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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause severe invasive infections upon ingestion with contaminated food. Clinically, listerial disease, or listeriosis, most often presents as bacteremia, meningitis or meningoencephalitis, and pregnancy-associated infections manifesting as miscarriage or neonatal sepsis. Invasive listeriosis is life-threatening and a main cause of foodborne illness leading to hospital admissions in Western countries. Sources of contamination can be identified through international surveillance systems for foodborne bacteria and strains' genetic data sharing. Large-scale whole genome studies have increased our knowledge on the diversity and evolution of L. monocytogenes, while recent pathophysiological investigations have improved our mechanistic understanding of listeriosis. In this article, we present an overview of human listeriosis with particular focus on relevant features of the causative bacterium, epidemiology, risk groups, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel M Koopmans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - José A Vázquez-Boland
- Infection Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School (Biomedical Sciences), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Barichello T, Rocha Catalão CH, Rohlwink UK, van der Kuip M, Zaharie D, Solomons RS, van Toorn R, Tutu van Furth M, Hasbun R, Iovino F, Namale VS. Bacterial meningitis in Africa. Front Neurol 2023; 14:822575. [PMID: 36864913 PMCID: PMC9972001 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.822575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis differs globally, and the incidence and case fatality rates vary by region, country, pathogen, and age group; being a life-threatening disease with a high case fatality rate and long-term complications in low-income countries. Africa has the most significant prevalence of bacterial meningitis illness, and the outbreaks typically vary with the season and the geographic location, with a high incidence in the meningitis belt of the sub-Saharan area from Senegal to Ethiopia. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) are the main etiological agents of bacterial meningitis in adults and children above the age of one. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus), Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are neonatal meningitis's most common causal agents. Despite efforts to vaccinate against the most common causes of bacterial neuro-infections, bacterial meningitis remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in Africa, with children below 5 years bearing the heaviest disease burden. The factors attributed to this continued high disease burden include poor infrastructure, continued war, instability, and difficulty in diagnosis of bacterial neuro-infections leading to delay in treatment and hence high morbidity. Despite having the highest disease burden, there is a paucity of African data on bacterial meningitis. In this article, we discuss the common etiologies of bacterial neuroinfectious diseases, diagnosis and the interplay between microorganisms and the immune system, and the value of neuroimmune changes in diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carlos Henrique Rocha Catalão
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ursula K. Rohlwink
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dan Zaharie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Regan S. Solomons
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ronald van Toorn
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marceline Tutu van Furth
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Hasbun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Health, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Federico Iovino
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivian Ssonko Namale
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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3
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Kaneko S, Hatasaki K, Ueno K, Fujita S, Igarashi N, Kuroda M, Wada T. One-year-old boy with refractory Listeria monocytogenes meningitis due to persistent hypercytokinemia. J Infect Chemother 2022; 28:1682-1686. [PMID: 36067911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We had a case of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) meningitis complicated with hypercytokinemia and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a healthy 22-month-old boy. He was admitted to our hospital with a fever, vomiting, mild consciousness disturbances, and extraocular muscle paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral deep white matter lesions. After receiving ampicillin, meropenem, and gentamicin, his cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture results turned negative on the third day of hospitalization. However, the fever intermittently persisted, and it took approximately 40 days to completely resolve. During this period, various inflammatory cytokine levels, particularly neopterin, in the blood and CSF remained elevated. Therefore, long-term administration of corticosteroids in addition to antibiotics was required. The use of dexamethasone appeared to be effective for neurological disorders such as consciousness disturbance and extraocular muscle paralysis associated with abnormal brain MRI findings. LM meningitis may present with encephalopathy and persistent fever due to hypercytokinemia. In such cases, corticosteroid therapy should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Hatasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ueno
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Fujita
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Noboru Igarashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mondo Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Zhang J, Huang S, Xu L, Tao M, Zhao Y, Liang Z. Brain abscess due to listeria monocytogenes: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26839. [PMID: 34397853 PMCID: PMC8341277 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Listeria monocytogenes infective encephalitis is a rare phenomenon, which is more common in people with changed eating habits and immunodeficiency. To the best of our knowledge, listeria brain abscess is even more rare. In this case report, we summarized the clinical characteristics of listeria brain abscess, in order to explore the diagnosis and treatment of Listeria brain abscess, and raise awareness and attention to the disease. PATIENT CONCERNS A 64-years-old female patient presented to our institution with 4 days of right arm and leg weakness, the salient past history of the patient was nephrotic syndrome, membranous nephropathy diagnosed 6 months prior, for which she was prescribed glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide. DIAGNOSIS Listeria monocytogenes was cultured in the blood of the patient. Comprehensive medical history and imaging features, she was diagnosed as listeria brain abscess. INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent ampicillin combined with meropenem but not surgery. OUTCOMES The patient recovered without complications. At a 3-month follow-up visit, the condition was better than that before treatment. LESSONS Listeria brain abscess is an unusual form of listeriosis, its clinical manifestations lack specificity. Early accurate diagnosis and standardized treatment can effectively promote the recovery of neurological function as well as reduce the morbidity and mortality and improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hostipal Affiliated to Qingdao University
