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Wang M, Guo H, Sun BB, Jie XL, Shi XY, Liu YQ, Shi XL, Ding LQ, Xue PH, Qiu F, Cao W, Wang GZ, Zhou GB. Centipeda minima and 6-O-angeloylplenolin enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155825. [PMID: 38968790 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapeutic agents including cisplatin, gemcitabine, and pemetrexed, significantly enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by increasing PD-L1 expression and potentiating T cell cytotoxicity. However, the low response rate and adverse effects limit the application of chemotherapy/ICI combinations in patients. METHODS We screened for medicinal herbs that could perturb PD-L1 expression and enhance T cell cytotoxicity in the presence of anti-PD-L1 antibody, and investigated the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We found that the aqueous extracts of Centipeda minima (CM) significantly enhanced the cancer cell-killing activity and granzyme B expression level of CD8+ T cells, in the presence of anti-PD-L1 antibody. Both CM and its active component 6-O-angeloylplenolin (6-OAP) upregulated PD-L1 expression by suppressing GSK-3β-β-TRCP-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. CM and 6-OAP significantly enhanced ICI-induced reduction of tumor burden and prolongation of overall survival of mice bearing NSCLC cells, accompanied by upregulation of PD-L1 and increase of CD8+ T cell infiltration. CM also exhibited anti-NSCLC activity in cells and in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that the induced expression of PD-L1 and enhancement of CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity underlay the beneficial effects of 6-OAP-rich CM in NSCLCs, providing a clinically available and safe medicinal herb for combined use with ICIs to treat this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bei-Bei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xue-Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resources Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xu-Liu Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Li-Qin Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Peng-Hui Xue
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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Golivi Y, Kumari S, Farran B, Alam A, Peela S, Nagaraju GP. Small molecular inhibitors: Therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104053. [PMID: 38849028 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC), a disease with high heterogeneity and a dense stromal microenvironment, presents significant challenges and a bleak prognosis. Recent breakthroughs have illuminated the crucial interplay among RAS, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and hedgehog pathways in PC progression. Small molecular inhibitors have emerged as a potential solution with their advantages of oral administration and the ability to target intracellular and extracellular sites effectively. However, despite the US FDA approving over 100 small-molecule targeted antitumor drugs, challenges such as low response rates and drug resistance persist. This review delves into the possibility of using small molecules to treat persistent or spreading PC, highlighting the challenges and the urgent need for a diverse selection of inhibitors to develop more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvasri Golivi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, RJ 304 022, India
| | - Seema Kumari
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GIS, GITAM, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Batoul Farran
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Afroz Alam
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, RJ 304 022, India
| | - Sujatha Peela
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, 532001, India
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Jans K, Lüersen K, von Frieling J, Roeder T, Rimbach G. Dietary sucrose determines the regulatory activity of lithium on gene expression and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:9309-9333. [PMID: 38862239 PMCID: PMC11210232 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The amount of dietary sugars and the administration of lithium both impact the lifespan of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. It is noteworthy that lithium is attributed with insulin-like activity as it stimulates protein kinase B/Akt and suppresses the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). However, its interaction with dietary sugar has largely remained unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the effects of lithium supplementation on known lithium-sensitive parameters in fruit flies, such as lifespan, body composition, GSK-3 phosphorylation, and the transcriptome, while varying the dietary sugar concentration. For all these parameters, we observed that the efficacy of lithium was significantly influenced by the sucrose content in the diet. Overall, we found that lithium was most effective in enhancing longevity and altering body composition when added to a low-sucrose diet. Whole-body RNA sequencing revealed a remarkably similar transcriptional response when either increasing dietary sucrose from 1% to 10% or adding 1 mM LiCl to a 1% sucrose diet, characterized by a substantial overlap of nearly 500 differentially expressed genes. Hence, dietary sugar supply is suggested as a key factor in understanding lithium bioactivity, which could hold relevance for its therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jans
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel D-24118, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel D-24118, Germany
| | - Jakob von Frieling
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Kiel, Kiel D-24118, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Kiel, Kiel D-24118, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel D-24118, Germany
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4
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Govorova IA, Nikitochkina SY, Vorotelyak EA. Influence of intersignaling crosstalk on the intracellular localization of YAP/TAZ in lung cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:289. [PMID: 38802925 PMCID: PMC11129370 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A cell is a dynamic system in which various processes occur simultaneously. In particular, intra- and intercellular signaling pathway crosstalk has a significant impact on a cell's life cycle, differentiation, proliferation, growth, regeneration, and, consequently, on the normal functioning of an entire organ. Hippo signaling and YAP/TAZ nucleocytoplasmic shuttling play a pivotal role in normal development, homeostasis, and tissue regeneration, particularly in lung cells. Intersignaling communication has a significant impact on the core components of the Hippo pathway and on YAP/TAZ localization. This review describes the crosstalk between Hippo signaling and key lung signaling pathways (WNT, SHH, TGFβ, Notch, Rho, and mTOR) using lung cells as an example and highlights the remaining unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Govorova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str, 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - S Y Nikitochkina
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str, 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - E A Vorotelyak
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str, 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
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González-Esparragoza D, Carrasco-Carballo A, Rosas-Murrieta NH, Millán-Pérez Peña L, Luna F, Herrera-Camacho I. In Silico Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions of Putative Endoplasmic Reticulum Metallopeptidase 1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4609-4629. [PMID: 38785548 PMCID: PMC11120530 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ermp1 is a putative metalloprotease from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and a member of the Fxna peptidases. Although their function is unknown, orthologous proteins from rats and humans have been associated with the maturation of ovarian follicles and increased ER stress. This study focuses on proposing the first prediction of PPI by comparison of the interologues between humans and yeasts, as well as the molecular docking and dynamics of the M28 domain of Ermp1 with possible target proteins. As results, 45 proteins are proposed that could interact with the metalloprotease. Most of these proteins are related to the transport of Ca2+ and the metabolism of amino acids and proteins. Docking and molecular dynamics suggest that the M28 domain of Ermp1 could hydrolyze leucine and methionine residues of Amk2, Ypt5 and Pex12. These results could support future experimental investigations of other Fxna peptidases, such as human ERMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia González-Esparragoza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias (ICUAP), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (D.G.-E.); (N.H.R.-M.); (L.M.-P.P.)
- Laboratorio de Elucidación y Síntesis en Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencias de la Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (ICUAP), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Alan Carrasco-Carballo
- Laboratorio de Elucidación y Síntesis en Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencias de la Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (ICUAP), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencia y Tecnología, Instituto de Ciencias de la Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (ICUAP), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Nora H. Rosas-Murrieta
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias (ICUAP), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (D.G.-E.); (N.H.R.-M.); (L.M.-P.P.)
| | - Lourdes Millán-Pérez Peña
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias (ICUAP), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (D.G.-E.); (N.H.R.-M.); (L.M.-P.P.)
| | - Felix Luna
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Irma Herrera-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias (ICUAP), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (D.G.-E.); (N.H.R.-M.); (L.M.-P.P.)
