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Wei B, Sun C, Wan H, Shou Q, Han B, Sheng M, Li L, Kai G. Bioactive components and molecular mechanisms of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge in promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116697. [PMID: 37295577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) is an outstanding herbal medicine with various traditional effects, especially promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis. It has been widely used for centuries to treat blood stasis syndrome (BSS)-related diseases. BSS is one of the basic pathological syndromes of diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in traditional East Asian medicine, which is characterized by disturbance of blood circulation. However, the bioactive components and mechanisms of SM in the treatment of BSS have not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, this article outlines the anti-BSS effects of bioactive components of SM, concentrating on the molecular mechanisms. AIM OF THE REVIEW To summarize the bioactive components of SM against BSS and highlight its potential targets and signaling pathways, hoping to provide a modern biomedical perspective to understand the efficacy of SM on enhancing blood circulation to remove blood stasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed to retrieve articles published in the last two decades on bioactive components of SM used for BSS treatment from the online electronic medical literature database (PubMed). RESULTS Phenolic acids and tanshinones in SM are the main bioactive components in the treatment of BSS, including but not limited to salvianolic acid B, tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid A, cryptotanshinone, Danshensu, dihydrotanshinone, rosmarinic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, and caffeic acid. They protect vascular endothelial cells by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory damage and regulating of NO/ET-1 levels. They also enhance anticoagulant and fibrinolytic capacity, inhibit platelet activation and aggregation, and dilate blood vessels. Moreover, lowering blood lipids and improving blood rheological properties may be the underlying mechanisms of their anti-BSS. More notably, these compounds play an anti-BSS role by mediating multiple signaling pathways such as Nrf2/HO-1, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/eNOS, MAPKs (p38, ERK, and JNK), and Ca2+/K+ channels. CONCLUSIONS Both phenolic acids and tanshinones in SM may act synergistically to target different signaling pathways to achieve the effect of promoting blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Wei
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China.
| | - Chengtao Sun
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China.
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China.
| | - Qiyang Shou
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China.
| | - Bing Han
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China.
| | - Miaomiao Sheng
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China.
| | - Liqing Li
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 31300, PR China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311402, PR China.
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Kong J, Li S, Li Y, Chen M. Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza active compounds on placenta-mediated pregnancy complications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1034455. [PMID: 36711034 PMCID: PMC9880055 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1034455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Placenta-mediated pregnancy complications (PMPCs), including preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), occur in approximately 5% of pregnancies and are caused by abnormal placenta development. The development of effective therapies for PMPCs is still challenging due to the complicated pathogenesis, such as disrupted vascular homeostasis and subsequent abnormal placentation. Synthetic drugs have been recommended for treating PMPCs; however, they tend to cause adverse reactions in the mother and fetus. Salvia miltiorrhiza (S. miltiorrhiza) has potential effects on PMPCs owing to its advantages in treating cardiovascular disorders. S. miltiorrhiza and its active compounds could attenuate the symptoms of PMPCs through anticoagulation, vasodilation, antioxidation, and endothelial protection. Thus, in this review, we summarize the literature and provide comprehensive insights on S. miltiorrhiza and its phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and on PMPCs, which would be valuable to explore promising drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyin Kong
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Li
- Department of Reproduction Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingting Li
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Min Chen,
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Wang C, Wang T, Lian BW, Lai S, Li S, Li YM, Tan WJ, Wang B, Mei W. Developmental toxicity of cryptotanshinone on the early-life stage of zebrafish development. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S278-S289. [PMID: 34423663 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211009954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptotanshinone (Cry) has multiple potential functions in treating different diseases. Most studies on Cry focus on its pharmacological effects and mechanisms, but toxicological reports on Cry are rare. Zebrafish is used as a model organism in drug development as it saves costs and time. This work aimed to investigate the toxicity of Cry on zebrafish. Results showed that growth retardation, pericardial edema, and scoliosis occurred when zebrafish embryos were exposed to Cry, indicating its teratogenic effects. Cell apoptosis was observed in the brainstem area of embryos using acridine orange staining, and qPCR showed that caspase-3 was increased in Cry-exposed embryos. The results of locomotor activity and touched-evoke escape reaction experiments showed that Cry significantly reduced the swimming speed and escape reaction time of larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Center for Molecular Probes & Biomedical Imaging, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - T Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - B-W Lian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - S Lai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - S Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Center for Molecular Probes & Biomedical Imaging, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-M Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Center for Molecular Probes & Biomedical Imaging, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - W-J Tan
- Department of Food Safety, School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - B Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - W Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Center for Molecular Probes & Biomedical Imaging, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Cui X, Chen W, Zhou H, Gong Y, Zhu B, Lv X, Guo H, Duan J, Zhou J, Marcon E, Ma H. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment Potential. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:664349. [PMID: 34163357 PMCID: PMC8215379 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 mortality is primarily driven by abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism of the lung, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveolar airspace. This condition is generally referred to as pulmonary edema and is a direct consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. There are multiple potential mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema in severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients and understanding of those mechanisms may enable proper management of this condition. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. Among the currently pursued therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, little attention has been paid to abnormal lung humoral metabolism. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cui
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wuyue Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Lv
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongyue Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Ethanolic Extract of Salvia hispanica L. Regulates Blood Pressure by Modulating the Expression of Genes Involved in BP-Regulatory Pathways. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173875. [PMID: 32858788 PMCID: PMC7504362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HT) is considered to be a potential risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and has been directly related to pathologies such as obesity and dyslipidemias. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) blocked the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade diminishing the production of angiotensin II and the level of bradykinin, produced by the kallikrein-kinin system. Although ACEIs are effective therapeutics in regulating HT, they present several side-effects that can be due to their mechanism of action (as hypotension, cough, dizziness, light-headedness or hyperkalemia) to specific drug molecular structure (skin rash, neutropenia and tasting disorders) or due to associated pathologies in the patients (it has been considered a possible nephrotoxic effect when ACEIs are administered in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers, in patients that present comorbidities as diabetes, acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease). Therefore, it is necessary the searching for new products with ACEI activity that do not produce side effects. Interestingly, species of the plant genus Salvia have been found to possess hypotensive effects. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of the ethanolic extract of Salvia hispanica L. seeds (EESH) on the expression of genes involved in pathways regulating HT. Administration of EESH to hypertensive rats inhibited the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity along with a decrease in Ace and elevation of Agtr1a and Nos3 gene expression, as compared to that in healthy rats. Moreover, these results were similar to those observed with captopril, an antihypertensive drug used as a control. No significant change in the expression of Bdkrb2 gene was observed in the different groups of rats. To conclude, our results demonstrate that EESH regulates blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive rats through transcriptionally regulating the expression of genes that participate in different pathways involving ACE.
