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Pan P, Zhou N, Sun Y, Chen Z, Han J, Zhou W. The Spectrum of clinical manifestations in newborns with the COQ4 mutation: case series and literature review. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1410133. [PMID: 39398416 PMCID: PMC11466766 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1410133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) plays an important role in the electron transport chain within the human mitochondrial respiratory chain. The manifestations of this deficiency exhibit a diverse range. This study investigates the clinical manifestations of primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency in neonates with the COQ4 mutation to improve the diagnosis of the disease and the prognosis through targeted treatment. Methods We report 4 patients with primary coenzyme Q10 deficiency by COQ4 variants in neonates. A comprehensive literature search and review for original articles and case reports with COQ4 mutation published from January 1989 to November 2023 was performed through Pubmed. We review clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment monitoring in these and 20 previously reported patients. Results Within the cohort of four cases examined, three females and one male were identified from two distinct families. Specifically, case 1 and 2 consisted of monoamniotic twins. Cases 3 and 4 were siblings. A comprehensive review of 20 cases involving neonatal-onset COQ4 mutation was conducted. Half of the cases are Chinese. There was no statistically significant difference in the mortality between Chinese (9/12, 75%) and other regions (11/12, 91.7%) (P = 0.27). The survival time for the 24 cases was 60.0 ± 98.0 days (95% confidence interval CI: 0-252.0 days). The incidence of prenatal abnormalities in preterm infants was significantly higher than that in full-term infants (66.7% vs. 16.7%, P = 0.02). Hyperlactatemia was one of the most common manifestations, accounting for 75% of cases (18/24). Twenty of the 24 cases were diagnosed by whole exome sequencing. Only 9 patients received exogenous coenzyme Q10 treatment, and all the 4 surviving patients received coenzyme Q10 supplementation. Conclusion The prognosis of COQ4 mutation in the neonatal period indicates a low survival rate and an poor prognosis. This may be due to the incomplete understanding of the mechanism of how COQ4 gene defects lead to coenzyme Q10 deficiency and why CoQ10 supplementation does not respond well to treatment. To improve the diagnostic rate, in addition to genetic testing, mitochondrial functional verification should be prioritized in southern China, where the incidence is relatively high. It will facilitate more in-depth mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pianpian Pan
- Nenoatal Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Wowen and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Heart Center, Guangzhou Wowen and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Nenoatal Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Wowen and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Pathology Department, Guangzhou Wowen and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Han
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Wowen and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Nenoatal Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Wowen and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Huang C, Zheng X, Yan S, Zhang Z. Advances in Clinical Therapies for Huntington's Disease and the Promise of Multi-Targeted/Functional Drugs Based on Clinicaltrials.gov. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38863261 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a triad of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric problems. Caused by CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene (HTT), the disease involves a complex network of pathogenic mechanisms, including synaptic dysfunction, impaired autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and extrasynaptic excitotoxicity. Although current therapies targeting the pathogenesis of HD primarily aim to reduce mHTT levels by targeting HTT DNA, RNA, or proteins, these treatments only ameliorate downstream pathogenic effects. While gene therapies, such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs and gene editing, have emerged in the field of HD treatment, their safety and efficacy are still under debate. Therefore, pharmacological therapy remains the most promising breakthrough, especially multi-target/functional drugs, which have diverse pharmacological effects. This review summarizes the latest progress in HD drug development based on clinicaltrials.gov search results (Search strategy: key word "Huntington's disease" in HD clinical investigational drugs registered as of December 31, 2023), and highlights the key role of multi-target/functional drugs in HD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Huang
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Models, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic, Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research and Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Yan
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Models, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic, Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research and Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic, Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research and Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Fišar Z, Hroudová J. CoQ 10 and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:191. [PMID: 38397789 PMCID: PMC10885987 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is based on the recognition of the primary causes of the disease, which can be deduced from the knowledge of risk factors and biomarkers measurable in the early stages of the disease. Insights into the risk factors and the time course of biomarker abnormalities point to a role for the connection of amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology, tau pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in the onset and development of AD. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid antioxidant and electron transporter in the mitochondrial electron transport system. The availability and activity of CoQ10 is crucial for proper mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics. Based on the mitochondrial hypothesis of AD and the hypothesis of oxidative stress, the regulation of the efficiency of the oxidative phosphorylation system by means of CoQ10 can be considered promising in restoring the mitochondrial function impaired in AD, or in preventing the onset of mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of amyloid and tau pathology in AD. This review summarizes the knowledge on the pathophysiology of AD, in which CoQ10 may play a significant role, with the aim of evaluating the perspective of the pharmacotherapy of AD with CoQ10 and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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4
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Eleiwa NZH, Elsayed ASF, Said EN, Metwally MMM, Abd-Elhakim YM. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alters neurobehavioral responses and oxidative status, architecture, and GFAP and BDNF signaling in juvenile rat's brain: Protective role of Coenzyme10. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114372. [PMID: 38113957 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a phthalate plasticizer, is widely spread in the environment, presenting hazards to human health and food safety. Hence, this study examined the probable preventive role of coenzyme10 (CQ10) (10 mg/kg.b.wt) against DEHP (500 mg/kg.wt) - induced neurotoxic and neurobehavioral impacts in juvenile (34 ± 1.01g and 3 weeks old) male Sprague Dawley rats in 35-days oral dosing trial. The results indicated that CQ10 significantly protected against DEHP-induced memory impairment, anxiety, depression, spatial learning disorders, and repetitive/stereotypic-like behavior. Besides, the DEHP-induced depletion in dopamine and gamma amino butyric acid levels was significantly restored by CQ10. Moreover, CQ10 significantly protected against the exhaustion of CAT, GPx, SOD, GSH, and GSH/GSSG ratio, as well as the increase in malondialdehyde, Caspas-3, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha brain content accompanying with DEHP exposure. Furthermore, CQ10 significantly protected the brain from the DEHP-induced neurodegenerative alterations. Also, the increased immunoexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, not glial fibrillary acidic protein, in the cerebral, hippocampal, and cerebellar brain tissues due to DEHP exposure was alleviated with CQ10. This study's findings provide conclusive evidence that CQ10 has the potential to be used as an efficient natural protective agent against the neurobehavioral and neurotoxic consequences of DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Z H Eleiwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Alaa S F Elsayed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Enas N Said
