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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Dobrzyńska M, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Radziwon P, Pancewicz S, Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted singly and in duo with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum bacteria by ticks as pathogens modifying lipid metabolism in human blood. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:28. [PMID: 38438941 PMCID: PMC10910801 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are vectors of various pathogens, including tick-borne encephalitis virus causing TBE and bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum causing e.g. viral-bacterial co-infections (TBE + LB/HGA), which pose diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Since these infections are usually accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress causing metabolic modifications, including phospholipids, the aim of the study was to assess the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolism (ROS- and enzyme-dependent) products in the blood plasma of patients with TBE and TBE + LB/HGA before and after pharmacotherapy. METHODS The total antioxidant status was determined using 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid. The phospholipid and free fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by measuring small molecular weight reactive aldehyde, malondialdehyde and neuroprostanes. The reactive aldehyde was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The activity of enzymes was examined spectrophotometrically. An analysis of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids was performed using a Shimadzu UPLC system coupled with an electrospray ionization source to a Shimadzu 8060 Triple Quadrupole system. Receptor expression was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The reduced antioxidant status as a result of infection was accompanied by a decrease in the level of phospholipid arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in TBE, an increase in DHA in co-infection and in free DHA in TBE with an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation products. The enhanced activity of enzymes metabolizing phospholipids and free PUFAs increased the level of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids, while decreased 15-PGJ2 and PGE2 was accompanied by activation of granulocyte receptors before pharmacotherapy and only tending to normalize after treatment. CONCLUSION Since classical pharmacotherapy does not prevent disorders of phospholipid metabolism, the need to support treatment with antioxidants may be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dobrzyńska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 23, 15-950, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
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Cofán M, Checa A, Serra-Mir M, Roth I, Valls-Pedret C, Lopez-Illamola A, Doménech M, Rajaram S, Lázaro I, Sabaté J, Ros E, Wheelock CE, Sala-Vila A. A Walnut-Enriched Diet for 2 Years Changes the Serum Oxylipin Profile in Healthy Older Persons. J Nutr 2024; 154:395-402. [PMID: 38081585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxylipins are products derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that play a role in cardiovascular disease and aging. Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFAs promote the formation of anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory oxylipins; however, there are little data on oxylipins derived from α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), the primary plant-derived n-3 PUFA. Walnuts are a source of C18:3n-3. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect on serum oxylipins of a diet enriched with walnuts at 15% energy (30-60 g/d; 2.6-5.2 g C18:3n-3/d) for 2 y compared to a control diet (abstention from walnuts) in healthy older males and females (63-79 y). METHODS The red blood cell proportion of α-linolenic acid was determined by gas chromatography as a measure of compliance. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure serum concentrations of 53 oxylipins in participants randomly assigned to receive the walnut diet (n = 64) or the control diet (n = 51). Two-year concentration changes (final minus baseline) were log-transformed (base log-10) and standardized (mean-centered and divided by the standard deviation of each variable). Volcano plots were then generated (fold change ≥1.5; false discovery rate ≤0.1). For each oxylipin delta surviving multiple testing, we further assessed between-intervention group differences by analysis of covariance adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and the baseline concentration of the oxylipin. RESULTS The 2-y change in red blood cell C18:3n-3 in the walnut group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Compared to the control diet, the walnut diet resulted in statistically significantly greater increases in 3 C18:3n-3-derived oxylipins (9-HOTrE, 13-HOTrE, and 12,13-EpODE) and in the C20:5n-3 derived 14,15-diHETE, and greater reductions of the C20:4n-6-derived 5-HETE, 19-HETE, and 5,6-diHETrE. CONCLUSIONS Long-term walnut consumption changes the serum oxylipin profile in healthy older persons. Our results add novel mechanistic evidence on the cardioprotective effects of walnuts. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01634841.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Cofán
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Checa
- Unit of Integrative Metabolomics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Serra-Mir
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Roth
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Valls-Pedret
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Lopez-Illamola
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Doménech
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sujatha Rajaram
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Iolanda Lázaro
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Sabaté
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Emilio Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Unit of Integrative Metabolomics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States.
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Watkins BA, Smith BJ, Volpe SL, Shen CL. Exerkines, Nutrition, and Systemic Metabolism. Nutrients 2024; 16:410. [PMID: 38337694 PMCID: PMC10857119 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cornerstones of good health are exercise, proper food, and sound nutrition. Physical exercise should be a lifelong routine, supported by proper food selections to satisfy nutrient requirements based on energy needs, energy management, and variety to achieve optimal metabolism and physiology. The human body is sustained by intermediary and systemic metabolism integrating the physiologic processes for cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Recently, interest in specific metabolites, growth factors, cytokines, and hormones called exerkines has emerged to explain cooperation between nutrient supply organs and the brain during exercise. Exerkines consist of different compounds described as signaling moiety released during and after exercise. Examples of exerkines include oxylipin 12, 13 diHOME, lipid hormone adiponectin, growth factor BDNF, metabolite lactate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including products of fatty acid oxidation, and cytokines such as interleukin-6. At this point, it is believed that exerkines are immediate, fast, and long-lasting factors resulting from exercise to support body energy needs with an emphasis on the brain. Although exerkines that are directly a product of macronutrient metabolism such as lactate, and result from catabolism is not surprising. Furthermore, other metabolites of macronutrient metabolism seem to be candidate exerkines. The exerkines originate from muscle, adipose, and liver and support brain metabolism, energy, and physiology. The purpose of this review is to integrate the actions of exerkines with respect to metabolism that occurs during exercise and propose other participating factors of exercise and brain physiology. The role of diet and macronutrients that influence metabolism and, consequently, the impact of exercise will be discussed. This review will also describe the evidence for PUFA, their metabolic and physiologic derivatives endocannabinoids, and oxylipins that validate them being exerkines. The intent is to present additional insights to better understand exerkines with respect to systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brenda J. Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stella Lucia Volpe