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Li ZM, Xu SW, Liu PQ. Salvia miltiorrhizaBurge (Danshen): a golden herbal medicine in cardiovascular therapeutics. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:802-824. [PMID: 29698387 PMCID: PMC5943903 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Burge (Danshen) is an eminent medicinal herb that possesses broad cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective actions and has been used in Asian countries for many centuries. Accumulating evidence suggests that Danshen and its components prevent vascular diseases, in particular, atherosclerosis and cardiac diseases, including myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. The published literature indicates that lipophilic constituents (tanshinone I, tanshinone IIa, tanshinone IIb, cryptotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone, etc) as well as hydrophilic constituents (danshensu, salvianolic acid A and B, protocatechuic aldehyde, etc) contribute to the cardiovascular protective actions of Danshen, suggesting a potential synergism among these constituents. Herein, we provide a systematic up-to-date review on the cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential of major pharmacologically active constituents of Danshen. These bioactive compounds will serve as excellent drug candidates in small-molecule cardiovascular drug discovery. This article also provides a scientific rationale for understanding the traditional use of Danshen in cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suo-wen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
| | - Pei-qing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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7
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Tang L, He S, Wang X, Liu H, Zhu Y, Feng B, Su Z, Zhu W, Liu B, Xu F, Li C, Zhao J, Zheng X, Lu C, Zheng G. Cryptotanshinonereduces psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia via inhibiting the activation of STAT3. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:268-275. [PMID: 29427477 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
- The Postdoctoral Research Station; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Songmin He
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Xieqi Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Hongying Liu
- Department of Pathology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Bing Feng
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Zuqing Su
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Material Basic Research Team; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Chemical Research and Structural Optimization based on Chinese Material Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- Department of Chemical Research and Structural Optimization based on Chinese Material Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Chutian Li
- Department of Pathology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pathology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Xirun Zheng
- Department of Pathology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Department of Dermatology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
| | - Guangjuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
- Department of Pathology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou China
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Zhang X, Yu Y, Cen Y, Yang D, Qi Z, Hou Z, Han S, Cai Z, Liu K. Bivariate Correlation Analysis of the Chemometric Profiles of Chinese Wild Salvia miltiorrhiza Based on UPLC-Qqq-MS and Antioxidant Activities. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030538. [PMID: 29495564 PMCID: PMC6017509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of Salvia miltiorrhiza, correlation between the chemical profiles and in vitro antioxidant activities in 50 batches of wild S. miltiorrhiza samples was analyzed. Our ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis detected twelve phenolic acids and five tanshinones and obtained various chemical profiles from different origins. In a principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, the tanshinones cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA and dihydrotanshinone I exhibited higher weights in PC1, whereas the phenolic acids danshensu, salvianolic acids A and B and lithospermic acid were highly loaded in PC2. All components could be optimized as markers of different locations and might be suitable for S. miltiorrhiza quality analyses. Additionally, the DPPH and ABTS assays used to comprehensively evaluate antioxidant activities indicated large variations, with mean DPPH and ABTS scavenging potencies of 32.24 and 23.39 μg/mL, respectively, among S. miltiorrhiza extract solutions. Notably, samples that exceeded the mean IC50 values had higher phenolic acid contents. A correlation analysis indicated a strong correlation between the antioxidant activities and phenolic acid contents. Caffeic acid, danshensu, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B were major contributors to antioxidant activity. In conclusion, phenolic compounds were the predominant antioxidant components in the investigated plant species. These plants may be sources of potent natural antioxidants and beneficial chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yange Yu
- Industrial Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yesheng Cen
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zhechen Qi
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zhuoni Hou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Shuanglai Han
- Department of Research and Development, Focused Photonics Inc., Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zengxuan Cai
- Department of Physicochemical and Toxicology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Kuancheng Liu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Fang J, Little PJ, Xu S. Atheroprotective Effects and Molecular Targets of Tanshinones Derived From Herbal Medicine Danshen. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:201-228. [PMID: 28295428 DOI: 10.1002/med.21438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds modulate multiple therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), rendering herb-derived phytochemicals effective against one of the major CVDs-atherosclerosis. Danshen (Salvia milthiorriza Bunge) is a Chinese medicine that has been used in cardio- and cerebro-vascular therapeutic remedies in Asian countries for many years. Emerging evidence from cellular, animal, and clinical studies suggests that major lipophilic tanshinones from Danshen can treat atherosclerotic CVDs. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of tanshinones in treating atherosclerosis, ranging from endothelial dysfunction to chronic inflammation. We also overview new molecular targets of tanshinones, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase, AMP-activated protein kinase, ABC transporter A1, heme oxygenase 1, soluble epoxide hydrolase, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, estrogen receptor, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Thus, this review provides a new perspective for advancing our understanding of the "ancient" herb Danshen from "modern" biomedical perspectives, supporting the possibility of exploiting tanshinones and derivatives as effective therapeutics against atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadu District People's Hospital,Southern Medical University, 48 Xinhua Road, Guangzhou, 510800, China
| | - Peter J Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence (PACE), School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642