- Department of Behaviour and Management of Animal, Poultry and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr, Egypt; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Ebrahimi A, Kamyab A, Hosseini S, Ebrahimi S, Ashkani-Esfahani S. Involvement of Coenzyme Q10 in Various Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases. Biochem Res Int 2023; 2023:5510874. [PMID: 37946741 PMCID: PMC10632062 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5510874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), commonly known as ubiquinone, is a vitamin-like component generated in mitochondrial inner membranes. This molecule is detected broadly in different parts of the human body in various quantities. This molecule can be absorbed by the digestive system from various nutritional sources as supplements. CoQ10 exists in three states: in a of reduced form (ubiquinol), in a semiquinone radical form, and in oxidized ubiquinone form in different organs of the body, playing a crucial role in electron transportation and contributing to energy metabolism and oxygen utilization, especially in the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. Since the early 1980s, research about CoQ10 has become the interest for two reasons. First, CoQ10 deficiency has been found to have a link with cardiovascular, neurologic, and cancer disorders. Second, this molecule has an antioxidant and free-radical scavenger nature. Since then, several investigations have indicated that the drug may benefit patients with cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and neurodegenerative illnesses. CoQ10 may protect the neurological system from degeneration and degradation due to its antioxidant and energy-regulating activity in mitochondria. This agent has shown its efficacy in preventing and treating neurological diseases such as migraine, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Friedreich's ataxia. This study reviews the literature to highlight this agent's potential therapeutic effects in the mentioned neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Sahar Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Ethics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Staiano C, García-Corzo L, Mantle D, Turton N, Millichap LE, Brea-Calvo G, Hargreaves I. Biosynthesis, Deficiency, and Supplementation of Coenzyme Q. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1469. [PMID: 37508007 PMCID: PMC10375973 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as a key component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, Coenzyme Q (CoQ or CoQ10 for human tissues) has recently been revealed to be essential for many different redox processes, not only in the mitochondria, but elsewhere within other cellular membrane types. Cells rely on endogenous CoQ biosynthesis, and defects in this still-not-completely understood pathway result in primary CoQ deficiencies, a group of conditions biochemically characterised by decreased tissue CoQ levels, which in turn are linked to functional defects. Secondary CoQ deficiencies may result from a wide variety of cellular dysfunctions not directly linked to primary synthesis. In this article, we review the current knowledge on CoQ biosynthesis, the defects leading to diminished CoQ10 levels in human tissues and their associated clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Staiano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura García-Corzo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UX, UK
| | - Lauren E Millichap
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UX, UK
| | - Gloria Brea-Calvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UX, UK
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Abuelezz SA, Hendawy N. Spotlight on Coenzyme Q10 in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease: oxidative stress/PI3K/AKT/GSK 3ß/CREB/BDNF/TrKB. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:rgad048. [PMID: 37315215 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excess amyloid beta (Aβ) and oxidative stress (OS) are inextricable hallmarks of the neuronal damage associated Alzheimer's disease. Aβ-induced cognitive and memory dysfunctions are mediated through different signalling pathways as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and their downstream intermediates including protein-kinase-B, known as Akt, glycogen-synthase-kinase-3β (GSK-3β), cAMP-response-element-binding-protein (CREB), brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related-kinase receptor-B (TrKB). The current work aims to investigate the protective potentials of CoQ10 against scopolamine (Scop)-induced cognitive disability and the contribution of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/CREB/BDNF/TrKB in the neuroprotection effects. METHODS The chronic co-administration of CQ10 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day i.p.) with Scop in Wistar rats for 6 weeks were assayed both behaviourally and biochemically. KEY FINDINGS CoQ10 ameliorated the Scop-induced cognitive and memory defects by restoring alterations in novel object recognition and Morris water maze behavioural tests. CoQ10 favourably changed the Scop-induced deleterious effects in hippocampal malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2' deoxyguanosine, antioxidants and PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/CREB/BDNF/TrKB levels. CONCLUSIONS These results exhibited the neuroprotective effects of CoQ10 on Scop-induced AD and revealed its ability to inhibit oxidative stress, amyloid deposition and to modulate PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/CREB/BDNF/TrKB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Abuelezz
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevien Hendawy
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
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Wu YL, Chang JC, Sun HL, Cheng WL, Yen YP, Lin YS, Chao YC, Liu KH, Huang CS, Liu KL, Liu CS. Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Increases Removal of the ATXN3 Polyglutamine Repeat, Reducing Cerebellar Degeneration and Improving Motor Dysfunction in Murine Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173593. [PMID: 36079853 PMCID: PMC9459709 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a well-known antioxidant, has been explored as a treatment in several neurodegenerative diseases, but its utility in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) has not been explored. Herein, the protective effect of CoQ10 was examined using a transgenic mouse model of SCA3 onset. These results demonstrated that a diet supplemented with CoQ10 significantly improved murine locomotion, revealed by rotarod and open-field tests, compared with untreated controls. Additionally, a histological analysis showed the stratification of cerebellar layers indistinguishable from that of wild-type littermates. The increased survival of Purkinje cells was reflected by the reduced abundance of TUNEL-positive nuclei and apoptosis markers of activated p53, as well as lower levels of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. CoQ10 effects were related to the facilitation of the autophagy-mediated clearance of mutant ataxin-3 protein, as evidenced by the increased expression of heat shock protein 27 and autophagic markers p62, Beclin-1 and LC3II. The expression of antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and 2 (SOD2), but not of glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2), were restored in 84Q SCA3 mice treated with CoQ10 to levels even higher than those measured in wild-type control mice. Furthermore, CoQ10 treatment also prevented skeletal muscle weight loss and muscle atrophy in diseased mice, revealed by significantly increased muscle fiber area and upregulated muscle protein synthesis pathways. In summary, our results demonstrated biochemical and pharmacological bases for the possible use of CoQ10 in SCA3 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Wu
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Institute of ATP, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50091, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chih Chang
- Center of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Repair, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50091, Taiwan
- General Research Laboratory of Research Department, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50091, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Lun Sun
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Cheng
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Institute of ATP, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50091, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pei Yen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Shiou Lin
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Institute of ATP, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50091, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chao
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50091, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Hung Liu
- Inflammation Research & Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50091, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shan Huang
- Center of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Repair, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50091, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-L.L.); (C.-S.L.); Tel.: +886-4-24730022 (ext. 12136) (K.-L.L.); +886-4-7238595 (ext. 4751) (C.-S.L.)
| | - Chin-San Liu
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Institute of ATP, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50091, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50094, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-L.L.); (C.-S.L.); Tel.: +886-4-24730022 (ext. 12136) (K.-L.L.); +886-4-7238595 (ext. 4751) (C.-S.L.)
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Preclinical and Clinical Role of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Various Pathological States. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2022; 72:367-371. [PMID: 35724675 DOI: 10.1055/a-1835-1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an efficient antioxidant produced endogenously in a living organism. It acts as an important cofactor in the electron transport system of mitochondria and reported as a safe supplement in humans and animals with minimal adverse effect. CoQ10 is found naturally, as a trans configuration, chemical nomenclature of which is 2,3- dimethoxy-5- methyl-6-decaprenyle -1,4-benzoquinone. It is found in the body in two forms. In quinone form (oxidized form), it serves as an electron transporter that transfers the electrons in the electron transport chain between various complexes, and in ubiquinol form (reduced form), it serves as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals or by tocopherol regeneration in the living organism. Its primary roles include synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), stabilizes lipid membrane, antioxidant activity, cell growth stimulation, and cell death inhibition. CoQ10 has shown a variety of pharmacological and clinical effects including neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, cardiovascular, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and various effects on the central nervous system. Present review has set about to bring updated information regarding to clinical and preclinical activities of CoQ10, which may be helpful to researchers to explore a new bioactive molecules for various therapeutic application.
