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Berg K, Gorham J, Lundt F, Seidman J, Brueckner M. Endocardial primary cilia and blood flow are required for regulation of EndoMT during endocardial cushion development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594405. [PMID: 38798559 PMCID: PMC11118576 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Blood flow is critical for heart valve formation, and cellular mechanosensors are essential to translate flow into transcriptional regulation of development. Here, we identify a role for primary cilia in vivo in the spatial regulation of cushion formation, the first stage of valve development, by regionally controlling endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) via modulation of Kruppel-like Factor 4 (Klf4) . We find that high shear stress intracardiac regions decrease endocardial ciliation over cushion development, correlating with KLF4 downregulation and EndoMT progression. Mouse embryos constitutively lacking cilia exhibit a blood-flow dependent accumulation of KLF4 in these regions, independent of upstream left-right abnormalities, resulting in impaired cushion cellularization. snRNA-seq revealed that cilia KO endocardium fails to progress to late-EndoMT, retains endothelial markers and has reduced EndoMT/mesenchymal genes that KLF4 antagonizes. Together, these data identify a mechanosensory role for endocardial primary cilia in cushion development through regional regulation of KLF4.
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2
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Apolínová K, Pérez FA, Dyballa S, Coppe B, Mercader Huber N, Terriente J, Di Donato V. ZebraReg-a novel platform for discovering regulators of cardiac regeneration using zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1384423. [PMID: 38799508 PMCID: PMC11116629 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1384423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide with myocardial infarction being the most prevalent. Currently, no cure is available to either prevent or revert the massive death of cardiomyocytes that occurs after a myocardial infarction. Adult mammalian hearts display a limited regeneration capacity, but it is insufficient to allow complete myocardial recovery. In contrast, the injured zebrafish heart muscle regenerates efficiently through robust proliferation of pre-existing myocardial cells. Thus, zebrafish allows its exploitation for studying the genetic programs behind cardiac regeneration, which may be present, albeit dormant, in the adult human heart. To this end, we have established ZebraReg, a novel and versatile automated platform for studying heart regeneration kinetics after the specific ablation of cardiomyocytes in zebrafish larvae. In combination with automated heart imaging, the platform can be integrated with genetic or pharmacological approaches and used for medium-throughput screening of presumed modulators of heart regeneration. We demonstrate the versatility of the platform by identifying both anti- and pro-regenerative effects of genes and drugs. In conclusion, we present a tool which may be utilised to streamline the process of target validation of novel gene regulators of regeneration, and the discovery of new drug therapies to regenerate the heart after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Apolínová
- ZeClinics SL, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedicine, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Benedetta Coppe
- Developmental Biology and Regeneration, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Mercader Huber
- Developmental Biology and Regeneration, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares CNIC, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Cameron JR, Scholz NL. Structure-activity relationships for alkyl-phenanthrenes support two independent but interacting synergistic models for PAC mixture potency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170544. [PMID: 38309367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence at whole animal, cellular and molecular levels implicate polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) with three rings as drivers of crude oil toxicity to developing fish. Phenanthrene (P0) and its alkylated homologs (C1- through C4-phenanthrenes) comprise the most prominent subfraction of tricyclic PACs in crude oils. Among this family, P0 has been studied intensively, with more limited detail available for the C4-phenanthrene 1-methyl-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene (1-M,7-IP, or retene). While both compounds are cardiotoxic, P0 impacts embryonic cardiac function and development through direct blockade of K+ and Ca2+ currents that regulate cardiomyocyte contractions. In contrast, 1-M,7-IP dysregulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation in developing ventricular cardiomyocytes. Although no other compounds have been assessed in detail across the larger family of alkylated phenanthrenes, increasing alkylation might be expected to shift phenanthrene family member activity from K+/Ca2+ ion current blockade to AHR activation. Using embryos of two distantly related fish species, zebrafish and Atlantic haddock, we tested 14 alkyl-phenanthrenes in both acute and latent developmental cardiotoxicity assays. All compounds were cardiotoxic, and effects were resolved into impacts on multiple, highly specific aspects of heart development or function. Craniofacial defects were clearly linked to developmental cardiotoxicity. Based on these findings, we suggest a novel framework to delineate the developmental toxicity of petrogenic PAC mixtures in fish, which incorporates multi-mechanistic pathways that produce interactive synergism at the organ level. In addition, relationships among measured embryo tissue concentrations, cytochrome P4501A mRNA induction, and cardiotoxic responses suggest a two-compartment toxicokinetic model that independently predicts high potency of PAC mixtures through classical metabolic synergism. These two modes of synergism, specific to the sub-fraction of phenanthrenes, are sufficient to explain the high embryotoxic potency of crude oils, independent of as-yet unmeasured compounds in these complex environmental mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James R Cameron
- Saltwater, Inc., Under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Chen Z, Pan Z, Huang C, Zhu X, Li N, Huynh H, Xu J, Huang L, Vaz FM, Liu J, Han Z, Ouyang K. Cardiac lipidomic profiles in mice undergo changes from fetus to adult. Life Sci 2024; 341:122484. [PMID: 38311219 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Lipids are essential cellular components with many important biological functions. Disturbed lipid biosynthesis and metabolism has been shown to cause cardiac developmental abnormality and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the composition and the molecular profiles of lipids in mammalian hearts between embryonic and adult stages and uncover the underlying links between lipid and cardiac development and maturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected mouse hearts at the embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), E15.5, and the age of 2 months, 4 months and 10 months, and performed lipidomic analysis to determine the changes of the composition, molecular species, and relative abundance of cardiac lipids between embryonic and adult stages. Additionally, we also performed the electronic microscopy and RNA sequencing in both embryonic and adult mouse hearts. KEY FINDINGS The relative abundances of certain phospholipids and sphingolipids including cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and ceramide, are different between embryonic and adult hearts. Such lipidomic changes are accompanied with increased densities of mitochondrial membranes and elevated expression of genes related to mitochondrial formation in adult mouse hearts. We also analyzed individual molecular species of phospholipids and sphingolipids, and revealed that the composition and distribution of lipid molecular species in hearts also change with development. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides not only a lipidomic view of mammalian hearts when developing from the embryonic to the adult stage, but also a potential pool of lipid indicators for cardiac cell development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze'e Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiangbin Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Helen Huynh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
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5
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Noël ES. Cardiac construction-Recent advances in morphological and transcriptional modeling of early heart development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 156:121-156. [PMID: 38556421 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
During human embryonic development the early establishment of a functional heart is vital to support the growing fetus. However, forming the embryonic heart is an extremely complex process, requiring spatiotemporally controlled cell specification and differentiation, tissue organization, and coordination of cardiac function. These complexities, in concert with the early and rapid development of the embryonic heart, mean that understanding the intricate interplay between these processes that help shape the early heart remains highly challenging. In this review I focus on recent insights from animal models that have shed new light on the earliest stages of heart development. This includes specification and organization of cardiac progenitors, cell and tissue movements that make and shape the early heart tube, and the initiation of the first beat in the developing heart. In addition I highlight relevant in vitro models that could support translation of findings from animal models to human heart development. Finally I discuss challenges that are being addressed in the field, along with future considerations that together may help move us towards a deeper understanding of how our hearts are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Noël
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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6
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He J, Blazeski A, Nilanthi U, Menéndez J, Pirani SC, Levic DS, Bagnat M, Singh MK, Raya JG, García-Cardeña G, Torres-Vázquez J. Plxnd1-mediated mechanosensing of blood flow controls the caliber of the Dorsal Aorta via the transcription factor Klf2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.576555. [PMID: 38328196 PMCID: PMC10849625 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.576555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system generates and responds to mechanical forces. The heartbeat pumps blood through a network of vascular tubes, which adjust their caliber in response to the hemodynamic environment. However, how endothelial cells in the developing vascular system integrate inputs from circulatory forces into signaling pathways to define vessel caliber is poorly understood. Using vertebrate embryos and in vitro-assembled microvascular networks of human endothelial cells as models, flow and genetic manipulations, and custom software, we reveal that Plexin-D1, an endothelial Semaphorin receptor critical for angiogenic guidance, employs its mechanosensing activity to serve as a crucial positive regulator of the Dorsal Aorta's (DA) caliber. We also uncover that the flow-responsive transcription factor KLF2 acts as a paramount mechanosensitive effector of Plexin-D1 that enlarges endothelial cells to widen the vessel. These findings illuminate the molecular and cellular mechanisms orchestrating the interplay between cardiovascular development and hemodynamic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Blazeski
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Uthayanan Nilanthi
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857
| | - Javier Menéndez
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Samuel C. Pirani
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel S. Levic
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Manvendra K. Singh
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609
| | - José G Raya
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Guillermo García-Cardeña
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesús Torres-Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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7
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Barish S, Berg K, Drozd J, Berglund-Brown I, Khizir L, Wasson LK, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Chen S, Brueckner M. The H2Bub1-deposition complex is required for human and mouse cardiogenesis. Development 2023; 150:dev201899. [PMID: 38038666 PMCID: PMC10730087 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
De novo variants affecting monoubiquitylation of histone H2B (H2Bub1) are enriched in human congenital heart disease. H2Bub1 is required in stem cell differentiation, cilia function, post-natal cardiomyocyte maturation and transcriptional elongation. However, how H2Bub1 affects cardiogenesis is unknown. We show that the H2Bub1-deposition complex (RNF20-RNF40-UBE2B) is required for mouse cardiogenesis and for differentiation of human iPSCs into cardiomyocytes. Mice with cardiac-specific Rnf20 deletion are embryonic lethal and have abnormal myocardium. We then analyzed H2Bub1 marks during differentiation of human iPSCs into cardiomyocytes. H2Bub1 is erased from most genes at the transition from cardiac mesoderm to cardiac progenitor cells but is preserved on a subset of long cardiac-specific genes. When H2Bub1 is reduced in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, long cardiac-specific genes have fewer full-length transcripts. This correlates with H2Bub1 accumulation near the center of these genes. H2Bub1 accumulation near the center of tissue-specific genes was also observed in embryonic fibroblasts and fetal osteoblasts. In summary, we show that normal H2Bub1 distribution is required for cardiogenesis and cardiomyocyte differentiation, and suggest that H2Bub1 regulates tissue-specific gene expression by increasing the amount of full-length transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syndi Barish
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kathryn Berg
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jeffrey Drozd
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Isabella Berglund-Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Labeeqa Khizir
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lauren K. Wasson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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8
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Velichkova G, Dobreva G. Human pluripotent stem cell-based models of heart development and disease. Cells Dev 2023; 175:203857. [PMID: 37257755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The heart is a complex organ composed of distinct cell types, such as cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, neuronal cells and immune cells. All these cell types contribute to the structural, electrical and mechanical properties of the heart. Genetic manipulation and lineage tracing studies in mice have been instrumental in gaining critical insights into the networks regulating cardiac cell lineage specification, cell fate and plasticity. Such knowledge has been of fundamental importance for the development of efficient protocols for the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in highly specialized cardiac cell types. In this review, we summarize the evolution and current advances in protocols for cardiac subtype specification, maturation, and assembly in cardiac microtissues and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Velichkova
- Department of Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Department of Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Germany.