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Ran X, Zhao W, Li W, Shi J, Chen X. Cryptotanshinone inhibits TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in endothelial cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:347-55. [PMID: 27382351 PMCID: PMC4930903 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.4.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptotanshinone (CPT) is a natural compound isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. In the present study, the regulatory effect and potential mechanisms of CPT on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induced lectin-like receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (LOX-1) were investigated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and the effect of TNF-α on LOX-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels was determined by Real-time PCR and Western blotting respectively. The formation of intracellular ROS was determined with fluorescence probe CM-DCFH2-DA. The endothelial ox-LDL uptake was evaluated with DiI-ox-LDL. The effect of CPT on LOX-1 expression was also evaluated with SD rats. TNF-α induced LOX-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in endothelial cells. TNF-α induced ROS formation, phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK, and LOX-1 expression, which were suppressed by rotenone, DPI, NAC, and CPT. NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 and ERK inhibitor PD98059 inhibited TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression. CPT and NAC suppressed TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK in rat aorta. These data suggested that TNF-α induced LOX-1 expression via ROS activated NF-κB/ERK pathway, which could be inhibited by CPT. This study provides new insights for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of CPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ran
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau 999078, Macao, China
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau 999078, Macao, China
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Cao J, Wei J, Xiang C, Zhang M, Li B, Wan J, Su H, Li P. Separation and Determination of Four Tanshinones in Danshen and Related Medicinal Plants by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography Using Ionic Liquids as Modifier. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1435-44. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Ahmad Z, Ng CT, Fong LY, Bakar NAA, Hussain NHM, Ang KP, Ee GCL, Hakim MN. Cryptotanshinone inhibits TNF-α-induced early atherogenic events in vitro. J Physiol Sci 2016; 66:213-20. [PMID: 26732386 PMCID: PMC10717559 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been effectively used to treat cardiovascular disease. Cryptotanshinone (CTS), a major lipophilic compound isolated from S. miltiorrhiza, has been reported to possess cardioprotective effects. However, the anti-atherogenic effects of CTS, particularly on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced endothelial cell activation, are still unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of CTS on TNF-α-induced increased endothelial permeability, monocyte adhesion, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and impaired nitric oxide production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), all of which are early events occurring in atherogenesis. We showed that CTS significantly suppressed TNF-α-induced increased endothelial permeability, monocyte adhesion, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and MCP-1, and restored nitric oxide production. These observations suggest that CTS possesses anti-inflammatory properties and could be a promising treatment for the prevention of cytokine-induced early atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuraini Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chin Theng Ng
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Yen Fong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Ain Abu Bakar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hayuti Mohd Hussain
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Pian Ang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gwendoline Cheng Lian Ee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nazrul Hakim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Jian W, Yu S, Tang M, Duan H, Huang J. A combination of the main constituents of Fufang Xueshuantong Capsules shows protective effects against streptozotocin-induced retinal lesions in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 182:50-56. [PMID: 26692279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule, an herbal formula licensed for clinical use in China, which is composed of Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, and Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl, has proven effective for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. However, its bioactive constituents are still ambiguous. In this study, the therapeutic effects of a combination of the main constituents of Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule (cFXT) were evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced retinal lesions to identify the bioactive constituents. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats, except for those in the control group (vehicle+vehicle), were administered a single injection of 60mg/kg STZ. One-week later, STZ-treated rats were randomly divided into three groups-one STZ group (STZ+vehicle) and two cFXT treatment groups (STZ+cFXT). The rats in the latter two groups received cFXT 44.8mg/kg or cFXT 22.4mg/kg by intragastric gavage once per day, for 24 consecutive weeks. The rats in the control and STZ groups received the vehicle in the same way. Body weights and fasting blood glucose levels were recorded every four weeks. After treatment, hemorheological tests were performed to record the erythrocyte aggregation indexes, blood viscosity, and plasma viscosity. The trypsin digestion method was used to observe pericyte and acellular capillary counts in the retina. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was utilized to measure the activity of aldose reductase (AR) by measuring the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) consumption at 340nm. An immunohistochemical assay was used to observe the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in the retina. The expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), endothelin-1 (RT-1),and occludin in the retina were tested by the western blot assay. RESULTS cFXT is composed of 991.44mg/g saponins of Panax notoginseng, 1.62mg/g harpagoside, 0.70mg/g cryptotanshinone, 0.74mg/g tanshinone I, and 5.50mg/g astragaloside A. Although it showed no effects on the increased body weight and blood glucose levels induced by STZ in rats. However, it showed a tendency to attenuate the increase in erythrocyte aggregation, plasma viscosity, and acellular vessel and pericyte loss, paralleled with a reversal of the hyper-activation of AR, the hyper-expression of VEGF, ICAM-1, and ET-1, and the hypo-expression of PEDF and occludin in the retinas of STZ-treated rats. CONCLUSION The saponins of Panax notoginseng, harpagoside, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, and astragaloside A are the main bioactive constituents of Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule and contribute to the attenuation of STZ-induced retinal lesions in rats. These constituents can be used as the base to optimize a new drug for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, and can be selected for quality control of Fufang Xueshuantong Capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Jian
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6#, Wangjing Zhonghuan Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Suyun Yu
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6#, Wangjing Zhonghuan Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Minke Tang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6#, Wangjing Zhonghuan Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Huihui Duan
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6#, Wangjing Zhonghuan Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jianmei Huang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6#, Wangjing Zhonghuan Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
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14
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Abstract
Tanshinones are lipophilic compounds derived fromSalvia miltiorrhiza(Danshen) that has been widely used to treat coronary heart diseases in China. The cardioprotective actions of tanshinones have been extensively studied in various models of myocardial infarction, cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, hypoxia, and cardiomyopathy. This review outlines the recent development in understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the cardioprotective actions of tanshinones, in particular on mitochondrial apoptosis, calcium, nitric oxide, ROS, TNF-α, PKC, PI3K/Akt, IKK/NF-κB, and TGF-β1/Smad mechanisms, which highlights the potential of these compounds as therapeutic agents for treating cardiovascular diseases.
