [PMID: 35503385 PMCID: PMC11073100 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Characterized by a surplus of whole-body adiposity, obesity is strongly associated with the prognosis of atherosclerosis, a hallmark of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the major contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Adipose tissue serves a primary role as a lipid-storage organ, secreting cytokines known as adipokines that affect whole-body metabolism, inflammation, and endocrine functions. Emerging evidence suggests that adipokines can play important roles in atherosclerosis development, progression, as well as regression. Here, we review the versatile functions of various adipokines in atherosclerosis and divide these respective functions into three major groups: protective, deteriorative, and undefined. The protective adipokines represented here are adiponectin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (CTRP9), and progranulin, while the deteriorative adipokines listed include leptin, chemerin, resistin, Interleukin- 6 (IL-6), and more, with additional adipokines that have unclear roles denoted as undefined adipokines. Comprehensively categorizing adipokines in the context of atherosclerosis can help elucidate the various pathways involved and potentially pave novel therapeutic approaches to treat CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zunhan Shi
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Luan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tarik Zahr
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Level Is Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis. Int J Hypertens 2022; 2022:7098458. [PMID: 35186330 PMCID: PMC8856816 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7098458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a hormone that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. High serum FGF-21 levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the relationship between serum FGF-21 levels and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Methods. Blood samples and baseline characteristics were collected from 130 HD patients. Serum FGF-21 concentrations were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Aortic stiffness was defined as a carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) of more than 10 m/s. Results. Of the 130 HD patients, aortic stiffness was diagnosed in 54 (41.5%). Serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in those with aortic stiffness than those without
. The FGF-21 level was independently associated with aortic stiffness (odds ratio (OR): 1.008; 95% CI: 1.003–1.012;
) after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, age, hypertension, C-reactive protein, and body weight in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Multivariable forward stepwise linear regression analysis also confirmed that the logarithmically transformed FGF-21 level (β = 3.245, 95% CI: 1.593–4.987,
) was an independent predictor of cfPWV values. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve predicting aortic stiffness by the serum FGF-21 level was 0.693 (95% CI: 0.606–0.771,
). Conclusions. Serum FGF-21 level positively correlates with cfPWV and is also an independent predictor of aortic stiffness in maintenance HD patients.
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9
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Yang S, Zhang Y, Lyu X, Gu Y, Zhang G, Liu P, Zheng Y, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Hou H. The Association Between FGF21 and Diabetic Erectile Dysfunction: Evidence from Clinical and Animal Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:874796. [PMID: 36213282 PMCID: PMC9535403 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.874796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED), a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), affects 50-75% of men with diabetes. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver-derived metabolic regulator which plays a role in insulin-independent glucose uptake in adipocytes. We designed a clinical study and an animal experiment to investigate the relationship between FGF21 and DM-induced ED. The clinical study enrolled 93 participants aged > 18 years (61 patients with type 2 DM and 32 healthy controls) from Taian City Central Hospital (TCCH) in Shandong Province, China, amongst whom the association between serum FGF21 and diabetic ED was analyzed. To further validate this association, we developed animal model of diabetic ED using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Serum FGF21 concentration and FGF21 mRNA expression in penile samples of the rats were determined with Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Among the 93 participants, the level of serum FGF21 was negatively correlated with the IIEF-5 score (r = -0.74, P < 0.001). The analysis on the performance of FGF21 for ED diagnosis showed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.875 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.803 to 0.946). In the animal experiment, the levels of serum FGF21, 2-Δ Δ Ct values of FGF21 mRNA expression, and relative levels of FGF21 in penile samples were higher in the ED group compared to the DM and control groups. Our findings demonstrated an association between the FGF21 level and diabetic ED, indicating the potential of this cytokine in predicting diabetic ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Yichun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Xiaohui Lyu
- Department of Outpatient Department, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Feicheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yulu Zheng
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zheng Guo
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
- *Correspondence: Haifeng Hou, ; Yanbo Zhang,
| | - Haifeng Hou
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
- *Correspondence: Haifeng Hou, ; Yanbo Zhang,
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Hovsepian V, Marandi SM, Esfarjani F, Zavar R, Sadeghi M. The Effect of All Extremity High Intensity Interval Training on Athero-Protective Factors and Endothelial Function in Overweight and Obese Women. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:141. [PMID: 34912517 PMCID: PMC8631139 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_248_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as hormones are highly contributive in cardiovascular system, while they are disrupted through obesity. Weight-bearing high intensity interval training (HIIT) as an effective procedure in preventing obesity-related complications in adults with obesity may be limited due to the subjects' muscular weakness and complications interfering walking. Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of non-weight bearing all extremity HIIT (all ex. HIIT) on FGF21, adiponectin, nitric oxide (NO), and flow mediated dilation (FMD) in overweight and obese women. Methods: Thirty healthy overweight and obese sedentary university female students within 20.53 ± 1.50 age range and BMI ≥27 kg.m-2 were assigned in two experimental and control groups. All ex. HIIT consisted of 4 × 4 min at 85–90% max HR with an interspersed with 3 × 3 min recovery per round at 70% max HR by upper and lower ergometers in a simultaneous manner on 10 weeks of four sessions of 40 min each. FGF21, adiponectin, NO, FMD, weight, waist and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured in pre and post-tests. Paired sample t-test and analysis of covariance are applied for statistical analysis. Results: Results indicated a significant increase in adiponectin (P ≤ 0.01) and FMD (P ≤ 0.001), while there existed no changes in FGF21 at (P ≥ 0.10) and NO (P ≥ 0.84). The weight and waist decreased at (P ≤ 0.001), and the VO2max increased at (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: All ex. HIIT may be a safe alternative for overweigh and obese women who have complications with weight-bearing exercises, and may increase adiponectin, and improve the FMD, aerobic fitness, and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volga Hovsepian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayad M Marandi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Esfarjani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Zavar
- Heart Failure Research Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sadeghi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan Iran, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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11
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Zhou Y, Li C, Wang X, Deng P, He W, Zheng H, Zhao L, Gao H. Integration of FGF21 Signaling and Metabolomics in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3900-3912. [PMID: 34237942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in obesity have been well established, but the metabolic mechanism underlying these differences remains unclear. In the present study, we determined the expression levels of endogenous fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and its related receptors in male and female mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. We also analyzed the metabolic changes in serum and livers using a nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics approach. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting results revealed that the levels of FGFR1, FGFR2, and co-factor β-klotho were upregulated in female mice to alleviate FGF21 resistance induced by HFD. The metabolomics results demonstrated that the serum and liver metabolic patterns of HFD-fed male mice were significantly separated from those of the female HFD-fed group and the normal diet group. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein/very low density lipoprotein and betaine levels were associated with the resistance of exogenous HFD in female mice. These findings imply that sex-based differences in metabolism and susceptibility to obesity might be mediated by the FGF21 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Pengxi Deng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenting He
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liangcai Zhao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Mitochondrial Lipid Homeostasis at the Crossroads of Liver and Heart Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136949. [PMID: 34203309 PMCID: PMC8268967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) is a rapidly increasing problem, affecting a huge population around the globe. However, CVDs (cardiovascular diseases) are the most common cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Atherogenic dyslipidemia, characterized by plasma hypertriglyceridemia, increased small dense LDL (low-density lipoprotein) particles, and decreased HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels, is often observed in NAFLD patients. In this review, we summarize recent genetic evidence, proving the diverse nature of metabolic pathways involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. Analysis of available genetic data suggests that the altered operation of fatty-acid β-oxidation in liver mitochondria is the key process, connecting NAFLD-mediated dyslipidemia and elevated CVD risk. In addition, we discuss several NAFLD-associated genes with documented anti-atherosclerotic or cardioprotective effects, and current pharmaceutical strategies focused on both NAFLD treatment and reduction of CVD risk.