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9
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Sree Kumar H, Wisner AS, Refsnider JM, Martyniuk CJ, Zubcevic J. Small fish, big discoveries: zebrafish shed light on microbial biomarkers for neuro-immune-cardiovascular health. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1186645. [PMID: 37324381 PMCID: PMC10267477 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1186645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a powerful model to study the gut microbiome in the context of human conditions, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and immune dysfunction. Here, we highlight zebrafish as a tool to bridge the gap in knowledge in linking the gut microbiome and physiological homeostasis of cardiovascular, neural, and immune systems, both independently and as an integrated axis. Drawing on zebrafish studies to date, we discuss challenges in microbiota transplant techniques and gnotobiotic husbandry practices. We present advantages and current limitations in zebrafish microbiome research and discuss the use of zebrafish in identification of microbial enterotypes in health and disease. We also highlight the versatility of zebrafish studies to further explore the function of human conditions relevant to gut dysbiosis and reveal novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemaa Sree Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Alexander S. Wisner
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- Center for Drug Design and Development, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, OH, United States
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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10
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Smith KA, Dominado N, Briffa JF. Fins, fur, and wings: the study of Tmem161b across species, and what it tells us about its function in the heart. Mamm Genome 2023; 34:270-275. [PMID: 37222785 PMCID: PMC10290617 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-09994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 161b (Tmem161b) was recently identified in multiple high-through-put phenotypic screens, including in fly, zebrafish, and mouse. In zebrafish, Tmem161b was identified as an essential regulator of cardiac rhythm. In mouse, Tmem161b shows conserved function in regulating cardiac rhythm but has also been shown to impact cardiac morphology. Homozygous or heterozygous missense mutations have also recently been reported for TMEM161B in patients with structural brain malformations, although its significance in the human heart remains to be determined. Across the three model organisms studied to date (fly, fish, and mouse), Tmem161b loss of function is implicated in intracellular calcium ion handling, which may explain the diverse phenotypes observed. This review summarises the current knowledge of this conserved and functionally essential protein in the context of cardiac biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Smith
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Nicole Dominado
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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11
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Youssef L, Castellani R, Valenzuela-Alcaraz B, Sepulveda-Martinez Á, Crovetto F, Crispi F. Cardiac remodeling from the fetus to adulthood. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2023; 51:249-264. [PMID: 36785500 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal cardiac remodeling refers to in utero changes in the fetal heart that occur as a response to an adverse intrauterine environment. In this article, we will review the main mechanisms leading to cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, summarizing and describing the major pathological conditions that have been reported to be related to this in utero plastic adaptive process. We will also recap the current evidence regarding the persistence of fetal cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, both in infancy and later in adult life. Moreover, we will discuss primary, secondary, and tertiary preventive measures and future clinical and research aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Youssef
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Castellani
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Brenda Valenzuela-Alcaraz
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sepulveda-Martinez
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Francesca Crovetto
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fàtima Crispi
- BCNatal|Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Faubert AC, Larina IV, Wang S. Open-source, highly efficient, post-acquisition synchronization for 4D dual-contrast imaging of the mouse embryonic heart over development with optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:163-181. [PMID: 36698661 PMCID: PMC9842004 DOI: 10.1364/boe.475027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic imaging of the beating embryonic heart in 3D is critical for understanding cardiac development and defects. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) plays an important role in embryonic heart imaging with its unique imaging scale and label-free contrasts. In particular, 4D (3D + time) OCT imaging enabled biomechanical analysis of the developing heart in various animal models. While ultrafast OCT systems allow for direct volumetric imaging of the beating heart, the imaging speed remains limited, leading to an image quality inferior to that produced by post-acquisition synchronization. As OCT systems become increasingly available to a wide range of biomedical researchers, a more accessible 4D reconstruction method is required to enable the broader application of OCT in the dynamic, volumetric assessment of embryonic heartbeat. Here, we report an open-source, highly efficient, post-acquisition synchronization method for 4D cardiodynamic and hemodynamic imaging of the mouse embryonic heart. Relying on the difference between images to characterize heart wall movements, the method provides good sensitivity to the cardiac activity when aligning heartbeat phases, even at early stages when the heart wall occupies only a small number of pixels. The method works with a densely sampled single 3D data acquisition, which, unlike the B-M scans required by other methods, is readily available in most commercial OCT systems. Compared with an existing approach for the mouse embryonic heart, this method shows superior reconstruction quality. We present the robustness of the method through results from different embryos with distinct heart rates, ranging from 1.24 Hz to 2.13 Hz. Since the alignment process operates on a 1D signal, the method has a high efficiency, featuring sub-second alignment time while utilizing ∼100% of the original image files. This allows us to achieve repeated, dual-contrast imaging of mouse embryonic heart development. This new, open-source method could facilitate research using OCT to study early cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre C. Faubert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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13
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Cardiac fibroblasts and mechanosensation in heart development, health and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 20:309-324. [PMID: 36376437 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The term 'mechanosensation' describes the capacity of cells to translate mechanical stimuli into the coordinated regulation of intracellular signals, cellular function, gene expression and epigenetic programming. This capacity is related not only to the sensitivity of the cells to tissue motion, but also to the decryption of tissue geometric arrangement and mechanical properties. The cardiac stroma, composed of fibroblasts, has been historically considered a mechanically passive component of the heart. However, the latest research suggests that the mechanical functions of these cells are an active and necessary component of the developmental biology programme of the heart that is involved in myocardial growth and homeostasis, and a crucial determinant of cardiac repair and disease. In this Review, we discuss the general concept of cell mechanosensation and force generation as potent regulators in heart development and pathology, and describe the integration of mechanical and biohumoral pathways predisposing the heart to fibrosis and failure. Next, we address the use of 3D culture systems to integrate tissue mechanics to mimic cardiac remodelling. Finally, we highlight the potential of mechanotherapeutic strategies, including pharmacological treatment and device-mediated left ventricular unloading, to reverse remodelling in the failing heart.