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15
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Tong YF, Liu Y, Hu ZX, Li ZC, A A. Protocatechuic aldehyde inhibits TNF-α-induced fibronectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via a c-Jun N-terminal kinase dependent pathway. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:277-282. [PMID: 26889254 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is one of the most important extracellular matrix proteins and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a potent, water-soluble antioxidant, protocatechuic aldehyde (PA), which is derived from the Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, on the expression of FN in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The pharmacological effects of PA on the production of FN were investigated using ELISA and western blot analysis. In addition, ELISA and western blot analysis were used to examine the activation and suppression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs, in order to explore the underlying pharmacological mechanism of PA. The inhibitory effect of PA on the total generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs was assessed using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Pretreatment of HUVECs with PA (0.15, 0.45 and 1.35 mM) for 18 h markedly attenuated the TNF-α-stimulated FN surface expression and secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Intracellular ROS generation and the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK (p38) were significantly induced by TNF-α (2 ng/ml) in HUVECs. TNF-α-induced ROS generation and JNK activation were inhibited by PA in a concentration-dependent manner. By contrast, ERK1/2 and p38 activation was not significantly affected by PA. Pretreatment of HUVECs with PA for 18 h markedly attenuated TNF-α-stimulated NF-κB activation. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that PA inhibits TNF-α-induced FN expression in HUVECs through a mechanism that involves ROS/JNK and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Feng Tong
- Division of Cardiology, The First Yongkang Municipal Hospital, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321300, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xing Hu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Yongkang Municipal Hospital, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321300, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Cheng Li
- Division of Cardiology, The First Yongkang Municipal Hospital, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321300, P.R. China
| | - Agula A
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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16
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Oche B, Chen L, Ma YK, Yang Y, Li CX, Geng X, Qiu LZ, Gao XM, Wang H. Cryptotanshinone and wogonin up-regulate eNOS in vascular endothelial cells via ERα and down-regulate iNOS in LPS stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells via ERβ. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 39:249-258. [PMID: 26481132 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens were widely used as natural alternatives to estrogen for treating cardiovascular diseases. They have been reported to have cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory response, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found cryptotanshinone and wogonin exhibited phytoestrogenic property in an estrogen-responsive reporter assay. In EA.hy926 cells, treatment of cryptotanshinone and wogonin led to significant increase in NO production levels, which were inhibited by co-incubation of estrogen receptor (ER)α antagonist methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP). The expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and ERα were up-regulated with the same treatment, indicating they stimulate NO and eNOS expression via ERα-dependent pathway in endothelial cells. While in lipopolysaccharide activated vascular smooth muscle cell line A7r5, cryptotanshinone and wogonin exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO and inducible NO synthase expression via ERβ-dependent pathway. The reduction of NO synthesis was not affected by MPP, and was abrogated by ERβ antagonist R,R-tetrahydrochrysene. Our findings provide the potential molecular mechanism of cryptotanshinone and wogonin as phytoestrogens for their cardioprotective effects, which exerted regulatory effects on NO synthesis through differential regulation of estrogen receptors. It can be employed as a basis for evaluating the beneficial effects of phytoestrogens in the treatment of patients at risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas Oche
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, # 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, # 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Ya-Ke Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, # 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, # 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, # 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xiao Geng
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, # 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Li-Zhen Qiu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, # 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin, China. .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, # 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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17
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Chang CZ, Wu SC, Kwan AL, Lin CL. Magnesium Lithospermate B Implicates 3'-5'-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/Protein Kinase A Pathway and N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors in an Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:954-63. [PMID: 26093361 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decreased 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), and increased N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) related apoptosis were observed in traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is of interest to examine the effect of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) on cAMP/PKA pathway and NMDAR in TBI. METHODS A rodent weight-drop TBI model was used. Administration of MLB was initiated 1 week before (precondition) and 24 hours later (reversal). Cortical homogenates were harvested to measure cAMP (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), soluble guanylyl cyclases, PKA and NMDA receptor-2β (Western blot). In addition, cAMP kinase antagonist and H-89 dihydrochloride hydrate were used to test MLB's effect on the cytoplasm cAMP/PKA pathway after TBI. RESULTS Morphologically, vacuolated neuron and activated microglia were observed in the TBI groups but absent in the MLB preconditioning and healthy controls. Induced cAMP, soluble guanylyl cyclase α1, and PKA were observed in the MLB groups, when compared with the TBI group (P < 0.01) Administration of H-89 dihydrochloride hydrate reversed the effect of MLB on cortical PKA and NMDA-2β expression after TBI. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that MLB exerted an antioxidant effect on the enhancement of cytoplasm cAMP and PKA. This compound also decreased NMDA-2β levels, which may correspond to its neuroprotective effects. This finding lends credence to the presumption that MLB modulates the NMDA-2β neurotoxicity through a cAMP-dependent mechanism in the pathogenesis of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chuan Wu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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Liu Z, Xu S, Huang X, Wang J, Gao S, Li H, Zhou C, Ye J, Chen S, Jin ZG, Liu P. Cryptotanshinone, an orally bioactive herbal compound from Danshen, attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: role of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5661-75. [PMID: 25572313 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cryptotanshinone (CTS) is a major bioactive diterpenoid isolated from Danshen, an eminent medicinal herb that is used to treat cardiovascular disorders in Asian medicine. However, it is not known whether CTS can prevent experimental atherosclerosis. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of CTS on atherosclerosis and its molecular mechanisms of action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice, fed an atherogenic diet, were dosed daily with CTS (15, 45 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) by oral gavage. In vitro studies were carried out in oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-stimulated HUVECs treated with or without CTS. KEY RESULTS CTS significantly attenuated atherosclerotic plaque formation and enhanced plaque stability in ApoE(-/-) mice by inhibiting the expression of lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) and MMP-9, as well as inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NF-κB activation. CTS treatment significantly decreased the levels of serum pro-inflammatory mediators without altering the serum lipid profile. In vitro, CTS decreased oxLDL-induced LOX-1 mRNA and protein expression and, thereby, inhibited LOX-1-mediated adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs, by reducing the expression of adhesion molecules (intracellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1). Furthermore, CTS inhibited NADPH oxidase subunit 4 (NOX4)-mediated ROS generation and consequent activation of NF-κB in HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CTS was shown to have anti-atherosclerotic activity, which was mediated through inhibition of the LOX-1-mediated signalling pathway. This suggests that CTS is a vasculoprotective drug that has potential therapeutic value for the clinical treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Drug Discovery Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (SCBB), Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiantao Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaorui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Gen Jin
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction Foundation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Cao H, Zhang L, Sun ZB, Cheng XH, Zhang Y, Zou HB. Salvia miltiorrhiza prevents deep vein thrombosis via antioxidative effects in endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3593-600. [PMID: 25572347 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common clinical problem, which represents a significant clinical and economic burden. The present study investigated whether Salvia miltiorrhiza (S. miltiorrhiza) could prevent DVT. A total of 30 rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 per group): The control, model and Salvia groups. A ligation model was used, where the femoral veins of rabbits were exposed and ligated. Measurements of coagulation function, blood rheological parameters, antioxidative function and effects on endothelial cells were conducted. Treatment with S. miltiorrhiza one week prior to generation of the ligation model did not affect the coagulation function much, except to increase the prothrombin time. There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in whole blood viscosity (1/s, 5/s, 30/s) on the third and seventh days (1/s, 5/s, 30/s and 200/s) following generation of the model. S. miltiorrhiza exhibited promising antioxidative effects, as demonstrated by a significant decrease in malondialdehyde content (P<0.05), and an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (P<0.05), as compared with the model group. S. miltiorrhiza was also shown to protect the vascular endothelial cells, as compared with the model group. These results suggest that S. miltiorrhiza may have potential applications for the treatment of DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bo Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bing Zou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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Bu Y, Lee K, Jung HS, Moon SK. Therapeutic effects of traditional herbal medicine on cerebral ischemia: a perspective of vascular protection. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 19:804-14. [PMID: 24170629 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-013-1341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although many agents for acute ischemic stroke treatment have been developed from extensive preclinical studies, most have failed in clinical trials. As a result, researchers are seeking other methods or agents based on previous studies. Among the various prospective approaches, vascular protection might be the key for development of therapeutic agents for stroke and for improvements in the efficacy and safety of conventional therapies. Traditional medicines in Asian countries are based on clinical experiences and literature accumulated over thousands of years. To date, many studies have used traditional herbal medicines to prove or develop new agents based on stroke treatments mentioned in traditional medicinal theory or other clinical data. In the current review, we describe the vascular factors related to ischemic brain damage and the herbal medicines that impact these factors, including Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Notoginseng Radix, and Curcumae Rhizoma, based on scientific reports and traditional medical theory. Further, we point out the problems associated with herbal medicines in stroke research and propose better methodologies to address these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Bu
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea,
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Wang X, Xiang Y, Ren Z, Zhang Y, Qiao Y. Rational questing for inhibitors of endothelin converting enzyme-1 from Salvia miltiorrhiza by combining ligand- and structure-based virtual screening. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a virtual screening approach based on pharmacophore and molecular docking was proposed to identify endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) (EC 3.4.24.71) inhibitors from Salvia miltiorrhiza. First, the pharmacophore models were generated to recognize the common features of the ECE-1 inhibitors. The models were validated by a test database composed by a set of compounds known as ECE-1 inhibitors and nonactive compounds and proven to be successful in discriminating active and inactive inhibitors. Then, the best pharmacophore model was used to screen the compounds from S. miltiorrhiza. Furthermore, the Surflex-Dock procedure was used for molecular docking. All compounds from S. miltiorrhiza were docked into the active site of the target protein. An empirical scoring function was used to evaluate the affinity of the compounds and the target protein. Comparing the virtual screening results based on pharmacophore and molecular docking, respectively, 11 communal compounds with higher QFIT and docking score were hit, and the activity of some compounds was validated in the literature. The binding modes between these compounds and the ECE-1 binding site were predicted and used to identify the key interactions that contribute to the inhibitory activity of ECE-1 activity. The results show that the two methods have good consistency and can be validated and supplemented with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yuhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ren
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Tanshinone IIA and Cryptotanshinone Prevent Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Hypoxia-Induced H9c2 Cells: Association to Mitochondrial ROS, Intracellular Nitric Oxide, and Calcium Levels. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:610694. [PMID: 23533503 PMCID: PMC3603679 DOI: 10.1155/2013/610694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The protective actions of tanshinones on hypoxia-induced cell damages have been reported, although the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Given the importance of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in regulation of cell functions, the present study investigated the effects of two major tanshinones, Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) and cryptotanshinone (CT), on hypoxia-induced myocardial cell injury and its relationships with intracellular NO and ROS, calcium, and ATP levels in H9c2 cells. Chronic hypoxia significantly reduced cell viability which accompanied with LDH release, increase in mitochondrial ROS, intracellular NO and calcium levels, decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and cellular ATP contents. TIIA and CT significantly prevented cell injury by increasing cell viability and decreasing LDH release. The protective effects of tanshinones were associated with reduced mitochondrial superoxide production and enhanced mitochondrial SOD activity. Tanshinones significantly reduced intracellular NO and Ca2+ levels. ATP levels were also restored by TIIA. These findings suggest that the cytoprotective actions of tanshinones may involve regulation of intracellular NO, Ca2+, ATP productions, mitochondrial superoxide production, and SOD activity, which contribute to their actions against hypoxia injuries.