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Burtscher J, Romani M, Bernardo G, Popa T, Ziviani E, Hummel FC, Sorrentino V, Millet GP. Boosting mitochondrial health to counteract neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 215:102289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Environmental stimulation in Huntington disease patients and animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 171:105725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Sindhu RK, Kaur P, Kaur P, Singh H, Batiha GES, Verma I. Exploring multifunctional antioxidants as potential agents for management of neurological disorders. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24458-24477. [PMID: 35064486 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Free radical or oxidative stress may be a fundamental mechanism underlying several human neurologic diseases. Therapy using free radical scavengers (antioxidants) has the potential to prevent, delay, or ameliorate many neurologic disorders. However, the biochemistry of oxidative pathobiology is complex, and optimum antioxidant therapeutic options may vary and need to be tailored to individual diseases. In vitro and animal model studies support the potential beneficial role of various antioxidant compounds in neurological disease. Antioxidants generally play an important role in reducing or preventing the cell damage and other changes which occur in the cells like mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA mutations, and lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane. Based on their mechanism of action, antioxidants can be used to treat various neurological disorders like Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Vitamin E has a scavenging action for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also prevents the lipid peroxidation. Creatine generally reduces the mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Various metal chelators are used in PD for the prevention of accumulation of the metals. Superoxidase dismutase (SOD), lipases, and proteases act as repair enzymes in patients with AD. Accordingly, the antioxidant defense system is found to be most useful for treating various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Sindhu
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India.
| | - Prabhjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Parneet Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Harmanpreet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Inderjeet Verma
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
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Devadiga SJ, Bharate SS. Recent developments in the management of Huntington's disease. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105642. [PMID: 35121553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare, incurable, inheritedneurodegenerative disorder manifested by chorea, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic movements. The FDA has approved only two drugs, viz. tetrabenazine, and deutetrabenazine, to manage the chorea associated with HD. However, several other drugs are used as an off-label to manage chorea and other symptoms such as depression, anxiety, muscle tremors, and cognitive dysfunction associated with HD. So far, there is no disease-modifying treatment available. Drug repurposing has been a primary drive to search for new anti-HD drugs. Numerous molecular targets along with a wide range of small molecules and gene therapies are currently under clinical investigation. More than 200 clinical studies are underway for HD, 75% are interventional, and 25% are observational studies. The present review discusses the small molecule clinical pipeline and molecular targets for HD. Furthermore, the biomarkers, diagnostic tests, gene therapies, behavioral and observational studies for HD were also deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaika J Devadiga
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India.
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14
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Rauchová H. Coenzyme Q10 effects in neurological diseases. Physiol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.33549//physiolres.934712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a lipophilic substituted benzoquinone, is present in animal and plant cells. It is endogenously synthetized in every cell and involved in a variety of cellular processes. CoQ10 is an obligatory component of the respiratory chain in inner mitochondrial membrane. In addition, the presence of CoQ10 in all cellular membranes and in blood. It is the only endogenous lipid antioxidant. Moreover, it is an essential factor for uncoupling protein and controls the permeability transition pore in mitochondria. It also participates in extramitochondrial electron transport and controls membrane physicochemical properties. CoQ10 effects on gene expression might affect the overall metabolism. Primary changes in the energetic and antioxidant functions can explain its remedial effects. CoQ10 supplementation is safe and well-tolerated, even at high doses. CoQ10 does not cause any serious adverse effects in humans or experimental animals. New preparations of CoQ10 that are less hydrophobic and structural derivatives, like idebenone and MitoQ, are being developed to increase absorption and tissue distribution. The review aims to summarize clinical and experimental effects of CoQ10 supplementations in some neurological diseases such as migraine, Parkinson´s disease, Huntington´s disease, Alzheimer´s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich´s ataxia or multiple sclerosis. Cardiovascular hypertension was included because of its central mechanisms controlling blood pressure in the brainstem rostral ventrolateral medulla and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. In conclusion, it seems reasonable to recommend CoQ10 as adjunct to conventional therapy in some cases. However, sometimes CoQ10 supplementations are more efficient in animal models of diseases than in human patients (e.g. Parkinson´s disease) or rather vague (e.g. Friedreich´s ataxia or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rauchová
- Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Pradhan N, Singh C, Singh A. Coenzyme Q10 a mitochondrial restorer for various brain disorders. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:2197-2222. [PMID: 34596729 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone or CoQ10) is a lipid molecule that acts as an electron mobile carrier of the electron transport chain and also contains antioxidant properties. Supplementation of CoQ10 has been very useful to treat mitochondrial diseases. CoQ10 along with its synthetic analogue, idebenone, is used largely to treat various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Friedreich's ataxia and additional brain disease condition like autism, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, depression, and bipolar disorder, which are related to mitochondrial impairment. In this article, we have reviewed numerous physiological functions of CoQ10 and the rationale for its use in clinical practice in different brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, 144603, Punjab, India.
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16
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Turton N, Bowers N, Khajeh S, Hargreaves IP, Heaton RA. Coenzyme Q10 and the exclusive club of diseases that show a limited response to treatment. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2021.1932459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool UK
| | - Nathan Bowers
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool UK
| | - Sam Khajeh
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool UK
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool UK
| | - Robert A Heaton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool UK
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17
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Abstract
Significance: The molecular processes that determine Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis are not yet fully understood, and until now no effective neuroprotective therapeutic strategies have been developed. Mitochondria are one of most important organelles required for neuronal homeostasis, by providing metabolic pathways relevant for energy production, regulating calcium homeostasis, or controlling free radical generation and cell death. Because augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction are relevant early HD mechanisms, targeting these cellular mechanisms may constitute relevant therapeutic approaches. Recent Advances: Previous findings point toward a close relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and redox changes in HD. Mutant huntingtin (mHTT) can directly interact with mitochondrial proteins, as translocase of the inner membrane 23 (TIM23), disrupting mitochondrial proteostasis and favoring ROS production and HD progression. Furthermore, abnormal brain and muscle redox signaling contributes to altered proteostasis and motor impairment in HD, which can be improved with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone or resveratrol, an SIRT1 activator that ameliorates mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Critical Issues: Various antioxidants and metabolic enhancers have been studied in HD; however, the real outcome of these molecules is still debatable. New compounds have proven to ameliorate mitochondrial and redox-based signaling pathways in early stages of HD, potentially precluding selective neurodegeneration. Future Directions: Unraveling the molecular etiology of deregulated mitochondrial function and dynamics, and oxidative stress opens new prospects for HD therapeutics. In this review, we explore the role of redox unbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction in HD progression, and further describe advances on clinical trials in HD based on mitochondrial and redox-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Fão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Rego
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Gueguen N, Baris O, Lenaers G, Reynier P, Spinazzi M. Secondary coenzyme Q deficiency in neurological disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:203-218. [PMID: 33450382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a ubiquitous lipid serving essential cellular functions. It is the only component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that can be exogenously absorbed. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge, controversies, and open questions about CoQ intracellular and tissue distribution, in particular in brain and skeletal muscle. We discuss human neurological diseases and mouse models associated with secondary CoQ deficiency in these tissues and highlight pharmacokinetic and anatomical challenges in exogenous CoQ biodistribution, recent improvements in CoQ formulations and imaging, as well as alternative therapeutical strategies to CoQ supplementation. The last section proposes possible mechanisms underlying secondary CoQ deficiency in human diseases with emphasis on neurological and neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naig Gueguen
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6015, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, University of Angers, 49933, Angers, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CHU Angers, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Olivier Baris
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6015, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, University of Angers, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6015, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, University of Angers, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6015, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, University of Angers, 49933, Angers, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CHU Angers, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Marco Spinazzi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) MITOVASC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6015, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, University of Angers, 49933, Angers, France; Neuromuscular Reference Center, Department of Neurology, CHU Angers, 49933, Angers, France.