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14
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Lee SG, Kim YJ, Son MY, Oh MS, Kim J, Ryu B, Kang KR, Baek J, Chung G, Woo DH, Kim CY, Chung HM. Generation of human iPSCs derived heart organoids structurally and functionally similar to heart. Biomaterials 2022; 290:121860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Trinidad F, Rubonal F, Rodriguez de Castro I, Pirzadeh I, Gerrah R, Kheradvar A, Rugonyi S. Effect of Blood Flow on Cardiac Morphogenesis and Formation of Congenital Heart Defects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9090303. [PMID: 36135448 PMCID: PMC9503889 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9090303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects about 1 in 100 newborns and its causes are multifactorial. In the embryo, blood flow within the heart and vasculature is essential for proper heart development, with abnormal blood flow leading to CHD. Here, we discuss how blood flow (hemodynamics) affects heart development from embryonic to fetal stages, and how abnormal blood flow solely can lead to CHD. We emphasize studies performed using avian models of heart development, because those models allow for hemodynamic interventions, in vivo imaging, and follow up, while they closely recapitulate heart defects observed in humans. We conclude with recommendations on investigations that must be performed to bridge the gaps in understanding how blood flow alone, or together with other factors, contributes to CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Trinidad
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Floyd Rubonal
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Ida Pirzadeh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rabin Gerrah
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arash Kheradvar
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Kelkar M, Bohec P, Smith MB, Sreenivasan V, Lisica A, Valon L, Ferber E, Baum B, Salbreux G, Charras G. Spindle reorientation in response to mechanical stress is an emergent property of the spindle positioning mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121868119. [PMID: 35727980 PMCID: PMC9245638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121868119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle plays a crucial role in embryos, during tissue development, and in adults, where it functions to dissipate mechanical stress to maintain tissue integrity and homeostasis. While mitotic spindles have been shown to reorient in response to external mechanical stresses, the subcellular cues that mediate spindle reorientation remain unclear. Here, we used a combination of optogenetics and computational modeling to investigate how mitotic spindles respond to inhomogeneous tension within the actomyosin cortex. Strikingly, we found that the optogenetic activation of RhoA only influences spindle orientation when it is induced at both poles of the cell. Under these conditions, the sudden local increase in cortical tension induced by RhoA activation reduces pulling forces exerted by cortical regulators on astral microtubules. This leads to a perturbation of the balance of torques exerted on the spindle, which causes it to rotate. Thus, spindle rotation in response to mechanical stress is an emergent phenomenon arising from the interaction between the spindle positioning machinery and the cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kelkar
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Bohec
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Varun Sreenivasan
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Lisica
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Léo Valon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 75015 Paris , France
| | - Emma Ferber
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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17
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Astro V, Ramirez-Calderon G, Pennucci R, Caroli J, Saera-Vila A, Cardona-Londoño K, Forastieri C, Fiacco E, Maksoud F, Alowaysi M, Sogne E, Andrea Falqui, Gonzàlez F, Montserrat N, Battaglioli E, Andrea Mattevi, Adamo A. Fine-tuned KDM1A alternative splicing regulates human cardiomyogenesis through an enzymatic-independent mechanism. iScience 2022; 25:104665. [PMID: 35856020 PMCID: PMC9287196 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone demethylase KDM1A is a multi-faceted regulator of vital developmental processes, including mesodermal and cardiac tube formation during gastrulation. However, it is unknown whether the fine-tuning of KDM1A splicing isoforms, already shown to regulate neuronal maturation, is crucial for the specification and maintenance of cell identity during cardiogenesis. Here, we discovered a temporal modulation of ubKDM1A and KDM1A+2a during human and mice fetal cardiac development and evaluated their impact on the regulation of cardiac differentiation. We revealed a severely impaired cardiac differentiation in KDM1A−/− hESCs that can be rescued by re-expressing ubKDM1A or catalytically impaired ubKDM1A-K661A, but not by KDM1A+2a or KDM1A+2a-K661A. Conversely, KDM1A+2a−/− hESCs give rise to functional cardiac cells, displaying increased beating amplitude and frequency and enhanced expression of critical cardiogenic markers. Our findings prove the existence of a divergent scaffolding role of KDM1A splice variants, independent of their enzymatic activity, during hESC differentiation into cardiac cells. ubKDM1A and KDM1A+2a isoforms are fine-tuned during fetal cardiac development Depletion of KDM1A isoforms impairs hESC differentiation into cardiac cells KDM1A+2a ablation enhances the expression of key cardiac markers KDM1A isoforms exhibit enzymatic-independent divergent roles during cardiogenesis
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18
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Reynolds JS, Jackson BL, Madison BN, Elvidge CK, Frank RA, Hasler CT, Headley JV, Hewitt LM, Peru KM, Yakimowski SB, Orihel DM. Fathead Minnows Exposed to Organic Compounds from Oil Sands Tailings as Embryos Have Reduced Survival, Impaired Development, and Altered Behaviors That Persist into Larval Stages. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1319-1332. [PMID: 35188283 PMCID: PMC9322567 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our study evaluated whether exposure to naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) extracted from oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) has adverse effects on fish embryos that persist into later life. We exposed fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos to concentrations of NAFCs found in OSPW (2.5-54 mg/L) for 7 days (1 day postfertilization to hatch), then raised surviving larvae in outdoor mesocosms of uncontaminated lake water for 1 month. Embryos exposed to NAFCs were more likely to exhibit malformations (by up to 8-fold) and had slower heart rates (by up to 24%) compared to controls. Fish raised in uncontaminated lake water following exposure to NAFCs as embryos, were 2.5-fold less likely to survive during the larval stage than control fish. These fish also showed up to a 45% decrease in swim activity and a 36% increase in swim burst events during behavioral tests relative to controls. We conclude that exposure to NAFCs during the embryonic stage can have lasting effects on fish survival, physiology, and behavior that persist at least through the larval stage. These findings of delayed mortalities and persistent sublethal effects of embryonic NAFC exposure are relevant to informing the development of regulations on treated OSPW releases from mining operations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1319-1332. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry N. Madison
- Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
- School of Environmental StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Richard A. Frank
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Caleb T. Hasler
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WinnipegWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - John V. Headley
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - L. Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Kerry M. Peru
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | | | - Diane M. Orihel
- Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
- School of Environmental StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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19
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Jiang S, Feng W, Chang C, Li G. Modeling Human Heart Development and Congenital Defects Using Organoids: How Close Are We? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9050125. [PMID: 35621836 PMCID: PMC9145739 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9050125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs) has dramatically improved our understanding of human developmental processes under normal and diseased conditions. The hiPSCs have been differentiated into various tissue-specific cells in vitro, and the advancement in three-dimensional (3D) culture has provided a possibility to generate those cells in an in vivo-like environment. Tissues with 3D structures can be generated using different approaches such as self-assembled organoids and tissue-engineering methods, such as bioprinting. We are interested in studying the self-assembled organoids differentiated from hiPSCs, as they have the potential to recapitulate the in vivo developmental process and be used to model human development and congenital defects. Organoids of tissues such as those of the intestine and brain were developed many years ago, but heart organoids were not reported until recently. In this review, we will compare the heart organoids with the in vivo hearts to understand the anatomical structures we still lack in the organoids. Specifically, we will compare the development of main heart structures, focusing on their marker genes and regulatory signaling pathways.
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20
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Zebrafish Model-Based Assessment of Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Impact on Renal and Cardiac Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020400. [PMID: 35204282 PMCID: PMC8869691 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease patients may have concurrent chronic kidney disease-associated mineral bone disorder and hypertension. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neuropathy occur due to kidney failure-induced accumulation of uremic toxins in the body. Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a product of indole metabolism in the liver, is produced from tryptophan by the intestinal flora and is ultimately excreted through the kidneys. Hemodialysis helps renal failure patients eliminate many nephrotoxins, except for IS, which leads to a poor prognosis. Although the impacts of IS on cardiac and renal development have been well documented using mouse and rat models, other model organisms, such as zebrafish, have rarely been studied. The zebrafish genome shares at least 70% similarity with the human genome; therefore, zebrafish are ideal model organisms for studying vertebrate development, including renal development. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of IS on the development of zebrafish embryos, especially cardiac and renal development. At 24 h postfertilization (hpf), zebrafish were exposed to IS at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 10 mM. IS reduced survival and the hatching rate, caused cardiac edema, increased mortality, and shortened the body length of zebrafish embryos. In addition, IS decreased heart rates and renal function. IS affected zebrafish development via the ROS and MAPK pathways, which subsequently led to inflammation in the embryos. The results suggest that IS interferes with cardiac and renal development in zebrafish embryos, providing new evidence about the toxicity of IS to aquatic organisms and new insights for the assessment of human health risks. Accordingly, we suggest that zebrafish studies can ideally complement mouse model studies to allow the simultaneous and comprehensive investigation of the physiological impacts of uremic endotheliotoxins, such as IS, on cardiac and renal development.