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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5
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Groth M, Skrzydlewska E, Czupryna P, Biernacki M, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. Lipid mediators of cerebrospinal fluid in response to TBE and bacterial co-infections. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:272-278. [PMID: 37499889 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are caused by monoinfection or co-infection with different pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Tick-borne diseases are usually accompanied by oxidative stress which promotes the modifications of the host's lipid metabolism. The aim of the study was to compare total antioxidant status and the level of lipid mediators in the cerebrospinal fluid in response to tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and bacterial co-infections that cause diseases such as that is Lyme borreliosis (LB) and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). In our study cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from 15 patients with TBE and 6 patients with TBE co-infection with LB and/or HGA at admission and after treatment. Control group consisted of 14 patients in whom meningitis was excluded. Total antioxidant status, levels of lipid peroxidation products, endocannabinoids and eicosanoids (determined by liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) were compared between the groups. It was found that in TBE patients, total antioxidant status was decreased and accompanied by increased levels of lipid peroxidation products (4-HNE, MDA, isoprostanes and neuroprostanes), major endocannabinoids (AEA and 2AG), and eicosanoids (both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory), which generally declined after treatment. On the other hand, in co-infections, significant changes in the levels of some lipid mediators were observed even after the treatment. TBE alone or along with bacterial co-infections promote redox balance disturbances in the cerebrospinal fluid leading to oxidative stress and increased metabolism of phospholipids in the brain tissue reflected in the level of lipid peroxidation products and lipid mediators. Changes in the level of lipid mediators in patients with co-infections after treatment suggest further intensification of metabolic disturbances rather than their resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Groth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
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Biernacki M, Conde T, Stasiewicz A, Surażyński A, Domingues MR, Domingues P, Skrzydlewska E. Restorative Effect of Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica Lipid Extract on Phospholipid Metabolism in Keratinocytes Exposed to UVB Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14323. [PMID: 37762626 PMCID: PMC10532178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces oxidative stress in skin cells, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and perturbing enzyme-mediated metabolism. This disruption is evidenced with elevated concentrations of metabolites that play important roles in the modulation of redox homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Thus, this research sought to determine the impacts of the lipid extract derived from the Nannochloropsis oceanica microalgae on phospholipid metabolic processes in keratinocytes subjected to UVB exposure. UVB-irradiated keratinocytes were treated with the microalgae extract. Subsequently, analyses were performed on cell lysates to ascertain the levels of phospholipid/free fatty acids (GC-FID), lipid peroxidation byproducts (GC-MS), and endocannabinoids/eicosanoids (LC-MS), as well as to measure the enzymatic activities linked with phospholipid metabolism, receptor expression, and total antioxidant status (spectrophotometric methods). The extract from N. oceanica microalgae, by diminishing the activities of enzymes involved in the synthesis of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids (PLA2/COX1/2/LOX), augmented the concentrations of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely DHA and EPA. These concentrations are typically diminished due to UVB irradiation. As a consequence, there was a marked reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA) and associated pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, as well as the expression of CB1/TRPV1 receptors. The microalgal extract also mitigated the increase in lipid peroxidation byproducts, specifically MDA in non-irradiated samples and 10-F4t-NeuroP in both control and post-UVB exposure. These findings indicate that the lipid extract derived from N. oceanica, by mitigating the deleterious impacts of UVB radiation on keratinocyte phospholipids, assumed a pivotal role in reinstating intracellular metabolic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Tiago Conde
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (M.R.D.); (P.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Anna Stasiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Arkadiusz Surażyński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (M.R.D.); (P.D.)
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.C.); (M.R.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-069 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (A.S.)
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Skrzydlewska E, Łuczaj W, Biernacki M, Wójcik P, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Orehovec B, Baršić B, Tarle M, Kmet M, Lukšić I, Marušić Z, Bauer G, Žarković N. Preliminary Comparison of Molecular Antioxidant and Inflammatory Mechanisms Determined in the Peripheral Blood Granulocytes of COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13574. [PMID: 37686388 PMCID: PMC10488240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate selected parameters of redox signaling and inflammation in the granulocytes of COVID-19 patients who recovered and those who died. Upon admission, the patients did not differ in terms of any relevant clinical parameter apart from the percentage of granulocytes, which was 6% higher on average in those patients who died. Granulocytes were isolated from the blood of 15 healthy people and survivors and 15 patients who died within a week, and who were selected post hoc for analysis according to their matching gender and age. They differed only in the lethal outcome, which could not be predicted upon arrival at the hospital. The proteins level (respective ELISA), antioxidant activity (spectrophotometry), and lipid mediators (UPUPLC-MS) were measured in the peripheral blood granulocytes obtained via gradient centrifugation. The levels of Nrf2, HO-1, NFκB, and IL-6 were higher in the granulocytes of COVID-19 patients who died within a week, while the activity of cytoplasmic Cu,Zn-SOD and mitochondrial Mn-SOD and IL-2/IL-10 were lower in comparison to the levels observed in survivors. Furthermore, in the granulocytes of those patients who died, an increase in pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (PGE2 and TXB2), together with elevated cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (associated with a decrease in the anti-inflammatory 15d-PGJ2), were found. Hence, this study suggests that by triggering transcription factors, granulocytes activate inflammatory and redox signaling, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids while reducing cellular antioxidant capacity through SOD, thus expressing an altered response to COVID-19, which may result in the onset of systemic oxidative stress, ARDS, and the death of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (W.Ł.); (M.B.); (P.W.); (I.J.-K.)
| | - Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (W.Ł.); (M.B.); (P.W.); (I.J.-K.)
| | - Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (W.Ł.); (M.B.); (P.W.); (I.J.-K.)
| | - Piotr Wójcik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (W.Ł.); (M.B.); (P.W.); (I.J.-K.)
| | - Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (W.Ł.); (M.B.); (P.W.); (I.J.-K.)
| | - Biserka Orehovec
- Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.O.); (B.B.); (M.T.); (M.K.); (I.L.)
| | - Bruno Baršić
- Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.O.); (B.B.); (M.T.); (M.K.); (I.L.)
| | - Marko Tarle
- Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.O.); (B.B.); (M.T.); (M.K.); (I.L.)
