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Sun Q, Chen W, Wu R, Tao B, Wang P, Sun B, Alvarez JF, Ma F, Galindo DC, Maroney SP, Saviola AJ, Hansen KC, Li S, Deb A. Serine protease inhibitor, SerpinA3n, regulates cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:943-953. [PMID: 38666458 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Following myocardial infarction (MI), the heart repairs itself via a fibrotic repair response. The degree of fibrosis is determined by the balance between deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) by activated fibroblasts and breakdown of nascent scar tissue by proteases that are secreted predominantly by inflammatory cells. Excessive proteolytic activity and matrix turnover has been observed in human heart failure, and protease inhibitors in the injured heart regulate matrix breakdown. Serine protease inhibitors (Serpins) represent the largest and the most functionally diverse family of evolutionary conserved protease inhibitors, and levels of the specific Serpin, SerpinA3, have been strongly associated with clinical outcomes in human MI as well as non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. Yet, the role of Serpins in regulating cardiac remodelling is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to understand the role of Serpins in regulating scar formation after MI. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a SerpinA3n conditional knockout mice model, we observed the robust expression of Serpins in the infarcted murine heart and demonstrate that genetic deletion of SerpinA3n (mouse homologue of SerpinA3) leads to increased activity of substrate proteases, poorly compacted matrix, and significantly worse post-infarct cardiac function. Single-cell transcriptomics complemented with histology in SerpinA3n-deficient animals demonstrated increased inflammation, adverse myocyte hypertrophy, and expression of pro-hypertrophic genes. Proteomic analysis of scar tissue demonstrated decreased cross-linking of ECM peptides consistent with increased proteolysis in SerpinA3n-deficient animals. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a hitherto unappreciated causal role of Serpins in regulating matrix function and post-infarct cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, 615 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, 615 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Rimao Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, 615 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Bo Tao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, 615 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, 615 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Baiming Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, 615 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Juan F Alvarez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, 615 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Ceja Galindo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean P Maroney
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anthony J Saviola
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, 615 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, 615 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California, 90095 CA, USA
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2
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Filippova TA, Masamrekh RA, Khudoklinova YY, Shumyantseva VV, Kuzikov AV. The multifaceted role of proteases and modern analytical methods for investigation of their catalytic activity. Biochimie 2024; 222:169-194. [PMID: 38494106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We discuss the diverse functions of proteases in the context of their biotechnological and medical significance, as well as analytical approaches used to determine the functional activity of these enzymes. An insight into modern approaches to studying the kinetics and specificity of proteases, based on spectral (absorption, fluorescence), mass spectrometric, immunological, calorimetric, and electrochemical methods of analysis is given. We also examine in detail electrochemical systems for determining the activity and specificity of proteases. Particular attention is given to exploring innovative electrochemical systems based on the detection of the electrochemical oxidation signal of amino acid residues, thereby eliminating the need for extra redox labels in the process of peptide synthesis. In the review, we highlight the main prospects for the further development of electrochemical systems for the study of biotechnologically and medically significant proteases, which will enable the miniaturization of the analytical process for determining the catalytic activity of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Filippova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Rami A Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu Khudoklinova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia.
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3
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Liao Y, Yu H, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Sun Y, Guo L, Guo J, Kang Z, Feng X, Sun Y, Wang G, Su Z, Lu T, Yang Y, Li W, Lv L, Yan H, Zhang D, Yue W. Genome-wide association study implicates lipid pathway dysfunction in antipsychotic-induced weight gain: multi-ancestry validation. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1857-1868. [PMID: 38336841 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) is a common side effect of antipsychotic medication and may contribute to diabetes and coronary heart disease. To expand the unclear genetic mechanism underlying AIWG, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study in Han Chinese patients with schizophrenia. The study included a discovery cohort of 1936 patients and a validation cohort of 534 patients, with an additional 630 multi-ancestry patients from the CATIE study for external validation. We applied Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the relationship between AIWG and antipsychotic-induced lipid changes. Our results identified two novel genome-wide significant loci associated with AIWG: rs10422861 in PEPD (P = 1.373 × 10-9) and rs3824417 in PTPRD (P = 3.348 × 10-9) in Chinese Han samples. The association of rs10422861 was validated in the European samples. Fine-mapping and functional annotation revealed that PEPD and PTPRD are potentially causal genes for AIWG, with their proteins being prospective therapeutic targets. Colocalization analysis suggested that AIWG and type 2 diabetes (T2D) shared a causal variant in PEPD. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for AIWG and T2D significantly predicted AIWG in multi-ancestry samples. Furthermore, MR revealed a risky causal effect of genetically predicted changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 7.58 × 10-4) and triglycerides (P = 2.06 × 10-3) caused by acute-phase of antipsychotic treatment on AIWG, which had not been previously reported. Our model, incorporating antipsychotic-induced lipid changes, PRSs, and clinical predictors, significantly predicted BMI percentage change after 6-month antipsychotic treatment (AUC = 0.79, R2 = 0.332). Our results highlight that the mechanism of AIWG involves lipid pathway dysfunction and may share a genetic basis with T2D through PEPD. Overall, this study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of AIWG and contributes to personalized treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundan Liao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China
| | - Yuyanan Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zhe Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yaoyao Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liangkun Guo
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhewei Kang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyang Feng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yutao Sun
- No.5 Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
| | - Guishan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, 272051, China
| | - Zhonghua Su
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, 272051, China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, Henan, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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4
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Xu B, Anderson BM, Mountford SJ, Thompson PE, Mintern JD, Edgington-Mitchell LE. Cathepsin X deficiency alters the processing and localisation of cathepsin L and impairs cleavage of a nuclear cathepsin L substrate. Biol Chem 2024; 405:351-365. [PMID: 38410910 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Proteases function within sophisticated networks. Altering the activity of one protease can have sweeping effects on other proteases, leading to changes in their activity, structure, specificity, localisation, stability, and expression. Using a suite of chemical tools, we investigated the impact of cathepsin X, a lysosomal cysteine protease, on the activity and expression of other cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in dendritic cells. Among all proteases examined, cathepsin X gene deletion specifically altered cathepsin L levels; pro-cathepsin L and its single chain accumulated while the two-chain form was unchanged. This effect was recapitulated by chemical inhibition of cathepsin X, suggesting a dependence on its catalytic activity. We demonstrated that accumulation of pro- and single chain cathepsin L was not due to a lack of direct cleavage by cathepsin X or altered glycosylation, secretion, or mRNA expression but may result from changes in lysosomal oxidative stress or pH. In the absence of active cathepsin X, nuclear cathepsin L and cleavage of the known nuclear cathepsin L substrate, Lamin B1, were diminished. Thus, cathepsin X activity selectively regulates cathepsin L, which has the potential to impact the degree of cathepsin L proteolysis, the nature of substrates that it cleaves, and the location of cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, 2281 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bethany M Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, 2281 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon J Mountford
- Medicinal Chemistry, 2541 Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, 2541 Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, 2281 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, 2281 Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Sharma A, Verwilst P, Li M, Ma D, Singh N, Yoo J, Kim Y, Yang Y, Zhu JH, Huang H, Hu XL, He XP, Zeng L, James TD, Peng X, Sessler JL, Kim JS. Theranostic Fluorescent Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2699-2804. [PMID: 38422393 PMCID: PMC11132561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The ability to gain spatiotemporal information, and in some cases achieve spatiotemporal control, in the context of drug delivery makes theranostic fluorescent probes an attractive and intensely investigated research topic. This interest is reflected in the steep rise in publications on the topic that have appeared over the past decade. Theranostic fluorescent probes, in their various incarnations, generally comprise a fluorophore linked to a masked drug, in which the drug is released as the result of certain stimuli, with both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli being reported. This release is then signaled by the emergence of a fluorescent signal. Importantly, the use of appropriate fluorophores has enabled not only this emerging fluorescence as a spatiotemporal marker for drug delivery but also has provided modalities useful in photodynamic, photothermal, and sonodynamic therapeutic applications. In this review we highlight recent work on theranostic fluorescent probes with a particular focus on probes that are activated in tumor microenvironments. We also summarize efforts to develop probes for other applications, such as neurodegenerative diseases and antibacterials. This review celebrates the diversity of designs reported to date, from discrete small-molecule systems to nanomaterials. Our aim is to provide insights into the potential clinical impact of this still-emerging research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Amity
School of Chemical Sciences, Amity University
Punjab, Sector 82A, Mohali 140 306, India
| | - Peter Verwilst
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mingle Li
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dandan Ma
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College
of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nem Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Yoo
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ying Yang
- School of
Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi
University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jing-Hui Zhu
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College
of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiqiao Huang
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College
of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xi-Le Hu
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research
Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa
Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research
Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa
Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- National
Center for Liver Cancer, the International Cooperation Laboratory
on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary
Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lintao Zeng
- School of
Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi
University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United
States
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- TheranoChem Incorporation, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
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6
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Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi SS, Mahdigholi FS, Amin M. Collateral beauty in the damages: an overview of cosmetics and therapeutic applications of microbial proteases. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:375. [PMID: 37935975 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial proteases are enzymes secreted by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, and have attracted significant attention due to their versatile applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, certain proteases have been used in the development of skin health products and cosmetics. This article provides a review of microbial proteases in terms of their classification, sources, properties, and applications. Moreover, different pharmacological and molecular investigations have been reviewed. Various biological activities of microbial proteases, such as Arazyme, collagenase, elastin, and Nattokinase, which are involved in the digestion of dietary proteins, as well as their potential anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antithrombotic, and immunomodulatory effects have been included. Furthermore, their ability to control infections and treat various disorders has been discussed. Finally, this review highlights the potential applications and future perspectives of microbial proteases in biotechnology and biomedicine, and proposes further studies to develop new perspectives for disease control and health-promoting strategies using microbial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sadeq Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Sadat Mahdigholi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amin