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21
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Richardson MK, Keuck G. The revolutionary developmental biology of Wilhelm His, Sr. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1131-1160. [PMID: 35106889 PMCID: PMC9304566 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Swiss‐born embryologist Wilhelm His, Sr. (1831–1904) was the first scientist to study embryos using paraffin histology, serial sectioning and three‐dimensional modelling. With these techniques, His made many important discoveries in vertebrate embryology and developmental neurobiology, earning him two Nobel Prize nominations. He also developed several theories of mechanical and evolutionary developmental biology. His argued that adult form is determined by the differential growth of developmental primordia. Furthermore, he suggested that changes in the growth parameters of those primordia are responsible for generating new phenotypes during evolution. His developed these theories in his book ‘Our Bodily Form’ (Unsere Körperform). Here, we review His's work with special emphasis on its potential importance to the disciplines of evolutionary developmental biology (evo‐devo) and mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Richardson
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, 2333 BE, The Netherlands
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22
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Vallelonga F, Airale L, Tonti G, Argulian E, Milan A, Narula J, Pedrizzetti G. Introduction to Hemodynamic Forces Analysis: Moving Into the New Frontier of Cardiac Deformation Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e023417. [PMID: 34889114 PMCID: PMC9075239 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential relevance of blood flow for describing cardiac function has been known for the past 2 decades, but the association of clinical parameters with the complexity of fluid motion is still not well understood. Hemodynamic force (HDF) analysis represents a promising approach for the study of blood flow within the ventricular chambers through the exploration of intraventricular pressure gradients. Previous experimental studies reported the significance of invasively measured cardiac pressure gradients in patients with heart failure. Subsequently, advances in cardiovascular imaging allowed noninvasive assessment of pressure gradients during progression and resolution of ventricular dysfunction and in the setting of resynchronization therapy. The HDF analysis can amplify mechanical abnormalities, detect them earlier compared with conventional ejection fraction and strain analysis, and possibly predict the development of cardiac remodeling. Alterations in HDFs provide the earliest signs of impaired cardiac physiology and can therefore transform the existing paradigm of cardiac function analysis once implemented in routine clinical care. Until recently, the HDF investigation was possible only with contrast‐enhanced echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging, precluding its widespread clinical use. A mathematical model, based on the first principle of fluid dynamics and validated using 4‐dimensional‐flow‐magnetic resonance imaging, has allowed HDF analysis through routine transthoracic echocardiography, making it more readily accessible for routine clinical use. This article describes the concept of HDF analysis and reviews the existing evidence supporting its application in several clinical settings. Future studies should address the prognostic importance of HDF assessment in asymptomatic patients and its incorporation into clinical decision pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vallelonga
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Department of Medical Sciences University of Torino Torino Italy
| | - Lorenzo Airale
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Department of Medical Sciences University of Torino Torino Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonti
- Institute of Cardiology and Centre of Excellence on Aging University of Chieti Chieti Italy
| | - Edgar Argulian
- Mount Sinai HeartIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY
| | - Alberto Milan
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Department of Medical Sciences University of Torino Torino Italy
| | - Jagat Narula
- Mount Sinai HeartIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY
| | - Gianni Pedrizzetti
- Department of Engineering and Architecture University of Trieste Trieste Italy
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23
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Xiong Z, Xing C, Xu T, Yang Y, Liu G, Hu G, Cao H, Zhang C, Guo X, Yang F. Vanadium Induces Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality Control Disorder in the Heart of Ducks. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:756534. [PMID: 34765669 PMCID: PMC8577801 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.756534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium (V) is an ultra-trace element presenting in humans and animals, but excessive V can cause toxic effects. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is an essential process for maintaining mitochondrial functions, but the relationship between V toxicity and MQC is unclear. To investigate the effects of excessive V on oxidative stress and MQC in duck hearts, 72 ducks were randomly divided into two groups, including the control group and the V group (30 mg of V/kg dry matter). The cardiac tissues were collected for the histomorphology observation and oxidative stress status evaluation at 22 and 44 days. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of MQC-related factors were also analyzed. The results showed that excessive V could trigger vacuolar degeneration, granular degeneration, as well as mitochondrial vacuolization and swelling in myocardial cells. In addition, CAT activity was elevated in two time points, while T-SOD activity was increased in 22 days but decreased in 44 days after V treatment. Meanwhile, excessive V intake could also increase the number of Drp1 puncta, the mRNA levels of mitochondrial fission–related factors (Drp1and MFF), and protein (MFF) level, but decrease the number of Parkin puncta and the mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM), mitochondrial fusion (OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2), and mitophagy (Parkin, PINK1, P62, and LC3B) related mRNA levels and protein (PGC-1α, Mfn1, Mfn2, PINK1) levels. Collectively, our results suggested that excessive V could induce oxidative stress and MQC disorder in the heart of ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xiong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianfang Xu
- Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Ganzhou Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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The emerging role of miRNA-132/212 cluster in neurologic and cardiovascular diseases: Neuroprotective role in cells with prolonged longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111566. [PMID: 34517022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
miRNA-132/212 are small regulators of gene expression with a function that fulfills a vital function in diverse biological processes including neuroprotection of cells with prolonged longevity in neurons and the cardiovascular system. In neurons, miRNA-132 appears to be essential for controlling differentiation, development, and neural functioning. Indeed, it also universally promotes axon evolution, nervous migration, plasticity as well, it is suggested to be neuroprotective against neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, miRNA-132/212 disorder leads to neural developmental perturbation, and the development of degenerative disorders covering Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy's along with psychiatric perturbations including schizophrenia. Furthermore, the cellular mechanisms of the miRNA-132/212 have additionally been explored in cardiovascular diseases models. Also, the miRNA-132/212 family modulates cardiac hypertrophy and autophagy in cardiomyocytes. The protective and effective clinical promise of miRNA-132/212 in these systems is discussed in this review. To sum up, the current progress in innovative miRNA-based therapies for human pathologies seems of extreme concern and reveals promising novel therapeutic strategies.
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25
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Lityagina O, Dobreva G. The LINC Between Mechanical Forces and Chromatin. Front Physiol 2021; 12:710809. [PMID: 34408666 PMCID: PMC8365421 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.710809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart continually senses and responds to mechanical stimuli that balance cardiac structure and activity. Tensile forces, compressive forces, and shear stress are sensed by the different cardiac cell types and converted into signals instructing proper heart morphogenesis, postnatal growth, and function. Defects in mechanotransduction, the ability of cells to convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, are implicated in cardiovascular disease development and progression. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on how mechanical forces are transduced to chromatin through the tensed actomyosin cytoskeleton, the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex and the nuclear lamina. We also discuss the functional significance of the LINC complex in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lityagina
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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26
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Cetnar AD, Tomov ML, Ning L, Jing B, Theus AS, Kumar A, Wijntjes AN, Bhamidipati SR, Pham K, Mantalaris A, Oshinski JN, Avazmohammadi R, Lindsey BD, Bauser-Heaton HD, Serpooshan V. Patient-Specific 3D Bioprinted Models of Developing Human Heart. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001169. [PMID: 33274834 PMCID: PMC8175477 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to develop in the human embryo through a series of complex chronological processes, many of which critically rely on the interplay between cells and the dynamic microenvironment. Tight spatiotemporal regulation of these interactions is key in heart development and diseases. Due to suboptimal experimental models, however, little is known about the role of microenvironmental cues in the heart development. This study investigates the use of 3D bioprinting and perfusion bioreactor technologies to create bioartificial constructs that can serve as high-fidelity models of the developing human heart. Bioprinted hydrogel-based, anatomically accurate models of the human embryonic heart tube (e-HT, day 22) and fetal left ventricle (f-LV, week 33) are perfused and analyzed both computationally and experimentally using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Results demonstrate comparable flow hemodynamic patterns within the 3D space. We demonstrate endothelial cell growth and function within the bioprinted e-HT and f-LV constructs, which varied significantly in varying cardiac geometries and flow. This study introduces the first generation of anatomically accurate, 3D functional models of developing human heart. This platform enables precise tuning of microenvironmental factors, such as flow and geometry, thus allowing the study of normal developmental processes and underlying diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Cetnar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martin L. Tomov
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Liqun Ning
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bowen Jing
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea S. Theus
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Akaash Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda N. Wijntjes
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Katherine Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John N. Oshinski
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine,Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Reza Avazmohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brooks D. Lindsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Holly D. Bauser-Heaton
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Sibley Heart Center at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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27