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13
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Liu X, Liu L, Wang R, Jia X, Liu B, Ma N, Lu Q. Early arteriosclerosis and its risk factors in subjects with prediabetes and new-onset diabetes. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:599-606. [PMID: 33971618 PMCID: PMC8240705 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate early arteriosclerosis and its risk factors in populations with prediabetes and new-onset diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 148 participants who did not have diabetes mellitus were assigned to three groups through an oral glucose tolerance test: the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group; the impaired glucose regulation, also known as prediabetes group and the new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus group. The insulin resistance index was assessed using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). An ELISA was used to determine the level of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). An arteriosclerosis detector was used to measure the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI). The baPWV, ABI, and FGF21 were used to assess early arteriosclerosis. RESULTS Significant differences in age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG), 2-h insulin (2hINS), and HOMA-IR were found between the NGT group and the prediabetes and new-onset diabetes groups. All of the above, except 2hINS, showed an increasing trend. Moreover, the FGF21 was higher in the new-onset diabetes group than in the NGT group. The baPWV was higher in the new-onset diabetes group than in the other two groups, but no significant difference was noted in the ABI. Age, SBP, diastolic blood pressure, FPG, 2hPG, and FGF21 were positively correlated with the baPWV. In addition, FPG, SBP, FGF21, and HOMA-IR were independent risk factors for the baPWV. CONCLUSIONS Patients with prediabetes and new-onset diabetes may have more significant early arteriosclerosis. The blood glucose level and insulin resistance index may be independent risk factors for early arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaojiao Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Functional Examination, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Q Lu:
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14
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Roth CL, Molica F, Kwak BR. Browning of White Adipose Tissue as a Therapeutic Tool in the Fight against Atherosclerosis. Metabolites 2021; 11:319. [PMID: 34069148 PMCID: PMC8156962 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous medical advances, atherosclerosis remains the prime cause of mortality worldwide. Emerging findings on brown and beige adipocytes highlighted that these fat cells share the specific ability of non-shivering thermogenesis due to the expression of uncoupling protein 1. Brown fat is established during embryogenesis, and beige cells emerge from white adipose tissue exposed to specific stimuli like cold exposure into a process called browning. The consecutive energy expenditure of both thermogenic adipose tissues has shown therapeutic potential in metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes. The latest data suggest promising effects on atherosclerosis development as well. Upon cold exposure, mice and humans have a physiological increase in brown adipose tissue activation and browning of white adipocytes is promoted. The use of drugs like β3-adrenergic agonists in murine models induces similar effects. With respect to atheroprotection, thermogenic adipose tissue activation has beneficial outcomes in mice by decreasing plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins, by increasing high-density lipoproteins, and by inducing secretion of atheroprotective adipokines. Atheroprotective effects involve an unaffected hepatic clearance. Latest clinical data tend to find thinner atherosclerotic lesions in patients with higher brown adipose tissue activity. Strategies for preserving healthy arteries are a major concern for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Molica
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (C.L.R.); (B.R.K.)
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15
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Piceatannol inhibits pyroptosis and suppresses oxLDL-induced lipid storage in macrophages by regulating miR-200a/Nrf2/GSDMD axis. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226337. [PMID: 32886103 PMCID: PMC7494992 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major bioactive compound from grapes, piceatannol (PIC) has been reported to exert anti-atherosclerotic activity in various studies. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the effect of piceatannol against atherosclerosis (AS) is elusive. Our study identified miR-200a/Nrf2/GSDMD signaling pathway as critical mediators in the effect of piceatannol on macrophages. In the present study, we confirmed that treatment of piceatannol repressed the oxLDL-induced lipid storage in macrophages. Compared with control group, piceatannol inhibited TG storage and the activity of caspase1. It is noting that in response to oxLDL challenge, piceatannol abated the pyroptosis in RAW264.7 cells, with a decreased expression of caspase1, gasdermin D (GSDMD), IL-18, IL-1β and NLRP3. Moreover, we investigated the role of microRNA (miR)-200a/Nrf2 signaling pathway in the effect of piceatannol. The results declared that after transfection of si-miR-200a or si-Nrf2 plasmids, the effects of piceatannol on macrophages were converted, including lipid storage and pyroptosis. Importantly, si-miR-200a plasmid reduced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), indicating that miR-200a acted as an enhancer of Nrf2 in macrophages. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that piceatannol exerts anti-atherosclerotic activity on RAW264.7 cells by regulating miR-200a/Nrf2/GSDMD signaling. The present study is the first time to identify miR-200a as a candidate target in AS and declared an association between miR-200a and pyroptosis, which provides a novel therapy for the treatment of AS.
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16
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Longitudinal plasma protein profiling of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. EBioMedicine 2020; 63:103147. [PMID: 33279861 PMCID: PMC7718461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive proteomics profiling may offer new insights into the dysregulated metabolic milieu of type 2 diabetes, and in the future, serve as a useful tool for personalized medicine. This calls for a better understanding of circulating protein patterns at the early stage of type 2 diabetes as well as the dynamics of protein patterns during changes in metabolic status. METHODS To elucidate the systemic alterations in early-stage diabetes and to investigate the effects on the proteome during metabolic improvement, we measured 974 circulating proteins in 52 newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve type 2 diabetes subjects at baseline and after 1 and 3 months of guideline-based diabetes treatment, while comparing their protein profiles to that of 94 subjects without diabetes. FINDINGS Early stage type 2 diabetes was associated with distinct protein patterns, reflecting key metabolic syndrome features including insulin resistance, adiposity, hyperglycemia and liver steatosis. The protein profiles at baseline were attenuated during guideline-based diabetes treatment and several plasma proteins associated with metformin medication independently of metabolic variables, such as circulating EPCAM. INTERPRETATION The results advance our knowledge about the biochemical manifestations of type 2 diabetes and suggest that comprehensive protein profiling may serve as a useful tool for metabolic phenotyping and for elucidating the biological effects of diabetes treatments. FUNDING This work was supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the Erling Persson Foundation, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils (ALF-agreement).