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Room No. 1-221, Faculty of Pharmacy, 16th Azar Street, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Meng J, Geng Q, Jin S, Teng X, Xiao L, Wu Y, Tian D. Exercise protects vascular function by countering senescent cells in older adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1138162. [PMID: 37089434 PMCID: PMC10118010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1138162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are key conduits for the transport of blood and circulating factors. Abnormalities in blood vessels promote cardiovascular disease (CVD), which has become the most common disease as human lifespans extend. Aging itself is not pathogenic; however, the decline of physiological and biological function owing to aging has been linked to CVD. Although aging is a complex phenomenon that has not been comprehensively investigated, there is accumulating evidence that cellular senescence aggravates various pathological changes associated with aging. Emerging evidence shows that approaches that suppress or eliminate cellular senescence preserve vascular function in aging-related CVD. However, most pharmacological therapies for treating age-related CVD are inefficient. Therefore, effective approaches to treat CVD are urgently required. The benefits of exercise for the cardiovascular system have been well documented in basic research and clinical studies; however, the mechanisms and optimal frequency of exercise for promoting cardiovascular health remain unknown. Accordingly, in this review, we have discussed the changes in senescent endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that occur in the progress of CVD and the roles of physical activity in CVD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Meng
- Department of Sports, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qi Geng
- Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xu Teng
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Danyang Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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8
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Kramer L, Sarkar A, Foderaro T, Markley AL, Lee J, Edstrom H, Sharma S, Gill E, Traylor MJ, Fox JM. Genetically Encoded Detection of Biosynthetic Protease Inhibitors. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:83-94. [PMID: 36574400 PMCID: PMC10072156 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are an important class of drug targets that continue to drive inhibitor discovery. These enzymes are prone to resistance mutations, yet their promise for treating viral diseases and other disorders continues to grow. This study develops a general approach for detecting microbially synthesized protease inhibitors and uses it to screen terpenoid pathways for inhibitory compounds. The detection scheme relies on a bacterial two-hybrid (B2H) system that links protease inactivation to the transcription of a swappable reporter gene. This system, which can accomodate multiple biochemical outputs (i.e., luminescence and antibiotic resistance), permitted the facile incorporation of four disease-relevant proteases. A B2H designed to detect the inactivation of the main protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 enabled the identification of a terpenoid inhibitor of modest potency. An analysis of multiple pathways that make this terpenoid, however, suggested that its production was necessary but not sufficient to confer a survival advantage in growth-coupled assays. This finding highlights an important challenge associated with the use of genetic selection to search for inhibitors─notably, the influence of pathway toxicity─and underlines the value of including multiple pathways with overlapping product profiles in pathway screens. This study provides a detailed experimental framework for using microbes to screen libraries of biosynthetic pathways for targeted protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Kramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Ankur Sarkar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Tom Foderaro
- Think Bioscience, Inc., 1945 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Andrew L Markley
- Think Bioscience, Inc., 1945 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Jessica Lee
- Think Bioscience, Inc., 1945 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Hannah Edstrom
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Shajesh Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Eden Gill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Matthew J Traylor
- Think Bioscience, Inc., 1945 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Jerome M Fox
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
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9
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Sawicki KT, Nannini DR, Bielinski SJ, Larson NB, Lloyd-Jones DM, Psaty B, Taylor KD, Shah SJ, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Wilkins JT, McNally EM, Patel RB. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and risk of heart failure in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:604. [PMID: 36635319 PMCID: PMC9837113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating protease inhibitors are important regulators of inflammation that are implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF). Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a serine protease inhibitor which protects pulmonary tissues against inflammatory damage; however, its role in HF is not well understood. We sought to evaluate associations of circulating SLPI and genetically-mediated serum SLPI with incident HF and its subtypes in a multi-ethnic cohort of adults using clinical and genetic epidemiological approaches. Among 2,297 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), each doubling of serum SLPI was independently associated with incident HF (HR 1.77; 95% CI 1.02-3.02; P = 0.04), particularly incident HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; HR 2.44; 95% CI 1.23-4.84; P = 0.01) but not HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.36-2.46; P = 0.91). Previously reported circulating SLPI protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs) were not associated with serum SLPI levels or incident HF among MESA participants. In conclusion, baseline serum SLPI levels, but not genetically-determined serum SLPI, were significantly associated with incident HF and HFpEF over long-term follow-up in a multi-ethnic cohort. Serum circulating SLPI may be a correlate of inflammation that sheds insight on the pathobiology of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Teodor Sawicki
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Drew R. Nannini
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Suzette J. Bielinski
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Nicholas B. Larson
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Donald M. Lloyd-Jones
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Bruce Psaty
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- grid.513199.6Institute for Translational Genomics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA USA
| | - Sanjiv J. Shah
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - John T. Wilkins
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Elizabeth M. McNally
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ravi B. Patel
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N St Clair St, Suite 600, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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10
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Krasnoshtanova AA, Bezyaeva AD. Comparative Analysis of the Properties of Biocatalysts Based on Chymotrypsin Immobilized on Polysaccharide Supports. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050422040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Ćwilichowska N, Świderska KW, Dobrzyń A, Drąg M, Poręba M. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of protease inhibition. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101144. [PMID: 36174281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins and peptides; thus, they control virtually all biological processes. Our understanding of protease function has advanced considerably from nonselective digestive enzymes to highly specialized molecular scissors that orchestrate complex signaling networks through a limited proteolysis. The catalytic activity of proteases is tightly regulated at several levels, ranging from gene expression through trafficking and maturation to posttranslational modifications. However, when this delicate balance is disturbed, many diseases develop, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. This new understanding of the role of proteases in pathologic physiology indicates that these enzymes represent excellent molecular targets for the development of therapeutic inhibitors, as well as for the design of chemical probes to visualize their redundant activity. Recently, numerous platform technologies have been developed to identify and optimize protease substrates and inhibitors, which were further used as lead structures for the development of chemical probes and therapeutic drugs. Due to this considerable success, the clinical potential of proteases in therapeutics and diagnostics is rapidly growing and is still not completely explored. Therefore, small molecules that can selectively target aberrant protease activity are emerging in diseases cells. In this review, we describe modern trends in the design of protease drugs as well as small molecule activity-based probes to visualize selected proteases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ćwilichowska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina W Świderska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drąg
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Poręba
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
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12
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Mongkolpathumrat P, Nernpermpisooth N, Kijtawornrat A, Pikwong F, Chouyratchakarn W, Yodsheewan R, Unajak S, Kumphune S. Adeno-associated virus 9 vector-mediated cardiac-selective expression of human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:976083. [PMID: 36061560 PMCID: PMC9437585 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.976083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease enzymes contribute to the initiation of cardiac remodeling and heart failure after myocardial ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Protease inhibitors attenuate protease activity and limit left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling. Previous studies showed the cardioprotective effect of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) against I/R injury. However, overexpression of SLPI gene in cardiovascular diseases has only been investigated in an in vitro experiment. Here, cardiac-selective expression of the human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (hSLPI) gene and its effect on I/R injury were investigated. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 9 carrying hSLPI under the control of cardiac-selective expression promoter (cardiac troponin, cTn) was intravenously administered to Sprague–Dawley rats for 4 weeks prior to coronary artery ligation. The results showed that myocardial-selective expression of hSLPI significantly reduced infarct size, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and myoglobin levels that all served to improve cardiac function. Moreover, overexpression of hSLPI showed a reduction in inflammatory cytokines, oxidatively modified protein carbonyl (PC) content, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and necrosis and cardiac tissue degeneration. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate cardiac-selective gene delivery of hSLPI providing cardioprotection against myocardial I/R injury in an in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitirut Nernpermpisooth
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kijtawornrat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Faprathan Pikwong
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Rungrueang Yodsheewan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasimanas Unajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Kumphune
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Sarawut Kumphune
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13
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Jain M, Bouilloux J, Borrego I, Cook S, van den Bergh H, Lange N, Wagnieres G, Giraud MN. Cathepsin B-Cleavable Polymeric Photosensitizer Prodrug for Selective Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:564. [PMID: 35631388 PMCID: PMC9146285 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease that plays an important role in cancer, atherosclerosis, and other inflammatory diseases. The suppression of cathepsin B can inhibit tumor growth. The overexpression of cathepsin B can be used for the imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. PDT targeting of cathepsin B may have a significant potential for selective destruction of cells with high cathepsin B activity. We synthesized a cathepsin B-cleavable polymeric photosensitizer prodrug (CTSB-PPP) that releases pheophorbide a (Pha), an efficient photosensitizer upon activation with cathepsin B. We determined the concentration dependant uptake in vitro, the safety, and subsequent PDT-induced toxicity of CTSB-PPP, and ROS production. CTSB-PPP was cleaved in bone marrow cells (BMCs), which express a high cathepsin B level. We showed that the intracellular fluorescence of Pha increased with increasing doses (3-48 µM) and exerted significant dark toxicity above 12 µM, as assessed by MTT assay. However, 6 µM showed no toxicity on cell viability and ex vivo vascular function. Time-dependent studies revealed that cellular accumulation of CTSB-PPP (6 µM) peaked at 60 min of treatment. PDT (light dose: 0-100 J/cm2, fluence rate: 100 mW/cm2) was applied after CTSB-PPP treatment (6 µM for 60 min) using a special frontal light diffuser coupled to a diode laser (671 nm). PDT resulted in a light dose-dependent reduction in the viability of BMCs and was associated with an increased intracellular ROS generation. Fluorescence and ROS generation was significantly reduced when the BMCs were pre-treated with E64-d, a cysteine protease inhibitor. In conclusion, we provide evidence that CTSB-PPP showed no dark toxicity at low concentrations. This probe could be utilized as a potential imaging agent to identify cells or tissues with cathepsin B activity. CTSB-PPP-based PDT results in effective cytotoxicity and thus, holds great promise as a therapeutic agent for achieving the selective destruction of cells with high cathepsin B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Jain
- Department EMC, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.J.); (I.B.); (S.C.)