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King O, Sunyovszki I, Terracciano CM. Vascularisation of pluripotent stem cell-derived myocardium: biomechanical insights for physiological relevance in cardiac tissue engineering. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1117-1136. [PMID: 33855631 PMCID: PMC8245389 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The myocardium is a diverse environment, requiring coordination between a variety of specialised cell types. Biochemical crosstalk between cardiomyocytes (CM) and microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) is essential to maintain contractility and healthy tissue homeostasis. Yet, as myocytes beat, heterocellular communication occurs also through constantly fluctuating biomechanical stimuli, namely (1) compressive and tensile forces generated directly by the beating myocardium, and (2) pulsatile shear stress caused by intra-microvascular flow. Despite endothelial cells (EC) being highly mechanosensitive, the role of biomechanical stimuli from beating CM as a regulatory mode of myocardial-microvascular crosstalk is relatively unexplored. Given that cardiac biomechanics are dramatically altered during disease, and disruption of myocardial-microvascular communication is a known driver of pathological remodelling, understanding the biomechanical context necessary for healthy myocardial-microvascular interaction is of high importance. The current gap in understanding can largely be attributed to technical limitations associated with reproducing dynamic physiological biomechanics in multicellular in vitro platforms, coupled with limited in vitro viability of primary cardiac tissue. However, differentiation of CM from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) has provided an unlimited source of human myocytes suitable for designing in vitro models. This technology is now converging with the diverse field of tissue engineering, which utilises in vitro techniques designed to enhance physiological relevance, such as biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) as 3D scaffolds, microfluidic perfusion of vascularised networks, and complex multicellular architectures generated via 3D bioprinting. These strategies are now allowing researchers to design in vitro platforms which emulate the cell composition, architectures, and biomechanics specific to the myocardial-microvascular microenvironment. Inclusion of physiological multicellularity and biomechanics may also induce a more mature phenotype in stem cell-derived CM, further enhancing their value. This review aims to highlight the importance of biomechanical stimuli as determinants of CM-EC crosstalk in cardiac health and disease, and to explore emerging tissue engineering and hPSC technologies which can recapitulate physiological dynamics to enhance the value of in vitro cardiac experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín King
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Ilona Sunyovszki
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Cesare M Terracciano
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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28
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Incardona JP, Linbo TL, French BL, Cameron J, Peck KA, Laetz CA, Hicks MB, Hutchinson G, Allan SE, Boyd DT, Ylitalo GM, Scholz NL. Low-level embryonic crude oil exposure disrupts ventricular ballooning and subsequent trabeculation in Pacific herring. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 235:105810. [PMID: 33823483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that transient, sublethal embryonic exposure to crude oils cause subtle but important forms of delayed toxicity in fish. While the precise mechanisms for this loss of individual fitness are not well understood, they involve the disruption of early cardiogenesis and a subsequent pathological remodeling of the heart much later in juveniles. This developmental cardiotoxicity is attributable, in turn, to the inhibitory actions of crude oil-derived mixtures of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) on specific ion channels and other proteins that collectively drive the rhythmic contractions of heart muscle cells via excitation-contraction coupling. Here we exposed Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) embryos to oiled gravel effluent yielding ΣPAC concentrations as low as ~ 1 μg/L (64 ng/g in tissues). Upon hatching in clean seawater, and following the depuration of tissue PACs (as evidenced by basal levels of cyp1a gene expression), the ventricles of larval herring hearts showed a concentration-dependent reduction in posterior growth (ballooning). This was followed weeks later in feeding larvae by abnormal trabeculation, or formation of the finger-like projections of interior spongy myocardium, and months later with hypertrophy (overgrowth) of the spongy myocardium in early juveniles. Given that heart muscle cell differentiation and migration are driven by Ca2+-dependent intracellular signaling, the observed disruption of ventricular morphogenesis was likely a secondary (downstream) consequence of reduced calcium cycling and contractility in embryonic cardiomyocytes. We propose defective trabeculation as a promising phenotypic anchor for novel morphometric indicators of latent cardiac injury in oil-exposed herring, including an abnormal persistence of cardiac jelly in the ventricle wall and cardiomyocyte hyperproliferation. At a corresponding molecular level, quantitative expression assays in the present study also support biomarker roles for genes known to be involved in muscle contractility (atp2a2, myl7, myh7), cardiomyocyte precursor fate (nkx2.5) and ventricular trabeculation (nrg2, and hbegfa). Overall, our findings reinforce both proximal and indirect roles for dysregulated intracellular calcium cycling in the canonical fish early life stage crude oil toxicity syndrome. More work on Ca2+-mediated cellular dynamics and transcription in developing cardiomyocytes is needed. Nevertheless, the highly specific actions of ΣPAC mixtures on the heart at low, parts-per-billion tissue concentrations directly contravene classical assumptions of baseline (i.e., non-specific) crude oil toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Earth Resources Technology, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen A Peck
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cathy A Laetz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hicks
- Oregon State University, Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Oregon State University, Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Sarah E Allan
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Daryle T Boyd
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Rafatian N, Vizely K, Al Asafen H, Korolj A, Radisic M. Drawing Inspiration from Developmental Biology for Cardiac Tissue Engineers. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000190. [PMID: 34008910 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A sound understanding of developmental biology is part of the foundation of effective stem cell-derived tissue engineering. Here, the key concepts of cardiac development that are successfully applied in a bioinspired approach to growing engineered cardiac tissues, are reviewed. The native cardiac milieu is studied extensively from embryonic to adult phenotypes, as it provides a resource of factors, mechanisms, and protocols to consider when working toward establishing living tissues in vitro. It begins with the various cell types that constitute the cardiac tissue. It is discussed how myocytes interact with other cell types and their microenvironment and how they change over time from the embryonic to the adult states, with a view on how such changes affect the tissue function and may be used in engineered tissue models. Key embryonic signaling pathways that have been leveraged in the design of culture media and differentiation protocols are presented. The cellular microenvironment, from extracellular matrix chemical and physical properties, to the dynamic mechanical and electrical forces that are exerted on tissues is explored. It is shown that how such microenvironmental factors can inform the design of biomaterials, scaffolds, stimulation bioreactors, and maturation readouts, and suggest considerations for ongoing biomimetic advancement of engineered cardiac tissues and regeneration strategies for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimeh Rafatian
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Katrina Vizely
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Hadel Al Asafen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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30
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Geng F, Ma J, Li X, Hu Z, Zhang R. Hemodynamic Forces Regulate Cardiac Regeneration-Responsive Enhancer Activity during Ventricle Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083945. [PMID: 33920448 PMCID: PMC8070559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac regenerative capacity varies widely among vertebrates. Zebrafish can robustly regenerate injured hearts and are excellent models to study the mechanisms of heart regeneration. Recent studies have shown that enhancers are able to respond to injury and regulate the regeneration process. However, the mechanisms to activate these regeneration-responsive enhancers (RREs) remain poorly understood. Here, we utilized transient and transgenic analysis combined with a larval zebrafish ventricle ablation model to explore the activation and regulation of a representative RRE. lepb-linked enhancer sequence (LEN) directed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression in response to larval ventricle regeneration and such activation was attenuated by hemodynamic force alteration and mechanosensation pathway modulation. Further analysis revealed that Notch signaling influenced the endocardial LEN activity as well as endogenous lepb expression. Altogether, our work has established zebrafish models for rapid characterization of cardiac RREs in vivo and provides novel insights on the regulation of LEN by hemodynamic forces and other signaling pathways during heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.G.); (J.M.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jinmin Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.G.); (J.M.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xueyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.G.); (J.M.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhengyue Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (F.G.); (J.M.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence:
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31
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Lui C, Chin AF, Park S, Yeung E, Kwon C, Tomaselli G, Chen Y, Hibino N. Mechanical stimulation enhances development of scaffold-free, 3D-printed, engineered heart tissue grafts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:503-512. [PMID: 33749089 DOI: 10.1002/term.3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current efforts to engineer a clinically relevant tissue graft from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have relied on the addition or utilization of external scaffolding material. However, any imbalance in the interactions between embedded cells and their surroundings may hinder the success of the resulting tissue graft. Therefore, the goal of our study was to create scaffold-free, 3D-printed cardiac tissue grafts from hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs), and to evaluate whether or not mechanical stimulation would result in improved graft maturation. To explore this, we used a 3D bioprinter to produce scaffold-free cardiac tissue grafts from hiPSC-derived CM cell spheroids. Static mechanical stretching of these grafts significantly increased sarcomere length compared to unstimulated free-floating tissues, as determined by immunofluorescent image analysis. Stretched tissue was found to have decreased elastic modulus, increased maximal contractile force, and increased alignment of formed extracellular matrix, as expected in a functionally maturing tissue graft. Additionally, stretched tissues had upregulated expression of cardiac-specific gene transcripts, consistent with increased cardiac-like cellular identity. Finally, analysis of extracellular matrix organization in stretched grafts suggests improved remodeling by embedded cardiac fibroblasts. Taken together, our results suggest that mechanical stretching stimulates hiPSC-derived CMs in a 3D-printed, scaffold-free tissue graft to develop mature cardiac material structuring and cellular fates. Our work highlights the critical role of mechanical conditioning as an important engineering strategy toward developing clinically applicable, scaffold-free human cardiac tissue grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecillia Lui
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander F Chin
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seungman Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Enoch Yeung
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon Tomaselli