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17
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Enterohepatic Transcription Factor CREB3L3 Protects Atherosclerosis via SREBP Competitive Inhibition. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:949-971. [PMID: 33246135 PMCID: PMC7900604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS cAMP responsive element-binding protein 3 like 3 (CREB3L3) is a membrane-bound transcription factor involved in the maintenance of lipid metabolism in the liver and small intestine. CREB3L3 controls hepatic triglyceride and glucose metabolism by activating plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and lipoprotein lipase. In this study, we intended to clarify its effect on atherosclerosis. METHODS CREB3L3-deficifient, liver-specific CREB3L3 knockout, intestine-specific CREB3L3 knockout, both liver- and intestine-specific CREB3L3 knockout, and liver CREB3L3 transgenic mice were crossed with LDLR-/- mice. These mice were fed with a Western diet to develop atherosclerosis. RESULTS CREB3L3 ablation in LDLR-/- mice exacerbated hyperlipidemia with accumulation of remnant APOB-containing lipoprotein. This led to the development of enhanced aortic atheroma formation, the extent of which was additive between liver- and intestine-specific deletion. Conversely, hepatic nuclear CREB3L3 overexpression markedly suppressed atherosclerosis with amelioration of hyperlipidemia. CREB3L3 directly up-regulates anti-atherogenic FGF21 and APOA4. In contrast, it antagonizes hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-mediated lipogenic and cholesterogenic genes and regulates intestinal liver X receptor-regulated genes involved in the transport of cholesterol. CREB3L3 deficiency results in the accumulation of nuclear SREBP proteins. Because both transcriptional factors share the cleavage system for nuclear transactivation, full-length CREB3L3 and SREBPs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functionally inhibit each other. CREB3L3 promotes the formation of the SREBP-insulin induced gene 1 complex to suppress SREBPs for ER-Golgi transport, resulting in ER retention and inhibition of proteolytic activation at the Golgi and vice versa. CONCLUSIONS CREB3L3 has multi-potent protective effects against atherosclerosis owing to new mechanistic interaction between CREB3L3 and SREBPs under atherogenic conditions.
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18
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Gamrot Z, Adamczyk P, Świętochowska E, Roszkowska-Bjanid D, Gamrot J, Szczepańska M. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Physiol Res 2020; 69:451-460. [PMID: 32469231 PMCID: PMC8648314 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is one of the members of endocrine arm of FGF family. Its actions as a glucose and lipids metabolism regulator are widely known. Although the mechanism of FGF21 action in kidneys is still under investigation, FGF21 was considered as a marker of early kidney function decline. While many researchers focused on adult subjects in this matter, there are no data regarding children. Therefore, we have investigated the relationship between plasma or urine FGF21 levels and kidney function in a group of 42 pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Anthropometrical parameters and blood pressure were taken, routine biochemical tests were performed. The concentration of FGF21 in serum and urine was determined by enzyme immunoassay. The results revealed significantly higher serum FGF21 concentration among children from CKD group. However, serum FGF21 level was not related to gender, proteinuria, eGFR or renal replacement therapy. Urine FGF21 concentration correlated negatively with albuminuria and positively with eGFR. Documented negative correlation of FGF21 fractional excretion and eGFR is not enough to support the role of FGF21 as a biomarker for predicting kidney disease progression in children and adolescents. Other mechanisms including local kidney FGF21 production or enhanced excretion due to higher extrarenal production may result in higher urine FGF21 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Gamrot
- Unit of Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, Chorzow City Hospital, Chorzow, Poland; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland. or
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19
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Yang X, Yang R, Chen M, Zhou Q, Zheng Y, Lu C, Bi J, Sun W, Huang T, Li L, Gong J, Li X, Hui Q, Wang X. KGF-2 and FGF-21 poloxamer 407 hydrogel coordinates inflammation and proliferation homeostasis to enhance wound repair of scalded skin in diabetic rats. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:e001009. [PMID: 32434772 PMCID: PMC7245451 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study focused on the development of a poloxamer 407 thermosensitive hydrogel loaded with keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2) and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) as a therapeutic biomaterial in a scald-wound model of type-2 diabetes in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, a poloxamer 407 thermosensitive hydrogel loaded with KGF-2 and/or FGF-21 was prepared and its physical and biological properties were characterized. The repairing effects of this hydrogel were investigated in a scald-wound model of type-2 diabetes in GK rats. The wound healing rate, epithelialization, and formation of granulation tissue were examined, and biomarkers reflecting regulation of proliferation and inflammation were quantified by immunostaining and Western blotting. T tests and analyses of variance were used for statistical analysis via Graphpad Prism V.6.0. RESULTS A 17.0% (w/w) poloxamer 407 combined with 1.0% (w/w) glycerol exhibited controlled release characteristics and a three-dimensional structure. A KGF-2/FGF-21 poloxamer hydrogel promoted cellular migration without apoptosis. This KGF-2/FGF-21 poloxamer hydrogel also accelerated wound healing of scalded skin in GK rats better than that of a KGF-2 or FGF-21 hydrogel alone due to accelerated epithelialization, formation of granulation tissue, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis via inhibition of inflammatory responses and increased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen III, pan-keratin, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CD31. CONCLUSIONS A KGF-2/FGF-21 poloxamer hydrogel accelerated wound healing of scalded skin in GK rats, which was attributed to a synergistic effect of KGF-2-mediated cellular proliferation and FGF-21-mediated inhibition of inflammatory responses. Taken together, our findings provide a novel and potentially important insight into improving wound healing in patients with diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxin Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongshuai Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingde Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianing Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenzhe Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tongzhou Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxiang Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Hui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Anuwatmatee S, Allison MA, Shlipak MG, McClelland RL, Kramer H, Tang S, Hou L, Rye KA, Ong KL. Relationship of fibroblast growth factor 21 with kidney function and albuminuria: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 34:1009-1016. [PMID: 29771383 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) may play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We therefore investigated the relationship of plasma FGF21 levels with kidney function and albuminuria in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). METHODS The analysis included 5724 MESA participants ages 45-84 years between 2000 and 2002, free of clinically apparent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Participants were followed up in person at four additional clinic visits over 10 years. Plasma FGF21 levels were measured at baseline examination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Kidney function was assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Outcomes were urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) progression, incident CKD by eGFR (reaching eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 with eGFR loss rate ≥1 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year) and rapid kidney function decline (eGFR decline >5%/year). RESULTS At baseline, higher FGF21 levels, assessed as both continuous and categorical quartile variables, were significantly associated with lower eGFR and higher UACR, after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic and other confounding factors [adjusted mean differences of -2.63 mL/min/1.73 m2 in eGFR and 0.134 in log normally transformed UACR (mg/g) for the highest FGF21 quartile compared with the lowest quartile, all P < 0.001]. However, in longitudinal analyses, baseline FGF21 levels did not predict incident CKD by eGFR, rapid kidney function decline or UACR progression. No significant interaction with sex and race/ethnicity was found (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study does not support a role of FGF21 as a biomarker for predicting kidney function decline or albuminuria in adults free of clinically apparent CVD at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahapab Anuwatmatee
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael G Shlipak
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Holly Kramer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shudi Tang
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Liming Hou