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jordan Bouilloux
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland; (J.B.); (N.L.)
| | - Ines Borrego
- Department EMC, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.J.); (I.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Cook
- Department EMC, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.J.); (I.B.); (S.C.)
- HFR Hôpital Fribourgeois, CH-1708 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Medical Photonics Group, LCOM-ISIC, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Norbert Lange
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland; (J.B.); (N.L.)
| | - Georges Wagnieres
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, LIFMET, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1105 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Marie-Noelle Giraud
- Department EMC, Faculty of Sciences and Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.J.); (I.B.); (S.C.)
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14
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Mongkolpathumrat P, Kijtawornrat A, Suwan E, Unajak S, Panya A, Pusadee T, Kumphune S. Anti-Protease Activity Deficient Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) Exerts Cardioprotective Effect against Myocardial Ischaemia/Reperfusion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050988. [PMID: 35625725 PMCID: PMC9138276 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of proteases shows therapeutic potential. Our previous studies demonstrated the cardioprotection by the Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) against myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, it is unclear whether the cardioprotective effect of SLPI seen in our previous works is due to the inhibition of protease enzymes. Several studies demonstrate that the anti-protease independent activity of SLPI could provide therapeutic benefits. Here, we show for the first time that recombinant protein of anti-protease deficient mutant SLPI (L72K, M73G, L74G) (mt-SLPI) could significantly reduce cell death and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production against an in vitro simulated I/R injury. Furthermore, post-ischaemic treatment of mt-SLPI is found to significantly reduce infarct size and cardiac biomarkers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) activity, improve cardiac functions, attenuate I/R induced-p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and reduce apoptotic regulatory protein levels, including Bax, cleaved-Caspase-3 and total Capase-8, in rats subjected to an in vivo I/R injury. Additionally, the beneficial effect of mt-SLPI was not significantly different from the wildtype (wt-SLPI). In summary, SLPI could provide cardioprotection without anti-protease activity, which could be more clinically beneficial in terms of providing cardioprotection without interfering with basal serine protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Podsawee Mongkolpathumrat
- Graduate Programs in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kijtawornrat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Eukote Suwan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Sasimanas Unajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Tonapha Pusadee
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Sarawut Kumphune
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-624-693-987
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15
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Protection-Free Strategy for the Synthesis of Boro-Depsipeptides in Aqueous Media under Microwave-Assisted Conditions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072325. [PMID: 35408725 PMCID: PMC9000886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, 19 boron-containing depsipeptides were synthesized via microwave-assisted Passerini three-component reaction (P-3CR) in an aqueous environment. The linker-free DAHMI fluorescent tagging approach was used on selected boron-containing compounds to study the relationship between their structures and their level of cellular uptake of HEK293 cells. The biological data retrieved from the DAHMI experiments indicated that while the structures of tested compounds may be highly similar, their bio-distribution profile could be vastly distinctive. The reported optimized one-pot synthetic strategy along the linker-free in vitro testing protocol could provide an efficient platform to accelerate the development of boron-containing drugs.
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16
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Song Y, Jia H, Hua Y, Wu C, Li S, Li K, Liang Z, Wang Y. The Molecular Mechanism of Aerobic Exercise Improving Vascular Remodeling in Hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 13:792292. [PMID: 35295586 PMCID: PMC8919036 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.792292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment and prevention of hypertension has been a worldwide medical challenge. The key pathological hallmark of hypertension is altered arterial vascular structure and function, i.e., increased peripheral vascular resistance due to vascular remodeling. The aim of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling in hypertension and the protective mechanisms of aerobic exercise against vascular remodeling during the pathological process of hypertension. The main focus is on the mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathological condition of hypertension and vascular phenotypic transformation induced by the trilaminar structure of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix, and the peripheral adipose layer of the vasculature. To further explore the possible mechanisms by which aerobic exercise ameliorates vascular remodeling in the pathological process of hypertension through anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and thus inhibiting vascular phenotypic transformation. It provides a new perspective to reveal the intervention targets of vascular remodeling for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Song
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Jia
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yijie Hua
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Wu
- School of Health and Sports, Xi’an Fanyi University, Xi’an, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kunzhe Li
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhicheng Liang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Youhua Wang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Youhua Wang,
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17
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Mikołajczyk K, Spyt D, Zielińska W, Żuryń A, Faisal I, Qamar M, Świniarski P, Grzanka A, Gagat M. The Important Role of Endothelium and Extracellular Vesicles in the Cellular Mechanism of Aortic Aneurysm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313157. [PMID: 34884962 PMCID: PMC8658239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis is a fundamental property of biological systems consisting of the ability to maintain a dynamic balance of the environment of biochemical processes. The action of endogenous and exogenous factors can lead to internal balance disorder, which results in the activation of the immune system and the development of inflammatory response. Inflammation determines the disturbances in the structure of the vessel wall, connected with the change in their diameter. These disorders consist of accumulation in the space between the endothelium and the muscle cells of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), resulting in the formation of fatty streaks narrowing the lumen and restricting the blood flow in the area behind the structure. The effect of inflammation may also be pathological dilatation of the vessel wall associated with the development of aneurysms. Described disease entities strongly correlate with the increased migration of immune cells. Recent scientific research indicates the secretion of specific vesicular structures during migration activated by the inflammation. The review focuses on the link between endothelial dysfunction and the inflammatory response and the impact of these processes on the development of disease entities potentially related to the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Mikołajczyk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Dominika Spyt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Wioletta Zielińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Żuryń
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Inaz Faisal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Murtaz Qamar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Piotr Świniarski
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Alina Grzanka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (D.S.); (W.Z.); (A.Ż.); (I.F.); (M.Q.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Guzman NA, Guzman DE. Immunoaffinity Capillary Electrophoresis in the Era of Proteoforms, Liquid Biopsy and Preventive Medicine: A Potential Impact in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Disease Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1443. [PMID: 34680076 PMCID: PMC8533156 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, multiple biomarkers have been used to aid in disease screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy. As of late, protein biomarkers are gaining strength in their role for early disease diagnosis and prognosis in part due to the advancements in identification and characterization of a distinct functional pool of proteins known as proteoforms. Proteoforms are defined as all of the different molecular forms of a protein derived from a single gene caused by genetic variations, alternative spliced RNA transcripts and post-translational modifications. Monitoring the structural changes of each proteoform of a particular protein is essential to elucidate the complex molecular mechanisms that guide the course of disease. Clinical proteomics therefore holds the potential to offer further insight into disease pathology, progression, and prevention. Nevertheless, more technologically advanced diagnostic methods are needed to improve the reliability and clinical applicability of proteomics in preventive medicine. In this manuscript, we review the use of immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) as an emerging powerful diagnostic tool to isolate, separate, detect and characterize proteoform biomarkers obtained from liquid biopsy. IACE is an affinity capture-separation technology capable of isolating, concentrating and analyzing a wide range of biomarkers present in biological fluids. Isolation and concentration of target analytes is accomplished through binding to one or more biorecognition affinity ligands immobilized to a solid support, while separation and analysis are achieved by high-resolution capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to one or more detectors. IACE has the potential to generate rapid results with significant accuracy, leading to reliability and reproducibility in diagnosing and monitoring disease. Additionally, IACE has the capability of monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic agents by quantifying companion and complementary protein biomarkers. With advancements in telemedicine and artificial intelligence, the implementation of proteoform biomarker detection and analysis may significantly improve our capacity to identify medical conditions early and intervene in ways that improve health outcomes for individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543, USA;
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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19
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Mintoo M, Chakravarty A, Tilvawala R. N-Terminomics Strategies for Protease Substrates Profiling. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154699. [PMID: 34361849 PMCID: PMC8348681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases play a central role in various biochemical pathways catalyzing and regulating key biological events. Proteases catalyze an irreversible post-translational modification called proteolysis by hydrolyzing peptide bonds in proteins. Given the destructive potential of proteolysis, protease activity is tightly regulated. Dysregulation of protease activity has been reported in numerous disease conditions, including cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and viral infections. The proteolytic profile of a cell, tissue, or organ is governed by protease activation, activity, and substrate specificity. Thus, identifying protease substrates and proteolytic events under physiological conditions can provide crucial information about how the change in protease regulation can alter the cellular proteolytic landscape. In recent years, mass spectrometry-based techniques called N-terminomics have become instrumental in identifying protease substrates from complex biological mixtures. N-terminomics employs the labeling and enrichment of native and neo-N-termini peptides, generated upon proteolysis followed by mass spectrometry analysis allowing protease substrate profiling directly from biological samples. In this review, we provide a brief overview of N-terminomics techniques, focusing on their strengths, weaknesses, limitations, and providing specific examples where they were successfully employed to identify protease substrates in vivo and under physiological conditions. In addition, we explore the current trends in the protease field and the potential for future developments.