| | - Marta Kmet
- Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.O.); (B.B.); (M.T.); (M.K.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivica Lukšić
- Clinical Hospital Dubrava, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (B.O.); (B.B.); (M.T.); (M.K.); (I.L.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Marušić
- Division of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Georg Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Neven Žarković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Shen CL, Newman JW, Elmassry MM, Borkowski K, Chyu MC, Kahathuduwa C, Neugebauer V, Watkins BA. Tai Chi exercise reduces circulating levels of inflammatory oxylipins in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis: results from a pilot study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1210170. [PMID: 37654656 PMCID: PMC10466388 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1210170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tai Chi (TC) controls pain through mind-body exercise and appears to alter inflammatory mediators. TC actions on lipid biomarkers associated with inflammation and brain neural networks in women with knee osteoarthritic pain were investigated. Methods A single-center, pre- and post-TC group (baseline and 8 wk) exercise pilot study in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritic pain was performed. 12 eligible women participated in TC group exercise. The primary outcome was liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of circulating endocannabinoids (eCB) and oxylipins (OxL). Secondary outcomes were correlations between eCB and OxL levels and clinical pain/limitation assessments, and brain resting-state function magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Results Differences in circulating quantitative levels (nM) of pro-inflammatory OxL after TC were found in women. TC exercise resulted in lower OxL PGE1 and PGE2 and higher 12-HETE, LTB4, and 12-HEPE compared to baseline. Pain assessment and eCB and OxL levels suggest crucial relationships between TC exercise, inflammatory markers, and pain. Higher plasma levels of eCB AEA, and 1, 2-AG were found in subjects with increased pain. Several eCB and OxL levels were positively correlated with left and right brain amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity. Conclusion TC exercise lowers pro-inflammatory OxL in women with knee osteoarthritic pain. Correlations between subject pain, functional limitations, and brain connectivity with levels of OxL and eCB showed significance. Findings indicate potential mechanisms for OxL and eCB and their biosynthetic endogenous PUFA precursors that alter brain connectivity, neuroinflammation, and pain. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04046003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - John W. Newman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Moamen M. Elmassry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ming-Chien Chyu
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Medical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Chanaka Kahathuduwa
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Bruce A. Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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9
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Watkins BA, Newman JW, Kuchel GA, Fiehn O, Kim J. Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Glucose Systemic Metabolic Changes in the Mouse. Nutrients 2023; 15:2679. [PMID: 37375583 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in regulating whole body energy balance. Overactivation of the ECS has been associated with the negative consequence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Since activators of the ECS rely on lipid-derived ligands, an investigation was conducted to determine whether dietary PUFA could influence the ECS to affect glucose clearance by measuring metabolites of macronutrient metabolism. C57/blk6 mice were fed a control or DHA-enriched semi-purified diet for a period of 112 d. Plasma, skeletal muscle, and liver were collected after 56 d and 112 d of feeding the diets for metabolomics analysis. Key findings characterized a shift in glucose metabolism and greater catabolism of fatty acids in mice fed the DHA diet. Glucose use and promotion of fatty acids as substrate were found based on levels of metabolic pathway intermediates and altered metabolic changes related to pathway flux with DHA feeding. Greater levels of DHA-derived glycerol lipids were found subsequently leading to the decrease of arachidonate-derived endocannabinoids (eCB). Levels of 1- and 2-arachidonylglcerol eCB in muscle and liver were lower in the DHA diet group compared to controls. These findings demonstrate that DHA feeding in mice alters macronutrient metabolism and may restore ECS tone by lowering arachidonic acid derived eCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - John W Newman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH UC Davis West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lindqvist HM, Winkvist A, Gjertsson I, Calder PC, Armando AM, Quehenberger O, Coras R, Guma M. Influence of Dietary n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Oxylipins in Erythrocytes of Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020717. [PMID: 36677774 PMCID: PMC9863541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins derived from n-3 fatty acids are suggested as the link between these fatty acids and reduced inflammation. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of a randomized controlled cross-over intervention on oxylipin patterns in erythrocytes. Twenty-three women with rheumatoid arthritis completed 2 × 11-weeks exchanging one cooked meal per day, 5 days a week, for a meal including 75 g blue mussels (source for n-3 fatty acids) or 75 g meat. Erythrocyte oxylipins were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results were analyzed with multivariate data analysis. Orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) with effect projections and with discriminant analysis were performed to compare the two diets' effects on oxylipins. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to test pre and post values for each dietary period as well as post blue-mussel vs. post meat. The blue-mussel diet led to significant changes in a few oxylipins from the precursor fatty acids arachidonic acid and dihomo-ɣ-linolenic acid. Despite significant changes in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and free EPA in erythrocytes in the mussel group, no concurrent changes in their oxylipins were seen. Further research is needed to study the link between n-3 fatty-acid intake, blood oxylipins, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Lindqvist
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence: (H.M.L.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Anna Winkvist
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Correspondence: (H.M.L.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Aaron M. Armando
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Roxana Coras
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Nayeem MA, Geldenhuys WJ, Hanif A. Role of cytochrome P450-epoxygenase and soluble epoxide hydrolase in the regulation of vascular response. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:37-131. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Nayeem MA, Hanif A, Geldenhuys WJ, Agba S. Crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in the modulation of cardiovascular, including coronary reactive hyperemic response. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108213. [PMID: 35597366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous nucleoside or autacoid that affects the cardiovascular system through the activation of four G-protein coupled receptors: adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR), adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR), adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR), and adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR). With the rapid generation of this nucleoside from cellular metabolism and the widespread distribution of its four G-protein coupled receptors in almost all organs and tissues of the body, this autacoid induces multiple physiological as well as pathological effects, not only regulating the cardiovascular system but also the central nervous system, peripheral vascular system, and immune system. Mounting evidence shows the role of CYP450-enzymes in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, and the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450s can increase susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). One of the most important physiological roles of CYP450-epoxygenases (CYP450-2C & CYP2J2) is the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and epoxyoctadecaenoic acid (EpOMEs) which generally involve in vasodilation. Like an increase in coronary reactive hyperemia (CRH), an increase in anti-inflammation, and cardioprotective effects. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases will change the beneficial cardiovascular effects of metabolites or oxylipins into detrimental effects. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is another crucial enzyme ubiquitously expressed in all living organisms and almost all organs and tissues. However, in contrast to CYP450-epoxygenases, sEH converts EETs into dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHETs), EpOMEs into dihydroxyoctadecaenoic acid (DiHOMEs), and others and reverses the beneficial effects of epoxy-fatty acids leading to vasoconstriction, reducing CRH, increase in pro-inflammation, increase in pro-thrombotic and become less cardioprotective. Therefore, polymorphisms in the sEH gene (Ephx2) cause the enzyme to become overactive, making it more vulnerable to CVDs, including hypertension. Besides the sEH, ω-hydroxylases (CYP450-4A11 & CYP450-4F2) derived metabolites from AA, ω terminal-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (19-, 20-HETE), lipoxygenase-derived mid-chain hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (5-, 11-, 12-, 15-HETEs), and the cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (prostaglandins: PGD2, PGF2α; thromboxane: Txs, oxylipins) are involved in vasoconstriction, hypertension, reduction in CRH, pro-inflammation and cardiac toxicity. Interestingly, the interactions of adenosine receptors (A2AAR, A1AR) with CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, sEH, and their derived metabolites or oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs or oxylipins) is shown in the regulation of the cardiovascular functions. In addition, much evidence demonstrates polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, and sEH genes (Ephx2) and adenosine receptor genes (ADORA1 & ADORA2) in the human population with the susceptibility to CVDs, including hypertension. CVDs are the number one cause of death globally, coronary artery disease (CAD) was the leading cause of death in the US in 2019, and hypertension is one of the most potent causes of CVDs. This review summarizes the articles related to the crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in vascular, including the CRH response in regular salt-diet fed and high salt-diet fed mice with the correlation of heart perfusate/plasma oxylipins. By using A2AAR-/-, A1AR-/-, eNOS-/-, sEH-/- or Ephx2-/-, vascular sEH-overexpressed (Tie2-sEH Tr), vascular CYP2J2-overexpressed (Tie2-CYP2J2 Tr), and wild-type (WT) mice. This review article also summarizes the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory oxylipins in cardiovascular function/dysfunction in mice and humans. Therefore, more studies are needed better to understand the crosstalk between the adenosine receptors and eicosanoids to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools by using plasma oxylipins profiles in CVDs, including hypertensive cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Nayeem
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Ahmad Hanif
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephanie Agba
- Graduate student, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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13
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Diversified Effects of COVID-19 as a Consequence of the Differential Metabolism of Phospholipids and Lipid Peroxidation Evaluated in the Plasma of Survivors and Deceased Patients upon Admission to the Hospital. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911810. [PMID: 36233111 PMCID: PMC9570244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, inflammation develops, which promotes oxidative stress, leading to modification of phospholipid metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the effects of COVID-19 on the levels of phospholipid and free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites produced in response to reactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes (cyclooxygenases-(COXs) and lipoxygenase-(LOX)) in the plasma of patients who either recovered or passed away within a week of hospitalization. In the plasma of COVID-19 patients, especially of the survivors, the actions of ROS and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) cause a decrease in phospholipid fatty acids level and an increase in free fatty acids (especially arachidonic acid) despite increased COXs and LOX activity. This is accompanied by an increased level in lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde and 8-isoprostaglandin F2α) and lipid mediators generated by enzymes. There is also an increase in eicosanoids, both pro-inflammatory as follows: thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2, and anti-inflammatory as follows: 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, as well as endocannabinoids (anandamide-(AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol-(2-AG)) observed in the plasma of patients who recovered. Moreover, the expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10) is increased in patients who recovered. However, in the group of patients who died, elevated levels of N-oleoylethanolamine and N-palmitoylethanolamine are found. Since lipid mediators may have different functions depending on the onset of pathophysiological processes, a stronger pro-inflammatory response in patients who have recovered may be the result of the defensive response to SARS-CoV-2 in survivors associated with specific changes in the phospholipid metabolism, which could also be considered a prognostic factor.
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14
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Watkins BA, Friedman AN, Kim J, Borkowski K, Kaiser S, Fiehn O, Newman JW. Blood Levels of Endocannabinoids, Oxylipins, and Metabolites Are Altered in Hemodialysis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179781. [PMID: 36077177 PMCID: PMC9456435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis patients (HDPs) have higher blood pressure, higher levels of inflammation, a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, and unusually low plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels compared to healthy subjects. The objective of our investigation was to examine the levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and oxylipins (OxLs) in female HDPs compared to healthy matched female controls, with the underlying hypothesis that differences in specific PUFA levels in hemodialysis patients would result in changes in eCBs and OxLs. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Plasma was extracted and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization and tandem MS for eCBs and OxLs. The global untargeted metabolite profiling of plasma was performed by GCTOF MS. Compared to the controls, HDPs showed lower levels of plasma EPA and the associated OxL metabolites 5- and 12-HEPE, 14,15-DiHETE, as well as DHA derived 19(20)-EpDPE. Meanwhile, no changes in arachidonylethanolamide or 2-arachidonylglycerol in the open circulation were detected. Higher levels of multiple N-acylethanolamides, monoacylglycerols, biomarkers of progressive kidney disease, the nitric oxide metabolism-linked citrulline, and the uremic toxins kynurenine and creatine were observed in HDP. These metabolic differences in cCBs and OxLs help explain the severe inflammatory and cardiovascular disease manifested by HDPs, and they should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Allon N. Friedman
- University Hospital, Suite 6100, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John W. Newman
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Agriculture Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Park Y, Watkins BA. Dietary PUFAs and Exercise Dynamic Actions on Endocannabinoids in Brain: Consequences for Neural Plasticity and Neuroinflammation. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1989-2001. [PMID: 35675221 PMCID: PMC9526838 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain and peripheral nervous system provide oversight to muscle physiology and metabolism. Muscle is the largest organ in the body and critical for glucose sensitivity, prevention of diabetes, and control of obesity. The central nervous system produces endocannabinoids (eCBs) that play a role in brain neurobiology, such as inflammation and pain. Interestingly, studies in humans and rodents show that a moderate duration of exercise increases eCBs in the brain and blood and influences cannabinoid receptors. Cannabinoid actions in the nervous system have advanced our understanding of pain, well-being, and disease. Nutrition is an important aspect of brain and eCB physiology because eCBs are biosynthesized from PUFAs. The primary eCB metabolites are derived from arachidonic acid, a 20:4n-6 (ω-6) PUFA, and the n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs, EPA and DHA. The eCBs bind to cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 to exert a wide range of activities, such as stimulating appetite, influencing energy metabolism, supporting the immune system, and facilitating neuroplasticity. A diet containing different essential n-6 and n-3 PUFAs will dominate the formation of specific eCBs, and subsequently their actions as ligands for CB1 and CB2. The eCBs also function as substrates for cyclooxygenase enzymes, including potential substrates for the oxylipins (OxLs), which can be proinflammatory. Together, the eCBs and OxLs act as modulators of neuroinflammation. Thus, dietary PUFAs have implications for exercise responses via synthesis of eCBs and their effects on neuroinflammation. Neurotrophins also participate in interactions between diet and the eCBs, specifically brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF supports neuroplasticity in cooperation with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This review will describe the role of PUFAs in eCB biosynthesis, discuss the ECS and OxLs in neuroinflammation, highlight the evidence for exercise effects on eCBs, and describe eCB and BDNF actions on neuroplasticity.