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Xiaolong L, Dongmin G, Liu M, Zuo W, Huijun H, Qiufen T, XueMei H, Wensheng L, Yuping P, Jun L, Zhaolin Z. FGF21 induces autophagy-mediated cholesterol efflux to inhibit atherogenesis via RACK1 up-regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4992-5006. [PMID: 32227589 PMCID: PMC7205825 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts as an anti‐atherosclerotic agent. However, the specific mechanisms governing this regulatory activity are unclear. Autophagy is a highly conserved cell stress response which regulates atherosclerosis (AS) by reducing lipid droplet degradation in foam cells. We sought to assess whether FGF21 could inhibit AS by regulating cholesterol metabolism in foam cells via autophagy and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, ApoE−/− mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) with or without FGF21 and FGF21 + 3‐Methyladenine (3MA) for 12 weeks. Our results showed that FGF21 inhibited AS in HFD‐fed ApoE−/− mice, which was reversed by 3MA treatment. Moreover, FGF21 increased plaque RACK1 and autophagy‐related protein (LC3 and beclin‐1) expression in ApoE−/− mice, thus preventing AS. However, these proteins were inhibited by LV‐RACK1 shRNA injection. Foam cell development is a crucial determinant of AS, and cholesterol efflux from foam cells represents an important defensive measure of AS. In this study, foam cells were treated with FGF21 for 24 hours after a pre‐treatment with 3MA, ATG5 siRNA or RACK1 siRNA. Our results indicated that FGF21‐induced autophagy promoted cholesterol efflux to reduce cholesterol accumulation in foam cells by up‐regulating RACK1 expression. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation results showed that RACK1 was able to activate AMPK and interact with ATG5. Taken together, our results indicated that FGF21 induces autophagy to promote cholesterol efflux and reduce cholesterol accumulation in foam cells through RACK1‐mediated AMPK activation and ATG5 interaction. These results provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of FGF21 in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiaolong
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Guo Dongmin
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Mihua Liu
- Department of infectious Disease, Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, China
| | - Wang Zuo
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Hu Huijun
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Tan Qiufen
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Hu XueMei
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Lin Wensheng
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Pan Yuping
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Lin Jun
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Zeng Zhaolin
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China.,Department of Cardiology, Nanchuan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China
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Avogaro A, Fadini GP, Del Prato S. Reinterpreting Cardiorenal Protection of Renal Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors via Cellular Life History Programming. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:501-507. [PMID: 31843950 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular outcome trials have provided evidence that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) treatment is associated with remarkably favorable cardiovascular outcomes. Here, we offer a novel hypothesis that may encompass many of these hypothetical mechanisms, i.e., the ability of SGLT2i to modify the trajectory of cell response to a toxic environment through modifications of cellular life history programs, either the defense program or the dormancy program. The choice between these programs is mainly determined by the environment. Hyperglycemia can be considered a toxic determinant able to interfere with the basic programs of cell evolution. While the defense program is characterized by activation of the immune response and anabolic metabolism, the dormancy program is an energy-preserving state with high resistance to environmental stressors, and it has strong analogy with animal hibernation where fuel is stored, metabolic rate is suppressed, and insulin secretion is reduced. The metabolic changes that follow treatment with SGLT2i are reminiscent of the metabolic picture characteristic of the dormancy program. Therefore, we hypothesize that the beneficial cardioprotective effects of SGLT2i may be related to their ability to switch cell life programming from a defense to a dormancy state, thus lending additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Avogaro
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Prato
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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23
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De Pascale MR, Della Mura N, Vacca M, Napoli C. Useful applications of growth factors for cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Growth Factors 2020; 38:35-63. [PMID: 33028111 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2020.1825410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel advances for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) include regenerative approaches for fibrosis, hypertrophy, and neoangiogenesis. Studies indicate that growth factor (GF) signaling could promote heart repair since most of the evidence is derived from preclinical models. Observational studies have evaluated GF serum/plasma levels as feasible biomarkers for risk stratification of CVDs. Noteworthy, two clinical interventional published studies showed that the administration of growth factors (GFs) induced beneficial effect on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), myocardial perfusion, end-systolic volume index (ESVI). To date, large scale ongoing studies are in Phase I-II and mostly focussed on intramyocardial (IM), intracoronary (IC) or intravenous (IV) administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) which result in the most investigated GFs in the last 10 years. Future data of ongoing randomized controlled studies will be crucial in understanding whether GF-based protocols could be in a concrete way effective in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Vacca
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- IRCCS Foundation SDN, Naples, Italy
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Magdas A, Ding J, McClelland RL, Allison MA, Barter PJ, Rye KA, Ong KL. The relationship of circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 levels with pericardial fat: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16423. [PMID: 31712677 PMCID: PMC6848074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous small studies have reported an association between circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels and pericardial fat volume in post-menopausal women and high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk patients. In this study, we investigated the relationship of FGF21 levels with pericardial fat volume in participants free of clinical CVD at baseline. We analysed data from 5765 men and women from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) with both pericardial fat volume and plasma FGF21 levels measured at baseline. 4746 participants had pericardial fat volume measured in at least one follow-up exam. After adjusting for confounding factors, ln-transformed FGF21 levels were positively associated with pericardial fat volume at baseline (β = 0.055, p < 0.001). When assessing change in pericardial fat volume over a mean duration of 3.0 years using a linear mixed-effects model, higher baseline FGF21 levels were associated with higher pericardial fat volume at baseline (2.381 cm3 larger in pericardial fat volume per one SD increase in ln-transformed FGF21 levels), but less pericardial fat accumulation over time (0.191 cm3/year lower per one SD increase in ln-transformed FGF21 levels). Cross-sectionally, higher plasma FGF21 levels were significantly associated with higher pericardial fat volume, independent of traditional CVD risk factors and inflammatory markers. However, higher FGF21 levels tended to be associated with less pericardial fat accumulation over time. Nevertheless, such change in pericardial fat volume is very modest and could be due to measurement error. Further studies are needed to elucidate the longitudinal relationship of baseline FGF21 levels with pericardial fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsenios Magdas
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Robyn L McClelland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Philip J Barter
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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25
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Increased levels of circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 in children with Kawasaki disease. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:457-462. [PMID: 31478099 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in children with acute Kawasaki disease (KD) and to investigate its relationship with coronary artery lesions (CALs). Blood samples from 58 children with KD before intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and from 28 healthy children as control group were collected. Serum FGF21 levels in all participants were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and clinical parameters were tested in all KD patients. Serum FGF21 levels were significantly increased in acute KD patients as compared to the control group. Serum levels of FGF21 were substantially higher in the group of KD patients with CALs (KD-CALs) than in KD patients without CALs (KD-NCALs). Positive relationships between serum levels of FGF21 and percentage of leukomonocytes (L %), C-reactive protein, activated partial thromboplastin time and D-dimer were observed in KD patients. Furthermore, serum FGF21 levels were negatively correlated with red blood cell counts, hemoglobin (Hb), percentage of neutrophils (N %) and albumin. Serum level of FGF21 is associated with inflammation and coagulation. The paradoxical increase in serum FGF21 in acute KD patients may indicate a protective compensatory response.