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20
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Protease Substrate-Independent Universal Assay for Monitoring Digestion of Native Unmodified Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126362. [PMID: 34198602 PMCID: PMC8231992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are a group of enzymes with a catalytic function to hydrolyze peptide bonds of proteins. Proteases regulate the activity, signaling mechanism, fate, and localization of many proteins, and their dysregulation is associated with various pathological conditions. Proteases have been identified as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for multiple diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, and cancer, where they are essential to disease progression. Thus, protease inhibitors and inhibitor-like molecules are interesting drug candidates. To study proteases and their substrates and inhibitors, simple, rapid, and sensitive protease activity assays are needed. Existing fluorescence-based assays enable protease monitoring in a high-throughput compatible microtiter plate format, but the methods often rely on either molecular labeling or synthetic protease targets that only mimic the hydrolysis site of the true target proteins. Here, we present a homogenous, label-free, and time-resolved luminescence utilizing the protein-probe method to assay proteases with native and denatured substrates at nanomolar sensitivity. The developed protein-probe method is not restricted to any single protein or protein target class, enabling digestion and substrate fragmentation studies with the natural unmodified substrate proteins. The versatility of the assay for studying protease targets was shown by monitoring the digestion of a substrate panel with different proteases. These results indicate that the protein-probe method not only monitors the protease activity and inhibition, but also studies the substrate specificity of individual proteases.
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21
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Voulgaris A, Archontogeorgis K, Steiropoulos P, Papanas N. Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome and Overlap Syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 19:285-300. [PMID: 32188387 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666200318103553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) are among the most prevalent chronic respiratory disorders. Accumulating data suggest that there is a significant burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with COPD and OSAS, affecting negatively patients' quality of life and survival. Overlap syndrome (OS), i.e. the co-existence of both COPD and OSAS in the same patient, has an additional impact on the cardiovascular system multiplying the risk of morbidity and mortality. The underlying mechanisms for the development of CVD in patients with either OSAS or COPD and OS are not entirely elucidated. Several mechanisms, in addition to smoking and obesity, may be implicated, including systemic inflammation, increased sympathetic activity, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Early diagnosis and proper management of these patients might reduce cardiovascular risk and improve patients' survival. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding epidemiological aspects, pathophysiological mechanisms and present point-to-point specific associations between COPD, OSAS, OS and components of CVD, namely, pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Voulgaris
- MSc Programme in Sleep Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - K Archontogeorgis
- MSc Programme in Sleep Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - P Steiropoulos
- MSc Programme in Sleep Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - N Papanas
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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22
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Wang Z, Xu T, Noel A, Chen YC, Liu T. Applications of liquid crystals in biosensing. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4675-4702. [PMID: 33978639 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs), as a promising branch of highly-sensitive, quick-response, and low-cost materials, are widely applied to the detection of weak external stimuli and have attracted significant attention. Over the past decade, many research groups have been devoted to developing LC-based biosensors due to their self-assembly potential and functional diversity. In this paper, recent investigations on the design and application of LC-based biosensors are reviewed, based on the phenomenon that the orientation of LCs can be directly influenced by the interactions between biomolecules and LC molecules. The sensing principle of LC-based biosensors, as well as their signal detection by probing interfacial interactions, is described to convert, amplify, and quantify the information from targets into optical and electrical parameters. Furthermore, commonly-used LC biosensing targets are introduced, including glucose, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, cells, microorganisms, ions, and other micromolecules that are critical to human health. Due to their self-assembly potential, chemical diversity, and high sensitivity, it has been reported that tunable stimuli-responsive LC biosensors show bright perspectives and high superiorities in biological applications. Finally, challenges and future prospects are discussed for the fabrication and application of LC biosensors to both enhance their performance and to realize their promise in the biosensing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyihui Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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23
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Gonzalez EA, Tobar Leitão SA, Soares DDS, Tavares AMV, Giugliani R, Baldo G, Matte U. Cardiac pathology in mucopolysaccharidosis I mice: Losartan modifies ERK1/2 activation during cardiac remodeling. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:740-750. [PMID: 33145772 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the IDUA gene, that codifies the alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme, which deficiency leads to storage of glycosaminoglycans, with multiple clinical manifestations. One of the leading causes of death in MPS I patients are cardiac complications such as cardiac valve thickening, conduction abnormalities, myocardial dysfunction, and cardiac hypertrophy. The mechanism leading to cardiac dysfunction in MPS I is not entirely understood. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that losartan and propranolol improved the cardiac function in MPS I mice. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the pathways influenced by these drugs may modulate the cardiac remodeling process in MPS I mice. According to our previous observation, losartan and propranolol restore the heart function, without altering valve thickness. MPS I mice presented reduced activation of AKT and ERK1/2, increased activity of cathepsins, but no alteration in metalloproteinase activity was observed. Animals treated with losartan showed a reduction in cathepsin activity and restored ERK1/2 activation. While both losartan and propranolol improved heart function, no mechanistic evidence was found for propranolol so far. Our results suggest that losartan or propranolol could be used to ameliorate the cardiac disease in MPS I and could be considered as adjuvant treatment candidates for therapy optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Alberto Gonzalez
- Postgraduate Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Cells, Tissues, and Genes Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Santiago Alonso Tobar Leitão
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas Dos Santos Soares
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Vicente Tavares
- Cells, Tissues, and Genes Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Postgraduate Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Cells, Tissues, and Genes Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Postgraduate Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Cells, Tissues, and Genes Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ursula Matte
- Postgraduate Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Cells, Tissues, and Genes Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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24
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Abstract
Significance: The vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides mechanical stability but also manipulates vascular cell behaviors, which are crucial for vascular function and homeostasis. ECM remodeling, which alters vascular wall mechanical properties and exposes vascular cells to bioactive molecules, is involved in the development and progression of hypertension. Recent Advances: This brief review summarized the dynamic changes in ECM components and their modification and degradation during hypertension and after antihypertensive treatment. We also discussed how alterations in the ECM amount, assembly, mechanical properties, and degradation fragment generation provide input into the pathological process of hypertension. Critical Issues: Although the relevance between ECM remodeling and hypertension has been recognized, the underlying mechanism by which ECM remodeling initiates the development of hypertension remains unclear. Therefore, the modulation of ECM remodeling on arterial stiffness and hypertension in genetically modified rodent models is summarized in this review. The circulating biomarkers based on ECM metabolism and therapeutic strategies targeting ECM disorders in hypertension are also introduced. Future Directions: Further research will provide more comprehensive understanding of ECM remodeling in hypertension by the application of matridomic and degradomic approaches. The better understanding of mechanisms underlying vascular ECM remodeling may provide novel potential therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating hypertension. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 765-783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Gong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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25
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Ucar A, González-Fernández E, Staderini M, Avlonitis N, Murray AF, Bradley M, Mount AR. Miniaturisation of a peptide-based electrochemical protease activity sensor using platinum microelectrodes. Analyst 2020; 145:975-982. [PMID: 31829318 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are ideal target biomarkers as they have been implicated in many disease states, including steps associated with cancer progression. Electrochemical peptide-based biosensors have attracted much interest in recent years. However, the significantly large size of the electrodes typically used in most of these platforms has led to performance limitations. These could be addressed by the enhancements offered by microelectrodes, such as rapid response times, improved mass transport, higher signal-to-noise and sensitivity, as well as more localised and less invasive measurements. We present the production and characterisation of a miniaturised electrochemical biosensor for the detection of trypsin, based on 25 μm diameter Pt microelectrodes (rather than the ubiquitous Au electrodes), benchmarked by establishing the equivalent Pt macroelectrode response in terms of quantitative response to the protease, the kinetics of cleavage and the effects of non-specific protein binding and temperature. Interestingly, although there was little difference between Au and Pt macroelectrode response, significant differences were observed between the responses of the Pt macroelectrode and microelectrode systems indicative of increased reproducibility in the microelectrode SAM structure and sensor performance between the electrodes, increased storage stability and a decrease in the cleavage rate at functionalised microelectrodes, which is mitigated by measurement at normal body temperature. Together, these results demonstrate the robustness and sensitivity of the miniaturised sensing platform and its ability to operate within the clinically-relevant concentration ranges of proteases in normal and disease states. These are critical features for its translation into implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ucar
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
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26