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Łuczaj W, Jastrząb A, do Rosário Domingues M, Domingues P, Skrzydlewska E. Changes in Phospholipid/Ceramide Profiles and Eicosanoid Levels in the Plasma of Rats Irradiated with UV Rays and Treated Topically with Cannabidiol. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8700. [PMID: 34445404 PMCID: PMC8395479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic UV radiation causes oxidative stress and inflammation of skin and blood cells. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a natural phytocannabinoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, on the phospholipid (PL) and ceramide (CER) profiles in the plasma of nude rats irradiated with UVA/UVB and treated topically with CBD. The results obtained showed that UVA/UVB radiation increased the levels of phosphatidylcholines, lysophospholipids, and eicosanoids (PGE2, TxB2), while downregulation of sphingomyelins led to an increase in CER[NS] and CER[NDS]. Topical application of CBD to the skin of control rats significantly upregulated plasma ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamines (PEo) and ceramides. However, CBD administered to rats irradiated with UVA/UVB promoted further upregulation of CER and PEo and led to significant downregulation of lysophospholipids. This was accompanied by the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD, manifested by a reduction in the levels of proinflammatory PGE2 and TxB2 and a dramatic increase in the level of anti-inflammatory LPXA4. It can therefore be suggested that topical application of CBD to the skin of rats exposed to UVA/UVB radiation prevents changes in plasma phospholipid profile resulting in a reduction of inflammation by reducing the level of LPE and LPC species and increasing antioxidant capacity due to upregulation of PEo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Anna Jastrząb
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria do Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.d.R.D.); (P.D.)
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, LAQV, Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.d.R.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (A.J.); (E.S.)
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Biernacki M, Jastrząb A, Skrzydlewska E. Changes in Hepatic Phospholipid Metabolism in Rats under UV Irradiation and Topically Treated with Cannabidiol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1157. [PMID: 34439405 PMCID: PMC8388943 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a key metabolic organ that is particularly sensitive to environmental factors, including UV radiation. As UV radiation induces oxidative stress and inflammation, natural compounds are under investigation as one method to counteract these consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of topical application of phytocannabinoid-cannabidiol (CBD) on the skin of nude rats chronically irradiated with UVA/UVB, paying particular attention to its impact on the liver antioxidants and phospholipid metabolism. The results of this study indicate that CBD reaches the rat liver where it is then metabolized into decarbonylated cannabidiol, 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol and cannabidiol-glucuronide. CBD increased the levels of GSH and vitamin A after UVB radiation. Moreover, CBD prevents the increase of 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α levels in UVA-irradiated rats. As a consequence of reductions in phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenases activity following UV irradiation, CBD upregulates the level of 2-arachidonoylglycerol and downregulates prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4. Finally, CBD enhances decreased level of 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 after UVB radiation and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid after UVA radiation. These data show that CBD applied to the skin prevents ROS- and enzyme-dependent phospholipid metabolism in the liver of UV-irradiated rats, suggesting that it may be used as an internal organ protector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (A.J.)
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Endocannabinoid System and Its Regulation by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Full Spectrum Hemp Oils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115479. [PMID: 34067450 PMCID: PMC8196941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of endogenous cannabinoids, their receptors, and metabolic enzymes that play a critical homeostatic role in modulating polyunsaturated omega fatty acid (PUFA) signaling to maintain a balanced inflammatory and redox state. Whole food-based diets and dietary interventions linked to PUFAs of animal (fish, calamari, krill) or plant (hemp, flax, walnut, algae) origin, as well as full-spectrum hemp oils, are increasingly used to support the ECS tone, promote healthy metabolism, improve risk factors associated with cardiovascular disorders, encourage brain health and emotional well-being, and ameliorate inflammation. While hemp cannabinoids of THC and CBD groups show distinct but complementary actions through a variety of cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2), adenosine (A2A), and vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors, they also modulate PUFA metabolism within a wide variety of specialized lipid mediators that promote or resolve inflammation and oxidative stress. Clinical evidence reviewed in this study links PUFAs and cannabinoids to changes in ECS tone, immune function, metabolic and oxidative stress adaptation, and overall maintenance of a well-balanced systemic function of the body. Understanding how the body coordinates signals from the exogenous and endogenous ECS modulators is critical for discerning the underlying molecular mechanisms of the ECS tone in healthy and disease states. Nutritional and lifestyle interventions represent promising approaches to address chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders that may overlap in the population at risk. Further investigation and validation of dietary interventions that modulate the ECS are required in order to devise clinically successful second-generation management strategies.