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Jin HJ, Xie XL, Ye JM, Li CG. TanshinoneIIA and cryptotanshinone protect against hypoxia-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in H9c2 cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51720. [PMID: 23341883 PMCID: PMC3544838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial apoptosis pathway is an important target of cardioprotective signalling. Tanshinones, a group of major bioactive compounds isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, have been reported with actions against inflammation, oxidative stress, and myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. However, the actions of these compounds on the chronic hypoxia-related mitochondrial apoptosis pathway have not been investigated. In this study, we examined the effects and molecular mechanisms of two major tanshonones, tanshinone IIA (TIIA) and cryptotanshinone (CT) on hypoxia induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Cultured H9c2 cells were treated with TIIA and CT (0.3 and 3 μΜ) 2 hr before and during an 8 hr hypoxic period. Chronic hypoxia caused a significant increase in hypoxia inducible factor 1α expression and the cell late apoptosis rate, which was accompanied with an increase in caspase 3 activity, cytochrome c release, mitochondria membrane potential and expression of pro-apoptosis proteins (Bax and Bak). TIIA and CT (0.3 and 3 μΜ), in concentrations without affecting the cell viability, significantly inhibited the late apoptosis and the changes of caspase 3 activity, cytochrome c release, and mitochondria membrane potential induced by chronic hypoxia. These compounds also suppressed the overexpression of Bax and reduced the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. The results indicate that TIIA and CT protect against chronic hypoxia induced cell apoptosis by regulating the mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway, involving inhibitions of mitochondria hyperpolarization, cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activity, and balancing anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins in Bcl-2 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyou-Ju Jin
- Traditional & Complementary Medicine Program, RMIT Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao-Liang Xie
- Medicinal Herb Research Center, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ji-Ming Ye
- Traditional & Complementary Medicine Program, RMIT Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chun-Guang Li
- Traditional & Complementary Medicine Program, RMIT Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Center for Complementary Medicine Research, National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Chang CZ, Wu SC, Kwan AL, Hwang SL, Howng SL. Magnesium lithospermate B alleviates the production of endothelin-1 through an NO-dependent mechanism and reduces experimental vasospasm in rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153:2211-7. [PMID: 21833783 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-011-1082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB), a working extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza, was effective against coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and chronic renal disease. This study examined the effect of MLB on endothelin-1/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) animal model. METHODS A rodent double-hemorrhage model was employed. Animals were randomly assigned to five groups (sham, SAH only, vehicle, 10 mg/kg/day MLB treatment, and pretreatment groups). A radiolabeled NOS Assay Kit was used to detect eNOS. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid sampling for ET-1 (ELISA) was measured. The basilar arteries (BAs) were garnered and sliced, and their cross-sectional areas were determined. In addition, NOS inhibitor nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was employed in the SAH+ MLB treatment groups. RESULTS Significant vasoconstriction was perceived in the SAH group (lumen patency: 44.6%, p < 0.01), but not in the MLB group (lumen patency: 89.3%). The ET-1 level was reduced in the MLP plus SAH group (34%, p < 0.01) when compared with the SAH groups (SAH only and vehicle). MLB dose-dependently increased the level of eNOS when compared with the vehicle plus SAH group. However, the administration of L-NAME reversed the expression of eNOS and vasoconstriction (lumen patency: 56.2%) in the MLB group. CONCLUSION The enhanced expression of eNOS and decreased ET-1 levels in the MLB groups may reflect its anti-spastic effect. In the study of NOS, L-NAME reversed MLB's anti-vasospastic effect. This finding lends credence to the hypothesis that MLB modulates ET-1 levels through a NOS-dependent mechanism in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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25
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Leung SWS, Zhu DY, Man RYK. Effects of the aqueous extract of Salvia Miltiorrhiza (danshen) and its magnesium tanshinoate B-enriched form on blood pressure. Phytother Res 2010; 24:769-74. [PMID: 19943333 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Danshen is the dried root and rhizome of the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae), which has been used to treat hypertension and myocardial infarction. One of its water-soluble active components is magnesium tanshinoate B (MTB). The present study examined and compared the cardiovascular effects of the water-soluble extract of danshen (SME) and its MTB-enriched form (containing 70% of MTB (MTB70)). Anaesthetized rats were infused intravenously with saline or phenylephrine to achieve a normal or elevated blood pressure, respectively. Different doses of SME, MTB70 or vehicle were then injected intravenously and their effect on blood pressure was monitored. The results indicate that SME and MTB70 reduce blood pressure dose-dependently. Independently of the initial blood pressure, SME caused a smaller reduction in blood pressure than MTB70. In rats infused with phenylephrine, MTB70 caused greater decreases in blood pressure than in rats infused with saline, while the responses to SME did not differ between the two groups. From these findings, it appears that MTB is one of the major components responsible for the cardiovascular effects of danshen, and that the beneficial cardiovascular effect of the extract is more prominent under conditions of elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W S Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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26