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19
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Dysregulation of PGC-1α-Dependent Transcriptional Programs in Neurological and Developmental Disorders: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cells10020352
expr 820281011 + 880698691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability in disease states, leading investigators to propose that the enhancement of mitochondrial function should be considered a strategy for neuroprotection. However, multiple attempts to improve mitochondrial function have failed to impact disease progression, suggesting that the biology underlying the normal regulation of mitochondrial pathways in neurons, and its dysfunction in disease, is more complex than initially thought. Here, we present the proteins and associated pathways involved in the transcriptional regulation of nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial function, with a focus on the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). We highlight PGC-1α’s roles in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and discuss evidence for the dysregulation of PGC-1α-dependent pathways in Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and developmental disorders, emphasizing the relationship between disease-specific cellular vulnerability and cell-type-specific patterns of PGC-1α expression. Finally, we discuss the challenges inherent to therapeutic targeting of PGC-1α-related transcriptional programs, considering the roles for neuron-enriched transcriptional coactivators in co-regulating mitochondrial and synaptic genes. This information will provide novel insights into the unique aspects of transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function in neurons and the opportunities for therapeutic targeting of transcriptional pathways for neuroprotection.
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20
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Dysregulation of PGC-1α-Dependent Transcriptional Programs in Neurological and Developmental Disorders: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020352. [PMID: 33572179 PMCID: PMC7915819 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability in disease states, leading investigators to propose that the enhancement of mitochondrial function should be considered a strategy for neuroprotection. However, multiple attempts to improve mitochondrial function have failed to impact disease progression, suggesting that the biology underlying the normal regulation of mitochondrial pathways in neurons, and its dysfunction in disease, is more complex than initially thought. Here, we present the proteins and associated pathways involved in the transcriptional regulation of nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial function, with a focus on the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). We highlight PGC-1α's roles in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and discuss evidence for the dysregulation of PGC-1α-dependent pathways in Huntington's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and developmental disorders, emphasizing the relationship between disease-specific cellular vulnerability and cell-type-specific patterns of PGC-1α expression. Finally, we discuss the challenges inherent to therapeutic targeting of PGC-1α-related transcriptional programs, considering the roles for neuron-enriched transcriptional coactivators in co-regulating mitochondrial and synaptic genes. This information will provide novel insights into the unique aspects of transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function in neurons and the opportunities for therapeutic targeting of transcriptional pathways for neuroprotection.
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21
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Bozzi M, Sciandra F. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Muscle Wasting in Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218314. [PMID: 33167595 PMCID: PMC7664236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathogenic expansions of the triplet cytosine-adenosine-guanosine (CAG) within the Huntingtin gene. These expansions lead to a prolongation of the poly-glutamine stretch at the N-terminus of Huntingtin causing protein misfolding and aggregation. Huntingtin and its pathological variants are widely expressed, but the central nervous system is mainly affected, as proved by the wide spectrum of neurological symptoms, including behavioral anomalies, cognitive decline and motor disorders. Other hallmarks of HD are loss of body weight and muscle atrophy. This review highlights some key elements that likely provide a major contribution to muscle atrophy, namely, alteration of the transcriptional processes, mitochondrial dysfunction, which is strictly correlated to loss of energy homeostasis, inflammation, apoptosis and defects in the processes responsible for the protein quality control. The improvement of muscular symptoms has proven to slow the disease progression and extend the life span of animal models of HD, underlining the importance of a deep comprehension of the molecular mechanisms driving deterioration of muscular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bozzi
- Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Sezione di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”– SCITEC Sede di Roma, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Sciandra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”– SCITEC Sede di Roma, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy;
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22
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Wainwright L, Hargreaves IP, Georgian AR, Turner C, Dalton RN, Abbott NJ, Heales SJR, Preston JE. CoQ 10 Deficient Endothelial Cell Culture Model for the Investigation of CoQ 10 Blood-Brain Barrier Transport. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103236. [PMID: 33050406 PMCID: PMC7601674 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency is unique among mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders in that it is potentially treatable if high-dose CoQ10 supplements are given in the early stages of the disease. While supplements improve peripheral abnormalities, neurological symptoms are only partially or temporarily ameliorated. The reasons for this refractory response to CoQ10 supplementation are unclear, however, a contributory factor may be the poor transfer of CoQ10 across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The aim of this study was to investigate mechanisms of CoQ10 transport across the BBB, using normal and pathophysiological (CoQ10 deficient) cell culture models. The study identifies lipoprotein-associated CoQ10 transcytosis in both directions across the in vitro BBB. Uptake via SR-B1 (Scavenger Receptor) and RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts), is matched by efflux via LDLR (Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor) transporters, resulting in no "net" transport across the BBB. In the CoQ10 deficient model, BBB tight junctions were disrupted and CoQ10 "net" transport to the brain side increased. The addition of anti-oxidants did not improve CoQ10 uptake to the brain side. This study is the first to generate in vitro BBB endothelial cell models of CoQ10 deficiency, and the first to identify lipoprotein-associated uptake and efflux mechanisms regulating CoQ10 distribution across the BBB. The results imply that the uptake of exogenous CoQ10 into the brain might be improved by the administration of LDLR inhibitors, or by interventions to stimulate luminal activity of SR-B1 transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wainwright
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UA, UK
| | - Ana R. Georgian
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (A.R.G.); (N.J.A.)
| | - Charles Turner
- Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (C.T.); (R.N.D.)
| | - R. Neil Dalton
- Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; (C.T.); (R.N.D.)
| | - N. Joan Abbott
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (A.R.G.); (N.J.A.)
| | - Simon J. R. Heales
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Jane E. Preston
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (A.R.G.); (N.J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-848-4881
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23
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Marioli C, Magliocca V, Petrini S, Niceforo A, Borghi R, Petrillo S, La Rosa P, Colasuonno F, Persichini T, Piemonte F, Massey K, Tartaglia M, Moreno S, Bertini E, Compagnucci C. Antioxidant Amelioration of Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency in Motoneurons Derived from Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7402. [PMID: 33036493 PMCID: PMC7582490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key element in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as riboflavin transporter deficiency (RTD). This is a rare, childhood-onset disease characterized by motoneuron degeneration and caused by mutations in SLC52A2 and SLC52A3, encoding riboflavin (RF) transporters (RFVT2 and RFVT3, respectively), resulting in muscle weakness, ponto-bulbar paralysis and sensorineural deafness. Based on previous findings, which document the contribution of oxidative stress in RTD pathogenesis, we tested possible beneficial effects of several antioxidants (Vitamin C, Idebenone, Coenzyme Q10 and EPI-743, either alone or in combination with RF) on the morphology and function of neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two RTD patients. To identify possible improvement of the neuronal morphotype, neurite length was measured by confocal microscopy after β-III tubulin immunofluorescent staining. Neuronal function was evaluated by determining superoxide anion generation by MitoSOX assay and intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels, using the Fluo-4 probe. Among the antioxidants tested, EPI-743 restored the redox status, improved neurite length and ameliorated intracellular calcium influx into RTD motoneurons. In conclusion, we suggest that antioxidant supplementation may have a role in RTD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marioli
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (F.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Valentina Magliocca
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (T.P.)
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessia Niceforo
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (E.B.)
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rossella Borghi
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (E.B.)
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fiorella Colasuonno
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (F.C.); (M.T.)
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Persichini
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy; (V.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Keith Massey
- Science Director, Cure RTD Foundation, 6228 Northaven Rd., Dallas, TX 75230, USA;
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (F.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, LIME, University Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (A.N.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (F.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (F.C.); (M.T.)