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Endocannabinoids and aging-Inflammation, neuroplasticity, mood and pain. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:129-172. [PMID: 33706946 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with changes in hormones, slowing of metabolism, diminished physiological processes, chronic inflammation and high exposure to oxidative stress factors, generally described as the biological cost of living. Lifestyle interventions of diet and exercise can improve the quality of life during aging and lower diet-related chronic disease. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has important effects on systemic metabolism and physiological systems, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. Exercise can reduce the loss of muscle mass and improve strength, and increase the levels of endocannabinoids (eCB) in brain and blood. Although the ECS exerts controls on multiple systems throughout life it affords benefits to natural aging. The eCB are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the primary ones are produced from arachidonic acid (n-6 PUFA) and others from the n-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The eCB ligands bind to their receptors, CB1 and CB2, with effects on appetite stimulation, metabolism, immune functions, and brain physiology and neuroplasticity. Dietary families of PUFA are a primary factor that can influence the types and levels of eCB and as a consequence, the downstream actions when the ligands bind to their receptors. Furthermore, the association of eCB with the synthesis of oxylipins (OxL) is a connection between the physiological actions of eCB and the lipid derived immunological OxL mediators of inflammation. OxL are ubiquitous and influence neuroinflammation and inflammatory processes. The emerging actions of eCB on neuroplasticity, well-being and pain are important to aging. Herein, we present information about the ECS and its components, how exercise and diet affects specific eCB, their role in neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, pain, mood, and relationship to OxL. Poor nutrition status and low nutrient intakes observed with many elderly are reasons to examine the role of dietary PUFA actions on the ECS to improve health.
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Pedersen TL, Gray IJ, Newman JW. Plasma and serum oxylipin, endocannabinoid, bile acid, steroid, fatty acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug quantification in a 96-well plate format. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1143:189-200. [PMID: 33384117 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to develop a high-throughput, cost-effective method for metabolic profiling of lipid mediators and hormones involved in the regulation of inflammation and energy metabolism, along with polyunsaturated fatty acids and common over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We describe a 96-well plate protein precipitation and filtration procedure for 50 μL of plasma or serum in the presence of 37 deuterated analogs and 2 instrument internal standards. Data is acquired in two back-to-back UPLC-MS/MS analyses using electrospray ionization with positive/negative switching and scheduled multiple reaction monitoring for the determination of 145 compounds, including oxylipins, endocannabinoids and like compounds, bile acids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 3 NSAIDs. Intra- and inter-batch variability was <25% for >70% of metabolites above the LOQ in both matrices, but higher inter-batch variability was observed for serum oxylipins and some bile acids. Results for NIST Standard Reference Material 1950, compared favorably with the 20 certified metabolite values covered by this assay, and we provide new data for oxylipins, N-acylethanolamides, glucocorticoids, and 17-hydroxy-progesterone in this material. Application to two independent cohorts of elderly men and women showed the routine detection of 86 metabolites, identified fasting state influences on essential fatty acid-derived oxylipins, N-acylethanolamides and conjugated bile acids, identified rare presence of high and low testosterone levels and the presence of NSAIDs in ∼10% of these populations. The described method appears valuable for investigations in large cohort studies to provide insight into metabolic cross-talk between the array of mediators assessed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Pedersen
- Dept of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ira J Gray
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service - Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John W Newman
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service - Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Dept of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Aryaie A, Tinsley G, Lee J, Watkins BA, Moore L, Alhaj-Saleh A, Shankar K, Wood SR, Wang R, Shen CL. Actions of annatto-extracted tocotrienol supplementation on obese postmenopausal women: study protocol for a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034338. [PMID: 32152169 PMCID: PMC7064069 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a major health concern in postmenopausal women, and chronic low-grade inflammation contributes to the development of obesity. Cellular studies and high-fat-diet-induced obese mouse model mimicking obesity show the antiobesity effect of annatto-extracted tocotrienols (TT) with antioxidant capability. We aim to assess the safety and efficacy of TT consumption for lipid-related parameters in obese postmenopausal women. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Eligible obese postmenopausal women will be randomly assigned to placebo group (430 mg olive oil) and TT group (DeltaGold Tocotrienol 70%) for 24 weeks. In the present study, the primary outcome is total/regional fat mass and visceral adipose tissue. The secondary outcomes include lipid profile in serum, mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A in fat tissue, oxylipins and endocannabinoids in plasma and adipose tissue, abundance and composition of intestinal microbiome in faeces, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in serum and leptin in serum. Every participant will be evaluated at 0 (prior to starting intervention) and 24 weeks of intervention, except for serum lipid profile and hs-CRP at 0, 12 and 24 weeks. 'Intent-to-treat' principle is employed for data analysis. Hierarchical linear modelling is used to estimate the effects of dietary TT supplementation while properly accounting for dependency of data and identified covariates. To our knowledge, this is the first randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study to determine dietary TT supplementation on an obese population. If successful, this study will guide the future efficacy TT interventions and TT can be implemented as an alternative for obese population in antiobesity management. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock. An informed consent form will be signed by a participant before enrolling in the study. The results from this trial will be actively disseminated through academic conference presentation and peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03705845.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Aryaie
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Grant Tinsley
- Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Educational Psychology and Leadership, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce A Watkins
- Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lane Moore
- Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Adel Alhaj-Saleh
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah R Wood
- Clinical Research Institutes, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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22
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Fan R, Kim J, You M, Giraud D, Toney AM, Shin SH, Kim SY, Borkowski K, Newman JW, Chung S. α-Linolenic acid-enriched butter attenuated high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and inflammation by promoting bioconversion of n-3 PUFA and subsequent oxylipin formation. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 76:108285. [PMID: 31760228 PMCID: PMC6995772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid and the precursor for long-chain n-3 PUFA. However, biosynthesis of n-3 PUFA is limited in a Western diet likely due to an overabundance of n-6 PUFA. We hypothesized that dietary reduction of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is sufficient to promote the biosynthesis of long-chain n-3 PUFA, leading to an attenuation of high fat (HF) diet-induced obesity and inflammation. C57BL/6 J mice were fed a HF diet from ALA-enriched butter (n3Bu, n-6/n-3=1) in comparison with isocaloric HF diets from either conventional butter lacking both ALA and LA (Bu, n-6/n-3=6), or margarine containing a similar amount of ALA and abundant LA (Ma, n-6/n-3=6). Targeted lipidomic analyses revealed that n3Bu feeding promoted the bioconversion of long-chain n-3 PUFA and their oxygenated metabolites (oxylipins) derived from ALA and EPA. The n3Bu supplementation attenuated hepatic TG accumulation and adipose tissue inflammation, resulting in improved insulin sensitivity. Decreased inflammation by n3Bu feeding was attributed to the suppression of NF-κB activation and M1 macrophage polarization. Collectively, our work suggests that dietary reduction of the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, as well as total n-3 PUFA consumed, is a crucial determinant that facilitates n-3 PUFA biosynthesis and subsequent lipidomic modifications, thereby conferring metabolic benefits against obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Judy Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Mikyoung You