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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32
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Circular RNA circ_0010729 Knockdown Attenuates Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Human Cardiac Myocytes Injury by miR-338-3p/CALM2 Axis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:594-602. [PMID: 33951696 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Circular RNAs have pivotal roles in cardiovascular disease. The injury of cardiac myocytes is associated with occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0010729 (circ_0010729) is associated with cardiac myocytes injury. However, the mechanism of circ_0010729 in cardiac myocytes injury remains largely unclear. In our study, cardiac myocytes were treated by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The abundances of circ_0010729, microRNA-338-3p (miR-338-3p), and calmodulin 2 (CALM2) were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or Western blot. OGD-induced damage in AC16 cells was assessed by cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy using Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, and Western blot analyses. The target relationship of miR-338-3p and circ_0010729 or CALM2 was explored by starBase and dual-luciferase reporter analysis. Our results showed that the circ_0010729 level was enhanced in OGD-treated AC16 cells and murine primary cardiac myocytes. circ_0010729 silence weakened OGD-induced viability inhibition and promotion of apoptosis and autophagy in AC16 cells and murine primary cardiac myocytes. miR-338-3p was sponged by circ_0010729 and miR-338-3p knockdown alleviated the effect of circ_0010729 silence on OGD-induced damage. miR-338-3p directly targeted CALM2 to inhibit OGD-induced damage in AC16 cells. circ_0010729 could regulate CALM2 expression by sponging miR-338-3p. Collectively, circ_0010729 interference mitigated OGD-induced damage in cardiac myocytes through increasing cell viability and inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy by regulating miR-338-3p/CALM2 axis. This study indicated circ_0010729 might act as a target for treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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33
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Chernick M, Burke T, Lieberman N, Brown DR, Di Giulio RT, Hinton DE. Heart development in two populations of Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) following exposure to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111580. [PMID: 33396103 PMCID: PMC7837385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historic industrial pollution of the Elizabeth River, Virginia resulted in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments. Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting the Atlantic Wood (AW) industrial site adapted to complex PAH mixture at this Superfund site. Their embryos have proved highly resistant to cardiac abnormalities indicative of PAH toxicity. In this study, embryos spawned from adults collected at AW and King's Creek (KC), a reference site, were exposed at 24 h post fertilization (hpf) to Elizabeth River Sediment Extract (ERSE), a complex PAH mixture, in a range of concentrations (0, 5.04, 50.45, 100.90, 151.35, or 252.25 µg/L total PAHs). Embryos were processed for histology at 144 hpf to enable evaluations of hearts at tissue and cellular levels. Morphometry and severity scoring were used to evaluate the extent of alterations. Unexposed embryos were similar in both populations. ERSE exposure resulted in multiple changes to hearts of KC embryos but not AW. Alterations were particularly evident in KC embryos exposed to concentrations above 1% ERSE (50.45 µg/L), which had thinner ventricular walls and larger pericardial edema. Individuals with moderate pericardial edema maintained arrangement and proximity of heart chambers, but changes were seen in ventricular myocytes. Severe pericardial edema was prevalent in exposed KC embryos and typically resulted in tube heart formation. Ventricles of tube hearts had very thin walls composed of small, basophilic cells and lacked trabeculae. Edematous pericardial fluid contained small amounts of proteinaceous material, as did controls, and was free of cells. This fluid was primarily unstained, suggesting water influx due to increased permeability. The use of histological approaches provided more specific detail for tissue and cellular effects in hearts of embryos exposed to PAHs and enabled understanding of potential links to later life effects of early life exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chernick
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham 27708, NC, USA
| | | | - Noah Lieberman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham 27708, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Brown
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham 27708, NC, USA; Department of Biology Western Carolina University Cullowhee, 28723, NC, USA
| | | | - David E Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham 27708, NC, USA.
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34
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Apaydin DC, Jaramillo PAM, Corradi L, Cosco F, Rathjen FG, Kammertoens T, Filosa A, Sawamiphak S. Early-Life Stress Regulates Cardiac Development through an IL-4-Glucocorticoid Signaling Balance. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108404. [PMID: 33207196 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful experiences early in life can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, it remains largely unknown how stress influences susceptibility to the disease onset. Here, we show that exposure to brain-processed stress disrupts myocardial growth by reducing cardiomyocyte mitotic activity. Activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the primary stress response pathway, reduces cardiomyocyte numbers, disrupts trabecular formation, and leads to contractile dysfunction of the developing myocardium. However, a physiological level of GR signaling is required to prevent cardiomyocyte hyperproliferation. Mechanistically, we identify an antagonistic interaction between the GR and the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) as a key player in cardiac development. IL-4 signals transcription of key regulators of cell-cycle progression in cardiomyocytes via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3). GR, on the contrary, inhibits this signaling system. Thus, our findings uncover an interplay between stress and immune signaling pathways critical to orchestrating physiological growth of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilem C Apaydin
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Laura Corradi
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Cosco
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz G Rathjen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammertoens
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Berlin Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Filosa
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Suphansa Sawamiphak
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Lopez AL, Wang S, Larina IV. Optogenetic cardiac pacing in cultured mouse embryos under imaging guidance. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000223. [PMID: 32692902 PMCID: PMC8117926 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mouse embryo is an established model for investigation of regulatory mechanisms controlling cardiac development and congenital heart defects in humans. Since cultured mouse embryos are very sensitive to any manipulations and environmental fluctuations, controlled alterations in mouse embryonic cardiac function are extremely challenging, which is a major hurdle in mammalian cardiac biomechanics research. This manuscript presents first optogenetic manipulation of cardiodynamics and hemodynamics in cultured mouse embryos. Optogenetic pacing was combined with 4D (3D + time) optical coherence tomography structural and Doppler imaging, demonstrating that embryonic hearts under optogenetic pacing can function efficiently and produce strong blood flows. This study demonstrates that the presented method is a powerful tool giving quick, consistent, reversible control over heart dynamics and blood flow under real time visualization, enabling various live cardiac biomechanics studies toward better understanding of normal cardiogenesis and congenital heart defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Lopez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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36
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Christoffels V, Jensen B. Cardiac Morphogenesis: Specification of the Four-Chambered Heart. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037143. [PMID: 31932321 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early heart morphogenesis involves a process in which embryonic precursor cells are instructed to form a cyclic contracting muscle tube connected to blood vessels, pumping fluid. Subsequently, the heart becomes structurally complex and its size increases several orders of magnitude to functionally keep up with the demands of the growing organism. Programmed transcriptional regulatory networks control the early steps of cardiac development. However, already during the early stages of its assembly, the heart tube starts to produce electrochemical potentials, contractions, and flow, which are transduced into signals that feed back into the process of morphogenesis itself. Heart morphogenesis, thus, involves the interplay between progressively changing genetic networks, function, and shape. Morphogenesis is evolutionarily conserved, but species-specific differences occur and in mouse, for instance, distinct phases of development become overlapping and compounded in an extremely fast gestation. Here, we review the early morphogenesis of the chambered heart that maintains a circulation supporting development of an organism rapidly growing in size and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
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Flinn MA, Otten C, Brandt ZJ, Bostrom JR, Kenarsary A, Wan TC, Auchampach JA, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, O'Meara CC, Link BA. Llgl1 regulates zebrafish cardiac development by mediating Yap stability in cardiomyocytes. Development 2020; 147:147/16/dev193581. [PMID: 32843528 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo-Yap pathway regulates multiple cellular processes in response to mechanical and other stimuli. In Drosophila, the polarity protein Lethal (2) giant larvae [L(2)gl], negatively regulates Hippo-mediated transcriptional output. However, in vertebrates, little is known about its homolog Llgl1. Here, we define a novel role for vertebrate Llgl1 in regulating Yap stability in cardiomyocytes, which impacts heart development. In contrast to the role of Drosophila L(2)gl, Llgl1 depletion in cultured rat cardiomyocytes decreased Yap protein levels and blunted target gene transcription without affecting Yap transcript abundance. Llgl1 depletion in zebrafish resulted in larger and dysmorphic cardiomyocytes, pericardial effusion, impaired blood flow and aberrant valvulogenesis. Cardiomyocyte Yap protein levels were decreased in llgl1 morphants, whereas Notch, which is regulated by hemodynamic forces and participates in valvulogenesis, was more broadly activated. Consistent with the role of Llgl1 in regulating Yap stability, cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Yap in Llgl1-depleted embryos ameliorated pericardial effusion and restored blood flow velocity. Altogether, our data reveal that vertebrate Llgl1 is crucial for Yap stability in cardiomyocytes and its absence impairs cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Flinn
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Cécile Otten
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zachary J Brandt
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan R Bostrom
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Aria Kenarsary
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tina C Wan
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John A Auchampach