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26
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Tsygankova PG, Itkis YS, Krylova TD, Kurkina MV, Bychkov IO, Ilyushkina AA, Zabnenkova VV, Mikhaylova SV, Pechatnikova NL, Sheremet NL, Zakharova EY. Plasma FGF-21 and GDF-15 are elevated in different inherited metabolic diseases and are not diagnostic for mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:918-933. [PMID: 31260105 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the plasma cytokines FGF-21 and GDF-15 were described as cellular metabolic regulators. They share an endocrine function and are highly expressed in the liver under stress and during starvation. Several studies found that these markers have high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases, especially those with prominent muscular involvement. In our study, we aimed to determine whether these markers could help distinguish mitochondrial diseases from other groups of inherited diseases. We measured plasma FGF-21 and GDF-15 concentrations in 122 patients with genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial disease and 127 patients with non-mitochondrial inherited diseases. Although GDF-15 showed better analytical characteristics (sensitivity = 0.66, specificity = 0.64, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.88) compared to FGF-21 (sensitivity = 0.51, specificity = 0.76, AUC = 0.78) in the pediatric group of mitochondrial diseases, both markers were also elevated in a variety of non-mitochondrial diseases, especially those with liver involvement (Gaucher disease, galactosemia, glycogenosis types 1a, 1b, 9), organic acidurias and some leukodystrophies. Thus, the overall positive and negative predictive values were not acceptable for these measurements to be used as diagnostic tests for mitochondrial diseases (FGF-21 positive predictive value [PPV] = 34%, negative predictive value [NPV] = 73%; GDF-15 PPV = 47%, NPV = 28%). We suggest that FGF-21 and GDF-15 increase in patients with metabolic diseases with metabolic or oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina G Tsygankova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia S Itkis
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana D Krylova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Kurkina
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor O Bychkov
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Ilyushkina
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoria V Zabnenkova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Natalia L Pechatnikova
- Center for Orphan Diseases, Morozov Municipal Children's Hospital of Moscow City Public Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L Sheremet
- Department of Retina and Optic Nerve Diseases, Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Y Zakharova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Dolegowska K, Marchelek-Mysliwiec M, Nowosiad-Magda M, Slawinski M, Dolegowska B. FGF19 subfamily members: FGF19 and FGF21. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:229-240. [PMID: 30927227 PMCID: PMC6611749 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) constitute a large family of proteins with pleiotropic effects on development, organogenesis, and metabolism. The FGF19 subclass includes growth factors circulating with the blood referred to as endocrine FGF. Representatives of the FGF19 subclass, including FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, act via FGFR receptors. The proteins of FGF19 subfamily influence the enterohepatic circulation of bile, participate in glucose and lipid metabolism regulation, and maintenance of phosphorus and vitamin D3 homeostasis. FGF19 and FGF21 are activated under different physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dolegowska
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Marchelek-Mysliwiec
- Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Nowosiad-Magda
- Department of Immunology Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michal Slawinski
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dolegowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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28
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Oost LJ, Kustermann M, Armani A, Blaauw B, Romanello V. Fibroblast growth factor 21 controls mitophagy and muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:630-642. [PMID: 30895728 PMCID: PMC6596457 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle is a plastic tissue that adapts to changes in exercise, nutrition, and stress by secreting myokines and myometabolites. These muscle-secreted factors have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects, contributing to whole body homeostasis. Muscle dysfunction in aging sarcopenia, cancer cachexia, and diabetes is tightly correlated with the disruption of the physiological homeostasis at the whole body level. The expression levels of the myokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are very low in normal healthy muscles. However, fasting, ER stress, mitochondrial myopathies, and metabolic disorders induce its release from muscles. Although our understanding of the systemic effects of muscle-derived FGF21 is exponentially increasing, the direct contribution of FGF21 to muscle function has not been investigated yet. METHODS Muscle-specific FGF21 knockout mice were generated to investigate the consequences of FGF21 deletion concerning skeletal muscle mass and force. To identify the mechanisms underlying FGF21-dependent adaptations in skeletal muscle during starvation, the study was performed on muscles collected from both fed and fasted adult mice. In vivo overexpression of FGF21 was performed in skeletal muscle to assess whether FGF21 is sufficient per se to induce muscle atrophy. RESULTS We show that FGF21 does not contribute to muscle homeostasis in basal conditions in terms of fibre type distribution, fibre size, and muscle force. In contrast, FGF21 is required for fasting-induced muscle atrophy and weakness. The mass of isolated muscles from control-fasted mice was reduced by 15-25% (P < 0.05) compared with fed control mice. FGF21-null muscles, however, were significantly protected from muscle loss and weakness during fasting. Such important protection is due to the maintenance of protein synthesis rate in knockout muscles during fasting compared with a 70% reduction in control-fasted muscles (P < 0.01), together with a significant reduction of the mitophagy flux via the regulation of the mitochondrial protein Bnip3. The contribution of FGF21 to the atrophy programme was supported by in vivo FGF21 overexpression in muscles, which was sufficient to induce autophagy and muscle loss by 15% (P < 0.05). Bnip3 inhibition protected against FGF21-dependent muscle wasting in adult animals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS FGF21 is a novel player in the regulation of muscle mass that requires the mitophagy protein Bnip3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette J Oost
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Minderbroedersberg, Maastricht, LK, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Kustermann
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Armani
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Myology Center, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vanina Romanello
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Myology Center, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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29
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Mindur JE, Swirski FK. Growth Factors as Immunotherapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1275-1287. [PMID: 31092009 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.311994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors, such as CSFs (colony-stimulating factors), EGFs (epidermal growth factors), and FGFs (fibroblast growth factors), are signaling proteins that control a wide range of cellular functions. Although growth factor networks are critical for intercellular communication and tissue homeostasis, their abnormal production or regulation occurs in various pathologies. Clinical strategies that target growth factors or their receptors are used to treat a variety of conditions but have yet to be adopted for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we focus on M-CSF (macrophage-CSF), GM-CSF (granulocyte-M-CSF), IL (interleukin)-3, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), and FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21). We first discuss the efficacy of targeting these growth factors in other disease contexts (ie, inflammatory/autoimmune diseases, cancer, or metabolic disorders) and then consider arguments for or against targeting them to treat cardiovascular disease. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Mindur
- From the Graduate Program in Immunology (J.E.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Center for Systems Biology (J.E.M., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology (J.E.M., F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Radiology (F.K.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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30
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Ong KL, Hui N, Januszewski AS, Kaakoush NO, Xu A, Fayyad R, DeMicco DA, Jenkins AJ, Keech AC, Waters DD, Barter PJ, Rye KA. High plasma FGF21 levels predicts major cardiovascular events in patients treated with atorvastatin (from the Treating to New Targets [TNT] Study). Metabolism 2019; 93:93-99. [PMID: 30452928 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels predict incident cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes patients. However, whether FGF21 levels predict cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients in the general population is unknown. We investigated whether FGF21 levels predict major cardiovascular event (MCVE) in the Treating to New Targets (TNT) trial participants. METHODS After 8-week run-in on atorvastatin 10 mg/day, 10,001 patients with stable coronary disease in the TNT trial were randomized to 10 mg or 80 mg/day of atorvastatin for a median of 4.9 years. We analyzed data from 1996 patients with plasma FGF21 levels measured at randomization. Among them, 1835 patients had FGF21 measured one-year post-randomization. RESULTS Higher ln-transformed FGF21 levels at randomization were associated with higher risk of incident MCVE (adjusted hazards ratio per SD increase = 1.18, P = 0.019). At 1-year post-randomization, FGF21 levels were lower in patients randomized to receive 80 mg versus 10 mg atorvastatin (186.9 versus 207.5 pg/mL respectively, P = 0.006). Higher ln-transformed FGF21 levels at 1-year post-randomization were also associated with higher subsequent risk of MCVEs (adjusted hazards ratio per SD increase = 1.24, P = 0.009). However, changes in FGF21 levels over 1-year were not related to subsequent MCVE risk. FGF21 levels had significant incremental value in net reclassification improvement in MCVE risk prediction. CONCLUSIONS Higher plasma FGF21 levels are associated with higher CVD risk in statin-treated high-risk patients. Higher dose atorvastatin is associated with a reduction in FGF21 levels. FGF21 provides incremental value in CVD risk prediction in statin-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Leung Ong