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Kam MK, Park JY, Yun GH, Sohn HY, Park JH, Choi J, Koh YH, Jo C. Rottlerin Enhances the Autophagic Degradation of Phosphorylated Tau in Neuronal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04182-9. [PMID: 38671330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Intra-neuronal accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated tau as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To prevent the aggregation of phosphorylated tau in neurons, decreasing the phosphorylated tau protein levels is important. Here, we examined the biological effects of rottlerin, a phytochemical compound extracted from the Kamala tree, Mallotus philippinensis, on phosphorylated tau levels. Notably, rottlerin decreased the levels of intracellular phosphorylated and total tau. A marked increase in the LC3-II, a hallmark of autophagy, was observed in these cells, indicating that rottlerin strongly induced autophagy. Interestingly, rottlerin induced the phosphorylation of Raptor at S792 through the activation of adenosine-monophosphate activated-protein kinase (AMPK), which likely inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), thus resulting in the activation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of autophagy. In addition, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity increased in the presence of rottlerin. The decrease of phosphorylated tau levels in the presence of rottlerin was ameliorated by the knockdown of TFEB and partially attenuated by the knockout of the Nrf2 gene. Taken together, rottlerin likely enhances the degradation of phosphorylated tau through autophagy activated by TFEB and Nrf2. Thus, our results suggest that a natural compound rottlerin could be used as a preventive and therapeutic drug for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Kam
- Division of Brain Disease Research, Department for Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-Ro, Osong-Eup, Cheongju-Si, 363-951, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea
| | - Jee-Yun Park
- Division of Brain Disease Research, Department for Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-Ro, Osong-Eup, Cheongju-Si, 363-951, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea
| | - Gwang Ho Yun
- Division of Brain Disease Research, Department for Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-Ro, Osong-Eup, Cheongju-Si, 363-951, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea
| | - Hee-Young Sohn
- Division of Brain Disease Research, Department for Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-Ro, Osong-Eup, Cheongju-Si, 363-951, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- Division of Brain Disease Research, Department for Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-Ro, Osong-Eup, Cheongju-Si, 363-951, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Choi
- Division of Brain Disease Research, Department for Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-Ro, Osong-Eup, Cheongju-Si, 363-951, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Division of Brain Disease Research, Department for Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-Ro, Osong-Eup, Cheongju-Si, 363-951, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea
| | - Chulman Jo
- Division of Brain Disease Research, Department for Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-Ro, Osong-Eup, Cheongju-Si, 363-951, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea.
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7
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Harada M, Han S, Shi M, Ge J, Yu S, Adam J, Adamski J, Scheerer MF, Neschen S, de Angelis MH, Wang-Sattler R. Metabolic effects of SGLT2i and metformin on 3-hydroxybutyric acid and lactate in db/db mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130962. [PMID: 38503370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Combining a Sodium-Glucose-Cotransporter-2-inhibitor (SGLT2i) with metformin is recommended for managing hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who have cardio-renal complications. Our study aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of SGLT2i and metformin, both individually and synergistically. We treated leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice with these drugs for two weeks and conducted metabolite profiling, identifying 861 metabolites across kidney, liver, muscle, fat, and plasma. Using linear regression and mixed-effects models, we identified two SGLT2i-specific metabolites, X-12465 and 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HBA), a ketone body, across all examined tissues. The levels of 3HBA were significantly higher under SGLT2i monotherapy compared to controls and were attenuated when combined with metformin. We observed similar modulatory effects on metabolites involved in protein catabolism (e.g., branched-chain amino acids) and gluconeogenesis. Moreover, combination therapy significantly raised pipecolate levels, which may enhance mTOR1 activity, while modulating GSK3, a common target of SGLT2i and 3HBA inhibition. The combination therapy also led to significant reductions in body weight and lactate levels, contrasted with monotherapies. Our findings advocate for the combined approach to better manage muscle loss, and the risks of DKA and lactic acidosis, presenting a more effective strategy for T2D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Harada
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Siyu Han
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Mengya Shi
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jianhong Ge
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Shixiang Yu
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Adam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Markus F Scheerer
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Neschen
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Rui Wang-Sattler
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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Memariani H, Memariani M, Ghasemian A. Quercetin as a Promising Antiprotozoan Phytochemical: Current Knowledge and Future Research Avenues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:7632408. [PMID: 38456097 PMCID: PMC10919984 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7632408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, only few antiparasitic drugs have been developed to date. Protozoan infections such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis continue to exact an enormous toll on public health worldwide, underscoring the need to discover novel antiprotozoan drugs. Recently, there has been an explosion of research into the antiprotozoan properties of quercetin, one of the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet. In this review, we tried to consolidate the current knowledge on the antiprotozoal effects of quercetin and to provide the most fruitful avenues for future research. Quercetin exerts potent antiprotozoan activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens such as Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Trichomonas spp., and Toxoplasma gondii. In addition to its immunomodulatory roles, quercetin disrupts mitochondrial function, induces apoptotic/necrotic cell death, impairs iron uptake, inhibits multiple enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and the glycolytic pathways, suppresses the activity of DNA topoisomerases, and downregulates the expression of various heat shock proteins in these pathogens. In vivo studies also show that quercetin is effective in reducing parasitic loads, histopathological damage, and mortality in animals. Future research should focus on designing effective drug delivery systems to increase the oral bioavailability of quercetin. Incorporating quercetin into various nanocarrier systems would be a promising approach to manage localized cutaneous infections. Nevertheless, clinical trials are needed to validate the efficacy of quercetin in treating various protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Uehara M, Domoto T, Takenaka S, Takeuchi O, Shimasaki T, Miyashita T, Minamoto T. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β: the nexus of chemoresistance, invasive capacity, and cancer stemness in pancreatic cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2024; 7:4. [PMID: 38318525 PMCID: PMC10838383 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of pancreatic cancer remains a significant clinical challenge due to the limited number of patients eligible for curative (R0) surgery, failures in the clinical development of targeted and immune therapies, and the pervasive acquisition of chemotherapeutic resistance. Refractory pancreatic cancer is typified by high invasiveness and resistance to therapy, with both attributes related to tumor cell stemness. These malignant characteristics mutually enhance each other, leading to rapid cancer progression. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have produced evidence of the pivotal role of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β in the progression of over 25 different cancer types, including pancreatic cancer. In this review, we synthesize the current knowledge on the pathological roles of aberrant GSK3β in supporting tumor cell proliferation and invasion, as well as its contribution to gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Importantly, we discuss the central role of GSK3β as a molecular hub that mechanistically connects chemoresistance, tumor cell invasion, and stemness in pancreatic cancer. We also discuss the involvement of GSK3β in the formation of desmoplastic tumor stroma and in promoting anti-cancer immune evasion, both of which constitute major obstacles to successful cancer treatment. Overall, GSK3β has characteristics of a promising therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Uehara
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Takahiro Domoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Satoshi Takenaka
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Toyama City Hospital, Toyama 939-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
| | - Takeo Shimasaki
