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Cetin E, Pedersen B, Porter LM, Adler GK, Burak MF. Protocol for a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial using pure palmitoleic acid to ameliorate insulin resistance and lipogenesis in overweight and obese subjects with prediabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1306528. [PMID: 38313838 PMCID: PMC10835623 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1306528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Palmitoleic acid (POA), a nonessential, monounsaturated omega-7 fatty acid (C16:1n7), is a lipid hormone secreted from adipose tissue and has beneficial effects on distant organs, such as the liver and muscle. Interestingly, POA decreases lipogenesis in toxic storage sites such as the liver and muscle, and paradoxically increases lipogenesis in safe storage sites, such as adipose tissue. Furthermore, higher POA levels in humans are correlated with better insulin sensitivity, an improved lipid profile, and a lower incidence of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular pathologies, such as myocardial infarction. In preclinical animal models, POA improves glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and steatosis of the muscle and liver, while improving insulin sensitivity and secretion. This double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial tests the hypothesis that POA increases insulin sensitivity and decreases hepatic lipogenesis in overweight and obese adult subjects with pre-diabetes. Important to note, that this is the first study ever to use pure (>90%) POA with < 0.3% palmitic acid (PA), which masks the beneficial effects of POA. The possible positive findings may offer a therapeutic and/or preventative pathway against diabetes and related immunometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecesu Cetin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brian Pedersen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lindsey M. Porter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gail K. Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mehmet Furkan Burak
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Sabri Ulker Center, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Horakova O, Sistilli G, Kalendova V, Bardova K, Mitrovic M, Cajka T, Irodenko I, Janovska P, Lackner K, Kopecky J, Rossmeisl M. Thermoneutral housing promotes hepatic steatosis in standard diet-fed C57BL/6N mice, with a less pronounced effect on NAFLD progression upon high-fat feeding. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1205703. [PMID: 37501785 PMCID: PMC10369058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1205703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can progress to more severe stages, such as steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Thermoneutral housing together with high-fat diet promoted NAFLD progression in C57BL/6J mice. Due to possible differences in steatohepatitis development between different C57BL/6 substrains, we examined how thermoneutrality affects NAFLD progression in C57BL/6N mice. Methods Male mice were fed standard or high-fat diet for 24 weeks and housed under standard (22°C) or thermoneutral (30°C) conditions. Results High-fat feeding promoted weight gain and hepatic steatosis, but the effect of thermoneutral environment was not evident. Liver expression of inflammatory markers was increased, with a modest and inconsistent effect of thermoneutral housing; however, histological scores of inflammation and fibrosis were generally low (<1.0), regardless of ambient temperature. In standard diet-fed mice, thermoneutrality increased weight gain, adiposity, and hepatic steatosis, accompanied by elevated de novo lipogenesis and changes in liver metabolome characterized by complex decreases in phospholipids and metabolites involved in urea cycle and oxidative stress defense. Conclusion Thermoneutrality appears to promote NAFLD-associated phenotypes depending on the C57BL/6 substrain and/or the amount of dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Horakova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gabriella Sistilli
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Kalendova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marko Mitrovic
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Laboratory of Translational Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ilaria Irodenko
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Janovska
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karoline Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Gao P, Bao Y, Wang S, Lei L, Wang B, Xiao L, Cheng K, Wang Y, Zhang S, Dong L. Mechanism of palmitoleic acid oxidation into volatile compounds during heating. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxun Gao
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Yuxiang Bao
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Dalian Center for Certification and Food and Drug Control Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Liming Lei
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Binchen Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Lin Xiao
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Kunya Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Yian Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Liang Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian Liaoning China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood Dalian Liaoning China
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4
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Feyera T, Lashkari S, Johannsen JC, Llauradó-Calero E, Zhe L, Theil PK, Jensen SK. Supplementation of palmitoleic acid improved piglet growth and reduced body temperature drop upon cold exposure. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad372. [PMID: 37935407 PMCID: PMC10656293 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Piglet survival is a major challenge in the first few days postpartum and interventions during this period may improve survival and growth. This study investigated the effects of palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7; PA) supplementation on growth performance, body temperature, fatty acid (FA), and energy metabolism in milk-replacer-fed piglets. Forty-eight piglets were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% PA supplementation as a percent of milk replacer) and given the diet through an orogastric tube. They were fed dietary treatments every 2 h for 4 d in the first week postpartum and all were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. The piglets were weighed daily, and half in each dietary treatment group, the same piglets each day, were exposed daily to a lower temperature for 2 h. Plasma samples were collected immediately before sacrifice for analyses of FA and other plasma metabolites. The weight of organs and empty body weight were determined after sacrifice. Liver and semimembranosus muscle tissue samples were collected and analyzed for FA content. Contents of C16:1n-7 and C18:1n-7 in both plasma and liver (P < 0.001), and C16:1n-7 in semimembranosus muscle (P < 0.001) increased linearly as PA supplementation increased. Most plasma FA levels (except C16:1n-7, C16:1n-9, and C22:5n-3) were lower in piglets exposed to lower temperatures than those that were not. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, and lactate dehydrogenase levels increased linearly with PA supplementation (P < 0.001). Piglets' average daily gain, liver glycogen pool, liver weight, and gallbladder weight increased linearly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively), but lung weight, liver nitrogen content, and body temperature drop decreased linearly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.05, respectively) with PA supplementation. Piglets exposed to low temperature had greater liver nitrogen (P < 0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.001) contents but had lower liver weight (P < 0.01) and plasma lactate concentration (P < 0.05) than those that were not. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the importance of PA on the growth performance of the piglets by increasing their average daily gain and decreasing a drop in body temperature upon cold exposure, most likely due to a modified energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Feyera
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Saman Lashkari
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jakob C Johannsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Eudald Llauradó-Calero
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Li Zhe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Peter K Theil
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Søren K Jensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University AU-Viborg, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Huang L, Wu W, Huang L, Zhong J, Chen L, Wang M, Chen H. Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba) oil modulatory effects on ethanol-induced acute injury of the gastric mucosa in rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1003627. [PMID: 36185650 PMCID: PMC9525105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1003627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic krill oil (KO) prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to investigate its preventive effect on ethanol-induced gastric tissue damage in a rat model in vivo. KO characterization showed that 74.96% of the unsaturated fatty acids consist of oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Rats pre-treated with KO (100, 200, and 500 mg/kg) showed mitigated oxidative stress through enhanced antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reducing enzymes malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in gastric mucosal injury induced by ethanol. Additionally, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), the expression of the IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway, and nitric oxide (NO) production was suppressed. The results also demonstrated a significant decrease in histological injury and hemorrhage scores in a dose-dependent manner in the KO range. Therefore, KO has potential as a food supplement to alleviate ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiang Huang
- College of Life Science, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Marine Active Substance and Product Technology Research and Development Center of Ocean Research Institute of Fuzhou, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Wu
- College of Life Science, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linshan Huang
- College of Life Science, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiaze Zhong
- College of Life Science, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Meiying Wang
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Huibin Chen
- College of Life Science, Southern Institute of Oceanography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Hwang SM, Kim YU, Kim JK, Chun YS, Kwon YS, Ku SK, Song CH. Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Krill Oil on Obesity and Obesity-Induced Metabolic Syndromes in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080483. [PMID: 36005486 PMCID: PMC9410137 DOI: 10.3390/md20080483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases the risks of metabolic syndromes including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetic dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease. Dietary krill oil (KO) has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, thereby being a therapeutic potential for obesity-induced metabolic syndromes. Thus, the effects of KO on lipid metabolic alteration were examined in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice model. The HFD model (n = 10 per group) received an oral gavage with distilled water as a control, metformin at 250 mg/kg, and KO at 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg for 12 weeks. The HFD-induced weight gain and fat deposition were significantly reduced in the KO treatments compared with the control. Blood levels were lower in parameters for NAFLD (e.g., alanine aminotransferase, and triglyceride), type 2 diabetes (e.g., glucose and insulin), and renal dysfunction (e.g., blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) by the KO treatments. The KO inhibited lipid synthesis through the modification of gene expressions in the liver and adipose tissues and adipokine-mediated pathways. Furthermore, KO showed hepatic antioxidant activities and glucose lowering effects. Histopathological analyses revealed that the KO ameliorated the hepatic steatosis, pancreatic endocrine/exocrine alteration, adipose tissue hypertrophy, and renal steatosis. These analyses suggest that KO may be promising for inhibiting obesity and metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Hwang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Yeong Uk Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea;
| | - Jong-Kyu Kim
- AriBnC Co., Ltd., Yongin 16914, Korea; (J.-K.K.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Yoon-Seok Chun
- AriBnC Co., Ltd., Yongin 16914, Korea; (J.-K.K.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Young-Sam Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.K.); (C.-H.S.); Tel.: +82-53-819-1549 (S.-K.K.); +82-53-819-1822 (C.-H.S.)
| | - Chang-Hyun Song
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.K.); (C.-H.S.); Tel.: +82-53-819-1549 (S.-K.K.); +82-53-819-1822 (C.-H.S.)