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - David Giraud
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ashley M Toney
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Seung-Ho Shin
- Sunseo Omega Inc, University of Nebraska Innovation Campus, Lincoln, NE
| | - So-Youn Kim
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - John W Newman
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA; Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS-WHNRC, Davis, CA
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
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Gladine C, Ostermann AI, Newman JW, Schebb NH. MS-based targeted metabolomics of eicosanoids and other oxylipins: Analytical and inter-individual variabilities. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:72-89. [PMID: 31085232 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins, including the well-known eicosanoids, are potent lipid mediators involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, their quantitative profiling has gained a lot of attention during the last years notably in the active field of health biomarker discovery. Oxylipins include hundreds of structurally and stereochemically distinct lipid species which today are most commonly analyzed by (ultra) high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based ((U)HPLC-MS) methods. To maximize the utility of oxylipin profiling in clinical research, it is crucial to understand and assess the factors contributing to the analytical and biological variability of oxylipin profiles in humans. In this review, these factors and their impacts are summarized and discussed, providing a framework for recommendations expected to enhance the interlaboratory comparability and biological interpretation of oxylipin profiling in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Annika I Ostermann
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gaußstraße 20, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - John W Newman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA; University of California Davis, Department of Nutrition, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gaußstraße 20, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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Wójcik P, Biernacki M, Wroński A, Łuczaj W, Waeg G, Žarković N, Skrzydlewska E. Altered Lipid Metabolism in Blood Mononuclear Cells of Psoriatic Patients Indicates Differential Changes in Psoriasis Vulgaris and Psoriatic Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174249. [PMID: 31480263 PMCID: PMC6747546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible stress-associated disturbances in lipid metabolism in mononuclear cells, mainly lymphocytes of patients with psoriasis vulgaris (Ps, n = 32) or with psoriatic arthritis (PsA, n = 16) in respect to the healthy volunteers (n = 16). The results showed disturbances in lipid metabolism of psoriatic patients reflected by different phospholipid profiles. The levels of non-enzymatic lipid metabolites associated with oxidative stress 8-isoprostaglandin F2α (8-isoPGF2α) and free 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were higher in PsA, although levels of 4-HNE-His adducts were higher in Ps. In the case of the enzymatic metabolism of lipids, enhanced levels of endocannabinoids were observed in both forms of psoriasis, while higher expression of their receptors and activities of phospholipases were detected only in Ps. Moreover, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity was enhanced only in Ps, but cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was enhanced both in Ps and PsA, generating higher levels of eicosanoids: prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13HODE), thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Surprisingly, some of major eicosanoids 15-d-PGJ2 (15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2), 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) were elevated in Ps and reduced in PsA. The results of our study revealed changes in lipid metabolism with enhancement of immune system-modulating mediators in psoriatic mononuclear cells. Evaluating further differential stress responses in Ps and PsA affecting lipid metabolism and immunity might be useful to improve the prevention and therapeutic treatments of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wójcik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Wroński
- Dermatological Specialized Center "DERMAL" NZOZ in Bialystok, 15-453 Białystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Georg Waeg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Neven Žarković
- LabOS, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland.
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Abstract
Healthy aging includes freedom from disease, ability to engage in physical activity, and maintenance of cognitive skills for which diet is a major lifestyle factor. Aging, diet, and health are at the forefront of well-being for the growing population of older adults with the caveat of reducing and controlling pain. Obesity and diabetes risk increase in frequency in adults, and exercise is encouraged to control weight, reduce risk of type II diabetes, and maintain muscle mass and mobility. One area of research that appears to integrate many aspects of healthy aging is focused on understanding the endocannabinoid system (ECS) because of its role in systemic energy metabolism, inflammation, pain, and brain biology. Physical activity is important for maintaining health throughout the life cycle. The benefits of exercise facilitate macronutrient use, promote organ health, and augment the maintenance of metabolic activity and physiological functions. One outcome of routine exercise is a generalized well-being, and perhaps, this is linked to the ECS. The purpose of this review is to briefly present the current knowledge of key components of the ECS that contribute to appetite and influence systemic energy metabolism, and dietary factors that alter the responses of ligand binding and activation of cannabinoid receptors and its role in the brain. Herein, the objectives are to (1) explain the role of the ECS in the body, (2) describe the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and macronutrient intake and systemic metabolism, and (3) present areas of promising research where exercise induces endocannabinoid production in the brain to benefit well-being. There are many gaps in the knowledge of how the ECS participates in controlling pain through exercise; however, emerging research will reveal key relationships to understand this system in the brain and body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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26