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA .,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Swiatlowska P, Sanchez-Alonso JL, Mansfield C, Scaini D, Korchev Y, Novak P, Gorelik J. Short-term angiotensin II treatment regulates cardiac nanomechanics via microtubule modifications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16315-16329. [PMID: 32720664 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02474k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of single myocytes contribute to the whole heart performance, but the measurement of mechanics in living cells at high resolution with minimal force interaction remains challenging. Angiotensin II (AngII) is a peptide hormone that regulates a number of physiological functions, including heart performance. It has also been shown to contribute to cell mechanics by inducing cell stiffening. Using non-contact high-resolution Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM), we determine simultaneously cell topography and membrane transverse Young's modulus (YM) by a constant pressure application through a nanopipette. While applying pressure, the vertical position is recorded and a deformation map is generated from which YM can be calculated and corrected for the uneven geometry. High resolution of this method also allows studying specific membrane subdomains, such as Z-grooves and crests. We found that short-term AngII treatment reduces the transversal YM in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes acting via an AT1 receptor. Blocking either a TGF-β1 receptor or Rho kinase abolishes this effect. Analysis of the cytoskeleton showed that AngII depletes microtubules by decreasing long-lived detyrosinated and acetylated microtubule populations. Interestingly, in the failing cardiomyocytes, which are stiffer than controls, the short-term AngII treatment also reduces the YM, thus normalizing the mechanical state of cells. This suggests that the short-term softening effect of AngII on cardiac cells is opposite to the well-characterized long-term hypertrophic effect. In conclusion, we generate a precise nanoscale indication map of location-specific transverse cortical YM within the cell and this can substantially advance our understanding of cellular mechanics in a physiological environment, for example in isolated cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Swiatlowska
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Jose L Sanchez-Alonso
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Catherine Mansfield
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Denis Scaini
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK and International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK and Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Pavel Novak
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK and National University of Science and Technology, MISiS, Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Andrés-Delgado L, Galardi-Castilla M, Mercader N, Santamaría L. Analysis of wt1a reporter line expression levels during proepicardium formation in the zebrafish. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1035-1046. [PMID: 32633330 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium is the outer mesothelial layer of the heart. It covers the myocardium and plays important roles in both heart development and regeneration. It is derived from the proepicardium (PE), groups of cells that emerges at early developmental stages from the dorsal pericardial layer (DP) close to the atrio-ventricular canal and the venous pole of the heart-tube. In zebrafish, PE cells extrude apically into the pericardial cavity as a consequence of DP tissue constriction, a process that is dependent on Bmp pathway signaling. Expression of the transcription factor Wilms tumor-1, Wt1, which is a leader of important morphogenetic events such as apoptosis regulation or epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition, is also necessary during PE formation. In this study, we used the zebrafish model to compare intensity level of the wt1a reporter line epi:GFP in PE and its original tissue, the DP. We found that GFP is present at higher intensity level in the PE tissue, and differentially wt1 expression at pericardial tissues could be involved in the PE formation process. Our results reveal that bmp2b overexpression leads to enhanced GFP level both in DP and in PE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andrés-Delgado
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Nacional Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Galardi-Castilla
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Nacional Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Nacional Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Santamaría
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the important role that metabolism plays in driving maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. RECENT FINDINGS Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes provide a model system for human cardiac biology. However, these models have been unable to fully recapitulate the maturity observed in the adult heart. By simulating the glucose to fatty acid transition observed in neonatal mammals, human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes undergo structural and functional maturation also accompanied by transcriptional changes and cell cycle arrest. The role of metabolism in energy production, signaling, and epigenetic modifications illustrates that metabolism and cellular phenotype are intimately linked. Further understanding of key metabolic factors driving cardiac maturation will facilitate the generation of more mature human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte models. This will increase our understanding of cardiac biology and potentially lead to novel therapeutics to enhance heart function.
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Gaetani R, Zizzi EA, Deriu MA, Morbiducci U, Pesce M, Messina E. When Stiffness Matters: Mechanosensing in Heart Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:334. [PMID: 32671058 PMCID: PMC7326078 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic morphogenesis, the heart undergoes a complex series of cellular phenotypic maturations (e.g., transition of myocytes from proliferative to quiescent or maturation of the contractile apparatus), and this involves stiffening of the extracellular matrix (ECM) acting in concert with morphogenetic signals. The maladaptive remodeling of the myocardium, one of the processes involved in determination of heart failure, also involves mechanical cues, with a progressive stiffening of the tissue that produces cellular mechanical damage, inflammation, and ultimately myocardial fibrosis. The assessment of the biomechanical dependence of the molecular machinery (in myocardial and non-myocardial cells) is therefore essential to contextualize the maturation of the cardiac tissue at early stages and understand its pathologic evolution in aging. Because systems to perform multiscale modeling of cellular and tissue mechanics have been developed, it appears particularly novel to design integrated mechano-molecular models of heart development and disease to be tested in ex vivo reconstituted cells/tissue-mimicking conditions. In the present contribution, we will discuss the latest implication of mechanosensing in heart development and pathology, describe the most recent models of cell/tissue mechanics, and delineate novel strategies to target the consequences of heart failure with personalized approaches based on tissue engineering and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gaetani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Eric Adriano Zizzi
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Agostino Deriu
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Morbiducci
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Tissue Engineering Research Unit, "Centro Cardiologico Monzino," IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Messina
- Department of Maternal, Infantile, and Urological Sciences, "Umberto I" Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Del Favero G, Kraegeloh A. Integrating Biophysics in Toxicology. Cells 2020; 9:E1282. [PMID: 32455794 PMCID: PMC7290780 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of biophysical stimulation in test systems is established in diverse branches of biomedical sciences including toxicology. This is largely motivated by the need to create novel experimental setups capable of reproducing more closely in vivo physiological conditions. Indeed, we face the need to increase predictive power and experimental output, albeit reducing the use of animals in toxicity testing. In vivo, mechanical stimulation is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vitro, diverse strategies can be used to model this crucial component. The compliance of the extracellular matrix can be tuned by modifying the stiffness or through the deformation of substrates hosting the cells via static or dynamic strain. Moreover, cells can be cultivated under shear stress deriving from the movement of the extracellular fluids. In turn, introduction of physical cues in the cell culture environment modulates differentiation, functional properties, and metabolic competence, thus influencing cellular capability to cope with toxic insults. This review summarizes the state of the art of integration of biophysical stimuli in model systems for toxicity testing, discusses future challenges, and provides perspectives for the further advancement of in vitro cytotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Kraegeloh
- INM—Leibniz-Institut für Neue Materialien GmbH, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
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Crispi F, Sepúlveda-Martínez Á, Crovetto F, Gómez O, Bijnens B, Gratacós E. Main Patterns of Fetal Cardiac Remodeling. Fetal Diagn Ther 2020; 47:337-344. [PMID: 32213773 DOI: 10.1159/000506047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The heart is a central organ in the fetal adaptation to an adverse environment. Fetal cardiac changes may persist postnatally and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Knowledge about fetal cardiac structural as well as functional remodeling has radically improved over the last few years. As it occurs in postnatal life, the fetal heart remodels - changing its structure and shape - to adapt to an insult. Several conditions have been reported to be associated with fetal cardiac remodeling including intrauterine growth restriction, diabetes, exposure to antiretroviral drugs, conception by assisted reproductive technologies, pulmonary stenosis, and other congenital heart diseases. Here we summarized the main observable patterns of cardiac remodeling, i.e., globular shape, hypertrophy without dilation, and hypertrophy with cardiomegaly. We discuss the potential pathophysiology behind different types of remodeling. Defining precisely the distinct patterns of fetal cardiac remodeling is critical for advancing in the understanding of fetal cardiovascular programming and its consequences on adult health, and potentially for the design of preventive strategies that might have an impact on long-term cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fàtima Crispi
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Álvaro Sepúlveda-Martínez
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain.,Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Francesca Crovetto
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Gómez
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bart Bijnens
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.,IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Institut Clínic de Ginecologia Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
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Ward M, Iskratsch T. Mix and (mis-)match - The mechanosensing machinery in the changing environment of the developing, healthy adult and diseased heart. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118436. [PMID: 30742931 PMCID: PMC7042712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The composition and the stiffness of cardiac microenvironment change during development and/or in heart disease. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) and their progenitors sense these changes, which decides over the cell fate and can trigger CM (progenitor) proliferation, differentiation, de-differentiation or death. The field of mechanobiology has seen a constant increase in output that also includes a wealth of new studies specific to cardiac or cardiomyocyte mechanosensing. As a result, mechanosensing and transduction in the heart is increasingly being recognised as a main driver of regulating the heart formation and function. Recent work has for instance focused on measuring the molecular, physical and mechanical changes of the cellular environment - as well as intracellular contributors to the passive stiffness of the heart. On the other hand, a variety of new studies shed light into the molecular machinery that allow the cardiomyocytes to sense these properties. Here we want to discuss the recent work on this topic, but also specifically focus on how the different components are regulated at various stages during development, in health or disease in order to highlight changes that might contribute to disease progression and heart failure.