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Lu PN, Moreland T, Christian CJ, Lund TC, Steet RA, Flanagan-Steet H. Inappropriate cathepsin K secretion promotes its enzymatic activation driving heart and valve malformation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133019. [PMID: 33055423 PMCID: PMC7605527 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent the most common birth defect, a comprehensive understanding of disease etiology remains unknown. This is further complicated since CHDs can occur in isolation or as a feature of another disorder. Analyzing disorders with associated CHDs provides a powerful platform to identify primary pathogenic mechanisms driving disease. Aberrant localization and expression of cathepsin proteases can perpetuate later-stage heart diseases, but their contribution toward CHDs is unclear. To investigate the contribution of cathepsins during cardiovascular development and congenital disease, we analyzed the pathogenesis of cardiac defects in zebrafish models of the lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis II (MLII). MLII is caused by mutations in the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase enzyme (Gnptab) that disrupt carbohydrate-dependent sorting of lysosomal enzymes. Without Gnptab, lysosomal hydrolases, including cathepsin proteases, are inappropriately secreted. Analyses of heart development in gnptab-deficient zebrafish show cathepsin K secretion increases its activity, disrupts TGF-β–related signaling, and alters myocardial and valvular formation. Importantly, cathepsin K inhibition restored normal heart and valve development in MLII embryos. Collectively, these data identify mislocalized cathepsin K as an initiator of cardiac disease in this lysosomal disorder and establish cathepsin inhibition as a viable therapeutic strategy. Mislocalized cathepsin K promotes cardiac disease in a zebrafish model of the lysosomal disorder mucolipidosis II and can be targeted by cathespin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Nien Lu
- Greenwood Genetic Center, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor Moreland
- Greenwood Genetic Center, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Courtney J Christian
- Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University Laney Graduate School, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Troy C Lund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard A Steet
- Greenwood Genetic Center, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
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27
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Cheng H, Cheng Q, Bao X, Luo Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Hua Q, Liu W, Tang S, Feng D, Luo Z. Over-activation of NMDA receptors promotes ABCA1 degradation and foam cell formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158778. [PMID: 32745694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is an essential regulator of intracellular cholesterol efflux. Secreted cholesterol binds to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in peripheral blood to constitute high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) complexes. ABCA1 protein on the surface of macrophages acts as a crucial controller in preventing cholesterol accumulation. Importantly, ABCA1 is unstable and easily degraded via a series of biochemical activities, including but not limited to calpain-mediated and ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated processes. How accelerated ABCA1 degradation impacts disordered lipid metabolism in macrophages and foam cell formation is unclear. N-methyl d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors with high calcium permeability. Calcium influx via NMDARs activates downstream signaling pathways. Over-activation of NMDARs stimulated by NMDA contributes to dysfunctional lipid metabolism in macrophages and foam cell formation via promotion of calpain-mediated ABCA1 proteolysis. However, increased NMDAR activity does not affect liver X receptor expression or ABCA1 mRNA levels. Following NMDA receptor silencing or calpain inhibition, NMDA treatment did not reduce ABCA1 protein levels, nor caused lipid accumulation in macrophages. In addition, NMDAR over-activation activates NF-κB signaling to promote IL-1β and IL-6 macrophage marker expression. However, NMDAR silencing and calpain inhibition reduce inflammatory macrophage responses. In summary, our study suggests that NMDAR activation reduces surface ABCA1 protein, promotes lipid accumulation, and induces the production and secretion of many inflammatory mediators in macrophages, possibly through enhanced calpain-mediated ABCA1 protein degradation. Thus, the NMDAR receptor may be a novel pharmacologic target for atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingmei Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingwen Bao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongyu Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanghang Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingzhong Hua
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyuan Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Weihs F, Gel M, Wang J, Anderson A, Trowell S, Dacres H. Development and characterisation of a compact device for rapid real-time-on-chip detection of thrombin activity in human serum using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 158:112162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Vitko D, Cho PS, Kostel SA, DiMartino SE, Cabour LD, Migliozzi MA, Logvinenko T, Warren PG, Froehlich JW, Lee RS. Characterizing Patients with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Vesicoureteral Reflux: A Pilot Study of the Urinary Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:456-466. [PMID: 31896675 PMCID: PMC7050111 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose a significant burden on the health care system. Underlying mechanisms predisposing children to UTIs and associated changes in the urinary proteome are not well understood. We aimed to investigate the urinary proteome of a subset of children who have vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and recurrent UTIs because of their risk of developing infection-related renal damage. Improving diagnostic modalities to identify UTI risk factors would significantly alter the clinical management of children with VUR. We profiled the urinary proteomes of 22 VUR patients with low grade VUR (1-3 out of 5), a history of recurrent UTIs, and renal scarring, comparing them to those obtained from 22 age-matched controls. Urinary proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry followed by protein quantitation based on spectral counting. Of the 2,551 proteins identified across both cohorts, 964 were robustly quantified, as defined by meeting criteria with spectral count (SC) ≥2 in at least 7 patients in either VUR or control cohort. Eighty proteins had differential expression between the two cohorts, with 44 proteins significantly up-regulated and 36 downregulated (q <0.075, FC ≥1.2). Urinary proteins involved in inflammation, acute phase response (APR), modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and carbohydrate metabolism were altered among the study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Vitko
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia S Cho
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Urology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen A Kostel
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lily D Cabour
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Tanya Logvinenko
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter G Warren
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John W Froehlich
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard S Lee
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Understanding Inter-Individual Variability in Monoclonal Antibody Disposition. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040056. [PMID: 31817205 PMCID: PMC6963779 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently the largest and most dominant class of therapeutic proteins. Inter-individual variability has been observed for several mAbs; however, an understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors contributing to inter-subject differences in mAb disposition is still lacking. In this review, we analyze the mechanisms of antibody disposition and the putative mechanistic determinants of inter-individual variability. Results from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies were reviewed evaluate the role of the neonatal Fc receptor and Fc gamma receptors (expression and polymorphism), target properties (expression, shedding, turnover, internalization, heterogeneity, polymorphism), and the influence of anti-drug antibodies. Particular attention is given to the influence of co-administered drugs and disease, and to the physiological relevance of covariates identified by population pharmacokinetic modeling, as determinants of variability in mAb pharmacokinetics.
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31
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Chen Z, Yu H, Shi X, Warren CR, Lotta LA, Friesen M, Meissner TB, Langenberg C, Wabitsch M, Wareham N, Benson MD, Gerszten RE, Cowan CA. Functional Screening of Candidate Causal Genes for Insulin Resistance in Human Preadipocytes and Adipocytes. Circ Res 2019; 126:330-346. [PMID: 31739742 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic loci associated with insulin resistance (IR) but pinpointing the causal genes of a risk locus has been challenging. Objective: To identify candidate causal genes for IR, we screened regional and biologically plausible genes (16 in total) near the top 10 IR-loci in risk-relevant cell types, namely preadipocytes and adipocytes. Methods and Results: We generated 16 human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome preadipocyte knockout lines each with a single IR-gene knocked out by lentivirus-mediated CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 system. We evaluated each gene knockout by screening IR-relevant phenotypes in the 3 insulin-sensitizing mechanisms, including adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling. We performed genetic analyses using data on the genotype-tissue expression portal expression quantitative trait loci database and accelerating medicines partnership type 2 diabetes mellitus Knowledge Portal to evaluate whether candidate genes prioritized by our in vitro studies were expression quantitative trait loci genes in human subcutaneous adipose tissue, and whether expression of these genes is associated with risk of IR, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. We further validated the functions of 3 new adipose IR genes by overexpression-based phenotypic rescue in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome preadipocyte knockout lines. Twelve genes, PPARG, IRS-1, FST, PEPD, PDGFC, MAP3K1, GRB14, ARL15, ANKRD55, RSPO3, COBLL1, and LYPLAL1, showed diverse phenotypes in the 3 insulin-sensitizing mechanisms, and the first 7 of these genes could affect all the 3 mechanisms. Five out of 6 expression quantitative trait loci genes are among the top candidate causal genes and the abnormal expression levels of these genes (IRS-1, GRB14, FST, PEPD, and PDGFC) in human subcutaneous adipose tissue could be associated with increased risk of IR, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Phenotypic rescue by overexpression of the candidate causal genes (FST, PEPD, and PDGFC) in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome preadipocyte knockout lines confirmed their function in adipose IR. Conclusions: Twelve genes showed diverse phenotypes indicating differential roles in insulin sensitization, suggesting mechanisms bridging the association of their genomic loci with IR. We prioritized PPARG, IRS-1, GRB14, MAP3K1, FST, PEPD, and PDGFC as top candidate genes. Our work points to novel roles for FST, PEPD, and PDGFC in adipose tissue, with consequences for cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Chen
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Z.C., H.Y., X.S., M.F., T.B.M., M.D.B., R.E.G, C.A.C.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (Z.C., H.Y., M.F., C.R.W., T.B.M., C.A.C.)
| | - Haojie Yu
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Z.C., H.Y., X.S., M.F., T.B.M., M.D.B., R.E.G, C.A.C.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (Z.C., H.Y., M.F., C.R.W., T.B.M., C.A.C.)
| | - Xu Shi
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Z.C., H.Y., X.S., M.F., T.B.M., M.D.B., R.E.G, C.A.C.)
| | - Curtis R Warren
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (Z.C., H.Y., M.F., C.R.W., T.B.M., C.A.C.).,Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT (C.R.W.)
| | - Luca A Lotta
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (L.A.L., C.L., N.W.)
| | - Max Friesen
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Z.C., H.Y., X.S., M.F., T.B.M., M.D.B., R.E.G, C.A.C.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (Z.C., H.Y., M.F., C.R.W., T.B.M., C.A.C.)
| | - Torsten B Meissner
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Z.C., H.Y., X.S., M.F., T.B.M., M.D.B., R.E.G, C.A.C.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (Z.C., H.Y., M.F., C.R.W., T.B.M., C.A.C.)
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (L.A.L., C.L., N.W.)
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Germany (M.W.)
| | - Nick Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (L.A.L., C.L., N.W.)
| | - Mark D Benson
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Z.C., H.Y., X.S., M.F., T.B.M., M.D.B., R.E.G, C.A.C.)
| | - Rob E Gerszten
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Z.C., H.Y., X.S., M.F., T.B.M., M.D.B., R.E.G, C.A.C.)
| | - Chad A Cowan
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Z.C., H.Y., X.S., M.F., T.B.M., M.D.B., R.E.G, C.A.C.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (Z.C., H.Y., M.F., C.R.W., T.B.M., C.A.C.)
