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Gera J, Kumar D, Chauhan G, Choudhary A, Rani L, Mandal L, Mandal S. High sugar diet-induced fatty acid oxidation potentiates cytokine-dependent cardiac ECM remodeling. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306087. [PMID: 38916917 PMCID: PMC11199913 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Context-dependent physiological remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for development and organ homeostasis. On the other hand, consumption of high-caloric diet leverages ECM remodeling to create pathological conditions that impede the functionality of different organs, including the heart. However, the mechanistic basis of high caloric diet-induced ECM remodeling has yet to be elucidated. Employing in vivo molecular genetic analyses in Drosophila, we demonstrate that high dietary sugar triggers ROS-independent activation of JNK signaling to promote fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the pericardial cells (nephrocytes). An elevated level of FAO, in turn, induces histone acetylation-dependent transcriptional upregulation of the cytokine Unpaired 3 (Upd3). Release of pericardial Upd3 augments fat body-specific expression of the cardiac ECM protein Pericardin, leading to progressive cardiac fibrosis. Importantly, this pathway is quite distinct from the ROS-Ask1-JNK/p38 axis that regulates Upd3 expression under normal physiological conditions. Our results unravel an unknown physiological role of FAO in cytokine-dependent ECM remodeling, bearing implications in diabetic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Gera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Gunjan Chauhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Adarsh Choudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Lavi Rani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
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2
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Guillard J, Schwörer S. Metabolic control of collagen synthesis. Matrix Biol 2024:S0945-053X(24)00094-5. [PMID: 39084474 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is present in all tissues and crucial in maintaining normal tissue homeostasis and function. Defects in ECM synthesis and remodeling can lead to various diseases, while overproduction of ECM components can cause severe conditions like organ fibrosis and influence cancer progression and therapy resistance. Collagens are the most abundant core ECM proteins in physiological and pathological conditions and are predominantly synthesized by fibroblasts. Previous efforts to target aberrant collagen synthesis in fibroblasts by inhibiting pro-fibrotic signaling cascades have been ineffective. More recently, metabolic rewiring downstream of pro-fibrotic signaling has emerged as a critical regulator of collagen synthesis in fibroblasts. Here, we propose that targeting the metabolic pathways involved in ECM biomass generation provides a novel avenue for treating conditions characterized by excessive collagen accumulation. This review summarizes the unique metabolic challenges collagen synthesis imposes on fibroblasts and discusses how underlying metabolic networks could be exploited to create therapeutic opportunities in cancer and fibrotic disease. Finally, we provide a perspective on open questions in the field and how conceptual and technical advances will help address them to unlock novel metabolic vulnerabilities of collagen synthesis in fibroblasts and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guillard
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division
| | - Simon Schwörer
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division; Committee on Cancer Biology, Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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3
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Trotta MC, Herman H, Ciceu A, Mladin B, Rosu M, Lepre CC, Russo M, Bácskay I, Fenyvesi F, Marfella R, Hermenean A, Balta C, D’Amico M. Chrysin-based supramolecular cyclodextrin-calixarene drug delivery system: a novel approach for attenuating cardiac fibrosis in chronic diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1332212. [PMID: 38169923 PMCID: PMC10759242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1332212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cardiac fibrosis is strongly induced by diabetic conditions. Both chrysin (CHR) and calixarene OTX008, a specific inhibitor of galectin 1 (Gal-1), seem able to reduce transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/SMAD pro-fibrotic pathways, but their use is limited to their low solubility. Therefore, we formulated a dual-action supramolecular system, combining CHR with sulfobutylated β-cyclodextrin (SBECD) and OTX008 (SBECD + OTX + CHR). Here we aimed to test the anti-fibrotic effects of SBECD + OTX + CHR in hyperglycemic H9c2 cardiomyocytes and in a mouse model of chronic diabetes. Methods: H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to normal (NG, 5.5 mM) or high glucose (HG, 33 mM) for 48 h, then treated with SBECD + OTX + CHR (containing OTX008 0.75-1.25-2.5 µM) or the single compounds for 6 days. TGF-β/SMAD pathways, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and Gal-1 levels were assayed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) or Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Adult CD1 male mice received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dosage of 102 mg/kg body weight. From the second week of diabetes, mice received 2 times/week the following i.p. treatments: OTX (5 mg/kg)-SBECD; OTX (5 mg/kg)-SBECD-CHR, SBECD-CHR, SBECD. After a 22-week period of diabetes, mice were euthanized and cardiac tissue used for tissue staining, ELISA, qRT-PCR aimed to analyse TGF-β/SMAD, extracellular matrix (ECM) components and Gal-1. Results: In H9c2 cells exposed to HG, SBECD + OTX + CHR significantly ameliorated the damaged morphology and reduced TGF-β1, its receptors (TGFβR1 and TGFβR2), SMAD2/4, MAPKs and Gal-1. Accordingly, these markers were reduced also in cardiac tissue from chronic diabetes, in which an amelioration of cardiac remodeling and ECM was evident. In both settings, SBECD + OTX + CHR was the most effective treatment compared to the other ones. Conclusion: The CHR-based supramolecular SBECD-calixarene drug delivery system, by enhancing the solubility and the bioavailability of both CHR and calixarene OTX008, and by combining their effects, showed a strong anti-fibrotic activity in rat cardiomyocytes and in cardiac tissue from mice with chronic diabetes. Also an improved cardiac tissue remodeling was evident. Therefore, new drug delivery system, which could be considered as a novel putative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diabetes-induced cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Hildegard Herman
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Alina Ciceu
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Bianca Mladin
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Marcel Rosu
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Caterina Claudia Lepre
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
- PhD Course in Translational Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- PhD Course in National Interest in Public Administration and Innovation for Disability and Social Inclusion, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- School of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Molecular and Nanopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Anca Hermenean
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Cornel Balta
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Michele D’Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
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4
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Leopoulou M, Theofilis P, Kordalis A, Papageorgiou N, Sagris M, Oikonomou E, Tousoulis D. Diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation-from pathophysiology to treatment. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:512-527. [PMID: 37273256 PMCID: PMC10236990 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i5.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular complications around the globe and one of the most common medical conditions. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia, with a rapidly increasing prevalence. T2DM has been closely associated with the risk of AF development, identified as an independent risk factor. Regarding cardio-vascular complications, both AF and T2DM have been linked with high mortality. The underlying pathophysiology has not been fully determined yet; however, it is multifactorial, including structural, electrical, and autonomic pathways. Novel therapies include pharmaceutical agents in sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, as well as antiarrhythmic strategies, such as cardioversion and ablation. Of interest, glucose-lowering therapies may affect the prevalence of AF. This review presents the current evidence regarding the connection between the two entities, the pathophysiological pathways that link them, and the therapeutic options that exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Leopoulou