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24
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Neuroprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 on paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease in experimental animals. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:79-86. [PMID: 28902670 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects ∼1-2% of the elderly population. Development of a neuroprotective therapy that may be initiated early in the course of the disease to retard/prevent disease progression is highly desirable. This study aimed to investigate prophylactic treatment with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) before paraquat (PQ) exposure, a herbicide known to increase the risk for PD, to attain neuroprotection. In addition, therapeutic intervention with CoQ10 in mice already exposed to PQ (24 h) might halt ongoing neurodegeneration and behavioural deterioration. PD was induced experimentally in mice by an injection of PQ (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), twice a week for 3 consecutive weeks, either before or after the initiation of treatment with CoQ10 (200 mg/kg). The results of the sustained supplementation with CoQ10, prophylactically and therapeutically, were compared with L-DOPA (100 mg/kg). A battery of behavioural tests was performed, in addition to estimation of protein carbonyl in the brain. CoQ10 elicited a remarkable improvement in most of the behavioural tests and decreased protein carbonyl content in the brain, particularly when it was initiated before rather than after PQ induction of PD. Therefore, CoQ10, which protects against mitochondrial damage, may be beneficial in slowing the progression of PD, particularly when initiated as prophylactic treatment.
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25
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Franco NH, Olsson IAS. “How Sick Must Your Mouse Be?” — An Analysis of the Use of Animal Models in Huntington's Disease Research. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 40:271-83. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno H. Franco
- IBMC — Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (Laboratory Animal Science Group), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I. Anna S. Olsson
- IBMC — Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (Laboratory Animal Science Group), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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26
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Agrawal S, Fox JH. Novel proteomic changes in brain mitochondria provide insights into mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse models of Huntington's disease. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:318-329. [PMID: 30902619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive ultimately fatal disorder caused by a glutamine-encoding CAG expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene that results in degeneration mainly in striatal and cerebro-cortical brain regions. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one important facet of HD pathogenesis. Here we used R6/2 and YAC128 HD mouse models of human HD, that express different HTT transgenes and have different progression rates, to identify HD brain mitochondrial proteomic signatures. Cerebral cortical mitochondrial preparations from HD and wild-type litter mate mice were compared by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Proteomic analyses inferred 17 and 12 differentially expressed proteins, respectively in 12 week R6/2 and 15 month YAC128 HD mice, compared to controls. Peroxiredoxin 3, stress-70, DJ-1, isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] α subunit and ATP synthase subunit D were differentially expressed in both models. Using the PANTHER (Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships) classification system we show that the inferred proteins are involved in oxidative stress defense, oxidative phosphorylation, the citric acid cycle, pyruvate metabolism, apoptosis, protein folding and iron metabolism. Common mitochondrial proteomic changes are significant in mouse models of middle (YAC128) and advanced (R6/2) HD despite differences in the HTT transgenes, age, genetic background and disease stage. The findings identify a proteomic signature of HD mitochondria in mouse models that includes previously unrecognized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Agrawal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
| | - Jonathan H Fox
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
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Paul BD, Snyder SH. Impaired Redox Signaling in Huntington's Disease: Therapeutic Implications. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:68. [PMID: 30941013 PMCID: PMC6433839 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease triggered by expansion of polyglutamine repeats in the protein huntingtin. Mutant huntingtin (mHtt) aggregates and elicits toxicity by multiple mechanisms which range from dysregulated transcription to disturbances in several metabolic pathways in both the brain and peripheral tissues. Hallmarks of HD include elevated oxidative stress and imbalanced redox signaling. Disruption of antioxidant defense mechanisms, involving antioxidant molecules and enzymes involved in scavenging or reversing oxidative damage, have been linked to the pathophysiology of HD. In addition, mitochondrial function is compromised in HD leading to impaired bioenergetics and elevated production of free radicals in cells. However, the exact mechanisms linking redox imbalance to neurodegeneration are still elusive. This review will focus on the current understanding of aberrant redox homeostasis in HD and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu D. Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Modulation of Antioxidant Potential with Coenzyme Q10 Suppressed Invasion of Temozolomide-Resistant Rat Glioma In Vitro and In Vivo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3061607. [PMID: 30984333 PMCID: PMC6432727 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3061607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main reasons for the inefficiency of standard glioblastoma (GBM) therapy are the occurrence of chemoresistance and the invasion of GBM cells into surrounding brain tissues. New therapeutic approaches obstructing these processes may provide substantial survival improvements. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of lipophilic antioxidant coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to increase sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) and suppress glioma cell invasion. To that end, we used a previously established TMZ-resistant RC6 rat glioma cell line, characterized by increased production of ROS, altered antioxidative capacity, and high invasion potential. CoQ10 in combination with TMZ exerted a synergistic antiproliferative effect. These results were confirmed in a 3D model of microfluidic devices showing that the CoQ10 and TMZ combination is more cytotoxic to RC6 cells than TMZ monotherapy. In addition, cotreatment with TMZ increased expression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes in RC6 cells. The anti-invasive potential of the combined treatment was shown by gelatin degradation, Matrigel invasion, and 3D spheroid invasion assays as well as in animal models. Inhibition of MMP9 gene expression as well as decreased N-cadherin and vimentin protein expression implied that CoQ10 can suppress invasiveness and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in RC6 cells. Therefore, our data provide evidences in favor of CoQ10 supplementation to standard GBM treatment due to its potential to inhibit GBM invasion through modulation of the antioxidant capacity.
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Jensen MP, Barker RA. Disease-Modification in Huntington's Disease: Moving Away from a Single-Target Approach. J Huntingtons Dis 2019; 8:9-22. [PMID: 30636742 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-180320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, no candidate intervention has demonstrated a disease-modifying effect in Huntington's disease, despite promising results in preclinical studies. In this commentary we discuss disease-modifying therapies that have been trialled in Huntington's disease and speculate that these failures may be attributed, in part, to the assumption that a single drug selectively targeting one aspect of disease pathology will be universally effective, regardless of disease stage or "subtype". We therefore propose an alternative approach for effective disease-modification that uses 1) a combination approach rather than monotherapy, and 2) targets the disease process early on - before it is clinically manifest. Finally, we will consider whether this change in approach that we propose will be relevant in the future given the recent shift to targeting more proximal disease processes-e.g., huntingtin gene expression; a timely question given Roche's recent decision to take on the clinical development of a promising new drug candidate in Huntington's disease, IONIS-HTTRx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Jensen
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
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30
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Dickey AS, La Spada AR. Therapy development in Huntington disease: From current strategies to emerging opportunities. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:842-861. [PMID: 29218782 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a progressive autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder in which patients typically present with uncontrolled involuntary movements and subsequent cognitive decline. In 1993, a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the coding region of the huntingtin (HTT) gene was identified as the cause of this disorder. This extended CAG repeat results in production of HTT protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract, leading to pathogenic HTT protein conformers that are resistant to protein turnover, culminating in cellular toxicity and neurodegeneration. Research into the mechanistic basis of HD has highlighted a role for bioenergetics abnormalities stemming from mitochondrial dysfunction, and for synaptic defects, including impaired neurotransmission and excitotoxicity. Interference with transcription regulation may underlie the mitochondrial dysfunction. Current therapies for HD are directed at treating symptoms, as there are no disease-modifying therapies. Commonly prescribed drugs for involuntary movement control include tetrabenazine, a potent and selective inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 that depletes synaptic monoamines, and olanzapine, an atypical neuroleptic that blocks the dopamine D2 receptor. Various drugs are used to treat non-motor features. The HD therapeutic pipeline is robust, as numerous efforts are underway to identify disease-modifying treatments, with some small compounds and biological agents moving into clinical trials. Especially encouraging are dosage reduction strategies, including antisense oligonucleotides, and molecules directed at transcription dysregulation. Given the depth and breadth of current HD drug development efforts, there is reason to believe that disease-modifying therapies for HD will emerge, and this achievement will have profound implications for the entire neurotherapeutics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S Dickey