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Hui
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrzej S Januszewski
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Alicia J Jenkins
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony C Keech
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David D Waters
- Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, the University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Philip J Barter
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Li H, Han S, Sun Q, Yao Y, Li S, Yuan C, Zhang B, Jing B, Wu J, Song Y, Wang H. Long non-coding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 reduces inflammatory response and promotes cholesterol efflux in atherosclerosis by inhibiting ADAM10 expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:1695-1715. [PMID: 30926762 PMCID: PMC6461186 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in the development of atherosclerosis through the inflammatory pathway. This study aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B antisense RNA 1 (CDKN2B-AS1) in atherosclerosis via its function in A disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). METHODS Initially, the expression of CDKN2B-AS1 and ADAM10 in atherosclerotic plaque tissues and THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells was determined, after which the cholesterol efflux rate of macrophages was calculated. Interaction between CDKN2B-AS1 and ADAM10 was analyzed, after which, expression of CDKN2B-AS1 and ADAM10 were altered to explore their effects on inflammatory response and cholesterol efflux. The aforementioned findings were further intended to be validated by the atherosclerosis mouse model experiments. RESULTS Atherosclerotic plaque tissue and THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells exhibited downregulated CDKN2B-AS1 and upregulated ADAM10. Upon overexpressing CDKN2B-AS1 or silencing ADAM10, lipid accumulation was reduced and cholesterol efflux was increased. CDKN2B-AS1 located in the nucleus could bind to DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to enhance methylation of ADAM10 promoter, leading to suppressed atherosclerotic inflammatory response and promoted cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSION Altogether, lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 can inhibit the transcription of ADAM10 via DNMT1-mediated ADAM10 DNA methylation, consequently preventing inflammatory response of atherosclerosis and promoting cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Equal contribution
| | - Song Han
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Equal contribution
| | - Qingfeng Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shiyong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Bao Jing
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ye Song
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
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Shi Y, Wang S, Peng H, Lv Y, Li W, Cheng S, Liu J. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Attenuates Vascular Calcification by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated Apoptosis in Rats. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:138-147. [PMID: 30662354 PMCID: PMC6329919 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone with multiple metabolic properties, has proven to be pleiotropic biological effects and may play pivotal role in numerous cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the future. Vascular calcification (VC) is a concomitant pathological process of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, the effects of FGF21 on VC remain unclear. Therefore, in this research, we aimed to explore the roles and mechanisms of FGF21 in VC induced by vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN) treatment rats. After 28 days VDN treatment, the calcium overload was confirmed by blood pressure, ultrasound imaging, calcium content, ALP activity and aortic pathological characteristics. In terms of FGF21, exogenous FGF21 can ameliorate the elevation of blood pressure, aortic calcification and related injury in VC rats. To investigate the mechanisms of FGF21 on VC, the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) mediated apoptosis pathways were tested. As a method to detect apoptosis, the increased positive TUNEL staining cells were alleviated by FGF21 treatment. Furthermore, exogenous FGF21 can suppress the increased ERS chaperone, GRP78, in the calcified aortas. In the three pathways of ERS mediated apoptosis, we found CHOP pathway and caspase-12 pathway were involved in the treatment of FGF21, but not p-JNK/JNK pathway. Our study proved for the first time that FGF21 can inhibit the progress of VC by alleviating ERS mediated apoptosis in rats. FGF21 might be a new target for preventing and treating VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shujuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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33
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Yafei S, Elsewy F, Youssef E, Ayman M, El-Shafei M. Fibroblast growth factor 21 association with subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:882-888. [PMID: 30641825 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association of serum FGF21 with subclinical atherosclerosis and pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, in type 2 diabetes Egyptian patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fasting serum FGF21 was measured in 120 type 2 diabetes patients without clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (mean age 51.1 ± 7.7 years; 63.3 women). In addition to basic laboratory tests, serum adiponectin and ultrasonographic examination of CIMT, ankle brachial index (ABI) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) were performed. RESULTS Patients with subclinical atherosclerosis have higher serum FGF21 than those without (218 ± 66.8 pg/mL Vs 170 ± 43.1 pg/mL, P < 0.001). FGF21 correlated positively with CIMT and cfPWV (P < 0.001) regardless of patient gender. In logistic regression analysis, circulating FGF21 was found to be an independent predictor for subclinical atherosclerosis (P = 0.023) in addition to dyslipidemia, hypertension and adiponectin. FGF21 was also found to be an independent determinant of cfPWV in stepwise multiple regression analysis. ROC curve analysis was done and cutoff high risk FGF21 level of 184 pg/mL for the prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis with a sensitivity and specificity of 66.7%. CONCLUSIONS Serum FGF21 levels correlated with carotid intima media thickness and predict subclinical atherosclerosis. Serum FGF21 is also correlated positively with cfPWV and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Yafei
- Diabetes & Metabolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen.
| | - Fathy Elsewy
- Diabetes & Metabolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Eman Youssef
- Diabetes & Metabolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Ayman
- Cardiology and Angiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed El-Shafei
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Li JR, Chiu KY, Ou YC, Wang SS, Chen CS, Yang CK, Ho HC, Cheng CL, Yang CR, Chen CC, Wang SC, Lin CY, Hung SC, Hsu CY, Chen CJ. Alteration in serum concentrations of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 in patients with urothelial carcinoma. Biofactors 2019; 45:62-68. [PMID: 30334297 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 19, 21, and 23 have been reported as functional factors in human metabolic diseases and malignancies. We performed a prospective survey to compare circulating FGF levels in urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients and normal controls. Between 2016 and 2017, 39 patients with UC of the urinary bladder or upper urinary tract who received surgical intervention were included. All the serum samples were obtained before surgeries. The control group included 28 healthy volunteers. Analysis of the circulating FGF19, 21, and 23 levels among all 67 subjects, as well as a subgroup analysis of the 39 UC patients were performed. The median levels of serum FGF19, 21, and 23 in the UC patients were 84.2, 505.3, and 117.6 pg/mL, respectively, which were statistically different from levels found in the healthy controls (P = 0.015, <0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). In the subgroup analysis, the FGF19 and FGF21 levels were significantly higher in end-stage renal disease UC patients, while FGF21 was also higher in the UC patients with cardiovascular diseases and history of recurrent UC. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, FGF19, 21, and 23 were all significant predictors of UC [area under the curve (AUC)] 0.674, P = 0.015; AUC 0.918, P < 0.001; AUC 0.897, P < 0.001, respectively). In UC patients, serum FGF19 level was significantly lower, while FGF21 and 23 were significantly higher, than respective levels in healthy controls. All three markers may serve as good predictors of UC occurrence, and FGF21 level was associated with disease recurrence. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(1):62-68, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yuan Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Shiang Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Su Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kuang Yang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chung Ho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Li Cheng
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rei Yang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Che Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Lin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chun Hung
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiann-Yi Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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35