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Miyashita
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Toyama City Hospital, Toyama 939-8511, Japan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
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10
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Lotfimehr H, Mardi N, Narimani S, Nasrabadi HT, Karimipour M, Sokullu E, Rahbarghazi R. mTOR signalling pathway in stem cell bioactivities and angiogenesis potential. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13499. [PMID: 37156724 PMCID: PMC10693190 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that responds to different stimuli such as stresses, starvation and hypoxic conditions. The modulation of this effector can lead to the alteration of cell dynamic growth, proliferation, basal metabolism and other bioactivities. Considering this fact, the mTOR pathway is believed to regulate the diverse functions in several cell lineages. Due to the pleiotropic effects of the mTOR, we here, hypothesize that this effector can also regulate the bioactivity of stem cells in response to external stimuli pathways under physiological and pathological conditions. As a correlation, we aimed to highlight the close relationship between the mTOR signalling axis and the regenerative potential of stem cells in a different milieu. The relevant publications were included in this study using electronic searches of the PubMed database from inception to February 2023. We noted that the mTOR signalling cascade can affect different stem cell bioactivities, especially angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. Modulation of mTOR signalling pathways is thought of as an effective strategy to modulate the angiogenic properties of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Lotfimehr
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Narges Mardi
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Samaneh Narimani
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM)IstanbulTurkey
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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11
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Venit T, Sapkota O, Abdrabou WS, Loganathan P, Pasricha R, Mahmood SR, El Said NH, Sherif S, Thomas S, Abdelrazig S, Amin S, Bedognetti D, Idaghdour Y, Magzoub M, Percipalle P. Positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by nuclear myosin 1 protects cells from metabolic reprogramming and tumorigenesis in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6328. [PMID: 37816864 PMCID: PMC10564744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42093-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of tumorigenesis. Here, we show that nuclear myosin 1 (NM1) serves as a key regulator of cellular metabolism. NM1 directly affects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by regulating mitochondrial transcription factors TFAM and PGC1α, and its deletion leads to underdeveloped mitochondria inner cristae and mitochondrial redistribution within the cell. These changes are associated with reduced OXPHOS gene expression, decreased mitochondrial DNA copy number, and deregulated mitochondrial dynamics, which lead to metabolic reprogramming of NM1 KO cells from OXPHOS to aerobic glycolysis.This, in turn, is associated with a metabolomic profile typical for cancer cells, namely increased amino acid-, fatty acid-, and sugar metabolism, and increased glucose uptake, lactate production, and intracellular acidity. NM1 KO cells form solid tumors in a mouse model, suggesting that the metabolic switch towards aerobic glycolysis provides a sufficient carcinogenic signal. We suggest that NM1 plays a role as a tumor suppressor and that NM1 depletion may contribute to the Warburg effect at the onset of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Venit
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oscar Sapkota
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wael Said Abdrabou
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Palanikumar Loganathan
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Renu Pasricha
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Raza Mahmood
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Hosny El Said
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shimaa Sherif
- Translational Medicine Department, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sneha Thomas
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salah Abdelrazig
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shady Amin
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Translational Medicine Department, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Youssef Idaghdour
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mazin Magzoub
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Darici S, Jørgensen HG, Huang X, Serafin V, Antolini L, Barozzi P, Luppi M, Forghieri F, Marmiroli S, Zavatti M. Improved efficacy of quizartinib in combination therapy with PI3K inhibition in primary FLT3-ITD AML cells. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 89:100974. [PMID: 37245251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy, characterized by uncontrolled clonal proliferation of abnormal myeloid progenitor cells, with poor outcomes. The internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation of the Fms-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) (FLT3-ITD) represents the most common genetic alteration in AML, detected in approximately 30% of AML patients, and is associated with high leukemic burden and poor prognosis. Therefore, this kinase has been regarded as an attractive druggable target for the treatment of FLT3-ITD AML, and selective small molecule inhibitors, such as quizartinib, have been identified and trialled. However, clinical outcomes have been disappointing so far due to poor remission rates, also because of acquired resistance. A strategy to overcome resistance is to combine FLT3 inhibitors with other targeted therapies. In this study, we investigated the preclinical efficacy of the combination of quizartinib with the pan PI3K inhibitor BAY-806946 in FLT3-ITD cell lines and primary cells from AML patients. We show here that BAY-806946 enhanced quizartinib cytotoxicity and, most importantly, that this combination increases the ability of quizartinib to kill CD34+ CD38-leukemia stem cells, whilst sparing normal hematopoietic stem cells. Because constitutively active FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase is known to boost aberrant PI3K signaling, the increased sensitivity of primary cells to the above combination can be the mechanistic results of the disruption of signaling by vertical inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihanur Darici
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Largo del Pozzo 71, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy; Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Heather G Jørgensen
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Xu Huang
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Valentina Serafin
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology Oncology and Immunology Section University of Padova, Italy
| | - Ludovica Antolini
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Largo del Pozzo 71, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Patrizia Barozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
| | - Fabio Forghieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Largo del Pozzo 71, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy.
| | - Manuela Zavatti
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Largo del Pozzo 71, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
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13
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Ranglani S, Ashton A, Mahfooz K, Komorowska J, Graur A, Kabbani N, Garcia-Rates S, Greenfield S. A Novel Bioactive Peptide, T14, Selectively Activates mTORC1 Signalling: Therapeutic Implications for Neurodegeneration and Other Rapamycin-Sensitive Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9961. [PMID: 37373106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T14 modulates calcium influx via the α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to regulate cell growth. Inappropriate triggering of this process has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer, whereas T14 blockade has proven therapeutic potential in in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models of these pathologies. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is critical for growth, however its hyperactivation is implicated in AD and cancer. T14 is a product of the longer 30mer-T30. Recent work shows that T30 drives neurite growth in the human SH-SY5Y cell line via the mTOR pathway. Here, we demonstrate that T30 induces an increase in mTORC1 in PC12 cells, and ex vivo rat brain slices containing substantia nigra, but not mTORC2. The increase in mTORC1 by T30 in PC12 cells is attenuated by its blocker, NBP14. Moreover, in post-mortem human midbrain, T14 levels correlate significantly with mTORC1. Silencing mTORC1 reverses the effects of T30 on PC12 cells measured via AChE release in undifferentiated PC12 cells, whilst silencing mTORC2 does not. This suggests that T14 acts selectively via mTORC1. T14 blockade offers a preferable alternative to currently available blockers of mTOR as it would enable selective blockade of mTORC1, thereby reducing side effects associated with generalised mTOR blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanskar Ranglani
- Neuro Bio Ltd., Building F5, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Anna Ashton
- Neuro Bio Ltd., Building F5, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Kashif Mahfooz
- Neuro Bio Ltd., Building F5, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Joanna Komorowska
- Neuro Bio Ltd., Building F5, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Alexandru Graur
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Sara Garcia-Rates
- Neuro Bio Ltd., Building F5, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Susan Greenfield
- Neuro Bio Ltd., Building F5, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