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Ahmad S, Wright KN, Sun X, Groban L, Ferrario CM. Mast cell peptidases (carboxypeptidase A and chymase)-mediated hydrolysis of human angiotensin-(1-12) substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:651-656. [PMID: 31466718 PMCID: PMC6763271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin processing peptidases (carboxypeptidase A (CPA) and chymase) are stored in cardiac mast cell (MC) secretory granules in large quantity and are co-released into the extracellular environment after activation/degranulation. In the human heart, chymase is primarily responsible for angiotensin II (Ang II) generation from the alternate substrate angiotensin-(1-12) (Ang-(1-12)). We investigated the individual and combined hydrolytic specificity of CPA and chymase enzymes (1:1 and 1:⅓ ratio) in the processing of the human Ang-(1-12) (hAng-(1-12)) substrate. To determine the Km and Vmax, the CPA and recombinant human chymase (rhChymase) enzymes were incubated with increasing concentrations of hAng-(1-12) substrate (0-300 μM). We found that CPA alone sequentially metabolized hAng-(1-12) substrate into angiotensin-(1-9) (Ang-(1-9), 53%), Ang II (22%) and angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7), 11%) during a 15 min incubation. In the presence of rhChymase alone, 125I-hAng-(1-12) was directly metabolized into Ang II (89%) and no further hydrolysis of Ang II was detected. In the presence of both CPA + rhChymase enzymes (1:1 or 1:⅓ ratio), the amount of Ang II formation from 125I-hAng-(1-12) within a 5 min incubation period were 68% or 65%, respectively. In the presence of both (CPA + rhChymase), small amounts of Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7) were generated from 125I-hAng-(1-12). The Km and Vmax values were 150 ± 5 μM and 384 ± 23 nM/min/mg of CPA and 40 ± 9 μM and 116 ± 20 nM/min/mg of rhChymase. The catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km ratio) was higher for rhChymase/hAng-(1-12) compared to CPA/hAng-(1-12). Compared to CPA, chymase has a much higher affinity to hydrolyze the hAng-(1-12) substrate directly into Ang II. In addition, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) are the end products of chymase and CPA, respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that the Ang II generation from hAng-(1-12) is primarily mediated by chymase rather than CPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Kendra N Wright
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Xuming Sun
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Leanne Groban
- Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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Flanagan-Steet H, Christian C, Lu PN, Aarnio-Peterson M, Sanman L, Archer-Hartmann S, Azadi P, Bogyo M, Steet RA. TGF-ß Regulates Cathepsin Activation during Normal and Pathogenic Development. Cell Rep 2019. [PMID: 29539424 PMCID: PMC6247414 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins play roles during development and disease beyond their function in lysosomal protein turnover. Here, we leverage a fluorescent activity-based probe (ABP), BMV109, to track cysteine cathepsins in normal and diseased zebrafish embryos. Using this probe in a model of mucolipidosis II, we show that loss of carbohydrate-dependent lysosomal sorting alters the activity of several cathepsin proteases. The data support a pathogenic mechanism where TGF-β signals enhance the proteolytic processing of pro-Ctsk by modulating the expression of chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). In MLII, elevated C4-S corresponds with TGF-β-mediated increases in chst11 expression. Inhibiting chst11 impairs the proteolytic activation of Ctsk and alleviates the MLII phenotypes. These findings uncover a regulatory loop between TGF-β signaling and Ctsk activation that is altered in the context of lysosomal disease. This work highlights the power of ABPs to identify mechanisms underlying pathogenic development in living animals. Chondroitin sulfate is a known regulator of cathepsin protease activity. Flanagan-Steet et al. identify a positive feedback mechanism whereby cathepsins secreted from chondrocytes upon loss of lysosomal targeting activate TGF-β signaling in developing cartilage. This increased signaling, in turn, stimulates chondroitin-4 sulfation and enhances cathepsin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney Christian
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Po-Nien Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | | | - Laura Sanman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Richard A Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
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Zhuang Q, Holt BA, Kwong GA, Qiu P. Deconvolving multiplexed protease signatures with substrate reduction and activity clustering. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006909. [PMID: 31479443 PMCID: PMC6743790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are multifunctional, promiscuous enzymes that degrade proteins as well as peptides and drive important processes in health and disease. Current technology has enabled the construction of libraries of peptide substrates that detect protease activity, which provides valuable biological information. An ideal library would be orthogonal, such that each protease only hydrolyzes one unique substrate, however this is impractical due to off-target promiscuity (i.e., one protease targets multiple different substrates). Therefore, when a library of probes is exposed to a cocktail of proteases, each protease activates multiple probes, producing a convoluted signature. Computational methods for parsing these signatures to estimate individual protease activities primarily use an extensive collection of all possible protease-substrate combinations, which require impractical amounts of training data when expanding to search for more candidate substrates. Here we provide a computational method for estimating protease activities efficiently by reducing the number of substrates and clustering proteases with similar cleavage activities into families. We envision that this method will be used to extract meaningful diagnostic information from biological samples. The activity of enzymatic proteins, which are called proteases, drives numerous important processes in health and disease: including cancer, immunity, and infectious disease. Many labs have developed useful diagnostics by designing sensors that measure the activity of these proteases. However, if we want to detect multiple proteases at the same time, it becomes impractical to design sensors that only detect one protease. This is due to a phenomenon called protease promiscuity, which means that proteases will activate multiple different sensors. Computational methods have been created to solve this problem, but the challenge is that these often require large amounts of training data. Further, completely different proteases may be detected by the same subset of sensors. In this work, we design a computational method to overcome this problem by clustering similar proteases into "subfamilies", which increases estimation accuracy. Further, our method tests multiple combinations of sensors to maintain accuracy while minimizing the number of sensors used. Together, we envision that this work will increase the amount of useful information we can extract from biological samples, which may lead to better clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei Zhuang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brandon Alexander Holt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gabriel A. Kwong
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Georgia ImmunoEngineering Consortium, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GAK); (PQ)
| | - Peng Qiu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GAK); (PQ)
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Endothelial retinoblastoma protein reduces abdominal aortic aneurysm development via promoting DHFR/NO pathway-mediated vasoprotection. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 460:29-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Liu Q, Han Q, Lu M, Wang H, Tang F. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates cardiac hypertrophy, inhibits calpain-1 expression and inhibits NF-κB activation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:509-516. [PMID: 31258688 PMCID: PMC6566019 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is one of the key structural changes that occurs in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Previous studies have indicated that the activation of NF-κB by calpain-1, a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease, serves an important role in cardiac hypertrophy. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 30 and 60 mg/kg Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) treatment, the major active ingredient extracted from Lycium barbarum, on cardiac hypertrophy in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. In addition, the present study examined the possible underlying mechanisms of this effect by assessing calpain-1 expression and the NF-κB pathway. The mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of calpain-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) in the heart tissue. The results revealed that compared with non-diabetic rats, diabetic rats exhibited cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy was defined by the following: Dysfunction of the cardiac hemodynamics, an increase in the ratios of left ventricular weight/body weight and heart weight/body weight and the increased expressions of ANP and BNP, which serve as hypertrophic markers in cardiac tissue. However, all of these changes were attenuated in diabetic rats treated with LBP. In addition, the protein expression of calpain-1 was increased in the heart tissue of diabetic rats compared with that of non-diabetic rats, where it was inhibited by LBP. LBP also decreased the protein expression of certain inflammatory mediators, IL-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and TLR-4 in diabetic heart tissue. Furthermore, LBP treatment reduced the production of reactive oxygen species, upregulated the protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and downregulated the protein expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase. Additionally, LBP increased the protein expression of p65, the subunit of NF-κB and inhibitory protein кB-α in the cytoplasm and reduced p65 expression in the nucleus. In conclusion, LBP improves cardiac hypertrophy, inhibits the expression of calpain-1 and inhibits the activation of NF-κB in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Futian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
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Ahmad N, Colak B, Zhang DW, Gibbs MJ, Watkinson M, Becer CR, Gautrot JE, Krause S. Peptide Cross-Linked Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogel Films as Biosensor Coatings for the Detection of Collagenase. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E1677. [PMID: 30965649 PMCID: PMC6479908 DOI: 10.3390/s19071677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptide cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel has been widely used for drug delivery and tissue engineering. However, the use of this material as a biosensor for the detection of collagenase has not been explored. Proteases play a key role in the pathology of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The detection of this class of enzyme using the degradable hydrogel film format is promising as a point-of-care device for disease monitoring. In this study, a protease biosensor was developed based on the degradation of a peptide cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel film and demonstrated for the detection of collagenase. The hydrogel was deposited on gold-coated quartz crystals, and their degradation in the presence of collagenase was monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The biosensor was shown to respond to concentrations between 2 and 2000 nM in less than 10 min with a lower detection limit of 2 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norlaily Ahmad
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Dengkil, Selangor 43800, Malaysia.