| | | | - Luyao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hostipal Affiliated to Qingdao University
| | - Manli Tao
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hostipal Affiliated to Qingdao University
| | - Yujun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hostipal Affiliated to Qingdao University
| | - Zhigang Liang
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hostipal Affiliated to Qingdao University
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Zbinden FR, De Ste Croix M, Grandgirard D, Haigh RD, Vacca I, Zamudio R, Goodall ECA, Stephan R, Oggioni MR, Leib SL. Pathogenic Differences of Type 1 Restriction-Modification Allele Variants in Experimental Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:590657. [PMID: 33194838 PMCID: PMC7662400 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.590657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: L. monocytogenes meningoencephalitis has a mortality rate of up to 50% and neurofunctional sequelae are common. Type I restriction-modification systems (RMS) are capable of adding methyl groups to the host genome. Some contain multiple sequence recognition (hsdS) genes that recombine, resulting in distinct DNA methylation patterns and patterns of gene expression. These phenotypic switches have been linked to virulence and have recently been discovered in multiple clonal complexes of L. monocytogenes. In the present study, we investigated the significant of RMS on L. monocytogenes virulence during the acute phase of experimental meningitis. Methods: L. monocytogenes strains containing RMS systems were identified, and purified clones enriched for single hsdS alleles were isolated. In vivo, 11-day old Wistar rats were infected with an inoculum containing (a) one of 4 single RMS allele variants (A, B, C, D) treated with amoxicillin (AMX 50 mg/kg/dosis, q8h), (b) a mixture of all 4 variants with or without AMX treatment, or (c) different mixtures of 2 RMS allele variants. At selected time points after infection, clinical and inflammatory parameters, bacterial titers and brain damage were determined. Changes in the relative frequency of the occurring RMS alleles in the inoculum and in CSF or cerebellum of infected animals were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. Results: We have identified a phase variable RMS locus within L. monocytogenes CC4 and generated stocks that stably expressed each of the possible hsdS genes within that loci. Generation of these allele variants (A, B, C, D) allowed us to determine the methylation pattern associated with each hsdS through SMRT sequencing. In vivo infections with these single allele variants revealed differences in disease severity in that C induced the worst clinical outcome and more pronounced hippocampal apoptosis; D showed the most pronounced weight loss and the highest bacterial titer in the cerebellum. A caused the least severe disease. Conclusion: We identified that L. monocytogenes expressing hsdS (A) causes less damage than when other hsdS genes are expressed. While expression of hsdSC and D worsened the outcome in L. monocytogenes meningitis. We also demonstrate a competitive advantage of variants C and B over variant A in this model. Phenotypical switching may therefore represent a mechanism of virulence regulation during the acute phase of CNS infections with L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian R Zbinden
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Megan De Ste Croix
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard D Haigh
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Vacca
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Roxana Zamudio
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Emily C A Goodall
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco R Oggioni
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Rps27a might act as a controller of microglia activation in triggering neurodegenerative diseases. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239219. [PMID: 32941527 PMCID: PMC7498011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are increasing serious menaces to human health in the recent years. Despite exhibiting different clinical phenotypes and selective neuronal loss, there are certain common features in these disorders, suggesting the presence of commonly dysregulated pathways. Identifying causal genes and dysregulated pathways can be helpful in providing effective treatment in these diseases. Interestingly, in spite of the considerable researches on NDDs, to the best of our knowledge, no dysregulated genes and/or pathways were reported in common across all the major NDDs so far. In this study, for the first time, we have applied the three-way interaction model, as an approach to unravel sophisticated gene interactions, to trace switch genes and significant pathways that are involved in six major NDDs. Subsequently, a gene regulatory network was constructed to investigate the regulatory communication of statistically significant triplets. Finally, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was applied to find possible common pathways. Because of the central role of neuroinflammation and immune system responses in both pathogenic and protective mechanisms in the NDDs, we focused on immune genes in this study. Our results suggest that "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" pathway is enriched in all of the studied NDDs, while "osteoclast differentiation" and "natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity" pathways are enriched in five of the NDDs each. The results of this study indicate that three pathways that include "osteoclast differentiation", "natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity" and "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" are common in five, five and six NDDs, respectively. Additionally, our analysis showed that Rps27a as a switch gene, together with the gene pair {Il-18, Cx3cl1} form a statistically significant and biologically relevant triplet in the major NDDs. More specifically, we suggested that Cx3cl1 might act as a potential upstream regulator of Il-18 in microglia activation, and in turn, might be controlled with Rps27a in triggering NDDs.