- 1st Cardiology Clinic, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- 1st Cardiology Clinic, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kordalis
- 1st Cardiology Clinic, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papageorgiou
- 1st Cardiology Clinic, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Marios Sagris
- 1st Cardiology Clinic, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 3rd Cardiology Clinic, ‘Sotiria’ Chest Diseases Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Clinic, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
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5
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Cheng Y, Wang Y, Yin R, Xu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yang L, Zhao D. Central role of cardiac fibroblasts in myocardial fibrosis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1162754. [PMID: 37065745 PMCID: PMC10102655 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1162754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a main cardiovascular complication of diabetes, can eventually develop into heart failure and affect the prognosis of patients. Myocardial fibrosis is the main factor causing ventricular wall stiffness and heart failure in DCM. Early control of myocardial fibrosis in DCM is of great significance to prevent or postpone the progression of DCM to heart failure. A growing body of evidence suggests that cardiomyocytes, immunocytes, and endothelial cells involve fibrogenic actions, however, cardiac fibroblasts, the main participants in collagen production, are situated in the most central position in cardiac fibrosis. In this review, we systematically elaborate the source and physiological role of myocardial fibroblasts in the context of DCM, and we also discuss the potential action and mechanism of cardiac fibroblasts in promoting fibrosis, so as to provide guidance for formulating strategies for prevention and treatment of cardiac fibrosis in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dong Zhao
- *Correspondence: Longyan Yang, ; Dong Zhao,
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6
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Brilliant J, Yadav R, Akhtar T, Calkins H, Trayanova N, Spragg D. Clinical and Structural Factors Affecting Ablation Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation Patients - A Review. Curr Cardiol Rev 2023; 19:83-96. [PMID: 36999694 PMCID: PMC10518883 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x19666230331103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Catheter ablation is an effective and durable treatment option for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Ablation outcomes vary widely, with optimal results in patients with paroxysmal AF and diminishing results in patients with persistent or long-standing persistent AF. A number of clinical factors including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, and alcohol use contribute to AF recurrence following ablation, likely through modulation of the atrial electroanatomic substrate. In this article, we review the clinical risk factors and the electro-anatomic features that contribute to AF recurrence in patients undergoing ablation for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Brilliant
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Tauseef Akhtar
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Hugh Calkins
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Natalia Trayanova
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - David Spragg
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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7
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Picchio V, Floris E, Derevyanchuk Y, Cozzolino C, Messina E, Pagano F, Chimenti I, Gaetani R. Multicellular 3D Models for the Study of Cardiac Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911642. [PMID: 36232943 PMCID: PMC9569892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo modelling systems for cardiovascular research are becoming increasingly important in reducing lab animal use and boosting personalized medicine approaches. Integrating multiple cell types in complex setups adds a higher level of significance to the models, simulating the intricate intercellular communication of the microenvironment in vivo. Cardiac fibrosis represents a key pathogenetic step in multiple cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic and diabetic cardiomyopathies. Indeed, allowing inter-cellular interactions between cardiac stromal cells, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and/or immune cells in dedicated systems could make ex vivo models of cardiac fibrosis even more relevant. Moreover, culture systems with 3D architectures further enrich the physiological significance of such in vitro models. In this review, we provide a summary of the multicellular 3D models for the study of cardiac fibrosis described in the literature, such as spontaneous microtissues, bioprinted constructs, engineered tissues, and organs-on-chip, discussing their advantages and limitations. Important discoveries on the physiopathology of cardiac fibrosis, as well as the screening of novel potential therapeutic molecules, have been reported thanks to these systems. Future developments will certainly increase their translational impact for understanding and modulating mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Erica Floris
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Yuriy Derevyanchuk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cozzolino
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Elisa Messina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research (IBBC-CNR), 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-077-3175-7234
| | - Roberto Gaetani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
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8
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Pagano F, Picchio V, Bordin A, Cavarretta E, Nocella C, Cozzolino C, Floris E, Angelini F, Sordano A, Peruzzi M, Miraldi F, Biondi-Zoccai G, De Falco E, Carnevale R, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Chimenti I. Progressive stages of dysmetabolism are associated with impaired biological features of human cardiac stromal cells mediated by the oxidative state and autophagy. J Pathol 2022; 258:136-148. [PMID: 35751644 PMCID: PMC9542980 DOI: 10.1002/path.5985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac stromal cells (CSCs) are the main players in fibrosis. Dysmetabolic conditions (metabolic syndrome—MetS, and type 2 diabetes mellitus—DM2) are strong pathogenetic contributors to cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, modulation of the oxidative state (OxSt) and autophagy is a fundamental function affecting the fibrotic commitment of CSCs, that are adversely modulated in MetS/DM2. We aimed to characterize CSCs from dysmetabolic patients, and to obtain a beneficial phenotypic setback from such fibrotic commitment by modulation of OxSt and autophagy. CSCs were isolated from 38 patients, stratified as MetS, DM2, or controls. Pharmacological modulation of OxSt and autophagy was obtained by treatment with trehalose and NOX4/NOX5 inhibitors (TREiNOX). Flow‐cytometry and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) analyses showed significantly increased expression of myofibroblasts markers in MetS‐CSCs at baseline (GATA4, ACTA2, THY1/CD90) and after starvation (COL1A1, COL3A1). MetS‐ and DM2‐CSCs displayed a paracrine profile distinct from control cells, as evidenced by screening of 30 secreted cytokines, with a significant reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endoglin confirmed by enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA). DM2‐CSCs showed significantly reduced support for endothelial cells in angiogenic assays, and significantly increased H2O2 release and NOX4/5 expression levels. Autophagy impairment after starvation (reduced ATG7 and LC3‐II proteins) was also detectable in DM2‐CSCs. TREiNOX treatment significantly reduced ACTA2, COL1A1, COL3A1, and NOX4 expression in both DM2‐ and MetS‐CSCs, as well as GATA4 and THY1/CD90 in DM2, all versus control cells. Moreover, TREiNOX significantly increased VEGF release by DM2‐CSCs, and VEGF and endoglin release by both MetS‐ and DM2‐CSCs, also recovering the angiogenic support to endothelial cells by DM2‐CSCs. In conclusion, DM2 and MetS worsen microenvironmental conditioning by CSCs. Appropriate modulation of autophagy and OxSt in human CSCs appears to restore these features, mostly in DM2‐CSCs, suggesting a novel strategy against cardiac fibrosis in dysmetabolic patients. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research (IBBC-CNR), Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Antonella Bordin