| | - Burcu Colak
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - De-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Martin John Gibbs
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Michael Watkinson
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Julien E Gautrot
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Steffi Krause
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Yasser M, Mousa A, Marzouk Marym A, Tagyan A. Molecular Identification, Extracellular Enzyme Production and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Solanum tuberosum L. in Egypt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.13005/bbra/2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Solanum tuberosum L. possesses economic properties and can host endophytic mycoflora. A total of 19 endophytic fungi were identified via morphological and molecular methods. Among them, Trichoderma harzianum was the core-group fungus with a relative frequency of 36.7%. In the preliminary antimicrobial assay, all the test pathogens were inhibited by Alternaria tenuissima, Penicillium pinophilum and Penicillium rubens with a maximum inhibition zone of 26 mm and a minimum zone of 11 mm using agar-plug method. All the isolated endophytic fungi produced amylase, while cellulase and tyrosinase were recorded for most of the isolated species, whereas laccase and protease and manganese peroxidase were shown by a few taxa. None of the isolated fungi produced chitinase. This study revealed the biodiversity of endophytic fungi isolated from Solanum tuberosum that could be a promising source of bioactive compounds applied in many industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Yasser
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - A.S.M. Mousa
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - A. Marzouk Marym
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - A.I. Tagyan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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Xu M, Liu PP, Li H. Innate Immune Signaling and Its Role in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:893-948. [PMID: 30565509 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00065.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved system that senses and defends against infection and irritation. Innate immune signaling is a complex cascade that quickly recognizes infectious threats through multiple germline-encoded cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors and transmits signals for the deployment of proper countermeasures through adaptors, kinases, and transcription factors, resulting in the production of cytokines. As the first response of the innate immune system to pathogenic signals, inflammatory responses must be rapid and specific to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection and must subsequently be terminated once the pathogens have been cleared. Long-lasting and low-grade chronic inflammation is a distinguishing feature of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, which are currently major public health problems. Cardiometabolic stress-induced inflammatory responses activate innate immune signaling, which directly contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Additionally, although the innate immune elements are highly conserved in higher-order jawed vertebrates, lower-grade jawless vertebrates lack several transcription factors and inflammatory cytokine genes downstream of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) pathways, suggesting that innate immune signaling components may additionally function in an immune-independent way. Notably, recent studies from our group and others have revealed that innate immune signaling can function as a vital regulator of cardiometabolic homeostasis independent of its immune function. Therefore, further investigation of innate immune signaling in cardiometabolic systems may facilitate the discovery of new strategies to manage the initiation and progression of cardiometabolic disorders, leading to better treatments for these diseases. In this review, we summarize the current progress in innate immune signaling studies and the regulatory function of innate immunity in cardiometabolic diseases. Notably, we highlight the immune-independent effects of innate immune signaling components on the development of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Peter P Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
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Gurumallesh P, Alagu K, Ramakrishnan B, Muthusamy S. A systematic reconsideration on proteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:254-267. [PMID: 30664968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a group of large complex enzyme molecules that perform highly focused proteolysis functions. A vast quantity of the protease enzymes is predominantly sourced from microbial fermentation process, although proteases tend to natively present in plant, animals and humans. Proteases possess a pervasive importance in medical and pharmaceutical sector, because of its enriched specificity towards biomolecules. They are also actively encompassed in regulating certain physiological pathways. A distinct territory of human disorders is treated by substrate specific proteases. Enormous numbers of catalytic activities in habitual metabolism process of a living organism are protease dependent. Pilot scale researches and product development in industrial biotechnology sectors are wholly based on any one of the protease enzymes. The applications of the protease enzymes and its economic benefits of being an eco-friendly material are far-reaching. This review presents a brief overview on the classification and sources of various types of proteases. We describe the essential evidences of role of protease in different sectors. The proteases could be a potential relieves to harmful synthetic chemicals in distinctive industrial processes and thus gains global perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorani Gurumallesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kamalini Alagu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Baskar Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
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Abstract
Proteases drive the life cycle of all proteins, ensuring the transportation and activation of newly minted, would-be proteins into their functional form while recycling spent or unneeded proteins. Far from their image as engines of protein digestion, proteases play fundamental roles in basic physiology and regulation at multiple levels of systems biology. Proteases are intimately associated with disease and modulation of proteolytic activity is the presumed target for successful therapeutics. "Proteases: Pivot Points in Functional Proteomics" examines the crucial roles of proteolysis across a wide range of physiological processes and diseases. The existing and potential impacts of proteolysis-related activity on drug and biomarker development are presented in detail. All told the decisive roles of proteases in four major categories comprising 23 separate subcategories are addressed. Within this construct, 15 sets of subject-specific, tabulated data are presented that include identification of proteases, protease inhibitors, substrates, and their actions. Said data are derived from and confirmed by over 300 references. Cross comparison of datasets indicates that proteases, their inhibitors/promoters and substrates intersect over a range of physiological processes and diseases, both chronic and pathogenic. Indeed, "Proteases: Pivot Points …" closes by dramatizing this very point through association of (pro)Thrombin and Fibrin(ogen) with: hemostasis, innate immunity, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, and bacterial self-defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Verhamme
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Sarah E Leonard
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana School of Chemical Sciences, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ray C Perkins
- New Liberty Proteomics Corporation, New Liberty, KY, USA.
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García-Tejeda AU, Sampieri CL, Suárez-Torres I, Morales-Romero J, Demeneghi-Marini VP, Hernández-Hernández ME, Rodríguez-Hernández A. Association of urinary activity of MMP-9 with renal impairment in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6067. [PMID: 30564523 PMCID: PMC6286807 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). An early event in diabetic kidney disease is alteration of the glomerular basement membrane and the mesangial expansion. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of endopeptidases responsible for controlling the pathophysiological remodeling of tissues, including renal tissues. MMP-9 in human urine has been proposed as a marker of diabetic nephropathy and urinary tract infections (UTI). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who receive first level medical attention in Mexico. We used ELISA to measure MMP-9 levels in the urine of subjects with T2DM ≥ 18 years of age, who fulfilled the clinical requirements for calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), according to the K/DOQI guide, in an attempt to identify whether MMP-9 levels in T2DM differ in patients with and without renal impairment. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed in order to identify the association between MMP-9 and renal impairment. RESULTS Included in the study were 34 (45%) subjects with renal impairment and 42 (55%) without. In the group with renal impairment, 10 subjects corresponded to stages 1-2 and 24 subjects corresponded to stage 3, according to their values of GFR and urinary albumin, following that proposed by the K/DOQI. No differences were found relating to sex, age, having or not having a partner, education, being able to read and write a message and duration of T2DM. Moreover, no differences were found between the groups in terms of weight, height, body mass index, waist size in general and frequency of UTI. In contrast, serum creatinine and urinary albumin were higher in the group with renal impairment, while GFR was greater in the group without renal impairment. Levels of MMP-9 were greater in women compared to men. Through univariate analysis in the general population, the presence of MMP-9 and that of its percentile 90 (P90) P90 were associated with the renal impairment group; however, in patients without UTI, only the presence of MMP-9 was associated with the renal impairment group, and no association was found with its P90. Multivariate analysis revealed an association between MMP-9 and its P90 with renal impairment. DISCUSSION It is necessary to validate sensitive and non-invasive biological markers of CKD. We demonstrate that the presence and P90 of urinary MMP-9 are associated with renal impairment in Mexican patients with T2DM. While high levels of MMP-9 were associated to females and UTI, the presence of UTI was not associated with the incidence of renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Luz Sampieri
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Irene Suárez-Torres
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Navarro-García JA, Aceves-Ripoll J, Álvarez-Llamas G, Segura J, Barderas MG, Ruilope LM, Ruiz-Hurtado G. Association between renal dysfunction and metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity in hypertensive patients. Nefrologia 2018; 39:184-191. [PMID: 30509751 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in deleterious tissue remodeling associated with target organ damage in renal disease. The aim of this study was to study the association between renal dysfunction and activity of the inflammatory metalloproteinase MMP-9 in hypertensive patients with mild-moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Plasmatic active MMP-9, total MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP-9 (TIMP-1), MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and MMP-9-TIMP-1 interaction were analyzed in 37 hypertensive patients distributed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in 3 groups:>90, 90-60 y 60-30mL/min/1.73 m2. RESULTS Total MMP-9 was not different as eGFR declines. TIMP-1 was significantly increased in hypertensive patients with eGFR 60-30mL/min/1.73 m2 (P<.01 versus>90mL/min/1.73 m2). This relates to the significant decrease in the interaction between MMP-9-TIMP-1 observed in patients with eGFR 60-30mL/min/1.73 m2 (P<.01 versus>90mL/min/1.73 m2). Despite the systemic elevation of TIMP-1, active MMP-9 was significantly increased in hypertensive patients with eGFR 60-30mL/min/1.73 m2 (P<.05 and P<0.01 versus>90 and 90-60mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively). TIMP-1, active MMP-9 and MMP-9-TIMP-1 interaction significantly correlate with the decline in renal function, which was not observed with total MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS The progression of CKD, even in stages where the decline of renal function is still moderate, is associated with an increase in MMP-9 activity, which could be considered as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Traslacional Cardiorrenal, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | - José Alberto Navarro-García
- Laboratorio Traslacional Cardiorrenal, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | - Jennifer Aceves-Ripoll
- Laboratorio Traslacional Cardiorrenal, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | | | - Julián Segura
- Laboratorio Traslacional Cardiorrenal, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Unidad de Hipertensión, Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
| | - María G Barderas
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Vascular, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (HNP), SESCAM, Toledo, España
| | - Luis Miguel Ruilope
- Laboratorio Traslacional Cardiorrenal, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Unidad de Hipertensión, Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Escuela de Estudios de Doctorado e Investigación, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
- Laboratorio Traslacional Cardiorrenal, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España; Unidad de Hipertensión, Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España.
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Abstract
Proteases play a pivotal role in regulating important physiological processes from food digestion to blood clotting. They are also important biomarkers for many diseases such as cancers. The importance of proteases has led to extensive efforts in the screening of proteases and their inhibitors as potential drug molecules. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients have been treated with HIV-1 protease inhibitors to prolong the life expectancy of patients. Such a close relationship between diseases and proteases provides a strong motivation for developing sensitive, selective, and robust protease assays and sensors, which can be exploited to discover new proteases and inhibitors. In this aspect, protease assays based on levels of proteolytic activities are more relevant than protease affinity assays such as immunoassays. In this review, recent developments of protease activity assays based on different detection principles are discussed and compared. For homogenous assays, fluorescence-based techniques are the most popular due to their high sensitivity and quantitative results. However, homogeneous assays have limited multiplex sensing capabilities. In contrast, heterogeneous assays can be employed to detect multiple proteases simultaneously, given the microarray technology that is already available. Among them, electrochemical methods, surface spectroscopy techniques, and enzyme-linked peptide protease assays are commonly used. Finally, recent developments in liquid crystal (LC)-based protease assays and their applications for detecting proteases and their inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun-Lin Yang
- National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585.