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Vecchié A, Bonaventura A, Toldo S, Dagna L, Dinarello CA, Abbate A. IL-18 and infections: Is there a role for targeted therapies? J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1638-1657. [PMID: 32794180 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family, first identified for its interferon-γ-inducing properties. IL-18 regulates both T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 responses. It acts synergistically with IL-12 in the Th1 paradigm, whereas with IL-2 and without IL-12 it can induce Th2 cytokine production from cluster of differentation (CD)4+ T cells, natural killer (NK cells, NKT cells, as well as from Th1 cells. IL-18 also plays a role in the hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a life-threatening condition characterized by a cytokine storm that can be secondary to infections. IL-18-mediated inflammation was largely studied in animal models of bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal infections. These studies highlight the contribution of either IL-18 overproduction by the host or overresponsiveness of the host to IL-18 causing an exaggerated inflammatory burden and leading to tissue injury. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The damage in the later phase of the disease appears to be driven by a cytokine storm, including interleukin IL-1 family members and secondary cytokines like IL-6. IL-18 may participate in this hyperinflammation, as it was previously found to be able to cause injury in the lung tissue of infected animals. IL-18 blockade has become an appealing therapeutic target and has been tested in some IL-18-mediated rheumatic diseases and infantile-onset macrophage activation syndrome. Given its role in regulating the immune response to infections, IL-18 blockade might represent a therapeutic option for COVID-19, although further studies are warranted to investigate more in detail the exact role of IL-18 in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vecchié
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Aldo Bonaventura
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Internal Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Li XX, Zhang J, Wang ZY, Chen SQ, Zhou WF, Wang TT, Man XY, Zheng M. Increased CCL24 and CXCL7 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurosyphilis. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23366. [PMID: 32419252 PMCID: PMC7521312 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monocytes are recruited into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with neurosyphilis, suggesting abnormal chemokine expression. We aimed to investigate the aberrant expression of chemokines in the CSF of these patients. Methods CSF and serum samples were collected from patients with neurosyphilis between July 2017 and June 2019 in the Dermatology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University. Differences in the expression of 38 chemokines between patients with and without neurosyphilis were detected using RayBio® Human Chemokine Antibody Array C1. CCL24 and CXCL7 levels in the patients’ CSF and serum were further measured using RayBio® CCL24 and CXCL7 ELISA kits. Results Ninety‐three CSF and serum samples of patients with syphilis were collected. Antibody array analysis showed that the CSF levels of CCL24 (P = .0185), CXCL7 (P < .0001), CXCL13 (P < .0001), CXCL10 (P < .0001), and CXCL8 (P < .0001) were significantly higher in patients with than without neurosyphilis. ELISA confirmed significantly higher CCL24 and CXCL7 levels in the CSF of patients with than without neurosyphilis (CCL24: 6.082 ± 1.137 pg/mL vs 1.773 ± 0.4565 pg/mL, P = .0037; CXCL7: 664.3 ± 73.19 pg/mL vs 431.1 ± 90.54 pg/mL, P = .0118). Increased CCL24 and CXCL7 expression was seen throughout all neurosyphilis stages, had moderate diagnostic efficiency for neurosyphilis, and correlated poorly with CSF cell count and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory titer. CSF CCL24 levels also correlated poorly with CSF protein concentration. Conclusion Abnormally high CSF chemokines levels may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurosyphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si-Qi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Fang Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Man