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Yang GD, Zhang H, Lin R, Wang WR, Shi XL, Liu Y, Ji QL. Down-regulation of CD40 gene expression and inhibition of apoptosis with Danshensu in endothelial cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 104:87-92. [PMID: 19067674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Danshen is commonly used in China for the treatment of atherosclerosis-related disorders such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Research shows that it also has immunostimulation properties. The present study evaluates the protective effect of danshensu, an active water-extractable component isolated from danshen, on an endothelial cell line (CRL-1730) treated with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Danshensu significantly inhibited endothelial cell viability induced by H(2)O(2). The treatment of endothelial cells with danshensu resulted in most cells being arrested in the S and G(2)/M phases of the cell cycle. The fraction of cells in G(0)/G(1) phase was markedly decreased by danshensu treatment compared to the control groups. The apoptosis was also markedly decreased after danshensu treatment. Additionally, danshensu restrains decreased nitric oxide level, increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase and expression of cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) significantly. These results suggest that danshensu protects endothelial cells from the damage induced by H(2)O(2) through its CD40 anti-inflammatory approach and cell apoptosis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-De Yang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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27
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Structural elucidation of in vitro and in vivo metabolites of cryptotanshinone by HPLC–DAD–ESI–MSn. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:885-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen X, Andresen1 BT, Hill M, Zhang J, Booth F, Zhang C. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. Curr Hypertens Rev 2008; 4:245-255. [PMID: 20559453 DOI: 10.2174/157340208786241336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell injury and dysfunction are the major triggers of pathophysiological processes leading to cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) has been implicated in atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, vascular complications of diabetes, chronic renal failure, insulin resistance and hypercholesterolemia. Although now recognized as a class of physiological second messengers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators in cellular injury, specifically, as a factor in endothelial cell damage. Uncontrolled ROS production and/or decreased antioxidant activity results in a deleterious state referred to as 'oxidative stress'. A candidate factor in causing ROS production in endothelial cells is tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine. TNF-α has been shown to both be secreted by endothelial cells and to induce intracellular ROS formation. These observations provide a potential mechanism by which TNF-α may activate and injure endothelial cells resulting in ED. In this review, we focus on the relationship between intracellular ROS formation and ED in endothelial cells or blood vessels exposed to TNF-α to provide insight into the role of this important cytokine in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Chang Q, Sun L, Zhao RH, Chow MSS, Zuo Z. Simultaneous determination of ten active components in traditional Chinese medicinal products containing both Gegen (Pueraria lobata) and Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) by high-performance liquid chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:368-375. [PMID: 18438756 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to facilitate the quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) products containing both Gegen (Pueraria lobata) and Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), a new and simple HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of 10 active components in these products has been developed. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a C(18) column eluted with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% acetic acid in water and 0.1% acetic acid in acetonitrile with gradient elution. The eluent was monitored by a photodiode array UV detector at a wavelength of 250 nm for Gegen components including puerarin, daidzein 8-C-apiosyl-glucoside, daidzin and daidzein, and at 270 nm for Danshen components including danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIa. Excellent chromatographic separation was achieved for all studied compounds with good linearity (r(2)> 0.999) over the studied concentration ranges. The developed method has been applied to the simultaneous determination of the 10 studied compounds in commercially available products containing both Gegen and Danshen. The TCM product samples were extracted by sonication with a mixture of methanol:water (80:20) containing 0.5% acetic acid. Extraction recoveries for all studied compounds were in the range of 96.01-106.18%. The intra-day and inter-day variations were less than 7.25 and 5.44%, respectively, for all studied compounds. The developed method has not only proved to be effective in the simultaneous determination of the 10 components, but also provides a convenient quality control approach for TCM products containing both Gegen and Danshen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
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Ameliorating effects of compounds derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza root extract on microcirculatory disturbance and target organ injury by ischemia and reperfusion. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:280-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Steinkamp-Fenske K, Bollinger L, Völler N, Xu H, Yao Y, Bauer R, Förstermann U, Li H. Ursolic acid from the Chinese herb danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza L.) upregulates eNOS and downregulates Nox4 expression in human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:e104-11. [PMID: 17481637 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Danshen, the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae), is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines for cardiovascular indications. In EA.hy 926 cells, a cell line derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), an aqueous extract of danshen, and also a methanol extract of the plant, increased eNOS promoter activity, eNOS mRNA and protein expression, as well as endothelial NO production. A dichloromethane extract, in contrast, did not change eNOS gene expression. Thus, the active danshen constituent(s) responsible for eNOS upregulation is (are) hydrophilic and/or alcohol-soluble. One such compound is ursolic acid that significantly increased eNOS expression in EA.hy 926 cells and native HUVEC, and enhanced bioactive NO production measured in terms of its cGMP increasing activity. Other tested hydrophilic and alcohol-soluble compounds isolated from danshen had no effect on eNOS expression. Interestingly, ursolic acid also reduced the expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit Nox4 and suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species in human endothelial cells. Upregulation of eNOS and a parallel downregulation of Nox4 lead to an increase in bioactive NO. This in turn could mediate some of the beneficial effects of danshen. Ursolic acid is a prototypical compound responsible for this effect of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Steinkamp-Fenske