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Ostermann AI, West AL, Schoenfeld K, Browning LM, Walker CG, Jebb SA, Calder PC, Schebb NH. Plasma oxylipins respond in a linear dose-response manner with increased intake of EPA and DHA: results from a randomized controlled trial in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1251-1263. [PMID: 31006007 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are partly mediated by their oxidized metabolites, i.e., eicosanoids and other oxylipins. Some intervention studies have demonstrated that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increase systemic concentrations of n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins and moderately decrease arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins. There is no information on the dose-response of oxylipin concentrations after n-3 PUFA intake. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify oxylipins in human plasma samples from an intervention study in which participants were randomly assigned to different daily intakes of EPA and DHA for 12 mo. METHODS Healthy adult men and women with low habitual fish consumption (n = 121) were randomly assigned to receive capsules providing doses of n-3 PUFAs reflecting 3 patterns of consumption of oily fish [1, 2, or 4 portions/wk with 3.27 g EPA + DHA (1:1.2, wt:wt) per portion] or placebo. Oxylipins were quantified in plasma after 3 and 12 mo. Relative and absolute changes of individual oxylipins were calculated and concentrations were correlated with the dose and the content of EPA and DHA in blood lipid pools. RESULTS Seventy-three oxylipins, mostly hydroxy-, dihydroxy-, and epoxy-PUFAs, were quantified in the plasma samples. After 3 and 12 mo a linear increase with dose was observed for all EPA- and DHA-derived oxylipins. Cytochrome-P450-derived anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective epoxy-PUFAs increased linearly with n-3 PUFA dose and showed low interindividual variance (r2 > 0.95). Similarly, 5, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenase-derived hydroxy-PUFAs as well as those formed autoxidatively increased linearly. These include the precursors of so-called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), e.g., 17-hydroxy-DHA and 18-hydroxy-EPA. CONCLUSIONS Plasma concentrations of biologically active oxylipins derived from n-3 PUFAs, including epoxy-PUFAs and SPM-precursors, increase linearly with elevated intake of EPA and DHA. Interindividual differences in resulting plasma concentrations are low. This trial was registered at controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN48398526.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika I Ostermann
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Annette L West
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Schoenfeld
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Lucy M Browning
- Medical Research Council, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Celia G Walker
- Medical Research Council, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan A Jebb
- Medical Research Council, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Watkins BA. Endocannabinoids, exercise, pain, and a path to health with aging. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Leng S, Winter T, Aukema HM. Dietary ALA, EPA and DHA have distinct effects on oxylipin profiles in female and male rat kidney, liver and serum. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 57:228-237. [PMID: 29778015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is much data on the effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on tissue fatty acid compositions, but comparable comprehensive data on their oxygenated metabolites (oxylipins) is limited. The effects of providing female and male rats with diets high in α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA or DHA for 6 weeks on oxylipins and fatty acids in kidney, liver and serum were therefore examined. The oxylipin profile generally reflected fatty acids, but it also revealed unique effects of individual n-3 fatty acids that were not apparent from fatty acid data alone. Dietary ALA increased renal and serum DHA oxylipins even though DHA itself did not increase, while dietary EPA did not increase DHA oxylipins in kidney or liver, suggesting that high EPA may inhibit this conversion. Oxylipin data generally corroborated fatty acid data that indicated that DHA can be retroconverted to EPA and that further retroconversion to ALA is limited. Dietary n-3 fatty acids decreased n-6 fatty acids and their oxylipins (except linoleic acid and its oxylipins), in order of effectiveness of DHA > EPA > ALA, with some exceptions: several arachidonic acid oxylipins modified at carbon 15 were not lower in all three sites, and EPA had a greater effect on 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid and its metabolites in the liver. Oxylipins were predominantly higher in males, which was not reflective of fatty acids. Tissue-specific oxylipin profiles, therefore, provide further information on individual dietary n-3 fatty acid and sex effects that may help explain their unique physiological effects and have implications for dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Leng
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Tanja Winter
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2.
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Methodological considerations and future insights for 24-hour dietary recall assessment in children. Nutr Res 2018; 51:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Ostermann AI, Schebb NH. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the pattern of oxylipins: a short review about the modulation of hydroxy-, dihydroxy-, and epoxy-fatty acids. Food Funct 2017; 8:2355-2367. [PMID: 28682409 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the intake of the long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n3, DHA) is linked to beneficial health effects, particularly in the prevention of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Although the molecular mode of action of n3-PUFA is still not fully understood, it is not controversial that a significant portion of the (patho)-physiological effects of PUFA are mediated by their oxidative metabolites, i.e. eicosanoids and other oxylipins. Quantitative targeted oxylipin methods allow the comprehensive monitoring of n3-PUFA supplementation induced changes in the pattern of oxylipins in order to understand their biology. In this short review, results from intervention studies are summarized analyzing >30 oxylipins from different PUFAs in response to n3-PUFA supplementation. The results are not only qualitatively compared with respect to the study design, n3-PUFA dose and trends in the lipid mediators, but also quantitatively based on the relative change in the oxylipin level induced by n3-PUFA. The evaluation of the data from the studies shows that the change in oxylipins generally corresponded to the observed changes in their precursor PUFA, i.e. the lower the individual n3-status at the baseline, the higher the increase in EPA and DHA derived oxylipins. The strongest relative increases were found for EPA derived oxylipins, while changes in arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6, ARA) derived eicosanoids were heterogeneous. After 3-12 weeks of supplementation, similar relative changes were observed in free and total (free + esterified) oxylipins in plasma and serum. Regarding EPA derived oxylipins, the results indicate a trend for a linear increase with dose. However, the interpretation of the quantitative oxylipin patterns between studies is hampered by strong inter-individual variances in oxylipin levels between and also within the studies. In the future, the reason for these varying oxylipin plasma concentrations needs to be clarified in order to understand oxylipin and n3-PUFA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika I Ostermann
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Freitas HR, Isaac AR, Malcher-Lopes R, Diaz BL, Trevenzoli IH, De Melo Reis RA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and endocannabinoids in health and disease. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:695-714. [PMID: 28686542 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1347373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs). They mediate significant effects in the fine-tune adjustment of body homeostasis. Phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids also rule the daily life of billions worldwide, as they are involved in obesity, depression and drug addiction. Consequently, there is growing interest to reveal novel active compounds in this field. Cloning of cannabinoid receptors in the 90s and the identification of the endogenous mediators arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonyglycerol (2-AG), led to the characterization of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), together with their metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters. Today, the ECS is known to be involved in diverse functions such as appetite control, food intake, energy balance, neuroprotection, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, mood disorders, emesis, modulation of pain, inflammatory responses, as well as in cancer therapy. Western diet as well as restriction of micronutrients and fatty acids, such as DHA, could be related to altered production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. eicosanoids) and ECs, contributing to the progression of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, depression or impairing conditions, such as Alzheimer' s disease. Here we review how diets based in PUFAs might be linked to ECS and to the maintenance of central and peripheral metabolism, brain plasticity, memory and learning, blood flow, and genesis of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hércules Rezende Freitas
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- c Laboratory of Inflammation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- d Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto De Melo Reis
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
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