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14
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Hellmold D, Kubelt C, Daunke T, Beckinger S, Janssen O, Hauck M, Schütt F, Adelung R, Lucius R, Haag J, Sebens S, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J. Sequential Treatment with Temozolomide Plus Naturally Derived AT101 as an Alternative Therapeutic Strategy: Insights into Chemoresistance Mechanisms of Surviving Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109075. [PMID: 37240419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a poorly treatable disease due to the fast development of tumor recurrences and high resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. To overcome the highly adaptive behavior of GBMs, especially multimodal therapeutic approaches also including natural adjuvants have been investigated. However, despite increased efficiency, some GBM cells are still able to survive these advanced treatment regimens. Given this, the present study evaluates representative chemoresistance mechanisms of surviving human GBM primary cells in a complex in vitro co-culture model upon sequential application of temozolomide (TMZ) combined with AT101, the R(-) enantiomer of the naturally occurring cottonseed-derived gossypol. Treatment with TMZ+AT101/AT101, although highly efficient, yielded a predominance of phosphatidylserine-positive GBM cells over time. Analysis of the intracellular effects revealed phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, and GSK3ß, resulting in the induction of various pro-tumorigenic genes in surviving GBM cells. A Torin2-mediated mTOR inhibition combined with TMZ+AT101/AT101 partly counteracted the observed TMZ+AT101/AT101-associated effects. Interestingly, treatment with TMZ+AT101/AT101 concomitantly changed the amount and composition of extracellular vesicles released from surviving GBM cells. Taken together, our analyses revealed that even when chemotherapeutic agents with different effector mechanisms are combined, a variety of chemoresistance mechanisms of surviving GBM cells must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hellmold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Kubelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tina Daunke
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Silje Beckinger
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Margarethe Hauck
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Schütt
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Haag
- Department of Pathology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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15
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Bogush D, Schramm J, Ding Y, He B, Singh C, Sharma A, Tukaramrao DB, Iyer S, Desai D, Nalesnik G, Hengst J, Bhalodia R, Gowda C, Dovat S. Signaling pathways and regulation of gene expression in hematopoietic cells. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 88:100942. [PMID: 36621151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions are regulated by signal transduction pathway networks consisting of protein-modifying enzymes that control the activity of many downstream proteins. Protein kinases and phosphatases regulate gene expression by reversible phosphorylation of transcriptional factors, which are their direct substrates. Casein kinase II (CK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates a large number of proteins that have critical roles in cellular proliferation, metabolism and survival. Altered function of CK2 has been associated with malignant transformation, immunological disorders and other types of diseases. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a serine/threonine phosphatase, which regulates the phosphorylation status of many proteins that are essential for cellular functions. IKAROS is a DNA-binding protein, which functions as a regulator of gene transcription in hematopoietic cells. CK2 directly phosphorylates IKAROS at multiple phosphosites which determines IKAROS activity as a regulator of gene expression. PP1 binds to IKAROS via the PP1-consensus recognition site and dephosphorylates serine/threonine residues that are phosphorylated by CK2. Thus, the interplay between CK2 and PP1 signaling pathways have opposing effects on the phosphorylation status of their mutual substrate - IKAROS. This review summarizes the effects of CK2 and PP1 on IKAROS role in regulation of gene expression and its function as a tumor suppressor in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bogush
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Joseph Schramm
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Yali Ding
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Bing He
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Chingakham Singh
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Arati Sharma
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | | | - Soumya Iyer
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Gregory Nalesnik
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Jeremy Hengst
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Riya Bhalodia
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA
| | - Chandrika Gowda
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA.
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 1703, USA.
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16
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Wada R, Fujinuma S, Nakatsumi H, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI. Phosphorylation of PBX2, a novel downstream target of mTORC1, is determined by GSK3 and PP1. J Biochem 2023; 173:129-138. [PMID: 36477205 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a serine-threonine kinase that is activated by extracellular signals, such as nutrients and growth factors. It plays a key role in the control of various biological processes, such as protein synthesis and energy metabolism by mediating or regulating the phosphorylation of multiple target molecules, some of which remain to be identified. We have here reanalysed a large-scale phosphoproteomics data set for mTORC1 target molecules and identified pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor 2 (PBX2) as such a novel target that is dephosphorylated downstream of mTORC1. We confirmed that PBX2, but not other members of the PBX family, is dephosphorylated in an mTORC1 activity-dependent manner. Furthermore, pharmacological and gene knockdown experiments revealed that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) are responsible for the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PBX2, respectively. Our results thus suggest that the balance between the antagonistic actions of GSK3 and PP1 determines the phosphorylation status of PBX2 and its regulation by mTORC1.
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Key Words
- glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)
Abbreviations: DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase; FOXK1, forkhead box K1;
GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HA, hemagglutinin; LARP1, La-related protein 1; MEK, ERK kinase; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PBX2, pre–B cell leukemia transcription factor 2; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PDK1, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1; PP1, protein phosphatase 1;
PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A; RAG, RAS-related GTP-binding protein; RHEB, Ras homolog enriched in Brain; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TBC1D7, TBC1 (TRE2-BUB2-CDC16) domain family member 7; TSC2, tuberous sclerosis complex 2; WT, wild-type
- mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)
- phosphorylation
- pre–B cell leukemia transcription factor 2 (PBX2)
- protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)
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Affiliation(s)
- Reona Wada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shun Fujinuma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Nakatsumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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17
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Chatterjee D, Beaulieu JM. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 by lithium, a mechanism in search of specificity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1028963. [PMID: 36504683 PMCID: PMC9731798 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1028963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a popular explanation for the effects of lithium ions on mood regulation in bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses, including major depression, cyclothymia, and schizophrenia. Contribution of GSK3 is supported by evidence obtained from animal and patient derived model systems. However, the two GSK3 enzymes, GSK3α and GSK3β, have more than 100 validated substrates. They are thus central hubs for major biological functions, such as dopamine-glutamate neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity (Hebbian and homeostatic), inflammation, circadian regulation, protein synthesis, metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial functions. The intricate contributions of GSK3 to several biological processes make it difficult to identify specific mechanisms of mood stabilization for therapeutic development. Identification of GSK3 substrates involved in lithium therapeutic action is thus critical. We provide an overview of GSK3 biological functions and substrates for which there is evidence for a contribution to lithium effects. A particular focus is given to four of these: the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), the RNA-binding protein FXR1, kinesin subunits, and the cytoskeletal regulator CRMP2. An overview of how co-regulation of these substrates may result in shared outcomes is also presented. Better understanding of how inhibition of GSK3 contributes to the therapeutic effects of lithium should allow for identification of more specific targets for future drug development. It may also provide a framework for the understanding of how lithium effects overlap with those of other drugs such as ketamine and antipsychotics, which also inhibit brain GSK3.