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Miyazaki Y, Saita E, Kishimoto Y, Ibe S, Seki T, Miura K, Suzuki-Sugihara N, Ikegami Y, Ohmori R, Kondo K, Momiyama Y. Low Plasma Levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:821-828. [PMID: 29367522 PMCID: PMC6143777 DOI: 10.5551/jat.41731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) is a metabolic regulator with beneficial effects on glucolipid metabolism. Since FGF-21 has lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, it may play a protective role against atherosclerosis. However, blood FGF-21 levels in coronary artery disease (CAD) or peripheral artery disease (PAD) have not been elucidated. METHODS We measured plasma FGF-21 levels in 417 patients undergoing coronary angiography, who also had ankle-brachial index test for PAD screening. RESULTS CAD was found in 224 patients (1-vessel [1-VD], n=92; 2-vessel [2-VD], n=65; 3-vessel disease [3-VD], n=67). No significant difference was found in the FGF-21 levels between 224 patients with CAD and 193 without CAD (median 26.0 vs. 25.9 pg/mL). FGF-21 levels in 4 groups of CAD(-), 1-VD, 2-VD, and 3-VD were 25.9, 37.2, 19.4, and 0.0 pg/mL. FGF-21 tended to be highest in 1-VD and lowest in 3-VD, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. PAD was found in 38 patients. Compared to the 379 patients without PAD, 38 with PAD had CAD more often (87% vs. 50%), especially 3-VD (P<0.001). FGF-21 levels were lower in patients with PAD than in those without PAD (0.0 vs. 30.7 pg/mL, P<0.02). In multivariate analysis, the FGF-21 level was an independent factor for PAD, but not for CAD. Odds ratio for PAD was 2.13 (95%CI=1.01-4.49) for a low FGF-21 level (<15.6 pg/mL). CONCLUSION No significant difference was found in the FGF-21 levels between patients with and without CAD. However, FGF-21 levels were low in patients with PAD, and were a factor for PAD independent of atherosclerotic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshichika Miyazaki
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Saita
- Endowed Research Department “Food for Health”, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kishimoto
- Endowed Research Department “Food for Health”, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ibe
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Seki
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Miura
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yukinori Ikegami
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Ohmori
- Faculty of Regional Design, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kondo
- Endowed Research Department “Food for Health”, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Life Innovation Studies, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Momiyama
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang J, Weng W, Wang K, Lu X, Cai L, Sun J. The role of FGF21 in type 1 diabetes and its complications. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1000-1011. [PMID: 29989062 PMCID: PMC6036735 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from the International Diabetes Federation show that 347 million people worldwide have diabetes, and the incidence is still rising. Although the treatment of diabetes has been advanced, the current therapeutic options and outcomes, e.g. complications, are yet far from ideal. Therefore, an urgent need exists for the development of more effective therapies. Numerous studies have been conducted to establish and confirm whether FGF21 exerts beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes along with its complications. However, most of the studies associated with FGF21 were conducted in the patients with type 2 diabetes. Subsequently, the effect of FGF21 in the prevention or treatment of type 1 diabetes and its complications were also increasingly reported. In this review, we summarize the findings available on the function of FGF21 and the status of FGF21's treatment for type 1 diabetes. Based on the available information, we found that FGF21 exerts a hypoglycemic effect, restores the function of brown fat, and inhibits various complications in type 1 diabetes patients. Although these features are predominantly similar to those observed in the studies that showed the beneficial impact of FGF21 on type 2 diabetes and its complications, there are also certain distinct features and findings that may be of provide important and instructive for us to understand mechanistic insights and further promote the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- The Center of Cardiovascular Disorders, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Pediatrics Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Wenya Weng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Ruian, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuemian Lu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Ruian, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- The Center of Cardiovascular Disorders, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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38
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Lakhani I, Gong M, Wong WT, Bazoukis G, Lampropoulos K, Wong SH, Wu WKK, Wong MCS, Ong KL, Liu T, Tse G. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in cardio-metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2018; 83:11-17. [PMID: 29410351 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a signalling protein involved in cell differentiation, morphogenesis, proliferation and metabolism. Recent studies have associated increased levels of FGF21 in the development of cardiovascular diseases, whereas others have reported no significant associations. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the value in predicting the risk of cardio-metabolic disorders and mortality. METHODS PubMed and EMBASE were searched until 5th September 2017 for studies that evaluated the roles of FGF21 levels in cardio-metabolic disorders. RESULTS A total of 183 and 301 entries were retrieved; 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Four studies were identified by an additional search. Therefore, 28 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. High FGF21 levels significantly predicted the incidence of coronary artery disease (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.55; P < 0. 01; I2 = 48%) and the risk of metabolic syndrome (HR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.35-2.15; P < 0.0001 I2 = 24%). In diabetes mellitus, FGF21 predicted disease incidence or progression (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.06-1.72, P < 0.05, I2 = 69%) and worsening renal failure (HR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03-1.09, P < 0.0001, I2 = 47%). FGF21 also predicted all-cause mortality (HR: 3.00, 95% CI: 1.23-7.33; P < 0.05; I2 = 51%), and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.08-4.99, P < 0.05, I2 = 75%). CONCLUSION FGF21 significantly predicts the incidence of coronary artery disease, the risks of metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and renal progression in diabetes. It also predicted all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Lakhani
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengqi Gong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George Bazoukis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Lampropoulos
- Second Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K K Wu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin C S Wong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Leung Ong
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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39
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Yang X, Hui Q, Yu B, Huang Z, Zhou P, Wang P, Wang Z, Pang S, Li J, Wang H, Lin L, Li X, Wang X. Design and Evaluation of Lyophilized Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Its Protection against Ischemia Cerebral Injury. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:287-295. [PMID: 29278321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the excipients, including glycine, mannitol, arginine, trehalose, sorbitol, and poloxamer188, on the stability of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21) during the process of lyophilization and storage. The glass transition temperature (Tg), protein secondary structure, aggregation ratio, and the bioactivity of lyophilized FGF21 were measured. We furthermore investigated the effect of FGF21 against ischemia cerebral injury using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats. The ischemia cerebral injury of MCAO rats was analyzed via 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Nissl-staining. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related proteins were detected via Western blot. In this study, we found that aggregation was the primary mode of deterioration of lyophilized FGF21under accelerated storage conditions. Mannitol combined with trehalose and glycine formulations offers the most effective protein protection to reduce the aggregation. Administration of FGF21 protected cerebral ischemia and decreased ER stress related proteins in MCAO rats and PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Bingjie Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - PeiPei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Panfeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shucai Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinghang Li
- Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Hanshi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University , Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China
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40
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Park SD, Bae KH, Choi YK, Jeon JH, Seo JB, Kim N, Kim CY, Kim SW, Lee WK, Kim JG, Lee IK, Lee JH, Park KG. Relationship between Circulating FGF21 Concentrations and the Severity of Coronary Artery Damage in Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease. J Lipid Atheroscler 2018. [DOI: 10.12997/jla.2018.7.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Don Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwi-Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung Beom Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Namkyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won Kee Lee
- Biostatistics Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung Guk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Anuwatmatee S, Tang S, Wu BJ, Rye KA, Ong KL. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 489:196-202. [PMID: 29108880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The association between fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and kidney function has been extensively studied in recent years in both animal and human studies. However, the exact functional role of FGF21 in the kidney remains unclear. Previous animal studies have shown that administration of FGF21 ameliorates kidney function, morphological glomerular abnormalities, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and obesity. In human studies, FGF21 levels negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. FGF21 levels were elevated in patients with end-stage renal disease. The elevation of FGF21 levels in presence of kidney disease has also raised questions as to whether FGF21 is a potential biomarker for detecting a decline in renal function. In recent clinical trials, an FGF21 analogue reduced insulin levels and body weight, and ameliorated dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, all of which are well-known risk factors for kidney disease. Thus, FGF21 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of kidney disease, although adverse side effects should also be considered when administering FGF21 since FGF21 may affect bone development and reproduction. This review will assess current knowledge on the relationship between FGF21 and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shudi Tang