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Engelen-Lee JY, Koopmans MM, Brouwer MC, Aronica E, van de Beek D. Histopathology of Listeria Meningitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:950-957. [PMID: 30169667 PMCID: PMC6140438 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes meningitis is the third most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults and has high mortality and morbidity rates. We describe the clinical course and score brain pathology of 5 patients who died of listeria meningitis. All patients were immunocompromised and ages ranged between 48 and 76 years. Three cases were confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid culture; one was confirmed by brain culture; and one diagnosis was based on a positive blood culture and neuropathological findings. Mild inflammation of meningeal arteries was found in 3 of 5 cases (60%). Moderate/severe ventriculitis was seen in 4 of 4 cases (100%), abscesses in 3 of 4 cases (75%), mild vascular inflammation in 4 of 5 cases (80%), mild/moderate hemorrhage in 2 of 4 cases (50%), mild/moderate thrombosis of meningeal artery in 3 of 5 cases (60%), and 1 case (25%) showed a moderate infarct. The inflammatory cells present in the meninges were characterized by a mix of monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils and removal of apoptotic inflammatory cells by macrophages (efferocytosis). Gram stain showed intra- and extracellular presence of rod-shaped bacteria in 3 cases. Pathological examination was characterized by moderate to severe ventriculitis, abscesses and abundant efferocytosis which has been suggested to be exploited by L. monocytogenes for cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yeon Engelen-Lee
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel M Koopmans
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Muri L, Leppert D, Grandgirard D, Leib SL. MMPs and ADAMs in neurological infectious diseases and multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3097-3116. [PMID: 31172218 PMCID: PMC7079810 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteinases-such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs)-are involved in various diseases of the nervous system but also contribute to nervous system development, synaptic plasticity and neuroregeneration upon injury. MMPs and ADAMs proteolytically cleave many substrates including extracellular matrix components but also signaling molecules and receptors. During neuroinfectious disease with associated neuroinflammation, MMPs and ADAMs regulate blood-brain barrier breakdown, bacterial invasion, neutrophil infiltration and cytokine signaling. Specific and broad-spectrum inhibitors for MMPs and ADAMs have experimentally been shown to decrease neuroinflammation and brain damage in diseases with excessive neuroinflammation as a common denominator, such as pneumococcal meningitis and multiple sclerosis, thereby improving the disease outcome. Timing of metalloproteinase inhibition appears to be critical to effectively target the cascade of pathophysiological processes leading to brain damage without inhibiting the neuroregenerative effects of metalloproteinases. As the critical role of metalloproteinases in neuronal repair mechanisms and regeneration was only lately recognized, the original idea of chronic MMP inhibition needs to be conceptually revised. Recently accumulated research urges for a second chance of metalloproteinase inhibitors, which-when correctly applied and dosed-harbor the potential to improve the outcome of different neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Muri
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Leppert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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Koopmans MM, Engelen-Lee J, Brouwer MC, Jaspers V, Man WK, Vall Seron M, van de Beek D. Characterization of a Listeria monocytogenes meningitis mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:257. [PMID: 30193592 PMCID: PMC6128981 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes is a common cause of bacterial meningitis. We developed an animal model of listerial meningitis. METHODS In survival studies, C57BL/6 mice received intracisternal injections with different L. monocytogenes sequence type 1 (ST1) colony forming units per milliliter (CFU; n = 48, 105, 106, 107, 108, and 109 CFU/ml). Second, mice were inoculated with 108 CFU/ml ST1 and sacrificed at 6 h and 24 h (n = 12/group). Outcome parameters were clinical score, CFUs, cyto- and chemokine levels, and brain histopathology. Third, 84 mice were inoculated (109 CFU/ml ST1) to determine optimal antibiotic treatment with different doses of amoxicillin and gentamicin. Fourth, mice were inoculated with 109 CFU/ml ST1, treated with amoxicillin, and sacrificed at 16 h and 24 h (n = 12/group) for outcome assessment. Finally, time point experiments were repeated with ST6 (n = 24/group). RESULTS Median survival time for inoculation with 108 and 109 CFU/ml ST1 was 46 h and 40 h; lower doses of bacteria led to minimal clinical signs of disease. Brain levels of IL-6, IL-17A, and IFN-γ were elevated at 24 h, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were elevated in blood at 6 h and 24 h. Histopathology showed increased meningeal infiltration, vascular inflammation of meningeal vessels, hemorrhages, and ventriculitis. In the treatment model, brain levels of IL-6 and IL-17A and blood levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ were elevated. Compared to ST6, infection with ST1 led initially to higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in blood and more profound neuropathological damage. At 16 h post inoculation, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α in blood and IL-6, IL17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels in brain were higher in ST1 compared to ST6 without differences in CFUs between STs. At 24 h, neuropathology score was higher in ST1 compared to ST6 (p = 0.002) infected mice. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated a murine model of listerial meningitis. ST1-infected mice had a more severe inflammatory response and brain damage as compared to ST6-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel M. Koopmans