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18
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Lei ZN, Teng QX, Tian Q, Chen W, Xie Y, Wu K, Zeng Q, Zeng L, Pan Y, Chen ZS, He Y. Signaling pathways and therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:358. [PMID: 36209270 PMCID: PMC9547882 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01190-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in global cancer diagnosis and fourth in cancer-related death. Despite tremendous progress in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies and significant improvements in patient survival, the low malignancy stage is relatively asymptomatic and many GC cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, which leads to unsatisfactory prognosis and high recurrence rates. With the recent advances in genome analysis, biomarkers have been identified that have clinical importance for GC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Modern molecular classifications have uncovered the vital roles that signaling pathways, including EGFR/HER2, p53, PI3K, immune checkpoint pathways, and cell adhesion signaling molecules, play in GC tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic responsiveness. These biomarkers and molecular classifications open the way for more precise diagnoses and treatments for GC patients. Nevertheless, the relative significance, temporal activation, interaction with GC risk factors, and crosstalk between these signaling pathways in GC are not well understood. Here, we review the regulatory roles of signaling pathways in GC potential biomarkers, and therapeutic targets with an emphasis on recent discoveries. Current therapies, including signaling-based and immunotherapies exploited in the past decade, and the development of treatment for GC, particularly the challenges in developing precision medications, are discussed. These advances provide a direction for the integration of clinical, molecular, and genomic profiles to improve GC diagnosis and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ning Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Qiu-Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Qin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhao Xie
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Kaiming Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianlin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Leli Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yihang Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Yulong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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19
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Hottin C, Perron M, Roger JE. GSK3 Is a Central Player in Retinal Degenerative Diseases but a Challenging Therapeutic Target. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182898. [PMID: 36139472 PMCID: PMC9496697 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a key regulator of many cellular signaling processes and performs a wide range of biological functions in the nervous system. Due to its central role in numerous cellular processes involved in cell degeneration, a rising number of studies have highlighted the interest in developing therapeutics targeting GSK3 to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Although recent works strongly suggest that inhibiting GSK3 might also be a promising therapeutic approach for retinal degenerative diseases, its full potential is still under-evaluated. In this review, we summarize the literature on the role of GSK3 on the main cellular functions reported as deregulated during retinal degeneration, such as glucose homeostasis which is critical for photoreceptor survival, or oxidative stress, a major component of retinal degeneration. We also discuss the interest in targeting GSK3 for its beneficial effects on inflammation, for reducing neovascularization that occurs in some retinal dystrophies, or for cell-based therapy by enhancing Müller glia cell proliferation in diseased retina. Together, although GSK3 inhibitors hold promise as therapeutic agents, we highlight the complexity of targeting such a multitasked kinase and the need to increase our knowledge of the impact of reducing GSK3 activity on these multiple cellular pathways and biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hottin
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - Muriel Perron
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - Jérôme E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Saclay, France
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20
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Xu S, Yao X, Li B, Cui R, Zhu C, Wang Y, Yang W. Uncovering the Underlying Mechanisms of Ketamine as a Novel Antidepressant. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:740996. [PMID: 35872836 PMCID: PMC9301111 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.740996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a devastating psychiatric disorder which exacts enormous personal and social-economic burdens. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, has been discovered to exert rapid and sustained antidepressant-like actions on MDD patients and animal models. However, the dissociation and psychotomimetic propensities of ketamine have limited its use for psychiatric indications. Here, we review recently proposed mechanistic hypotheses regarding how ketamine exerts antidepressant-like actions. Ketamine may potentiate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated transmission in pyramidal neurons by disinhibition and/or blockade of spontaneous NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission. Ketamine may also activate neuroplasticity- and synaptogenesis-relevant signaling pathways, which may converge on key components like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). These processes may subsequently rebalance the excitatory/inhibitory transmission and restore neural network integrity that is compromised in depression. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning ketamine’s antidepressant-like actions at cellular and neural circuit level will drive the development of safe and effective pharmacological interventions for the treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cuilin Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Cuilin Zhu, ; Yao Wang, ; Wei Yang,
| | - Yao Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Cuilin Zhu, ; Yao Wang, ; Wei Yang,
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Cuilin Zhu, ; Yao Wang, ; Wei Yang,
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21
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Das A, Bhattacharya B, Roy S. Decrypting a path based approach for identifying the interplay between PI3K and GSK3 signaling cascade from the perspective of cancer. Genes Dis 2022; 9:868-888. [PMID: 35685456 PMCID: PMC9170611 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of those leading diseases worldwide, which takes millions of lives every year. Researchers are continuously looking for specific approaches to eradicate the deadly disease, ensuring minimal adverse effects along with more therapeutic significance. Targeting of different aberrantly regulated signaling pathways, involved in cancer, is surely one of the revolutionary chemotherapeutic approach. In this instance, GSK3 and PI3K signaling cascades are considered as important role player for both the oncogenic activation and inactivation which further leads to cancer proliferation and metastasis. In this review, we have discussed the potential role of GSK3 and PI3K signaling in cancer, and we further established the crosstalk between PI3K and GSK3 signaling, through showcasing their cross activation, cross inhibition and convergence pathways in association with cancer. We also exhibited the effect of GSK3 on the efficacy of PI3K inhibitors to overcome the drug resistance and preventing the cell proliferation, metastasis in a combinatorial way with GSK3 inhibitors for a better treatment strategy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Das
- Department of Pharmacology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata- Group of Institutions, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Barshana Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata- Group of Institutions, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata- Group of Institutions, Kolkata 700053, India
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22
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Potential Stereoselective Binding of Trans-(±)-Kusunokinin and Cis-(±)-Kusunokinin Isomers to CSF1R. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134194. [PMID: 35807438 PMCID: PMC9268608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cell proliferation and migration are inhibited by naturally extracted trans-(−)-kusunokinin. However, three additional enantiomers of kusunokinin have yet to be investigated: trans-(+)-kusunokinin, cis-(−)-isomer and cis-(+)-isomer. According to the results of molecular docking studies of kusunokinin isomers on 60 breast cancer-related proteins, trans-(−)-kusunokinin was the most preferable and active component of the trans-racemic mixture. Trans-(−)-kusunokinin targeted proteins involved in cell growth and proliferation, whereas the cis-(+)-isomer targeted proteins involved in metastasis. Trans-(−)-kusunokinin targeted CSF1R specifically, whereas trans-(+)-kusunokinin and both cis-isomers may have bound AKR1B1. Interestingly, the compound’s stereoisomeric effect may influence protein selectivity. CSF1R preferred trans-(−)-kusunokinin over trans-(+)-kusunokinin because the binding pocket required a ligand planar arrangement to form a π-π interaction with a selective Trp550. Because of its large binding pocket, EGFR exhibited no stereoselectivity. MD simulation revealed that trans-(−)-kusunokinin, trans-(+)-kusunokinin and pexidartinib bound CSF1R differently. Pexidartinib had the highest binding affinity, followed by trans-(−)-kusunokinin and trans-(+)-kusunokinin, respectively. The trans-(−)-kusunokinin-CSF1R complex was found to be stable, whereas trans-(+)-kusunokinin was not. Trans-(±)-kusunokinin, a potential racemic compound, could be developed as a selective CSF1R inhibitor when combined.
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23
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Estaras M, Martinez R, García A, Ortiz-Placin C, Iovanna JL, Santofimia-Castaño P, Gonzalez A. Melatonin modulates metabolic adaptation of pancreatic stellate cells subjected to hypoxia. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pathobiology and Therapeutic Relevance of GSK-3 in Chronic Hematological Malignancies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111812. [PMID: 35681507 PMCID: PMC9180032 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes. GSK-3 comprises two isoforms (α and β) which were originally discovered in 1980 as enzymes involved in glucose metabolism via inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase. Differently from other proteins kinases, GSK-3 isoforms are constitutively active in resting cells, and their modulation mainly involves inhibition through upstream regulatory networks. In the early 1990s, GSK-3 isoforms were implicated as key players in cancer cell pathobiology. Active GSK-3 facilitates the destruction of multiple oncogenic proteins which include β-catenin and Master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism (c-Myc). Therefore, GSK-3 was initially considered to be a tumor suppressor. Consistently, GSK-3 is often inactivated in cancer cells through dysregulated upstream signaling pathways. However, over the past 10–15 years, a growing number of studies highlighted that in some cancer settings GSK-3 isoforms inhibit tumor suppressing pathways and therefore act as tumor promoters. In this article, we will discuss the multiple and often enigmatic roles played by GSK-3 isoforms in some chronic hematological malignancies (chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas) which are among the most common blood cancer cell types. We will also summarize possible novel strategies targeting GSK-3 for innovative therapies of these disorders.