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Guan S, Bi HC, Pan Y, Chen X, Zhou ZW, Xue CC, Li CG, Huang M, Zhou SF. Determination of Cryptotanshinone, a Major Active Component in Salvia miltiorrhiza, in Caco-2 Monolayers by HPLC with UV Detection. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chiou WF, Don MJ. Cryptotanshinone inhibits macrophage migration by impeding F-actin polymerization and filopodia extension. Life Sci 2007; 81:109-14. [PMID: 17568618 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA, two major tanshinones isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, on chemoattractant-induced cell migration in RAW264.7 macrophages. Results showed that cryptotanshinone inhibited cell migration toward complement 5a (C5a) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, tanshinone IIA displayed less or even no effect on cell migration evoked by these chemoattractants. Both C5a- and MIP-1alpha-induced migration were clearly inhibited by cytochalasin B (an inhibitor of actin polymerization), but not by colchicine (an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization). Fluorescence staining demonstrated that cryptotanshinone as well as cytochalasin B, effectively reversed cell polarization and filopodia extension induced by both chemoattractants. Furthermore, C5a-evoked increase in F-actin fluorescence intensity was significantly suppressed by cryptotanshinone. Based on these observations, we suggest that cryptotanshinone exerts anti-migrating activity possibly by impeding F-actin polymerization and filopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fei Chiou
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Li P, Li SP, Yang FQ, Wang YT. Simultaneous determination of four tanshinones insalvia miltiorrhiza by pressurized liquid extraction and capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:900-5. [PMID: 17536735 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and CEC were developed for the simultaneous determination of four tanshinones (dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, and tanshinone IIA) in Salvia miltiorrhiza. High extraction efficiency (>98.5%) was achieved under the optimum PLE conditions. A good separation was obtained by using a Hypersil C18 capillary (3 microm, 100 microm/25 cm) with a mixture of 30 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5)-ACN (1:3, v/v) as BGE solution running at 20 kV and 20 degrees C within 12 min. All the calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 >0.9958) within test ranges. The developed method showed good repeatability for the quantification of four investigated components in S. miltiorrhiza with intra- and interday variations of less than 4.4 and 6.8%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify four tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza, which is helpful to control the quality of S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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Kim DD, Sánchez FA, Durán RG, Kanetaka T, Durán WN. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is a molecular vascular target for the Chinese herb Danshen in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H2131-7. [PMID: 17172272 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01027.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Danshen, a Chinese herb, reduces hypertension in Oriental medicine. We hypothesized that Danshen acts partially through endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis using tanshinone II(A), an active ingredient of Danshen, and the two-kidney, one-clip renovascular hypertension model in hamsters. Oral tanshinone (50 microg/100 g body wt) reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 161.2 +/- 6.9 to 130.0 +/- 7.8 mmHg (mean +/- SE; P < 0.05) in hypertensive hamsters. MAP in sham-operated hamsters was 114.3 +/- 9.2 mmHg. Topical tanshinone at 1 microg/ml and 5 microg/ml increased normalized arteriolar diameter from 1.00 to 1.25 +/- 0.08 and 1.57 +/- 0.11, respectively, and increased periarteriolar nitric oxide concentration from 87.1 +/- 11.3 to 146.9 +/- 23.1 nM (P < 0.05) at 5 microg/ml in hamster cheek pouch. N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibited tanshinone-induced vasodilation. Hypertension reduced eNOS protein relative to sham-operated control. Tanshinone prevented the hypertension-induced reduction of eNOS and increased eNOS expression to levels higher than sham-operated control in hamster cheek pouch. Topical tanshinone increased normalized arteriolar diameter from 1.0 to 1.47 +/- 0.08 in the cremaster muscle of control mice and to 1.12 +/- 0.13 in cremasters of eNOS knockout mice. In ECV-304 cells transfected with eNOS-green fluorescent protein, tanshinone increased eNOS protein expression 1.35 +/- 0.05- and 1.85 +/- 0.07-fold above control after 5-min and 1-h application, respectively. Tanshinone also increased eNOS phosphorylation 1.19 +/- 0.07- and 1.72 +/- 0.20-fold relative to control after 5-min and 1-h application. Our data provide a basis to understand the action of a Chinese herb used in alternative medicine. We conclude that eNOS stimulation is one mechanism by which tanshinone induces vasodilation and reduces blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA.
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Zhang J, Huang M, Guan S, Bi HC, Pan Y, Duan W, Chan SY, Chen X, Hong YH, Bian JS, Yang HY, Zhou S. A mechanistic study of the intestinal absorption of cryptotanshinone, the major active constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:1285-94. [PMID: 16497784 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of intestinal absorption of most herbal medicine is unknown. Cryptotanshinone (CTS) is the principal active constituent of the widely used cardiovascular herb Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen). We investigated the oral bioavailability of CTS in rats and the mechanism for its intestinal absorption using several in vitro and in vivo models: 1) Caco-2 cell monolayers; 2) monolayers of MDCKII cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein (PgP); and 3) single-pass rat intestinal perfusion with mesenteric vein cannulation. The systemic bioavailabilities of CTS after oral and intraperitoneal administration at 100 mg/kg were 2.05 and 10.60%, respectively. In the perfused rat intestinal model, permeability coefficients based on CTS disappearance from the luminal perfusate (Plumen) were 6.7- to 10.3-fold higher than permeability coefficients based on drug appearance in venous blood (Pblood). Pblood significantly increased in the presence of the P-gP inhibitor, verapamil. CTS transport across Caco-2 monolayers was pH-, temperature- and ATP-dependent. The transport from the apical (AP) to the basolateral (BL) side was 3- to 9-fold lower than that from the BL to the AP side. Inclusion of verapamil (50 microM) in both AP and BL sides abolished the polarized CTS transport across Caco-2 cells. Moreover, CTS was significantly more permeable in the BL to AP than in the AP to BL direction in MDCKII and MDR1-MDCKII cells. The permeability coefficients in the BL to AP direction were significantly higher in MDCKII cells overexpressing PgP. These findings indicate that CTS is a substrate for PgP that can pump CTS into the luminal side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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