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina Nocella
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cozzolino
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Erica Floris
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelini
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Alessia Sordano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Miraldi
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Widiapradja A, Kasparian AO, McCaffrey SL, Kolb LL, Imig JD, Lacey JL, Melendez GC, Levick SP. Replacement of Lost Substance P Reduces Fibrosis in the Diabetic Heart by Preventing Adverse Fibroblast and Macrophage Phenotype Changes. Cells 2021; 10:2659. [PMID: 34685639 PMCID: PMC8534147 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced levels of the sensory nerve neuropeptide substance P (SP) have been reported in the diabetic rat heart, the consequence being a loss of cardioprotection in response to ischemic post-conditioning. We considered whether this loss of SP also predisposes the heart to non-ischemic diabetic cardiomyopathy in the form of fibrosis and hypertrophy. We report that diabetic Leprdb/db mice have reduced serum SP and that administration of exogenous replacement SP ameliorated cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac hypertrophy did not occur in Leprdb/db mice. Cardiac fibroblasts exposed to high glucose converted to a myofibroblast phenotype and produced excess extracellular matrix proteins; this was prevented by the presence of SP in the culture media. Cardiac fibroblasts exposed to high glucose produced increased amounts of the receptor for advanced glycation end products, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines, all of which were prevented by SP. Cultured macrophages assumed an M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype in response to high glucose as indicated by increased TNF-α, CCL2, and IL-6. SP promoted a shift to the reparative M2 macrophage phenotype characterized by arginase-1 and IL-10. Leprdb/db mice showed increased left ventricular M1 phenotype macrophages and an increase in the M1/M2 ratio. Replacement SP in Leprdb/db mice restored a favorable M1 to M2 balance. Together these findings indicate that a loss of SP predisposes the diabetic heart to developing fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic actions of replacement SP involve direct effects on cardiac fibroblasts and macrophages to oppose adverse phenotype changes. This study identifies the potential of replacement SP to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Widiapradja
- Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.W.); (A.O.K.); (S.L.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ainsley O. Kasparian
- Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.W.); (A.O.K.); (S.L.M.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Samuel L. McCaffrey
- Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.W.); (A.O.K.); (S.L.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lauren L. Kolb
- Drug Discovery Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (L.L.K.); (J.D.I.)
| | - John D. Imig
- Drug Discovery Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (L.L.K.); (J.D.I.)
| | - Jessica L. Lacey
- Section on Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (J.L.L.); (G.C.M.)
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Giselle C. Melendez
- Section on Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (J.L.L.); (G.C.M.)
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Scott P. Levick
- Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.W.); (A.O.K.); (S.L.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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10
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MiR-21-3p Inhibits Adipose Browning by Targeting FGFR1 and Aggravates Atrial Fibrosis in Diabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9987219. [PMID: 34484568 PMCID: PMC8413063 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9987219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A relationship between excess epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been reported. Browning of EAT may be a novel approach for the prevention or treatment of AF by attenuating atrial fibrosis. Previous studies have identified microRNA-21 (miR-21) as a regulatory factor in atrial fibrosis. The present study examined the role of different subtypes of miR-21 in adipose browning and atrial fibrosis under hyperglycemic conditions. Wild type and miR-21 knockout C57BL/6 mice were used to establish a diabetic model via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. A coculture model of atrial fibroblasts and adipocytes was also established. We identified miR-21-3p as a key regulator that controls adipocyte browning and participates in atrial fibrosis under hyperglycemic conditions. Moreover, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1, a direct target of miR-21-3p, decreased in this setting and controlled adipose browning. Gain and loss-of-function experiments identified a regulatory pathway in adipocytes involving miR-21a-3p, FGFR1, FGF21, and PPARγ that regulated adipocyte browning and participated in hyperglycemia-induced atrial fibrosis. Modulation of this signaling pathway may provide a therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of atrial fibrosis or AF in DM.
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11
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Rap1a Regulates Cardiac Fibroblast Contraction of 3D Diabetic Collagen Matrices by Increased Activation of the AGE/RAGE Cascade. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061286. [PMID: 34067282 PMCID: PMC8224555 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a common diabetic complication that can arise when cardiac fibroblasts transition into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblast transition can be induced by advanced glycated end products (AGEs) present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) activating RAGE (receptor for advanced glycated end products) to elicit intracellular signaling. The levels of AGEs are higher under diabetic conditions due to the hyperglycemic conditions present in diabetics. AGE/RAGE signaling has been shown to alter protein expression and ROS production in cardiac fibroblasts, resulting in changes in cellular function, such as migration and contraction. Recently, a small GTPase, Rap1a, has been identified to overlap the AGE/RAGE signaling cascade and mediate changes in protein expression. While Rap1a has been shown to impact AGE/RAGE-induced protein expression, there are currently no data examining the impact Rap1a has on AGE/RAGE-induced cardiac fibroblast function. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of Rap1a on AGE/RAGE-mediated cardiac fibroblast contraction, as well as the influence isolated diabetic ECM has on facilitating these effects. In order to address this idea, genetically different cardiac fibroblasts were embedded in 3D collagen matrices consisting of collagen isolated from either non-diabetic of diabetic mice. Fibroblasts were treated with EPAC and/or exogenous AGEs, which was followed by assessment of matrix contraction, protein expression (α-SMA, SOD-1, and SOD-2), and hydrogen peroxide production. The results showed Rap1a overlaps the AGE/RAGE cascade to increase the myofibroblast population and generation of ROS production. The increase in myofibroblasts and oxidative stress appeared to contribute to increased matrix contraction, which was further exacerbated by diabetic conditions. Based off these results, we determined that Rap1a was essential in mediating the response of cardiac fibroblasts to AGEs within diabetic collagen.