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Mitrovic M, Sistilli G, Horakova O, Rossmeisl M. Omega-3 phospholipids and obesity-associated NAFLD: Potential mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13650. [PMID: 34291454 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases in line with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and there is no approved drug therapy. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 series (omega-3) are known for their hypolipidaemic and anti-inflammatory effects. Existing clinical trials suggest varying effectiveness of triacylglycerol- or ethyl ester-bound omega-3 in the treatment of NAFLD, without affecting advanced stages such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Preclinical studies suggest that the lipid class used to supplement omega-3 may determine the extent and nature of their effects on metabolism. Phospholipids of marine origin represent an alternative source of omega-3. The aim of this review is to summarise the available evidence on the use of omega-3 phospholipids, primarily in obesity-related NAFLD, and to outline perspectives of their use in the prevention/treatment of NAFLD. A PubMed literature search was conducted in May 2021. In total, 1088 articles were identified, but based on selection criteria, 38 original papers were included in the review. Selected articles describing the potential mechanisms of action of omega-3 phospholipids have also been included. Preclinical evidence clearly indicates that omega-3 phospholipids have strong antisteatotic effects in the liver, which are stronger compared to omega-3 administered as triacylglycerols. Multiple mechanisms are likely involved in the overall antisteatotic effects, involving not only the liver but also adipose tissue and the gut. Robust preclinical evidence for strong antisteatotic effects of omega-3 phospholipids in the liver should be confirmed in clinical trials. Further research is needed on the possible effects of omega-3 phospholipids on advanced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mitrovic
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriella Sistilli
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Horakova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Shi J, Wang Y, Jiang F, Liu Y, Xu YJ. The effect of krill oil on longevity and locomotion: a pilot study. Mol Omics 2021; 18:206-213. [PMID: 34935825 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Krill oil as a dietary supplement is popular with consumers. Several experimental and clinical trials have suggested that krill oil is beneficial for longevity and locomotion, but the underlying mechanisms for this have remained largely elusive. In this study, we investigated alleviation of impairment of Caenorhabditis elegans by polar compounds from frying oil with the use of krill oil. Observations of life span and locomotion demonstrated that the intake of krill oil increased median survival by 17.86%, head thrashes by 27.79% and body bends by 20.78% for impaired C. elegans. Metabolomic analysis revealed that krill oil could significantly restore the negative alterations caused by polar compounds, including upregulation of serine, tyrosine, palmitic acid and stearic acid, and downregulation of maltose 6'-phosphate, UDP-glucose, glutamic acid, phosphoserine and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Additionally, intake of krill oil also changed some metabolites that were irrelevant to impairment by polar compounds, but were beneficial for health for C. elegans. Metabolomics investigations indicated that krill oil ameliorates energy metabolism and alleviates oxidative stress and excitotoxicity caused by polar compounds on C. elegans. The data obtained in this study will facilitate future functional studies of krill oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Advances in Technologies for Highly Active Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Krill Oil: Clinical Applications. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060306. [PMID: 34073184 PMCID: PMC8226823 DOI: 10.3390/md19060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphausia superba, commonly known as krill, is a small marine crustacean from the Antarctic Ocean that plays an important role in the marine ecosystem, serving as feed for most fish. It is a known source of highly bioavailable omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). In preclinical studies, krill oil showed metabolic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and chemo preventive effects, while in clinical trials it showed significant metabolic, vascular and ergogenic actions. Solvent extraction is the most conventional method to obtain krill oil. However, different solvents must be used to extract all lipids from krill because of the diversity of the polarities of the lipid compounds in the biomass. This review aims to provide an overview of the chemical composition, bioavailability and bioaccessibility of krill oil, as well as the mechanisms of action, classic and non-conventional extraction techniques, health benefits and current applications of this marine crustacean.