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25
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Peng Y, Wang Y, Zhou C, Mei W, Zeng C. PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway and Its Role in Cancer Therapeutics: Are We Making Headway? Front Oncol 2022; 12:819128. [PMID: 35402264 PMCID: PMC8987494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.819128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a severe public health issue that is a leading cause of mortality globally. It is also an impediment to improving life expectancy worldwide. Furthermore, the global burden of cancer incidence and death is continuously growing. Current therapeutic options are insufficient for patients, and tumor complexity and heterogeneity necessitate customized medicine or targeted therapy. It is critical to identify potential cancer therapeutic targets. Aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has a significant role in carcinogenesis. This review summarized oncogenic PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway alterations in cancer and various cancer hallmarks associated with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, such as cell proliferation, autophagy, apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and chemoresistance. Importantly, this review provided recent advances in PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitor research. Overall, an in-depth understanding of the association between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and tumorigenesis and the development of therapies targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway will help make clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- Department of Obstetrics, Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wuxuan Mei
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Wang Y, Han B, Liu K, Wang X. Effects of DDR1 on migration and adhesion of periodontal ligament cells and the underlying mechanism. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:568-577. [PMID: 35297053 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE As one of the widely expressed cell surface receptors binding to collagen, the most abundant component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), knowledge of the expression, functions, and mechanisms underlying the role of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) is incomplete. This study determined the expression of DDR1 in hPDLCs and the effect of DDR1 upon migration and adhesion to hPDLCs, as well as the related regulatory mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of DDR1 and the DDR1 isoforms in hPDLCs from six donors were tested. The migratory ability (horizontal and vertical) and adhesive capacity of hPDLCs with or without specific knockdown of DDR1 were evaluated. After treatment with MEK-ERK1/2 inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126) with or without RNAi, the migratory and adhesive capacity of hPDLCs were re-tested. Western blotting was performed to verify p-MEK1/2 and p-ERK1/2, the key factors of the MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathways. RESULTS DDR1 was detected in hPDLCs in the mRNA and protein level; DDR1b was the dominant isoform. Knockdown of DDR1 almost halved the migratory capacity and significantly downregulated the adhesive capacity of hPDLCs. The use of MEK-ERK1/2 inhibitors caused declined migratory and adhesive capacity of hPDLCs as well. After DDR1 was knocked down, the expression of p-MEK and p-ERK protein declined significantly while total MEK and ERK showed no obvious change, which means the ratio of p-MEK/MEK and p-ERK/ERK was markedly reduced. CONCLUSIONS DDR1 plays an important role in the migration and adhesion of hPDLCs and might be regulated via the MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Kaining Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
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27
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Tang YC, Gottlieb A. SynPathy: Predicting Drug Synergy through Drug-Associated Pathways Using Deep Learning. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:762-769. [PMID: 35046110 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug combination therapy has become a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. While high-throughput drug combination screening is effective for identifying synergistic drug combinations, measuring all possible combinations is impractical due to the vast space of therapeutic agents and cell lines. In this study, we propose a biologically-motivated deep learning approach to identify pathway-level features from drug and cell lines' molecular data for predicting drug synergy and quantifying the interactions in synergistic drug pairs. This method obtained an MSE of 70.6{plus minus}6.4, significantly surpassing previous approaches while providing potential candidate pathways to explain the prediction. We further demonstrate that drug combinations tend to be more synergistic when their top contributing pathways are closer to each other on a protein interaction network, suggesting a potential strategy for combination therapy with topologically interacting pathways. Our computational approach can thus be utilized both for pre-screening of potential drug combinations and for designing new combinations based on proximity of pathways associated with drug targets and cell lines. Implications: Our computational framework may be translated in the future to clinical scenarios where synergistic drugs are tailored to the patient and additionally, drug development could benefit from designing drugs that target topologically close pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Tang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Assaf Gottlieb
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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28
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Vainio L, Taponen S, Kinnunen SM, Halmetoja E, Szabo Z, Alakoski T, Ulvila J, Junttila J, Lakkisto P, Magga J, Kerkelä R. GSK3β Serine 389 Phosphorylation Modulates Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Ischemic Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13586. [PMID: 34948382 PMCID: PMC8707850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies show that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) contributes to cardiac ischemic injury and cardiac hypertrophy. GSK3β is constitutionally active and phosphorylation of GSK3β at serine 9 (S9) inactivates the kinase and promotes cellular growth. GSK3β is also phosphorylated at serine 389 (S389), but the significance of this phosphorylation in the heart is not known. We analyzed GSK3β S389 phosphorylation in diseased hearts and utilized overexpression of GSK3β carrying ser→ala mutations at S9 (S9A) and S389 (S389A) to study the biological function of constitutively active GSK3β in primary cardiomyocytes. We found that phosphorylation of GSK3β at S389 was increased in left ventricular samples from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic cardiomyopathy, and in hearts of mice subjected to thoracic aortic constriction. Overexpression of either GSK3β S9A or S389A reduced the viability of cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Overexpression of double GSK3β mutant (S9A/S389A) further reduced cardiomyocyte viability. Determination of protein synthesis showed that overexpression of GSK3β S389A or GSK3β S9A/S389A increased both basal and agonist-induced cardiomyocyte growth. Mechanistically, GSK3β S389A mutation was associated with activation of mTOR complex 1 signaling. In conclusion, our data suggest that phosphorylation of GSK3β at S389 enhances cardiomyocyte survival and protects from cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vainio
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; (L.V.); (S.T.); (S.M.K.); (E.H.); (Z.S.); (T.A.); (J.U.); (J.M.)
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland;
| | - Saija Taponen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; (L.V.); (S.T.); (S.M.K.); (E.H.); (Z.S.); (T.A.); (J.U.); (J.M.)
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland;
| | - Sini M. Kinnunen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; (L.V.); (S.T.); (S.M.K.); (E.H.); (Z.S.); (T.A.); (J.U.); (J.M.)
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Eveliina Halmetoja
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; (L.V.); (S.T.); (S.M.K.); (E.H.); (Z.S.); (T.A.); (J.U.); (J.M.)
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Zoltan Szabo
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; (L.V.); (S.T.); (S.M.K.); (E.H.); (Z.S.); (T.A.); (J.U.); (J.M.)
| | - Tarja Alakoski
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; (L.V.); (S.T.); (S.M.K.); (E.H.); (Z.S.); (T.A.); (J.U.); (J.M.)
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland;
| | - Johanna Ulvila
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; (L.V.); (S.T.); (S.M.K.); (E.H.); (Z.S.); (T.A.); (J.U.); (J.M.)
| | - Juhani Junttila
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland;
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Päivi Lakkisto
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki 00014, Finland;
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Johanna Magga
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; (L.V.); (S.T.); (S.M.K.); (E.H.); (Z.S.); (T.A.); (J.U.); (J.M.)
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland;
| | - Risto Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; (L.V.); (S.T.); (S.M.K.); (E.H.); (Z.S.); (T.A.); (J.U.); (J.M.)
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland;
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
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29
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Sun EJ, Wankell M, Palamuthusingam P, McFarlane C, Hebbard L. Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111639. [PMID: 34829868 PMCID: PMC8615614 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of cancers through surgical procedures and new pharmaceuticals, the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains challenging as reflected by low survival rates. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an important signaling mechanism that regulates the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. Importantly, deregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway leading to activation is common in HCC and is hence the subject of intense investigation and the focus of current therapeutics. In this review article, we consider the role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of HCC, focusing on its downstream effectors such as glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), forkhead box O protein (FOXO), murine double minute 2 (MDM2), p53, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the cellular processes of lipogenesis and autophagy. In addition, we provide an update on the current ongoing clinical development of agents targeting this pathway for HCC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Sun
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (E.J.S.); (M.W.); (C.M.)