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - JooYeon Engelen-Lee
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C. Brouwer
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valery Jaspers
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wing Kit Man
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Vall Seron
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- From the Amsterdam UMC, Department of Neurology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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CXCL11 production in cerebrospinal fluid distinguishes herpes simplex meningitis from herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:134. [PMID: 28693588 PMCID: PMC5504603 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The closely related herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 can cause inflammations of the central nervous system (CNS), where type 1 most often manifest as encephalitis (HSE), and type 2 as meningitis (HSM). HSE is associated with severe neurological complications, while HSM is benign in adults. We proposed that studying the chemokine and cytokine production in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum could indicate why two closely related viruses exhibit different severity of their accompanied CNS inflammation. Methods Secretion patterns of 30 chemokines and 10 cytokines in CSF of adult patients with acute HSE (n = 14) and HSM (n = 20) in the initial stage of disease were analyzed and compared to control subjects without viral central nervous system infections and to levels in serum. Results Most measured chemokines and cytokines increased in CSF of HSE and HSM patients. Overall, the CSF chemokine levels were higher in CSF of HSM patients compared to HSE patients. However, only five chemokines reached levels in the CSF that exceeded those in serum facilitating a positive CSF-serum chemokine gradient. Of these, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 were present at high levels both in HSE and HSM whereas CXCL11 and CCL8 were present in HSM alone. Several chemokines were also elevated in serum of HSE patients but only one in HSM patients. No chemokine in- or efflux between CSF and serum was indicated as the levels of chemokines in CSF and serum did not correlate. Conclusions We show that HSM is associated with a stronger and more diverse inflammatory response in the CNS compared to HSE in the initial stage of disease. The chemokine patterns were distinguished by the exclusive local CNS production of CXCL11 and CCL8 in HSM. Inflammation in HSM appears to be restricted to the CNS whereas HSE also was associated with systemic inflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0907-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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13
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Larsen L, Marker CR, Kjeldsen AD, Poulsen FR. Prevalence of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in patients operated for cerebral abscess: a retrospective cohort analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1975-1980. [PMID: 28578477 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well described that patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) and Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) have an increased risk of cerebral abscess (CA). However, as both CA and HHT are rare, the proportion of patients with CA who are diagnosed with HHT has not been previously described. A retrospective study was carried out of all patients treated surgically for CA between January 1995 and September 2014 at the Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital. The cases were then cross-referenced with the Danish HHT database. Eighty patients aged 5-79 years were included. The incidence of CA was 0.33/100,000/year. Two patients (2.5%) were registered as having HHT. Bacterial pathogens were identified in 70% of all cases, most frequently streptococci species (46.3%). The most common predisposing condition was odontogenic infection (20%), followed by post-operative infection (13.8%) and post-trauma (6.3%). Patients undergoing a full diagnostic program to determine predisposing conditions causing CA increased over the 20-year period from 11.8% to 65.2%. The 3-month and 1-year mortality rates were 7.5% and 11.25%, respectively. There is an overrepresentation of HHT patients in a cohort of patients with CA, and HHT should be investigated as the cause of the CA if no other apparent cause can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsloews Vej 4, Indgang 18, Penthouse 2. sal, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark.