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12
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Luo C, Ke X, Xiong S, Sun Y, Xu Q, Zhang W, Lei Y, Ding Y, Zhen Y, Feng J, Cheng F, Chen J. Naringin attenuates high glucose-induced injuries and inflammation by modulating the leptin-JAK2/STAT3 pathway in H9c2 cardiac cells. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:1145-1157. [PMID: 34522243 PMCID: PMC8425238 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.84854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our previous study showed that naringin (NRG) protects cardiomyocytes against high glucose (HG)-induced injuries by inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Leptin induces hypertrophy in rat cardiomyocytes via p38/MAPK activation. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that leptin-Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), which are responsible for leptin's functions, are involved in HG-induced injuries and cardioprotective effects of NRG in cardiomyocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS H9c2 cells were exposed to HG for 24 h to establish a cardiomyocyte injury model. Cells were pretreated with NRG and other drugs before exposure to HG. Protein expression was measured by western blot analysis. Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Apoptotic cells were assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were determined by dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated using JC-1. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS NRG significantly attenuated HG-induced increases in leptin and Ob-R expression. Pretreatment with either a leptin antagonist (LA) or NRG markedly ameliorated HG-induced elevation of phosphorylated (p)-JAK2 and p-STAT3, respectively. Pretreatment with NRG, LA, Ob-R antagonist, or AG490 clearly alleviated HG-induced injuries and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new evidence of the NRG protective effects of H9c2 cells against HG-induced injuries possibly via modulation of the leptin-JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Luo
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Liutie Central Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Ke
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Liutie Central Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Healthcare Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Huangpu Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huangpu Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiyan Lei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Medical Imaging, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqian Ding
- Department of Oncology, The Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulan Zhen
- Department of Oncology, The Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianqiang Feng
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, the Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingfu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, the Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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13
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Bertrand L, Auquier J, Renguet E, Angé M, Cumps J, Horman S, Beauloye C. Glucose transporters in cardiovascular system in health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1385-1399. [PMID: 32809061 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporters are essential for the heart to sustain its function. Due to its nature as a high energy-consuming organ, the heart needs to catabolize a huge quantity of metabolic substrates. For optimized energy production, the healthy heart constantly switches between various metabolites in accordance with substrate availability and hormonal status. This metabolic flexibility is essential for the maintenance of cardiac function. Glucose is part of the main substrates catabolized by the heart and its use is fine-tuned via complex molecular mechanisms that include the regulation of the glucose transporters GLUTs, mainly GLUT4 and GLUT1. Besides GLUTs, glucose can also be transported by cotransporters of the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) (SLC5 gene) family, in which SGLT1 and SMIT1 were shown to be expressed in the heart. This SGLT-mediated uptake does not seem to be directly linked to energy production but is rather associated with intracellular signalling triggering important processes such as the production of reactive oxygen species. Glucose transport is markedly affected in cardiac diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. These alterations are not only fingerprints of these diseases but are involved in their onset and progression. The present review will depict the importance of glucose transport in healthy and diseased heart, as well as proposed therapies targeting glucose transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, B1.55.05, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julien Auquier
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, B1.55.05, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edith Renguet
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, B1.55.05, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marine Angé
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, B1.55.05, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Cumps
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, B1.55.05, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, B1.55.05, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 55, B1.55.05, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Li Z, Kong X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yu L, Guo J, Xu Y. Dual roles of chromatin remodeling protein BRG1 in angiotensin II-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:549. [PMID: 32683412 PMCID: PMC7368857 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is considered one of the processes underlying tissue fibrosis by contributing to the pool of myofibroblasts. In the present study, we investigated the epigenetic mechanism whereby angiotensin II (Ang II) regulates EndMT to promote cardiac fibrosis focusing on the role of chromatin remodeling protein BRG1. BRG1 knockdown or inhibition attenuated Ang II-induced EndMT, as evidenced by down-regulation of CDH5, an endothelial marker, and up-regulation of COL1A2, a mesenchymal marker, in cultured vascular endothelial cells. On the one hand, BRG1 interacted with and was recruited by Sp1 to the SNAI2 (encoding SLUG) promoter to activate SNAI2 transcription in response to Ang II stimulation. Once activated, SLUG bound to the CDH5 promoter to repress CDH5 transcription. On the other hand, BRG1 interacted with and was recruited by SRF to the COL1A2 promoter to activate COL1A2 transcription. Mechanistically, BRG1 evicted histones from the target promoters to facilitate the bindings of Sp1 and SRF. Finally, endothelial conditional BRG1 knockout mice (CKO) exhibited a reduction in cardiac fibrosis, compared to the wild type (WT) littermates, in response to chronic Ang II infusion. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that BRG1 is a key transcriptional coordinator programming Ang II-induced EndMT to contribute to cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiaochen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Nanjing Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yangxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junli Guo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
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15
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Chen ZT, Zhang HF, Wang M, Wang SH, Wen ZZ, Gao QY, Wu MX, Liu WH, Xie Y, Mai JT, Yang Y, Wang JF, Chen YX. Long non-coding RNA Linc00092 inhibits cardiac fibroblast activation by altering glycolysis in an ERK-dependent manner. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109708. [PMID: 32653641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac fibroblast (CF) activation is the key event for cardiac fibrosis. The role of glycolysis and the glycolysis-related lncRNAs in CF activation are unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of glycolysis in CF activation and to identify the glycolysis-related lncRNAs involved. MAIN METHODS Glycolysis-related lncRNAs were searched and their expression profiles were validated in activated human CF (HCF) and human failing heart tissues. Expression of the target lncRNA was manipulated to determine its effects on HCF activation and glycolysis. The underlying mechanisms of lncRNA-dependent glycolysis regulation were also addressed. KEY FINDINGS HCF activation induced by transforming growth factor-β1 was accompanied by an enhanced glycolysis, and 2-Deoxy-d-glucose, a specific glycolysis inhibitor, dramatically attenuated HCF activation. Twenty-eight glycolysis-related lncRNAs were identified and Linc00092 expression was changed mostly upon HCF activation. In human heart tissue, Linc00092 is primarily expressed in cardiac fibroblasts. Linc00092 knockdown activated HCFs with enhanced glycolysis, while its overexpression rescued the activated phenotype of HCFs and down-regulated glycolysis. Restoration of glycolysis abolished the anti-fibrotic effects conferred by Linc00092. Linc00092 inhibited ERK activation in activated HCFs, and ERK inhibition counteracted the fibrotic phenotype in Linc00092 knockdown HCFs. SIGNIFICANCE These results revealed that Linc00092 could attenuate HCF activation by suppressing glycolysis. The inhibition of ERK by Linc00092 may play an important role in this process. Together, this provides a better understanding of the mechanism of CF activation and may serve as a novel target for cardiac fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Teng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Zhu-Zhi Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Qing-Yuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Mao-Xiong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Wen-Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Jing-Ting Mai
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China.
| | - Yang-Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China.