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Cell Biology, Duke Center for Neurodegeneration & Neurotherapeutics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Cell Biology, Duke Center for Neurodegeneration & Neurotherapeutics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Ramaswamy S, Shannon KM, Kordower JH. Huntington's Disease: Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:301-12. [PMID: 17503740 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that occurs in patients with a mutation in the huntingtin or IT15 gene. Patients are plagued by early cognitive signs, motor deficits, and psychiatric disturbances. Symptoms are attributed to cell death in the striatum and disruption of cortical–striatal circuitry. Mechanisms of cell death are unclear, but processes involving mitochondrial abnormalities, excitotoxicity, and abnormal protein degradation have been implicated. Many factors likely contribute to neuron death and dysfunction, and this has made it difficult to systematically address the pathology in HD. Pharmaceutical therapies are commonly used in patients to treat disease symptoms. These have limited benefit and do not address the inexorable disease progression. Several neuroprotective therapies are being evaluated in animal models of HD as well as in clinical trials. Similarly, cell replacement strategies such as fetal transplantation have been used in the clinic with minimal success, making future cell replacement strategies such as stem cell therapy uncertain. This review describes the disease pathology in HD and addresses many of the past and emerging therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Ramaswamy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Neergheen V, Chalasani A, Wainwright L, Yubero D, Montero R, Artuch R, Hargreaves I. Coenzyme Q10 in the Treatment of Mitochondrial Disease. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409817707771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viruna Neergheen
- Neurometabolic Unit, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Annapurna Chalasani
- Neurometabolic Unit, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Luke Wainwright
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Delia Yubero
- Clinical Biochemistry department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Montero
- Clinical Biochemistry department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Clinical Biochemistry department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- Neurometabolic Unit, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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33
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Polyzos AA, McMurray CT. The chicken or the egg: mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause or consequence of toxicity in Huntington's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:181-197. [PMID: 27634555 PMCID: PMC5543717 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and ensuing oxidative damage is typically thought to be a primary cause of Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson disease. There is little doubt that mitochondria (MT) become defective as neurons die, yet whether MT defects are the primary cause or a detrimental consequence of toxicity remains unanswered. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and glycolysis provide sensitive and informative measures of the functional status MT and the cells metabolic regulation, yet these measures differ depending on the sample source; species, tissue type, age at measurement, and whether MT are measured in purified form or in a cell. The effects of these various parameters are difficult to quantify and not fully understood, but clearly have an impact on interpreting the bioenergetics of MT or their failure in disease states. A major goal of the review is to discuss issues and coalesce detailed information into a reference table to help in assessing mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause or consequence of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris A Polyzos
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Cynthia T McMurray
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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34
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Intravenous Treatment With Coenzyme Q10 Improves Neurological Outcome and Reduces Infarct Volume After Transient Focal Brain Ischemia in Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 67:103-9. [PMID: 26371950 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) crosses the blood-brain barrier when administered intravenously and accumulates in the brain. In this study, we investigated whether CoQ10 protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury by measuring neurological function and brain infarct volumes in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. In male Wistar rats, we performed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 24 hours or 7 days. Forty-five minutes after the onset of occlusion (or 15 minutes before reperfusion), rats received a single intravenous injection of solubilized CoQ10 (30 mg·mL(-1)·kg(-1)) or saline (2 mL/kg). Sensory and motor function scores and body weights were obtained before the rats were killed by decapitation, and brain infarct volumes were calculated using tetrazolium chloride staining. CoQ10 brain levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. CoQ10 significantly improved neurological behavior and reduced weight loss up to 7 days after tMCAO (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CoQ10 reduced cerebral infarct volumes by 67% at 24 hours after tMCAO and 35% at 7 days (P < 0.05). Cerebral ischemia resulted in a significant reduction in endogenous CoQ10 in both hemispheres (P < 0.05). However, intravenous injection of solubilized CoQ10 resulted in its increase in both hemispheres at 24 hours and in the contralateral hemisphere at 7 days (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that CoQ10 is a robust neuroprotective agent against ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in rats, improving both functional and morphological indices of brain damage.
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35
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Esteves S, Duarte-Silva S, Maciel P. Discovery of Therapeutic Approaches for Polyglutamine Diseases: A Summary of Recent Efforts. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:860-906. [PMID: 27870126 DOI: 10.1002/med.21425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by the expansion of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeats in the coding region of specific genes. This leads to the production of pathogenic proteins containing critically expanded tracts of glutamines. Although polyQ diseases are individually rare, the fact that these nine diseases are irreversibly progressive over 10 to 30 years, severely impairing and ultimately fatal, usually implicating the full-time patient support by a caregiver for long time periods, makes their economic and social impact quite significant. This has led several researchers worldwide to investigate the pathogenic mechanism(s) and therapeutic strategies for polyQ diseases. Although research in the field has grown notably in the last decades, we are still far from having an effective treatment to offer patients, and the decision of which compounds should be translated to the clinics may be very challenging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the most recent drug discovery efforts in the field of polyQ diseases, including the most relevant findings emerging from two different types of approaches-hypothesis-based candidate molecule testing and hypothesis-free unbiased drug screenings. We hereby summarize and reflect on the preclinical studies as well as all the clinical trials performed to date, aiming to provide a useful framework for increasingly successful future drug discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Esteves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
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36
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Lopes-Ramos CM, Pereira TC, Dogini DB, Gilioli R, Lopes-Cendes I. Lithium carbonate and coenzyme Q10 reduce cell death in a cell model of Machado-Joseph disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5805. [PMID: 27878228 PMCID: PMC5188859 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of the polyglutamine domain of the ataxin-3 (ATX3) protein. MJD/SCA3 is the most frequent autosomal dominant ataxia in many countries. The mechanism underlying MJD/SCA3 is thought to be mainly related to protein misfolding and aggregation leading to neuronal dysfunction followed by cell death. Currently, there are no effective treatments for patients with MJD/SCA3. Here, we report on the potential use of lithium carbonate and coenzyme Q10 to reduce cell death caused by the expanded ATX3 in cell culture. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT assay and by flow cytometry after staining with annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide. Treatment with lithium carbonate and coenzyme Q10 led to a significant increase in viability of cells expressing expanded ATX3 (Q84). In addition, we found that the increase in cell viability resulted from a significant reduction in the proportion of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, there was a significant change in the expanded ATX3 monomer/aggregate ratio after lithium carbonate and coenzyme Q10 treatment, with an increase in the monomer fraction and decrease in aggregates. The safety and tolerance of both drugs are well established; thus, our results indicate that lithium carbonate and coenzyme Q10 are good candidates for further in vivo therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lopes-Ramos
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - T C Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - D B Dogini
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - R Gilioli
- Centro Multidisciplinar para Investigação Biológica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - I Lopes-Cendes
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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de la Mata M, Cotán D, Villanueva-Paz M, de Lavera I, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Luzón-Hidalgo R, Suárez-Rivero JM, Tiscornia G, Oropesa-Ávila M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Diseases 2016; 4:E31. [PMID: 28933411 PMCID: PMC5456326 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) describe a heterogeneous group of rare inherited metabolic disorders that result from the absence or loss of function of lysosomal hydrolases or transporters, resulting in the progressive accumulation of undigested material in lysosomes. The accumulation of substances affects the function of lysosomes and other organelles, resulting in secondary alterations such as impairment of autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and apoptosis. LSDs frequently involve the central nervous system (CNS), where neuronal dysfunction or loss results in progressive neurodegeneration and premature death. Many LSDs exhibit signs of mitochondrial dysfunction, which include mitochondrial morphological changes, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), diminished ATP production and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, reduced autophagic flux may lead to the persistence of dysfunctional mitochondria. Gaucher disease (GD), the LSD with the highest prevalence, is caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene that results in defective and insufficient activity of the enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Decreased catalytic activity and/or instability of GCase leads to accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph) in the lysosomes of macrophage cells and visceral organs. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to occur in numerous cellular and mouse models of GD. The aim of this manuscript is to review the current knowledge and implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario de la Mata
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | - David Cotán
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | - Isabel de Lavera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | - Raquel Luzón-Hidalgo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | - Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Tiscornia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Oropesa-Ávila
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Sevilla 41013, Spain.