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Sistilli G, Kalendova V, Cajka T, Irodenko I, Bardova K, Oseeva M, Zacek P, Kroupova P, Horakova O, Lackner K, Gastaldelli A, Kuda O, Kopecky J, Rossmeisl M. Krill Oil Supplementation Reduces Exacerbated Hepatic Steatosis Induced by Thermoneutral Housing in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:437. [PMID: 33572810 PMCID: PMC7912192 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evidence suggests that n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA (Omega-3) supplemented as phospholipids (PLs) may be more effective than triacylglycerols (TAGs) in reducing hepatic steatosis. To further test the ability of Omega-3 PLs to alleviate liver steatosis, we used a model of exacerbated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on high-fat feeding at thermoneutral temperature. Male C57BL/6N mice were fed for 24 weeks a lard-based diet given either alone (LHF) or supplemented with Omega-3 (30 mg/g diet) as PLs (krill oil; ω3PL) or TAGs (Epax 3000TG concentrate; ω3TG), which had a similar total content of EPA and DHA and their ratio. Substantial levels of TAG accumulation (~250 mg/g) but relatively low inflammation/fibrosis levels were achieved in the livers of control LHF mice. Liver steatosis was reduced by >40% in the ω3PL but not ω3TG group, and plasma ALT levels were markedly reduced (by 68%) in ω3PL mice as well. Krill oil administration also improved hepatic insulin sensitivity, and its effects were associated with high plasma adiponectin levels (150% of LHF mice) along with superior bioavailability of EPA, increased content of alkaloids stachydrine and trigonelline, suppression of lipogenic gene expression, and decreased diacylglycerol levels in the liver. This study reveals that in addition to Omega-3 PLs, other constituents of krill oil, such as alkaloids, may contribute to its strong antisteatotic effects in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Sistilli
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kalendova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Illaria Irodenko
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Marina Oseeva
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zacek
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Division BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Kroupova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Olga Horakova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Karoline Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (G.S.); (V.K.); (T.C.); (I.I.); (K.B.); (M.O.); (P.K.); (O.H.); (O.K.); (J.K.)
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Kroupova P, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J, Bunschoten A, Vodicka M, Irodenko I, Oseeva M, Zacek P, Kopecky J, Rossmeisl M, Horakova O. Omega-3 Phospholipids from Krill Oil Enhance Intestinal Fatty Acid Oxidation More Effectively than Omega-3 Triacylglycerols in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072037. [PMID: 32660007 PMCID: PMC7400938 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisteatotic effects of omega-3 fatty acids (Omega-3) in obese rodents seem to vary depending on the lipid form of their administration. Whether these effects could reflect changes in intestinal metabolism is unknown. Here, we compare Omega-3-containing phospholipids (krill oil; ω3PL-H) and triacylglycerols (ω3TG) in terms of their effects on morphology, gene expression and fatty acid (FA) oxidation in the small intestine. Male C57BL/6N mice were fed for 8 weeks with a high-fat diet (HFD) alone or supplemented with 30 mg/g diet of ω3TG or ω3PL-H. Omega-3 index, reflecting the bioavailability of Omega-3, reached 12.5% and 7.5% in the ω3PL-H and ω3TG groups, respectively. Compared to HFD mice, ω3PL-H but not ω3TG animals had lower body weight gain (−40%), mesenteric adipose tissue (−43%), and hepatic lipid content (−64%). The highest number and expression level of regulated intestinal genes was observed in ω3PL-H mice. The expression of FA ω-oxidation genes was enhanced in both Omega-3-supplemented groups, but gene expression within the FA β-oxidation pathway and functional palmitate oxidation in the proximal ileum was significantly increased only in ω3PL-H mice. In conclusion, enhanced intestinal FA oxidation could contribute to the strong antisteatotic effects of Omega-3 when administered as phospholipids to dietary obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kroupova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Evert M. van Schothorst
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.M.v.S.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.M.v.S.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Annelies Bunschoten
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.M.v.S.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Martin Vodicka
- Laboratory of Epithelial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ilaria Irodenko
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Marina Oseeva
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Petr Zacek
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Division BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (O.H.); Tel.: +420-296443706 (M.R. & O.H.); Fax: +420 296442599 (M.R. & O.H.)
| | - Olga Horakova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (I.I.); (M.O.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (O.H.); Tel.: +420-296443706 (M.R. & O.H.); Fax: +420 296442599 (M.R. & O.H.)
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