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16
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Kaempferol Prevents Against Ang II-induced Cardiac Remodeling Through Attenuating Ang II-induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 74:326-335. [PMID: 31356553 PMCID: PMC6791499 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure characterized by cardiac remodeling is a global problem. Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress, which also is implicated in the pathophysiology of adverse collagen accumulation-induced remodeling. Kaempferol (KPF), a kind of flavonoid compounds, is capable of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, the target of KPF still remains blurred. In this study, we investigated the effect of KPF on Ang II-induced collagen accumulation and explored the underlying mechanisms. Our results suggested that KPF prevented Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction, in mice challenged with subcutaneous injection of Ang II. In culture cells, KPF significantly reduced Ang II-induced collagen accumulation. Furthermore, KPF remarkably decreased inflammation and oxidative stress in Ang II-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts by modulating NF-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase and AMPK/Nrf2 pathways.
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17
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Jansen HJ, Bohne LJ, Gillis AM, Rose RA. Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation in acquired forms of cardiovascular disease. Heart Rhythm O2 2020; 1:147-159. [PMID: 34113869 PMCID: PMC8183954 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is prevalent in common conditions and acquired forms of heart disease, including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. AF is also prevalent in aging. Although acquired heart disease is common in aging individuals, age is also an independent risk factor for AF. Importantly, not all individuals age at the same rate. Rather, individuals of the same chronological age can vary in health status from fit to frail. Frailty can be quantified using a frailty index, which can be used to assess heterogeneity in individuals of the same chronological age. AF is thought to occur in association with electrical remodeling due to changes in ion channel expression or function as well as structural remodeling due to fibrosis, myocyte hypertrophy, or adiposity. These forms of remodeling can lead to triggered activity and electrical re-entry, which are fundamental mechanisms of AF initiation and maintenance. Nevertheless, the underlying determinants of electrical and structural remodeling are distinct in different conditions and disease states. In this focused review, we consider the factors leading to atrial electrical and structural remodeling in human patients and animal models of acquired cardiovascular disease or associated risk factors. Our goal is to identify similarities and differences in the cellular and molecular bases for atrial electrical and structural remodeling in conditions including DM, hypertension, hypertrophy, heart failure, aging, and frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey J Jansen
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Loryn J Bohne
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anne M Gillis
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert A Rose
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Magdaleno F, Blajszczak CC, Charles-Niño CL, Guadrón-Llanos AM, Vázquez-Álvarez AO, Miranda-Díaz AG, Nieto N, Islas-Carbajal MC, Rincón-Sánchez AR. Aminoguanidine reduces diabetes-associated cardiac fibrosis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3125-3138. [PMID: 31572553 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoguanidine (AG) inhibits advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) accumulated as a result of excessive oxidative stress in diabetes. However, the molecular mechanism by which AG reduces AGE-associated damage in diabetes is not well understood. Thus, we investigated whether AG supplementation mitigates oxidative-associated cardiac fibrosis in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Forty-five male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control, T2DM and T2DM+AG. Rats were fed with a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) for 2 weeks and rendered diabetic using low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) (20 mg/kg), and one group was treated with AG (20 mg/kg) up to 25 weeks. In vitro experiments were performed in primary rat myofibroblasts to confirm the antioxidant and antifibrotic effects of AG and to determine if blocking the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) prevents the fibrogenic response in myofibroblasts. Diabetic rats exhibited an increase in cardiac fibrosis resulting from HFCD and STZ injections. By contrast, AG treatment significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and oxidative-associated Nox4 and Nos2 mRNA expression. In vitro challenge of myofibroblasts with AG under T2DM conditions reduced intra- and extracellular collagen type I expression and Pdgfb, Tgfβ1 and Col1a1 mRNAs, albeit with similar expression of Tnfα and Il6 mRNAs. This was accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and SMAD2/3 but not of AKT1/2/3 and STAT pathways. RAGE blockade further attenuated collagen type I expression in AG-treated myofibroblasts. Thus, AG reduces oxidative stress-associated cardiac fibrosis by reducing pERK1/2, pSMAD2/3 and collagen type I expression via AGE/RAGE signaling in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Magdaleno
- Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Claudia Lisette Charles-Niño
- Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico.,Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Alma Marlene Guadrón-Llanos
- Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Alan Omar Vázquez-Álvarez
- Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Díaz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - María Cristina Islas-Carbajal
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Ana Rosa Rincón-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
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Selig JI, Ouwens DM, Raschke S, Thoresen GH, Fischer JW, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P, Barth M. Impact of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia on valvular interstitial cells - A link between aortic heart valve degeneration and type 2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2526-2537. [PMID: 31152868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and is associated with an increased risk to develop aortic heart valve degeneration. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms leading to the pathogenesis of valve degeneration in the context of diabetes are still not clear. Hence, we hypothesized that classical key factors of type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, may affect signaling, metabolism and degenerative processes of valvular interstitial cells (VIC), the main cell type of heart valves. Therefore, VIC were derived from sheep and were treated with hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and the combination of both. The presence of insulin receptors was shown and insulin led to increased proliferation of the cells, whereas hyperglycemia alone showed no effect. Disturbed insulin response was shown by impaired insulin signaling, i.e. by decreased phosphorylation of Akt/GSK-3α/β pathway. Analysis of glucose transporter expression revealed absence of glucose transporter 4 with glucose transporter 1 being the predominantly expressed transporter. Glucose uptake was not impaired by disturbed insulin response, but was increased by hyperinsulinemia and was decreased by hyperglycemia. Analyses of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration revealed that VIC react with increased activity to hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia, but not to the combination of both. VIC do not show morphological changes and do not acquire an osteogenic phenotype by hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia. However, the treatment leads to increased collagen type 1 and decreased α-smooth muscle actin expression. This work implicates a possible role of diabetes in early phases of the degeneration of aortic heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I Selig
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - D Margriet Ouwens
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Silja Raschke
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mareike Barth