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Ashkani-Esfahani S, Bagheri F, Emami Y, Esmaeilzadeh E, Azarpira N, Hassanabadi N, Keshtkar M, Farjam M, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O, Noorafshan A. Protective Effects of Co-Enzyme Q10 on Thioacetamide-Induced Acute Liver Damage and Its Correlation With Behavioral, Biochemical, and Pathological Factors. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e29166. [PMID: 28058114 PMCID: PMC5192999 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.29166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute liver damage may be followed by biochemical, behavioral, and pathological alterations, which can result in serious complications and even death. Objectives In this experimental study we determined whether coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a common supplementary medicine known to have protective, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects in cells, has any protective effect against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver damage and its related neurobehavioral alterations in rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study forty-eight Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups (n = 12): C1 was the control group; C2 received a single-dose of TAA (350mg/kg; intraperitoneally) without any other treatment; E1 received TAA + 5 mg/kg CoQ10 (intraperitoneally); and E2 received TAA + 10 mg/kg CoQ10. After sacrificing the rats, liver enzymes and plasma-ammonia (NH4) were measured and histopathological analyses of the livers were carried out. Elevated-plus-maze, open-field, and forced-swimming tests were also performed to investigate behavioral correlations. Results The serum levels of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), and NH4 show significant increases (P < 0.05). The groups treated with CoQ10 were shown to have significantly lower clinical grade of encephalopathy (P = 0.001), higher locomotor activity (P = 0.000), and lower levels of depression (P = 0.000). Furthermore, it was also shown that CoQ10 treatment may lead to significant decreases in scores of centrilobular necrosis, apoptosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, vacuolization, and liver necrosis (P < 0.05). Conclusions Overall, CoQ10 was determined to have positive effects on liver injury and its related behavioral and biochemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fereshteh Bagheri
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Yasaman Emami
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Elmira Esmaeilzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Organ Transplant Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Nazila Hassanabadi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Marzieh Keshtkar
- International Branch, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Kish, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Farjam
- Department Of Pharmacology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Omid Koohi-Hosseinabadi
- Center of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Ali Noorafshan
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Ali Noorafshan, Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9173397040, Fax: +98-7136262034, E-mail:
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Biglan KM, Dorsey ER, Evans RVV, Ross CA, Hersch S, Shoulson I, Matson W, Kieburtz K. Plasma 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine Levels in Huntington Disease and Healthy Controls Treated with Coenzyme Q10. J Huntingtons Dis 2016; 1:65-9. [PMID: 25063191 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-2012-120007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed plasma 8OHdG concentrations in 20 individuals enrolled in the Pre-2CARE study before and after treatment with CoQ. Treatment resulted in a mean reduction in 8OHdG of 2.9 ± 2.9 pg/ml for the cohort (p = 0.0003) and 3.0 ± 2.6 pg/ml, for the HD group (p = 0.002). Baseline 8OHdG levels were not different between individuals with HD and controls (19.3 ± 3.2 pg/ml vs. 19.5 ± 4.7 pg/ml, p = 0.87) though baseline CoQ levels were elevated in HD compared with controls (p < 0.001). CoQ treatment reduces plasma 8OHdG and this reduction may serve as a marker of pharmacologic activity of CoQ in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Biglan
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - E R Dorsey
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R V V Evans
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C A Ross
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Hersch
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - I Shoulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - W Matson
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Kieburtz
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Brocardo PS, McGinnis E, Christie BR, Gil-Mohapel J. Time-Course Analysis of Protein and Lipid Oxidation in the Brains of Yac128 Huntington's Disease Transgenic Mice. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 19:140-8. [PMID: 26371883 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats within the coding region of the HD gene, which expresses the protein huntingtin and is characterized by selective degeneration of specific neuronal populations, mainly in the striatum and the cortex. The mechanisms that account for this selective neuronal death are multifaceted, but oxidative stress might play an important role in this process. To determine whether changes in the intracellular redox state will result in oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules with disease progression, we analyzed levels of lipid peroxidation (with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS] assay) and protein carbonyl formation (using the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reaction) in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus of the YAC128 HD mouse model at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. With the exception of a transient increase in protein carbonyl levels in the YAC128 prefrontal cortex at 6 months of age, levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were not significantly different between YAC128 mice and their age-matched wild-type counterparts in any of the brain regions analyzed up to 12 months of age. However, age-related increases in oxidative stress were observed in various brain regions. These results suggest that lipid and protein oxidative damage is not a major contributor to neurodegeneration in the YAC128 brain up to 12 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Brocardo
- 1 Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- 2 Department of Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eric McGinnis
- 1 Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian R Christie
- 1 Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- 3 Brain Research Centre and Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- 4 Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- 1 Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria , Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Mason SL, Barker RA. Advancing pharmacotherapy for treating Huntington's disease: a review of the existing literature. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 17:41-52. [PMID: 26536068 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable chronic neurodegenerative disorder that typically presents in mid-life with a range of motor, cognitive and affective problems. Patients are currently managed using a combination of drug treatments and non-pharmacological therapies but at present there is no "gold standard" treatment for any aspect of the disease. AREAS COVERED In this review the empirical evidence supporting the use of drugs commonly used to treat HD was discussed. In particular, we focus on therapeutics that have either reached phase 3 clinical trials or are already in clinical use. EXPERT OPINION The results confirmed that there is a striking lack of evidence to support the efficacy of the drugs currently used in the management of HD. In fact, many drugs are prescribed on the basis of case reports, open label studies, small double blind placebo control trials of limited duration, or personal clinical experience. However of late, the establishment of large international databases, capturing all patients and their clinical details regardless of stage or geographical location has led to an increase in the number of clinical trials conducted on new therapies. Unfortunately, the same is not true for the existing therapies which look set to remain untested for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Mason
- a John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 0PY , UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- a John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 0PY , UK.,b Department of Clinical Neuroscience , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 0PY , UK
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Menalled L, Brunner D. Animal models of Huntington's disease for translation to the clinic: best practices. Mov Disord 2015; 29:1375-90. [PMID: 25216369 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) recapitulate many aspects of the human disease. These genetically modified mice are powerful tools that are used not only to examine the pathogenesis of the disease, but also to assess the efficacy of potential new treatments. Disappointingly, in the past few years we have seen the success of potential therapies in animal studies, subsequently followed by failure in clinical trials. We discuss here a number of factors that influence the translatability of findings from the preclinical to the clinical realm. In particular, we discuss issues related to sample size, reporting of information regarding experimental protocols and mouse models, assignment to experimental groups, incorporation of cognitive measures for early phases of the disease, environmental enrichment, surrogate measures for survival, and the use of more than one HD mouse model. Although it is reasonable to question the appropriateness of the animal models used, we argue that it is more parsimonious to assume that improvements in experimental design and publication of negative results will lead to improved translatability to the clinic and insights about HD pathophysiology.