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Zhang Y, Whaley-Connell AT, Sowers JR, Ren J. Autophagy as an emerging target in cardiorenal metabolic disease: From pathophysiology to management. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:1-22. [PMID: 29909238 PMCID: PMC6195437 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although advances in medical technology and health care have improved the early diagnosis and management for cardiorenal metabolic disorders, the prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and kidney disease remains high. Findings from numerous population-based studies, clinical trials, and experimental evidence have consolidated a number of theories for the pathogenesis of cardiorenal metabolic anomalies including resistance to the metabolic action of insulin, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative and nitrosative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, and inflammation. Accumulating evidence has recently suggested a pivotal role for proteotoxicity, the unfavorable effects of poor protein quality control, in the pathophysiology of metabolic dysregulation and related cardiovascular complications. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosomal pathways, two major although distinct cellular clearance machineries, govern protein quality control by degradation and clearance of long-lived or damaged proteins and organelles. Ample evidence has depicted an important role for protein quality control, particularly autophagy, in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. To this end, autophagy offers promising targets for novel strategies to prevent and treat cardiorenal metabolic diseases. Targeting autophagy using pharmacological or natural agents exhibits exciting new strategies for the growing problem of cardiorenal metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Adam T Whaley-Connell
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Ligi D, Benitez S, Croce L, Rivas-Urbina A, Puig N, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Mannello F, Sanchez-Quesada JL. Electronegative LDL induces MMP-9 and TIMP-1 release in monocytes through CD14 activation: Inhibitory effect of glycosaminoglycan sulodexide. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3559-3567. [PMID: 30254012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) is involved in atherosclerosis through the activation of the TLR4/CD14 inflammatory pathway in monocytes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase [TIMP]) are also crucially involved in atherosclerosis, but their modulation by LDL(-) has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of LDL(-) to release MMPs and TIMPs in human monocytes and to determine whether sulodexide (SDX), a glycosaminoglycan-based drug, was able to affect their secretion. APPROACH AND RESULTS Native LDL (LDL(+)) and LDL(-) separated by anion-exchange chromatography were added to THP1-CD14 monocytes in the presence or absence of SDX for 24 h. A panel of 9 MMPs and 4 TIMPs was analyzed in cell supernatants with multiplex immunoassays. The gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 was assessed by gelatin zymography. LDL(-) stimulated the release of MMP-9 (13-fold) and TIMP-1 (4-fold) in THP1-CD14 monocytes, as well as the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9. Co-incubation of monocytes with LDL(-) and SDX for 24 h significantly reduced both the release of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and gelatinase activity. In THP1 cells not expressing CD14, no effect of LDL(-) on MMP-9 or TIMP-1 release was observed. The uptake of DiI-labeled LDL(-) was higher than that of DiI-LDL(+) in THP1-CD14 but not in THP1 cells. This increase was inhibited by SDX. Experiments in microtiter wells coated with SDX demonstrated a specific interaction of LDL(-) with SDX. CONCLUSIONS LDL(-) induced the release of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in monocytes through CD14. SDX affects the ability of LDL(-) to promote TIMP-1 and MMP-9 release by its interaction with LDL(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University Carlo Bo Urbino, Italy
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Lidia Croce
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University Carlo Bo Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University Carlo Bo Urbino, Italy.
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, C/Sant Antoni M. Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM).
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Holt BA, Mac QD, Kwong GA. Nanosensors to Detect Protease Activity In Vivo for Noninvasive Diagnostics. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30059042 DOI: 10.3791/57937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are multi-functional enzymes that specialize in the hydrolysis of peptide-bonds and control broad biological processes including homeostasis and allostasis. Moreover, dysregulated protease activity drives pathogenesis and is a functional biomarker of diseases such as cancer; therefore, the ability to detect protease activity in vivo may provide clinically relevant information for biomedical diagnostics. The goal of this protocol is to create nanosensors that probe for protease activity in vivo by producing a quantifiable signal in urine. These protease nanosensors consist of two components: a nanoparticle and substrate. The nanoparticle functions to increase circulation half-life and substrate delivery to target disease sites. The substrate is a short peptide sequence (6-8 AA), which is designed to be specific to a target protease or group of proteases. The substrate is conjugated to the surface of the nanoparticle and is terminated by a reporter, such as a fluorescent marker, for detection. As dysregulated proteases cleave the peptide substrate, the reporter is filtered into urine for quantification as a biomarker of protease activity. Herein we describe construction of a nanosensor for matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), which is associated with tumor progression and metastasis, for detection of colorectal cancer in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Alexander Holt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine
| | - Quoc D Mac
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine
| | - Gabriel A Kwong
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering and Emory School of Medicine; Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience; Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Tech; Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Tech; The Georgia Immunoengineering Consortium, Emory University and Georgia Tech;
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Barillari G, Monini P, Sgadari C, Ensoli B. The Impact of Human Papilloma Viruses, Matrix Metallo-Proteinases and HIV Protease Inhibitors on the Onset and Progression of Uterine Cervix Epithelial Tumors: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1418. [PMID: 29747434 PMCID: PMC5983696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of uterine cervix epithelial cells by the Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) is associated with the development of dysplastic/hyperplastic lesions, termed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN lesions may regress, persist or progress to invasive cervical carcinoma (CC), a leading cause of death worldwide. CIN is particularly frequent and aggressive in women infected by both HPV and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), as compared to the general female population. In these individuals, however, therapeutic regimens employing HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) have reduced CIN incidence and/or clinical progression, shedding light on the mechanism(s) of its development. This article reviews published work concerning: (i) the role of HPV proteins (including HPV-E5, E6 and E7) and of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in CIN evolution into invasive CC; and (ii) the effect of HIV-PI on events leading to CIN progression such as basement membrane and extracellular matrix invasion by HPV-positive CIN cells and the formation of new blood vessels. Results from the reviewed literature indicate that CIN clinical progression can be monitored by evaluating the expression of MMPs and HPV proteins and they suggest the use of HIV-PI or their derivatives for the block of CIN evolution into CC in both HIV-infected and uninfected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 1 via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Klaus V, Schmies F, Reeps C, Trenner M, Geisbüsch S, Lohoefer F, Eckstein HH, Pelisek J. Cathepsin S is associated with degradation of collagen I in abdominal aortic aneurysm. VASA 2018; 47:285-293. [PMID: 29624112 DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsins have been described in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), their exact role, especially in collagen degradation, is still unclear. The aim of the present study was therefore to analyse relevant cathepsins in human AAA tissue samples in relation to collagen I, III, and their degradation products. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from 37 AAA patients obtained from elective open surgical repair and eight healthy non-aneurysmatic aortas from kidney donors were included. Expression of cathepsins B, D, K, L, S, cystatin C, collagen I and III, their degraded products C-Telopeptide of type 1 and 3 collagen (CTX-I, CTX-III), cellular markers for leukocytes (CD45), T cells (CD3), macrophage scavenger receptor-1 (MSR-1), synthetic, and contractile smooth muscle cells (SMCs) (smoothelin: SMTH, collagen I and III, myosin heavy chain: MHC, embryonic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain: SMemb) were determined at messenger RNA (mRNA) level, using SYBRGreen-based quantitative PCR and at protein level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Expression of cathepsins B, D, L, and S at mRNA level was significantly elevated in AAA compared to control aorta (1.7-fold, p = 0.025; 2.5-fold, p = 0.002; 2.6-fold, p = 0.034; and 7.0-fold, p = 0.003). Expression of cathepsin S correlated significantly with leukocytes and macrophages (ρ = 0.398, p = 0.033 and ρ = 0.422, p = 0.020), synthetic SMCs were significantly associated with cathepsins B, D, and L (ρ = 0.522, p = 0.003; ρ = 0.431, p = 0.015 and ρ = 0.467, p = 0.008). At protein level, cathepsins B and S were elevated in AAA compared to controls (5.4-fold, p = 0.001 and 7.3-fold, p < 0.001). Significant correlations were observed between collagen I, its degraded product, and cathepsin S (r = -0.350, p = 0.034 and r = +0.504, p < 0.001). Expression of cathepsin B was associated with SMCs, expression of cathepsin S with inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS Particularly cathepsin S was associated with the degradation product of collagen I and thus might be involved in the progression of AAA. Furthermore, cathepsin S correlated with inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Klaus
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fadwa Schmies
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Reeps
- 2 University Centre for Vascular Medicine and Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Trenner
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Geisbüsch
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Lohoefer
- 3 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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50
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Alici EH, Arabaci G. A novel serine protease from strawberry (Fragaria ananassa): Purification and biochemical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:1295-1304. [PMID: 29601882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a protease enzyme was purified from strawberry by using Sepharose-4B-l-tyrosine-p-amino benzoic acid affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of pure protease was determined 65.8 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The single band observed on the gel showed that the enzyme had a single polypeptide chain and was successfully purified. Purification of the protease by the chromatographic method resulted in a 395.6-fold increase in specific activity (3600 U/mg). Optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme were 6 and 40 °C, respectively. The protease was stable at a wide temperature range of 40 to 70 °C and a pH range of 3.0 to 9.0. Co2+ ions stimulated protease activity very strongly. Cu2+, Hg2+, Cd2+ and Mn2+ ions significantly inhibited protease activity. While 2-propanol completely inhibited the enzyme, the enzyme maintained its activity better in the presence of ethanol and methanol. The strawberry protease showed the highest specificity towards hemoglobin among all the natural substrates tested. The specificity of the enzyme towards synthetic substrates was also investigated and it was concluded that it has broad substrate specificity. The obtained results indicated that this purified protease was highly-likely a serine protease and its activity was significantly affected by the presence of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Hande Alici
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Sakarya University, Serdivan-Sakarya 54187, Turkey.
| | - Gulnur Arabaci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Sakarya University, Serdivan-Sakarya 54187, Turkey.
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