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Miriam Wankell
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (E.J.S.); (M.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Pranavan Palamuthusingam
- Institute of Surgery, The Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
- Mater Hospital, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Craig McFarlane
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (E.J.S.); (M.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Lionel Hebbard
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (E.J.S.); (M.W.); (C.M.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Darici S, Zavatti M, Braglia L, Accordi B, Serafin V, Horne GA, Manzoli L, Palumbo C, Huang X, Jørgensen HG, Marmiroli S. Synergistic cytotoxicity of dual PI3K/mTOR and FLT3 inhibition in FLT3-ITD AML cells. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 82:100830. [PMID: 34555701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematopoietic malignancy, characterized by a heterogeneous genetic landscape and complex clonal evolution, with poor outcomes. Mutation at the internal tandem duplication of FLT3 (FLT3-ITD) is one of the most common somatic alterations in AML, associated with high relapse rates and poor survival due to the constitutive activation of the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase and its downstream effectors, such as PI3K signaling. Thus, aberrantly activated FLT3-kinase is regarded as an attractive target for therapy for this AML subtype, and a number of small molecule inhibitors of this kinase have been identified, some of which are approved for clinical practice. Nevertheless, acquired resistance to these molecules is often observed, leading to severe clinical outcomes. Therapeutic strategies to tackle resistance include combining FLT3 inhibitors with other antileukemic agents. Here, we report on the preclinical activity of the combination of the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib with the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF-04691502 in FLT3-ITD cells. Briefly, we show that the association of these two molecules displays synergistic cytotoxicity in vitro in FLT3-ITD AML cells, triggering 90% cell death at nanomolar concentrations after 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihanur Darici
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy; Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Manuela Zavatti
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Luca Braglia
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Benedetta Accordi
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Haemato-Oncology Laboratory, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3 and IRP Città Della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Serafin
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Haemato-Oncology Laboratory, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3 and IRP Città Della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Gillian A Horne
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Palumbo
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Xu Huang
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK.
| | - Heather G Jørgensen
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Cellular Signaling Unit, Section of Human Morphology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy.
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Mahmood I, Azfaralariff A, Mohamad A, Airianah OB, Law D, Dyari HRE, Lim YC, Fazry S. Mutated Shiitake extracts inhibit melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells in zebrafish embryo. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109033. [PMID: 33737223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of natural extracts to inhibit melanocyte activity is of great interest to researchers. This study evaluates and explores the ability of mutated Shiitake (A37) and wildtype Shiitake (WE) extract to inhibit this activity. Several properties such as total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, effect on cell and component profiling were conducted. While having no significant differences in total phenolic content, mutation resulted in A37 having a TFC content (1.04 ± 0.7 mg/100 ml) compared to WE (0.86 ± 0.9 mg/100 ml). Despite that, A37 extract has lower antioxidant activity (EC50, A37 = 549.6 ± 2.70 μg/ml) than WE (EC50 = 52.8 ± 1.19 μg/ml). Toxicity tests on zebrafish embryos show that both extracts, stop the embryogenesis process when the concentration used exceeds 900 μg/ml. Although both extracts showed pigmentation reduction in zebrafish embryos, A37 extract showed no effect on embryo heartbeat. Cell cycle studies revealed that WE significantly affect the cell cycle while A37 not. Further tests found that these extracts inhibit the phosphorylation of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (pGSK3β) in HS27 cell line, which may explain the activation of apoptosis in melanin-producing cells. It was found that from 19 known compounds, 14 compounds were present in both WE and A37 extracts. Interestingly, the presence of decitabine in A37 extract makes it very potential for use in the medical application such as treatment of melanoma, skin therapy and even cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mahmood
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Azfaralariff
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Mohamad
- Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Othman B Airianah
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovative Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Douglas Law
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Herryawan Ryadi Eziwar Dyari
- Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Strand boulevard 49, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Shazrul Fazry
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovative Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Martelli AM, Evangelisti C, Paganelli F, Chiarini F, McCubrey JA. GSK-3: a multifaceted player in acute leukemias. Leukemia 2021; 35:1829-1842. [PMID: 33811246 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) consists of two isoforms (α and β) that were originally linked to glucose metabolism regulation. However, GSK-3 is also involved in several signaling pathways controlling many different key functions in healthy cells. GSK-3 is a unique kinase in that its isoforms are constitutively active, while they are inactivated mainly through phosphorylation at Ser residues by a variety of upstream kinases. In the early 1990s, GSK-3 emerged as a key player in cancer cell pathophysiology. Since active GSK-3 promotes destruction of multiple oncogenic proteins (e.g., β-catenin, c-Myc, Mcl-1) it was considered to be a tumor suppressor. Accordingly, GSK-3 is frequently inactivated in human cancer via aberrant regulation of upstream signaling pathways. More recently, however, it has emerged that GSK-3 isoforms display also oncogenic properties, as they up-regulate pathways critical for neoplastic cell proliferation, survival, and drug-resistance. The regulatory roles of GSK-3 isoforms in cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, tumor metabolism, invasion, and metastasis reflect the therapeutic relevance of these kinases and provide the rationale for combining GSK-3 inhibitors with other targeted drugs. Here, we discuss the multiple and often conflicting roles of GSK-3 isoforms in acute leukemias. We also review the current status of GSK-3 inhibitor development for innovative leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Paganelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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Losuwannarak N, Roytrakul S, Chanvorachote P. Gigantol Targets MYC for Ubiquitin-proteasomal Degradation and Suppresses Lung Cancer Cell Growth. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 17:781-793. [PMID: 33099479 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gigantol is a pharmacologically active bibenzyl compound exerting potential anticancer activities. At non-toxic concentrations, it reduces cancer stem cell properties and tumorigenicity. The mechanisms of the effects of gigantol on cancer cell growth are largely unknown. This study aimed to unravel the molecular profile and identify the prominent molecular mechanism of the effects of gigantol in controlling lung cancer cell proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were used accompanied by experimental molecular pharmacology approaches. RESULTS Gigantol exhibited antiproliferative effects on human lung cancer cells confirmed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide proliferation assay and colony growth assay. The protein profile in response to gigantol treatment associated with regulation of cell proliferation was analyzed to determine the prominent protein targets. Among the significant hub proteins, MYC, an important proto-oncogene and proliferation-promoting transcription factor, was down-regulated with the highest number of protein-protein interactions. MYC down-regulation was confirmed by western blot analysis. The up-stream regulator of MYC, Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) was found to be responsible for MYC destabilization mediated by gigantol. Gigantol facilitated GSK3β function and resulted in the increase of MYC-ubiquitin complex as evaluated by immunoprecipitation. CONCLUSION Gigantol was found to inhibit lung cancer proliferation through induction of GSK3β-mediated MYC ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. These data suggest gigantol to be a promising candidate for novel strategy in inhibition of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattanan Losuwannarak
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Autophagy and the Wnt signaling pathway: A focus on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118926. [PMID: 33316295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis and adaptation to various environmental conditions are importantly regulated by the sophisticated mechanism of autophagy and its crosstalk with Wnt signaling and other developmental pathways. Both autophagy and Wnt signaling are involved in embryogenesis and differentiation. Autophagy is responsible for degradation and recycling of cytosolic materials by directing them to lysosomes through the phagophore compartment. A dual feedback mechanism regulates the interface between autophagy and Wnt signaling pathways. During nutrient deprivation, β-catenin and Dishevelled (essential Wnt signaling proteins) are targeted for autophagic degradation by LC3. When Wnt signaling is activated, β-catenin acts as a corepressor of one of the autophagy proteins, p62. In contrast, another key Wnt signaling protein, GSK3β, negatively regulates the Wnt pathway and has been shown to induce autophagy by phosphorylation of the TSC complex. This article reviews the interplay between autophagy and Wnt signaling, describing how β-catenin functions as a key cellular integration point coordinating proliferation with autophagy, and it discusses the clinical importance of the crosstalk between these mechanisms.