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Key Words
- cm, cardiomyocytes
- hcm, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- dcm, dilated cardiomyopathy
- icm, idiopathic cardiomyopathy
- myh, myosin heavy chain
- tnnt, troponin t
- tnni, troponin i
- afm, atomic force microscope
- mre, magnetic resonance elastography
- swe, ultrasound cardiac shear-wave elastography
- lv, left ventricle
- lox, lysyl oxidase
- loxl, lysyl oxidase like protein
- lh, lysyl hydroxylase
- lys, lysin
- lccs, lysald-derived collagen crosslinks
- hlccs, hylald-derived collagen crosslinks
- pka, protein kinase a
- pkc, protein kinase c
- vash1, vasohibin-1
- svbp, small vasohibin binding protein
- tcp, tubulin carboxypeptidase
- ttl, tubulin tyrosine ligase
- mrtf, myocardin-related transcription factor
- gap, gtpase activating protein
- gef, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ward
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute for Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Iskratsch
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science & Institute for Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
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miR-128a Acts as a Regulator in Cardiac Development by Modulating Differentiation of Cardiac Progenitor Cell Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031158. [PMID: 32050579 PMCID: PMC7038042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) appear to be major, yet poorly understood players in regulatory networks guiding cardiogenesis. We sought to identify miRs with unknown functions during cardiogenesis analyzing the miR-profile of multipotent Nkx2.5 enhancer cardiac progenitor cells (NkxCE-CPCs). Besides well-known candidates such as miR-1, we found about 40 miRs that were highly enriched in NkxCE-CPCs, four of which were chosen for further analysis. Knockdown in zebrafish revealed that only miR-128a affected cardiac development and function robustly. For a detailed analysis, loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments were performed during in vitro differentiations of transgenic murine pluripotent stem cells. MiR-128a knockdown (1) increased Isl1, Sfrp5, and Hcn4 (cardiac transcription factors) but reduced Irx4 at the onset of cardiogenesis, (2) upregulated Isl1-positive CPCs, whereas NkxCE-positive CPCs were downregulated, and (3) increased the expression of the ventricular cardiomyocyte marker Myl2 accompanied by a reduced beating frequency of early cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of miR-128a (4) diminished the expression of Isl1, Sfrp5, Nkx2.5, and Mef2c, but increased Irx4, (5) enhanced NkxCE-positive CPCs, and (6) favored nodal-like cardiomyocytes (Tnnt2+, Myh6+, Shox2+) accompanied by increased beating frequencies. In summary, we demonstrated that miR-128a plays a so-far unknown role in early heart development by affecting the timing of CPC differentiation into various cardiomyocyte subtypes.
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Fatty acid-based monolayer culture to promote in vitro neonatal rat cardiomyocyte maturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118561. [PMID: 31655100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of functional and reliable in vitro cardiac models composed of fully mature cardiomyocytes is essential for improving drug screening test quality, therefore, the success of clinical trial outcomes. In their lifespan, cardiomyocytes undergo a dynamic maturation process from the fetal to adult stage, radically changing their metabolism, morphology, contractility and electrical properties. Before employing cells of human origin, in vitro models often use neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) to obtain key proof-of-principles. Nevertheless, NRCM monolayers are prone to de-differentiate when maintained in culture. Supplementation of free fatty acids (FFA), the main energy source for mature cardiomyocytes, and co-culture with fibroblasts are each by itself known to promote the shift from fetal to adult cardiomyocytes. Using a co-culture system, our study investigates the effects of FFA on the cardiomyocyte phenotype in comparison to glucose as typical fetal energy source, and to 10% serum used as standard control condition. NRCM decreased their differentiation status and fibroblasts increased in number after 7days of culture in the control condition. On the contrary, both glucose- and FFA-supplementation better preserved protein expression of myosin-light-chain-2v, a marker of mature cardiomyocytes, and the fibroblast number at levels similar to those found in freshly isolated NRCM. Nevertheless, compared to glucose, FFA resulted in a significant increase in sarcomere striation and organization. Our findings constitute an important step forward towards the definition of the optimal culture conditions, highlighting the possible benefits of a further supplementation of specific FFA to promote CM maturation in a co-culture system with FB.
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47
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Musa G, Srivastava S, Petzold J, Cazorla-Vázquez S, Engel FB. miR-27a/b is a posttranscriptional regulator of Gpr126 (Adgrg6). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:109-121. [PMID: 31596512 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gpr126 (Adgrg6), a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family, has been associated with a variety of human diseases. Yet, despite its clinical importance, the mechanisms regulating Gpr126 expression are poorly understood. Here, we aimed at identifying upstream regulatory mechanisms of Gpr126 expression utilizing the heart as model organ in which Gpr126 regulates trabeculation. Here, we focused on possible regulation of Gpr126 regulation by microRNAs, which have emerged as key players in regulating development, have a critical role in disease progression, and might serve as putative therapeutic targets. In silico analyses identified one conserved binding site in the 3' UTR of Gpr126 for microRNA 27a and 27b (miR-27a/b). In addition, miR-27a/b and Gpr126 expression were differentially expressed during rat heart development. A regulatory role of miR-27a/b in controlling Gpr126 expression was substantiated by reduced Gpr126 mRNA levels upon ectopic expression of miR-27a/b in HEK293T cells and miR-27b in zebrafish embryos. Regulation of Gpr126 expression by direct binding of miR-27a/b to the 3' UTR of Gpr126 was verified by luciferase reporter assays in HEK293T cells. Finally, the modulation of gpr126 expression in zebrafish by injection of either miR-27b or miR-27b inhibitor in single cell-stage embryos resulted in hypo- or hypertrabeculation, respectively. Collectively, the data indicate that Gpr126 expression is regulated by miR-27a/b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Musa
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Petzold
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Mele D, Smarrazzo V, Pedrizzetti G, Bertini M, Ferrari R. Intracardiac flow analysis in cardiac resynchronization therapy: A new challenge? Echocardiography 2019; 36:1919-1929. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Mele
- Cardiology Unit and LTTA Center University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | | | - Gianni Pedrizzetti
- Department of Engineering and Architecture University of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Matteo Bertini
- Cardiology Unit and LTTA Center University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Cardiology Unit and LTTA Center University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
- Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research E.S. Health Science Foundation Cotignola Italy
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Leitolis A, Robert AW, Pereira IT, Correa A, Stimamiglio MA. Cardiomyogenesis Modeling Using Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Role of Microenvironmental Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:164. [PMID: 31448277 PMCID: PMC6695570 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSC) can be used as a model to study cardiomyogenic differentiation. In vitro modeling can reproduce cardiac development through modulation of some key signaling pathways. Therefore, many studies make use of this strategy to better understand cardiomyogenesis complexity and to determine possible ways to modulate cell fate. However, challenges remain regarding efficiency of differentiation protocols, cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation and therapeutic applications. Considering that the extracellular milieu is crucial for cellular behavior control, cardiac niche studies, such as those identifying secreted molecules from adult or neonatal tissues, allow the identification of extracellular factors that may contribute to CM differentiation and maturation. This review will focus on cardiomyogenesis modeling using PSC and the elements involved in cardiac microenvironmental signaling (the secretome - extracellular vesicles, extracellular matrix and soluble factors) that may contribute to CM specification and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leitolis
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Anny W Robert
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Isabela T Pereira
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Correa
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marco A Stimamiglio
- Stem Cell Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
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Musa G, Cazorla‐Vázquez S, Amerongen MJ, Stemmler MP, Eckstein M, Hartmann A, Braun T, Brabletz T, Engel FB. Gpr126 (Adgrg6)
is expressed in cell types known to be exposed to mechanical stimuli. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:96-108. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Musa
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Salvador Cazorla‐Vázquez
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Machteld J. Amerongen
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Marc P. Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐CenterFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Department of Pathology and AnatomyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Department of Pathology and AnatomyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐CenterFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of NephropathologyInstitute of Pathology, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany
- Department of Cardiac Development and RemodellingMax‐Planck‐Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim Germany
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