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Valkov N, King ME, Moeller J, Liu H, Li X, Zhang P. MicroRNA-1-Mediated Inhibition of Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation Through Targeting Cyclin D2 and CDK6. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:65. [PMID: 31157242 PMCID: PMC6533459 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-1 (miRNA-1) has been long viewed as a muscle-specific miRNA and plays a critical role in myocardium and cardiomyocytes by controlling myocyte growth and rhythm. We identified that miRNA-1 is expressed in cardiac fibroblasts, which are one of the major non-muscle cell types in myocardium and are responsible for cardiac fibrosis in pathological conditions. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of miRNA-1 on cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Subcutaneous angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion via osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks was used to induce myocardial interstitial fibrosis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. MiRNA-1 expression was significantly down-regulated by 68% in freshly isolated ventricular fibroblasts from Ang II-infused rats than that from control rats. Similar results were obtained in adult rat ventricular fibroblasts that were stimulated in culture by Ang II or TGFβ for 48 h. Functionally, overexpression of miRNA-1 inhibited fibroblast proliferation, whereas knockdown of endogenous miRNA-1 increased fibroblast proliferation. We then identified and validated cyclin D2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) as direct targets of miRNA-1 in cardiac fibroblasts using biochemical assays. Moreover, we showed that the inhibitory effects of miRNA-1 on cardiac fibroblast proliferation can be blunted by overexpression of its target, cyclin D2. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate miRNA-1 expression and regulation in adult ventricular fibroblasts, where it acts as a novel negative regulator of adult cardiac fibroblast proliferation that is at least partially mediated by direct targeting of two cell cycle regulators. Our results expand the understanding of the regulatory roles of miRNA-1 in cardiac cells (i.e., from myocytes to a major non-muscle cells in the heart).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedyalka Valkov
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Michelle E King
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jacob Moeller
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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21
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Tetrahydrocurcumin Ameliorates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Attenuating High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis via Activating the SIRT1 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6746907. [PMID: 31210844 PMCID: PMC6532281 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6746907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and fibrosis play a crucial role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a major bioactive metabolite of natural antioxidant curcumin, is reported to exert even more effective antioxidative and superior antifibrotic properties as well as anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic abilities. This study was designed to investigate the potential protective effects of THC on experimental DCM and its underlying mechanisms, pointing to the role of high glucose-induced oxidative stress and interrelated fibrosis. In STZ-induced diabetic mice, oral administration of THC (120 mg/kg/d) for 12 weeks significantly improved the cardiac function and ameliorated myocardial fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy, accompanied by reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Mechanically, THC administration remarkably increased the expression of the SIRT1 signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo, further evidenced by decreased downstream molecule Ac-SOD2 and enhanced deacetylated production SOD2, which finally strengthened antioxidative stress capacity proven by repaired activities of SOD and GSH-Px and reduced MDA production. Additionally, THC treatment accomplished its antifibrotic effect by depressing the ROS-induced TGFβ1/Smad3 signaling pathway followed by reduced expression of cardiac fibrotic markers α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III. Collectively, these finds demonstrated the therapeutic potential of THC treatment to alleviate DCM mainly by attenuating hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and fibrosis via activating the SIRT1 pathway.
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Bohne LJ, Johnson D, Rose RA, Wilton SB, Gillis AM. The Association Between Diabetes Mellitus and Atrial Fibrillation: Clinical and Mechanistic Insights. Front Physiol 2019; 10:135. [PMID: 30863315 PMCID: PMC6399657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of clinical studies have reported that diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor for Atrial fibrillation (AF). After adjustment for other known risk factors including age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors, DM remains a significant if modest risk factor for development of AF. The mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility to AF in DM are incompletely understood, but are thought to involve electrical, structural, and autonomic remodeling in the atria. Electrical remodeling in DM may involve alterations in gap junction function that affect atrial conduction velocity due to changes in expression or localization of connexins. Electrical remodeling can also occur due to changes in atrial action potential morphology in association with changes in ionic currents, such as sodium or potassium currents, that can affect conduction velocity or susceptibility to triggered activity. Structural remodeling in DM results in atrial fibrosis, which can alter conduction patterns and susceptibility to re-entry in the atria. In addition, increases in atrial adipose tissue, especially in Type II DM, can lead to disruptions in atrial conduction velocity or conduction patterns that may affect arrhythmogenesis. Whether the insulin resistance in type II DM activates unique intracellular signaling pathways independent of obesity requires further investigation. In addition, the relationship between incident AF and glycemic control requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loryn J Bohne
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dustin Johnson
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robert A Rose
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen B Wilton
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anne M Gillis
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada
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23
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Gorski DJ, Petz A, Reichert C, Twarock S, Grandoch M, Fischer JW. Cardiac fibroblast activation and hyaluronan synthesis in response to hyperglycemia and diet-induced insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1827. [PMID: 30755628 PMCID: PMC6372628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are at a greater risk of heart failure due to diabetic cardiomyopathy and worsened outcome post-myocardial infarction. While the molecular mechanisms remain unclear, fibrosis and chronic inflammation are common characteristics of both conditions. Diabetes mellitus (types I and II) results in excessive hyaluronan (HA) deposition in vivo, and hyperglycemia stimulates HA synthesis for several cell types in vitro. HA-rich extracellular matrix contributes to fibrotic, hyperplastic and inflammatory disease progression. We hypothesized that excessive hyperglycemia-driven HA accumulation may contribute to pathological fibroblast activation and fibrotic remodelling in diabetic patients. Therefore, we analysed the impact of both hyperglycemia and diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance on HA matrix formation and cardiac fibroblast activation. Here we report that cardiac fibroblasts isolated from mice on a diabetogenic diet acquire pro-fibrotic gene expression without a concomitant increase in HA matrix deposition. Additionally, hyperglycemia alone does not stimulate HA synthesis or cardiac fibroblast activation in vitro, suggesting that the direct effect of hyperglycemia on fibroblasts is not the primary driver of fibrotic remodelling in cardiac diabetic maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gorski
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Petz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Reichert
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sören Twarock