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Mo C, Hannan AJ, Renoir T. Environmental factors as modulators of neurodegeneration: Insights from gene–environment interactions in Huntington's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:178-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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AMPK-α1 functions downstream of oxidative stress to mediate neuronal atrophy in Huntington's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1668-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Coenzyme Q10 as a therapy for mitochondrial disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 49:105-11. [PMID: 24495877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) disorders is extremely difficult, however, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and its synthetic analogues are the only agents which have shown some therapeutic benefit to patients. CoQ10 serves as an electron carrier in the MRC as well as functioning as a potent lipid soluble antioxidant. CoQ10 supplementation is fundamental to the treatment of patients with primary defects in the CoQ10 biosynthetic pathway. The efficacy of CoQ10 and its analogues in the treatment of patients with MRC disorders not associated with a CoQ10 deficiency indicates their ability to restore electron flow in the MRC and/or increase mitochondrial antioxidant capacity may also be important contributory factors to their therapeutic potential.
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Chakraborty J, Rajamma U, Mohanakumar KP. A mitochondrial basis for Huntington's disease: therapeutic prospects. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 389:277-91. [PMID: 24374792 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disease, with overt movement dysfunctions. Despite focused research on the basis of neurodegeneration in HD for last few decades, the mechanism for the site-specific lesion of neurons in the brain is not clear. All the explanations that partially clarify the phenomenon of neurodegeneration leads to one organelle, mitochondrion, which is severely affected in HD at the level of electron transport chain, Ca(2+) buffering efficiency and morphology. But, with the existing knowledge, it is not clear whether the cell death processes in HD initiate from mitochondria, though the Huntingtin (Htt) aggregates show close proximity to this organelle, or do some extracellular stimuli like TNFα or FasL trigger the process. Mainly because of the disparity in the different available experimental models, the results are quite confusing or at least inconsistent to a great extent. The fact remains that the mutant Htt protein was seen to be associated with mitochondria directly, and as the striatum is highly enriched with dopamine and glutamate, it may make the striatal mitochondria more vulnerable because of the presence of dopa-quinones, and due to an imbalance in Ca(2+). The current therapeutic strategies are based on symptomatic relief, and, therefore, mainly target neurotransmitter(s) and their receptors to modulate behavioral outputs, but none of them targets mitochondria or try to address the basic molecular events that cause neurons to die in discrete regions of the brain, which could probably be resulting from grave mitochondrial dysfunctions. Therefore, targeting mitochondria for their protection, while addressing symptomatic recovery, holds a great potential to tone down the progression of the disease, and to provide better relief to the patients and caretakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Rooms 117&119, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
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Rattray I, Smith EJ, Crum WR, Walker TA, Gale R, Bates GP, Modo M. Correlations of behavioral deficits with brain pathology assessed through longitudinal MRI and histopathology in the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84726. [PMID: 24367693 PMCID: PMC3868608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The R6 mouse models of HD express a mutant version of exon 1 HTT and typically develop motor and cognitive impairments, a widespread huntingtin (HTT) aggregate pathology and brain atrophy. Unlike the more commonly used R6/2 mouse line, R6/1 mice have fewer CAG repeats and, subsequently, a less rapid pathological decline. Compared to the R6/2 line, fewer descriptions of the progressive pathologies exhibited by R6/1 mice exist. The association between the molecular and cellular neuropathology with brain atrophy, and with the development of behavioral phenotypes remains poorly understood in many models of HD. In attempt to link these factors in the R6/1 mouse line, we have performed detailed assessments of behavior and of regional brain abnormalities determined through longitudinal, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as an end-stage, ex vivo MRI study and histological assessment. We found progressive decline in both motor and non-motor related behavioral tasks in R6/1 mice, first evident at 11 weeks of age. Regional brain volumes were generally unaffected at 9 weeks, but by 17 weeks there was significant grey matter atrophy. This age-related brain volume loss was validated using a more precise, semi-automated Tensor Based morphometry assessment. As well as these clear progressive phenotypes, mutant HTT (mHTT) protein, the hallmark of HD molecular pathology, was widely distributed throughout the R6/1 brain and was accompanied by neuronal loss. Despite these seemingly concomitant, robust pathological phenotypes, there appeared to be little correlation between the three main outcome measures: behavioral performance, MRI-detected brain atrophy and histopathology. In conclusion, R6/1 mice exhibit many features of HD, but the underlying mechanisms driving these clear behavioral disturbances and the brain volume loss, still remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rattray
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Smith
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Crum
- King’s College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Walker
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Gale
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian P. Bates
- King’s College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Modo
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chaturvedi RK, Flint Beal M. Mitochondrial diseases of the brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:1-29. [PMID: 23567191 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases of the brain, characterized by behavioral, motor and cognitive impairments. Ample evidence underpins mitochondrial dysfunction as a central causal factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction such as bioenergetics defects, mitochondrial DNA mutations, gene mutations, altered mitochondrial dynamics (mitochondrial fusion/fission, morphology, size, transport/trafficking, and movement), impaired transcription and the association of mutated proteins with mitochondria in these diseases. We highlight the therapeutic role of mitochondrial bioenergetic agents in toxin and in cellular and genetic animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. We also discuss clinical trials of bioenergetics agents in neurodegenerative disorders. Lastly, we shed light on PGC-1α, TORC-1, AMP kinase, Nrf2-ARE, and Sirtuins as novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Parkinson MH, Schulz JB, Giunti P. Co-enzyme Q10 and idebenone use in Friedreich's ataxia. J Neurochem 2013; 126 Suppl 1:125-41. [PMID: 23859348 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia is a debilitating progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with cardiomyopathy and other features. The underlying cause is a deficiency of the mitochondrial protein frataxin which causes mitochondrial iron deposition, increased oxidative stress and impaired adenosine triphosphate production. Over the last 15 years, multiple clinical trials have assessed the efficacy of antioxidant agents in this disease. This article reviews trials of the two most important agents, namely co-enzyme Q10 and idebenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Parkinson
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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50
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Dasuri K, Zhang L, Keller JN. Oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and the balance of protein degradation and protein synthesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:170-185. [PMID: 23000246 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs in a variety of disease settings and is strongly linked to the development of neuron death and neuronal dysfunction. Cells are equipped with numerous pathways to prevent the genesis, as well as the consequences, of oxidative stress in the brain. In this review we discuss the various forms and sources of oxidative stress in the brain and briefly discuss some of the complexities in detecting the presence of oxidative stress. We then focus the review on the interplay between the diverse cellular proteolytic pathways and their roles in regulating oxidative stress in the brain. Additionally, we discuss the involvement of protein synthesis in regulating the downstream effects of oxidative stress. Together, these components of the review demonstrate that the removal of damaged proteins by effective proteolysis and the synthesis of new and protective proteins are vital in the preservation of brain homeostasis during periods of increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Last, studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that protein synthesis is intricately linked to the rates of protein degradation, with impairment of protein degradation sufficient to decrease the rates of protein synthesis, which has important implications for successfully responding to periods of oxidative stress. Specific neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke, are discussed in this context. Taken together, these findings add to our understanding of how oxidative stress is effectively managed in the healthy brain and help elucidate how impairments in proteolysis and/or protein synthesis contribute to the development of neurodegeneration and neuronal dysfunction in a variety of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalavathi Dasuri
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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