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben J Wu
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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42
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Staiger H, Keuper M, Berti L, Hrabe de Angelis M, Häring HU. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Metabolic Role in Mice and Men. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:468-488. [PMID: 28938407 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its identification in 2000, the interest of scientists in the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 has tremendously grown, and still remains high, due to a wealth of very robust data documenting this factor's favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. For more than ten years now, intense in vivo and ex vivo experimentation addressed the physiological functions of FGF21 in humans as well as its pathophysiological role and pharmacological effects in human metabolic disease. This work produced a comprehensive collection of data revealing overlaps in FGF21 expression and function but also significant differences between mice and humans that have to be considered before translation from bench to bedside can be successful. This review summarizes what is known about FGF21 in mice and humans with a special focus on this factor's role in glucose and lipid metabolism and in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We highlight the discrepancies between mice and humans and try to decipher their underlying reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Staiger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Keuper
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair for Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Shen Y, Zhang X, Pan X, Xu Y, Xiong Q, Lu Z, Ma X, Bao Y, Jia W. Contribution of serum FGF21 level to the identification of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and cardiac death. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:106. [PMID: 28821258 PMCID: PMC5562996 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The relationship between fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and cardiovascular disease has been well established in recent studies. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FGF21 and left ventricular systolic dysfunction and cardiac death. METHODS Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to measure the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to estimate left ventricular systolic function. The optimal cutoff of FGF21 for identifying left ventricular systolic dysfunction at baseline was analyzed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The identification of different serum levels of FGF21 and their association with cardiac death was analyzed via Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Serum FGF21 level was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, and serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) level was determined by a chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS A total of 253 patients were recruited for this study at baseline. Patients were excluded if they lacked echocardiography or laboratory measurement data, and there were 218 patients enrolled in the final analysis. The average age was 66.32 ± 10.10 years. The optimal cutoff values of FGF21 and NT-pro-BNP for identifying left ventricular systolic dysfunction at baseline were 321.5 pg/mL and 131.3 ng/L, respectively, determined separately via ROC analysis. The areas under the curves were non-significant among FGF21, NT-pro-BNP and FGF21 + NT-pro-BNP as determined by pairwise comparisons. Both a higher serum level of FGF21 and a higher serum level of NT-pro-BNP were independent risk factors for left ventricular systolic dysfunction at baseline (odd ratio (OR) 3.138 [1.037-9.500], P = 0.043, OR 9.207 [2.036-41.643], P = 0.004, separately). Further Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated an association between both a higher serum level of FGF21 and a higher serum level of NT-pro-BNP with cardiac death in 5 years [RR 5.000 (1.326-18.861), P = 0.026; RR 9.643 (2.596-35.825), P = 0.009, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Serum FGF21 level was significantly correlated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction at baseline. Patients with higher serum levels of FGF21 tended to suffer greater risks of cardiac death than patients with lower serum levels of FGF21. The identification of FGF21 and its relationship with left ventricular systolic function and cardiac death were non-inferior to NT-pro-BNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
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Lombardi G, Sansoni V, Banfi G. Measuring myokines with cardiovascular functions: pre-analytical variables affecting the analytical output. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:299. [PMID: 28856139 PMCID: PMC5555982 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.07.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, a growing number of molecules have been associated to an endocrine function of the skeletal muscle. Circulating myokine levels, in turn, have been associated with several pathophysiological conditions including the cardiovascular ones. However, data from different studies are often not completely comparable or even discordant. This would be due, at least in part, to the whole set of situations related to the preparation of the patient prior to blood sampling, blood sampling procedure, processing and/or store. This entire process constitutes the pre-analytical phase. The importance of the pre-analytical phase is often not considered. However, in routine diagnostics, the 70% of the errors are in this phase. Moreover, errors during the pre-analytical phase are carried over in the analytical phase and affects the final output. In research, for example, when samples are collected over a long time and by different laboratories, a standardized procedure for sample collecting and the correct procedure for sample storage are acknowledged. In this review, we discuss the pre-analytical variables potentially affecting the measurement of myokines with cardiovascular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Feng C, Li D, Jiang L, Liu X, Li Q, Geng C, Sun X, Yang G, Yao X, Chen M. Citreoviridin induces triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes through inhibiting PPAR-α in vivo and in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2017. [PMID: 28645467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Citreoviridin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillum citreonigrum, Aspergillus terreus and Eupenicillium ochrosalmoneum. CIT occurs naturally in moldy rice and corn. CIT is associated with the development of atherosclerosis in the general population. Alteration in hepatic lipid metabolism is a pathogenic factor in atherosclerosis. However the effect and the underlying mechanism of CIT on hepatic lipid metabolism are largely unknown. In this study, we reported that CIT induced triglyceride accumulation in mice liver and human liver HepG2 cells as shown in oil red O staining. CIT (0.1 mg/kg-0.3 mg/kg) for 6 weeks elevated liver triglyceride contents in mice. CIT inhibited the transactivation activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) in hepatocyte in vivo and in vitro, as shown by the reduced mRNA levels of PPAR-α target genes which play key roles in lipid metabolism in various aspects. PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate attenuated CIT-induced triglyceride accumulation in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, CIT increased serum total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In summary, we reported that CIT induced PPAR-α-dependent hepatic triglyceride accumulation and dyslipidemia. Our data will provide new mechanistic insights into CIT-induced lipid alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Feng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiujuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chengyan Geng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiance Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States.
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Fjeldborg K, Pedersen SB, Møller HJ, Richelsen B. Reduction in serum fibroblast growth factor-21 after gastric bypass is related to changes in hepatic fat content. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13:1515-1523. [PMID: 28552744 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is elevated in obesity. OBJECTIVES We investigated the circulating level of FGF21 and the expression of FGF21, beta-klotho (KLB), and FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) in adipose tissue in relation to weight, fat distribution, and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)-induced weight loss. SETTING The Department of Endocrinology at Aarhus University Hospital. METHODS Thirty-one obese patients were enrolled. Visceral adipose tissue volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging, hepatic fat content measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and body composition measured by dual-energy x-ray absorbtiometry were determined at baseline and 12 months after RYGB. Fasting blood samples and subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples were obtained. Moreover, 25 lean controls were enrolled. RESULTS FGF21 was significantly elevated in obese patients compared with lean patients (281±151 pg/mL versus 149±99 pg/mL, P<.05). RYGB-induced weight loss resulted in a smaller reduction in FGF21 (P = .08). However, a significant reduction was seen in obese patients with initially high FGF21 levels (42% reduction, P<.001). A significant association was found between FGF21 and hepatic fat content at baseline (r = 0.40, P<.05). Moreover, ΔFGF21 was significantly associated with Δhepatic fat content after RYGB (r = 0.39, P<.05). FGF21 mRNA was not detectable in AT from either lean or obese patients. KLB and FGFR1 were upregulated in AT in relation to obesity, and both were further increased 12 months after RYGB. CONCLUSIONS FGF21 is reduced in relation to weight loss in patients with initial high levels of FGF21 and this reduction is significantly associated with a reduction in hepatic fat content. Thus, changes in FGF21 after RYGB-induced weight loss are closely related to changes in liver fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Fjeldborg
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Steen B Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Holger J Møller
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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