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Grandoch
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,CARID, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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24
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Artlett CM. The IL-1 family of cytokines. Do they have a role in scleroderma fibrosis? Immunol Lett 2018; 195:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Chen J, Zhang W, Xu Q, Zhang J, Chen W, Xu Z, Li C, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhen Y, Feng J, Chen J, Chen J. Ang-(1-7) protects HUVECs from high glucose-induced injury and inflammation via inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2865-2878. [PMID: 29484371 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)‑1‑7, which is catalyzed by angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from angiotensin‑II (Ang‑II), exerts multiple biological and pharmacological effects, including cardioprotective effects and endothelial protection. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in diabetes‑associated cardiovascular complications. The present study hypothesized that Ang‑(1‑7) protects against high glucose (HG)‑induced endothelial cell injury and inflammation by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were treated with 40 mmol/l glucose (HG) for 24 h to establish a model of HG‑induced endothelial cell injury and inflammation. Protein expression levels of p‑JAK2, t‑JAK2, p‑STAT3, t‑STAT3, NOX‑4, eNOS and cleaved caspase‑3 were tested by western blotting. CCK‑8 assay was performed to assess cell viability of HUVECs. Apoptotic cell death was analyzed by Hoechst 33258 staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was obtained using JC‑1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was tested by SOD assay kit. Interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑10, IL‑12 and TNF‑α levels in culture media were tested by ELISA. The findings demonstrated that exposure of HUVECs to HG for 24 h induced injury and inflammation. This injury and inflammation were significantly ameliorated by pre‑treatment of cells with either Ang‑(1‑7) or AG490, an inhibitor of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, prior to exposure of the cells to HG. Exposure of the cells to HG also increased the phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3 (p‑JAK2 and p‑STAT3). Increased activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway was attenuated by pre‑treatment with Ang‑(1‑7). To the best of our knowledge, the findings from the present study provided the first evidence that Ang‑(1‑7) protects against HG‑induced injury and inflammation by inhibiting activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Chen
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huangpu Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Huangpu Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxian Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Shanxian, Shangdong 274300, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Chaosheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Zhen
- Department of Oncology, The Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong 523326, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Feng
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Jingfu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, The Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong 523326, P.R. China
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Chiu YH, Ku PM, Cheng YZ, Li Y, Cheng JT, Niu HS. Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 induced by hyperglycemia is different with that induced by lipopolysaccharide or erythropoietin via receptor‑coupled signaling in cardiac cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1311-1320. [PMID: 29115516 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is known to be involved in hypertrophy and fibrosis in cardiac dysfunction. The activation of STAT3 via the phosphorylation of STAT3 is required for the production of functional activity. It has been established that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced phosphorylation of STAT3 in cardiomyocytes primarily occurs through a direct receptor‑mediated action. This effect is demonstrated to be produced rapidly. STAT3 in cardiac fibrosis of diabetes is induced by high glucose through promotion of the STAT3‑associated signaling pathway. However, the time schedule for STAT3 activation between LPS and high glucose appears to be different. Therefore, the difference in STAT3 activation between LPS and hyperglycemia in cardiomyocytes requires elucidation. The present study investigated the phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by LPS and hyperglycemia in the rat cardiac cell line H9c2. Additionally, phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by erythropoietin (EPO) via receptor activation was compared. Then, the downstream signals for fibrosis, including the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑9, were determined using western blotting, while the mRNA levels were quantified. LPS induced a rapid elevation of STAT3 phosphorylation in H9c2 cells within 30 min, similar to that produced by EPO. However, LPS or EPO failed to modify the mRNA level of STAT3, and/or the downstream signals for fibrosis. High glucose increased STAT3 phosphorylation to be stable after a long period of incubation. Glucose incubation for 24 h may augment the STAT3 expression in a dose‑dependent manner. Consequently, fibrosis‑associated signals, including CTGF and MMP‑9 protein, were raised in parallel. In the presence of tiron, an antioxidant, these changes by hyperglycemia were markedly reduced, demonstrating the mediation of oxidative stress. Therefore, LPS‑ or EPO‑induced STAT3 phosphorylation is different compared with that caused by high glucose in H9c2 cells. Sustained activation of STAT3 by hyperglycemia may promote the expression of fibrosis‑associated signals, including CTGF and MMP‑9, in H9c2 cells. Therefore, regarding the cardiac dysfunctions associated with diabetes and/or hyperglycemia, the identification of nuclear STAT3 may be more reliable compared with the assay of phosphorylated STAT3 in cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Chiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chi‑Mei Medical Center‑Liouying, Tainan 73601, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Ming Ku
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi‑Mei Medical Center‑Liouying, Tainan 73601, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Ze Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yingxiao Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi‑Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ho-Shan Niu
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 97005, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Myricetin Possesses Potential Protective Effects on Diabetic Cardiomyopathy through Inhibiting I κB α/NF κB and Enhancing Nrf2/HO-1. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8370593. [PMID: 29147465 PMCID: PMC5632894 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8370593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is associated with a greater risk of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Currently, no specific treatment has been suggested for DCM treatment. This study demonstrated that myricetin (M) attenuated DCM-associated cardiac injury in mice subjected to streptozotocin (SZT) and in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) challenged with high glucose. In vivo investigation demonstrated 6 months of M treatment (200 mg/kg/d) significantly alleviated cardiac hypertrophy, apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis. Mechanically, M treatment significantly increased the activity of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, strengthening antioxidative stress capacity evidenced by reversed activities of GPx and SOD, and decreased MDA production. M treatment also inhibited IκBα/NF-κB pathway, resulting in reduced secretion of inflammation cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Besides, the TGFβ/Smad3 signaling was also blunted in DCM mice treated with M. These beneficial effects of M treatment protected cardiomyocytes from apoptosis as shown by decreased TUNEL-positive nucleus, c-caspase 3, and Bax. Similar effects of M treatment could be reproduced in NRCM treated with high glucose. Furthermore, through silencing Nrf2 in NRCM, we found that the regulation of IκBα/NFκB by M was independent on its function on Nrf2. Thus, we concluded that M possesses potential protective effects on DCM through inhibiting IκBα/NFκB and enhancing Nrf2/HO-1.