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35
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Ratti S, Lonetti A, Follo MY, Paganelli F, Martelli AM, Chiarini F, Evangelisti C. B-ALL Complexity: Is Targeted Therapy Still A Valuable Approach for Pediatric Patients? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123498. [PMID: 33255367 PMCID: PMC7760974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary B-ALL is the more frequent childhood malignancy. Even though significant improvements in patients’ survival, some pediatric B-ALL have still poor prognosis and novel strategies are needed. Recently, new genetic abnormalities and altered signaling pathways have been described, defining novel B-ALL subtypes.Innovative targeted therapeutic drugs may potentially show a great impact on the treatment of B-ALL subtypes, offering an important chance to block multiple signaling pathways and potentially improving the clinical management of B-ALL younger patients, especially for the new identified subtypes that lack efficient chemotherapeutic protocols. In this review, we shed light on the up-to-date knowledge of the novel childhood B-ALL subtypes and the altered signaling pathways that could become new druggable targets. Abstract B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a hematologic malignancy that arises from the clonal expansion of transformed B-cell precursors and predominately affects childhood. Even though significant progresses have been made in the treatment of B-ALL, pediatric patients’ outcome has to be furtherly increased and alternative targeted treatment strategies are required for younger patients. Over the last decade, novel approaches have been used to understand the genomic landscape and the complexity of the molecular biology of pediatric B-ALL, mainly next generation sequencing, offering important insights into new B-ALL subtypes, altered pathways, and therapeutic targets that may lead to improved risk stratification and treatments. Here, we will highlight the up-to-date knowledge of the novel B-ALL subtypes in childhood, with particular emphasis on altered signaling pathways. In addition, we will discuss the targeted therapies that showed promising results for the treatment of the different B-ALL subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (M.Y.F.); (F.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Annalisa Lonetti
- Giorgio Prodi Cancer Research Center, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 11, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Matilde Y. Follo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (M.Y.F.); (F.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Francesca Paganelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (M.Y.F.); (F.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Alberto M. Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (M.Y.F.); (F.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (C.E.); Tel.: +39-051-209-1581 (F.C.); +39-051-209-1581 (C.E.)
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (C.E.); Tel.: +39-051-209-1581 (F.C.); +39-051-209-1581 (C.E.)
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Smith SL, Pitt AR, Spickett CM. Approaches to Investigating the Protein Interactome of PTEN. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:60-77. [PMID: 33074689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is a redox-sensitive dual specificity phosphatase with an essential role in the negative regulation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, affecting metabolic and cell survival processes. PTEN is commonly mutated in cancer, and dysregulation in the metabolism of PIP3 is implicated in other diseases such as diabetes. PTEN interactors are responsible for some functional roles of PTEN beyond the negative regulation of the PI3K pathway and are thus of great importance in cell biology. Both high-data content proteomics-based approaches and low-data content PPI approaches have been used to investigate the interactome of PTEN and elucidate further functions of PTEN. While low-data content approaches rely on co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting, and as such require previously generated hypotheses, high-data content approaches such as affinity pull-down proteomic assays or the yeast 2-hybrid system are hypothesis generating. This review provides an overview of the PTEN interactome, including redox effects, and critically appraises the methods and results of high-data content investigations into the global interactome of PTEN. The biological significance of findings from recent studies is discussed and illustrates the breadth of cellular functions of PTEN that can be discovered by these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Smith
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Andrew R Pitt
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, U.K.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, U.K
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Shorning BY, Dass MS, Smalley MJ, Pearson HB. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and Prostate Cancer: At the Crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4507. [PMID: 32630372 PMCID: PMC7350257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in prostate cancer that facilitates tumor formation, disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Recent discoveries indicate that the complex crosstalk between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and multiple interacting cell signaling cascades can further promote prostate cancer progression and influence the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to PI3K-AKT-mTOR-targeted therapies being explored in the clinic, as well as standard treatment approaches such as androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). However, the full extent of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network during prostate tumorigenesis, invasive progression and disease recurrence remains to be determined. In this review, we outline the emerging diversity of the genetic alterations that lead to activated PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in prostate cancer, and discuss new mechanistic insights into the interplay between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and several key interacting oncogenic signaling cascades that can cooperate to facilitate prostate cancer growth and drug-resistance, specifically the androgen receptor (AR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and WNT signaling cascades. Ultimately, deepening our understanding of the broader PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network is crucial to aid patient stratification for PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-directed therapies, and to discover new therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer that improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (B.Y.S.); (M.S.D.); (M.J.S.)
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38
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Duda P, Akula SM, Abrams SL, Steelman LS, Gizak A, Rakus D, McCubrey JA. GSK-3 and miRs: Master regulators of therapeutic sensitivity of cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118770. [PMID: 32524999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthetase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and microRNAs (miRs) affect many critical signaling pathways important in cell growth. GSK-3 is a serine/threonine (S/T) protein kinase. Often when GSK-3 phosphorylates other proteins, they are inactivated and the signaling pathway is shut down. The PI3K/PTEN/AKT/GSK3/mTORC1 pathway plays key roles in regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, drug resistance, malignant transformation and metastasis and is often deregulated in cancer. When GSK-3 is phosphorylated by AKT it is inactivated and this often leads to growth promotion. When GSK-3 is not phosphorylated by AKT or other kinases at specific negative-regulatory residues, it can modify the activity of many proteins by phosphorylation, some of these proteins promote while others inhibit cell proliferation. This is part of the conundrum regarding GSK-3. The central theme of this review is the ability of GSK-3 to serve as either a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter in cancer which is likely due to its diverse protein substrates. The effects of multiple miRs which bind mRNAs encoding GSK-3 and other signaling molecules and how they affect cell growth and sensitivity to various therapeutics will be discussed as they serve to regulate GSK-3 and other proteins important in controlling proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Duda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Brody Building 5N98C, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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39
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Deregulated PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in prostate cancer: Still a potential druggable target? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118731. [PMID: 32360668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the prognosis of patients with localized prostate cancer is good after surgery, with a favorable response to androgen deprivation therapy, about one third of them invariably relapse, and progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Overall, prostate cancer therapies remain scarcely effective, thus it is mandatory to devise alternative treatments enhancing the efficacy of surgical castration and hormone administration. Dysregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway has attracted growing attention in prostate cancer due to the highly frequent association of epigenetic and post-translational modifications as well as to genetic alterations of both phosphoinositide 3-kinase and PTEN to onset and/or progression of this malignancy, and to resistance to canonical androgen-deprivation therapy. Here we provide a summary of the biological functions of the major players of this cascade and their deregulation in prostate cancer, summarizing the results of preclinical and clinical studies with PI3K signaling inhibitors and the reasons of failure independent from genomic changes.
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