| | - C R Marker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - A D Kjeldsen
- Danish Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - F R Poulsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
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14
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Belogurov AA, Ivanova OM, Lomakin YA, Ziganshin RH, Vaskina MI, Knorre VD, Klimova EA, Gabibov AG, Ivanov VT, Govorun VM. Mediators and Biomarkers of Inflammation in Meningitis: Cytokine and Peptidome Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1293-1302. [PMID: 27914455 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral meningitis is an urgent problem of the modern clinical medicine. Early and accurate detection of meningitis etiology largely determines the strategy of its treatment and significantly increases the likelihood of a favorable outcome for the patient. In the present work, we analyzed the peptidome and cytokine profiles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 17 patients with meningitis of bacterial and viral etiology and of 20 neurologically healthy controls. In addition to the identified peptides (potential biomarkers), we found significant differences in the cytokine status of the CSF of the patients. We found that cut-off of 100 pg/ml of IL-1β, TNF, and GM-CSF levels discriminates bacterial and viral meningitis with 100% specificity and selectivity. We demonstrated for the first time the reduction in the level of two cytokines, IL-13 and GM-CSF, in the CSF of patients with viral meningitis in comparison with the controls. The decrease in GM-CSF level in the CSF of patients with viral meningitis can be explained by a disproportionate increase in the levels of cytokines IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-4, which inhibit the GM-CSF expression, whereas IL-1, IL-6, and TNF activate it. These observations suggest an additional approach for differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral meningitis based on the normalized ratio IL-10/IL-1β and IL-10/TNF > 1, as well as on the ratio IFN-γ/IL-1β and IFN-γ/TNF < 0.1. Our findings extend the panel of promising clinical and diagnostic biomarkers of viral and bacterial meningitis and reveal opposite changes in the cytokine expression in meningitis due to compensatory action of pro- and antiinflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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15
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Ferwerda B, Valls Serón M, Jongejan A, Zwinderman AH, Geldhoff M, van der Ende A, Baas F, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Variation of 46 Innate Immune Genes Evaluated for their Contribution in Pneumococcal Meningitis Susceptibility and Outcome. EBioMedicine 2016; 10:77-84. [PMID: 27432718 PMCID: PMC5006661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis is the most common and severe form of bacterial meningitis. Early recognition of the pathogen and subsequent innate immune response play a vital role in disease susceptibility and outcome. Genetic variations in innate immune genes can alter the immune response and influence susceptibility and outcome of meningitis disease. Here we conducted a sequencing study of coding regions from 46 innate immune genes in 435 pneumococcal meningitis patients and 416 controls, to determine the role of genetic variation on pneumococcal meningitis susceptibility and disease outcome. Strongest signals for susceptibility were rs56078309 CXCL1 (p=4.8e-04) and rs2008521 in CARD8 (p=6.1e-04). For meningitis outcome the rs2067085 in NOD2 (p=5.1e-04) and rs4251552 of IRAK4 were the strongest associations with unfavorable outcome (p=6.7e-04). Haplotype analysis showed a haplotype block, determined by IRAK4 rs4251552, significantly associated with unfavorable outcome (p=0.004). Cytokine measurements from cerebrospinal fluid showed that with the IRAK4 rs4251552 G risk allele had higher levels of IL-6 compared to individuals with A/A genotype (p=0.04). We show that genetic variation within exons and flanking regions of 46 innate immunity genes does not yield significant association with pneumococcal meningitis. The strongest identified signal IRAK4 does imply a potential role of genetic variation in pneumococcal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Ferwerda
- Department of Neurology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Valls Serón
- Department of Neurology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madelijn Geldhoff
- Department of Neurology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Department of Neurology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Shabbir MZ, Barbuddhe S, Malik SVS, Singh RK. Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2015; 35:211-35. [PMID: 26073265 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1063023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is an infectious and fatal disease of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and humans. It is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood-brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by septicaemia, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, abortion, stillbirth, perinatal infections and gastroenteritis with the incubation period varying with the form of infection. L. monocytogenes has been isolated worldwide from humans, animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and infection is mainly transmitted through foods in humans and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- b Division of Bacteriology and Mycology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology , College of Veterinary Sciences , Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura 281001 , India
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- d Quality Operations Laboratory , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Sukhadeo Barbuddhe
- e Indian Council of Agricultural Research Complex for Goa , Old Goa, Goa 403402, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- f Division of Veterinary Public Health , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- g Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
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