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Qiu YY, Tang LQ, Wei W. Berberine exerts renoprotective effects by regulating the AGEs-RAGE signaling pathway in mesangial cells during diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 443:89-105. [PMID: 28087385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the effect of berberine treatment on the AGEs-RAGE pathway in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy, and we investigated the mechanism by which key factors caused kidney injury and the effects of berberine. In vivo, berberine improved fasting blood glucose, body weight, the majority of biochemical and renal function parameters and histopathological changes in the diabetic kidney. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed significant increases in the levels of AGEs, RAGE, P-PKC-β and TGF-β1 in injured kidneys, and these levels were markedly decreased by treatment with berberine. In vitro, berberine inhibited mesangial cell proliferation. Cells treated with berberine showed reduced levels of AGEs, accompanied by decreased RAGE, p-PKC and TGF-β1 levels soon afterwards. Berberine exhibited renoprotective effects in diabetic nephropathy rats, and the molecular mechanism was associated with changes in the levels and regulation of the AGEs-RAGE-PKC-β-TGF-β1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Qiu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81#Mei-shan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 17# Lu-jiang Road, Hefei 230001, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Qin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 17# Lu-jiang Road, Hefei 230001, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81#Mei-shan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Myocyte-Derived Hsp90 Modulates Collagen Upregulation via Biphasic Activation of STAT-3 in Fibroblasts during Cardiac Hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00611-16. [PMID: 28031326 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00611-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3)-mediated signaling in relation to upregulated collagen expression in fibroblasts during cardiac hypertrophy is well defined. Our recent findings have identified heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) to be a critical modulator of fibrotic signaling in cardiac fibroblasts in this disease milieu. The present study was therefore intended to analyze the role of Hsp90 in the STAT-3-mediated collagen upregulation process. Our data revealed a significant difference between in vivo and in vitro results, pointing to a possible involvement of myocyte-fibroblast cross talk in this process. Cardiomyocyte-targeted knockdown of Hsp90 in rats (Rattus norvegicus) in which the renal artery was ligated showed downregulated collagen synthesis. Furthermore, the results obtained with cardiac fibroblasts conditioned with Hsp90-inhibited hypertrophied myocyte supernatant pointed toward cardiomyocytes' role in the regulation of collagen expression in fibroblasts during hypertrophy. Our study also revealed a novel signaling mechanism where myocyte-derived Hsp90 orchestrates not only p65-mediated interleukin-6 (IL-6) synthesis but also its release in exosomal vesicles. Such myocyte-derived exosomes and myocyte-secreted IL-6 are responsible in unison for the biphasic activation of STAT-3 signaling in cardiac fibroblasts that culminates in excess collagen synthesis, leading to severely compromised cardiac function during cardiac hypertrophy.
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30
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Effects of linagliptin and liraglutide on glucose- and angiotensin II-induced collagen formation and cytoskeleton degradation in cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1349-1358. [PMID: 27498780 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors can not only lower blood glucose levels, but also alleviate cardiac remodeling after myocardial ischemia and hypertension. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a DPP-4 inhibitor (linagliptin) and a GLP-1 activator (liraglutide) on glucose- and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced collagen formation and cytoskeleton reorganization in cardiac fibroblasts in vitro, and elucidated the related mechanisms. METHODS Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from the hearts of 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice, and then exposed to different concentrations of glucose or Ang II for 24 h. The expression of fibrotic signals (fibronectin, collagen-1, -3 and -4), as well as ERK1/2 and NF-κB-p65 in the fibroblasts was examined using Western blotting assays. F-actin degradation was detected under inverted laser confocal microscope in fibroblasts stained with Rhodamine phalloidin. RESULTS Glucose (1-40 mmol/L) and Ang II (10-8-10-5 mol/L) dose-dependently increased the expression of fibronectin, collagens, phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-NF-κB-p65 in cardiac fibroblasts. High concentrations of glucose (≥40 mmol/L) and Ang II (≥10-6 mol/L) caused a significant degradation of F-actin (less assembly F-actin fibers and more disassembly fibers). ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μmol/L) and NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23 (10 μmol/L) both markedly suppressed glucose- and angiotensin II-induced fibronectin and collagen expressions in cardiac fibroblasts. Furthermore, pretreatment with liraglutide (10-100 nmol/L) or linagliptin (3 and 30 nmol/L) significantly decreased glucose- and Ang II-induced expression of fibrotic signals, phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-NF-κB-p65 in cardiac fibroblasts. Moreover, pretreatment with liraglutide (30 nmol/L) or liraglutide (100 nmol/L) markedly inhibited glucose-induced F-actin degradation, however, only liraglutide inhibited Ang II-induced F-actin degradation. CONCLUSION Linagliptin and liraglutide inhibit glucose- and Ang II-induced collagen formation in cardiac fibroblasts via activation of the ERK/NF-κB/pathway. Linagliptin and liraglutide also markedly inhibit glucose-induced F-actin degradation in cardiac fibroblasts, but only liraglutide inhibits Ang II-induced F-actin degradation.
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Russo I, Frangogiannis NG. Diabetes-associated cardiac fibrosis: Cellular effectors, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 90:84-93. [PMID: 26705059 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with cardiac fibrosis that may reduce myocardial compliance, contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure, and trigger arrhythmic events. Diabetes-associated fibrosis is mediated by activated cardiac fibroblasts, but may also involve fibrogenic actions of macrophages, cardiomyocytes and vascular cells. The molecular basis responsible for cardiac fibrosis in diabetes remains poorly understood. Hyperglycemia directly activates a fibrogenic program, leading to accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that crosslink extracellular matrix proteins, and transduce fibrogenic signals through reactive oxygen species generation, or through activation of Receptor for AGEs (RAGE)-mediated pathways. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines may recruit fibrogenic leukocyte subsets in the cardiac interstitium. Activation of transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling may activate fibroblasts inducing deposition of structural extracellular matrix proteins and matricellular macromolecules. Adipokines, endothelin-1 and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system have also been implicated in the diabetic myocardium. This manuscript reviews our current understanding of the cellular effectors and molecular pathways that mediate fibrosis in diabetes. Based on the pathophysiologic mechanism, we propose therapeutic interventions that may attenuate the diabetes-associated fibrotic response and discuss the challenges that may hamper clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Russo
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Artlett CM, Thacker JD. Molecular activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in fibrosis: common threads linking divergent fibrogenic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1162-75. [PMID: 25329971 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Over the past 10 years, there has been a plethora of investigations centering on the NLRP3 inflammasome and its role in fibrosis and other disease pathologies. To date, the signaling pathways from the inflammasome to myofibroblast differentiation and chronic collagen synthesis have not been fully elucidated, and many questions are left to be answered. RECENT ADVANCES Recent studies have demonstrated the significant and critical role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium signaling in the assembly of the inflammasome, and this may result in autocrine signaling maintaining the myofibroblast phenotype, leading to fibrotic disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Traditionally, myofibroblasts under tight regulation aid in wound healing and then, once the wound has closed, undergo apoptosis and the collagen in the wound remodels. During fibrosis, however, the myofibroblast maintains an activated state via a chronically activated inflammasome, leading to the continual synthesis of collagens and other extracellular matrix proteins that result in damage to the tissue or organ. The mechanism that is driving this abnormality has not been fully elucidated. FUTURE DIRECTIONS However, studies have been conducted to suggest that modulating the calcium or the ROS axis may be of therapeutic value in regulating inflammasome activation. A number of novel drugs are currently being developed that may prove beneficial to patients suffering from fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Artlett
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Signals for increase of μ-opioid receptor expression in muscle by hyperglycemia. Neurosci Lett 2014; 582:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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