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Hinkle JJ, Olschowka JA, Williams JP, O'Banion MK. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Complement Receptor 3 Prevents Dendritic Spine Loss and Cognitive Impairment After Acute Cranial Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 119:912-923. [PMID: 38142839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cranial irradiation induces healthy tissue damage that can lead to neurocognitive complications, negatively affecting patient quality of life. One damage indicator associated with cognitive impairment is loss of neuronal spine density. We previously demonstrated that irradiation-mediated spine loss is microglial complement receptor 3 (CR3) and sex dependent. We hypothesized that these changes are associated with late-delayed cognitive deficits and amenable to pharmacologic intervention. METHODS AND MATERIALS Our model of cranial irradiation (acute, 10 Gy gamma) used male and female CR3-wild type and CR3-deficient Thy-1 YFP mice of C57BL/6 background. Forty-five days after irradiation and behavioral testing, we quantified spine density and markers of microglial reactivity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In a separate experiment, male Thy-1 YFP C57BL/6 mice were treated with leukadherin-1, a modulator of CR3 function. RESULTS We found that male mice demonstrate irradiation-mediated spine loss and cognitive deficits but that female and CR3 knockout mice do not. These changes were associated with greater reactivity of microglia in male mice. Pharmacologic manipulation of CR3 with LA1 prevented spine loss and cognitive deficits in irradiated male mice. CONCLUSIONS This work improves our understanding of irradiation-mediated mechanisms and sex dependent responses and may help identify novel therapeutics to reduce irradiation-induced cognitive decline and improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Hinkle
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Neuroscience Institute
| | | | | | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
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2
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Liu X, Lu T, Chen X, Huang S, Zheng W, Zhang W, Meng S, Yan W, Shi L, Bao Y, Xue Y, Shi J, Yuan K, Han Y, Lu L. Memory consolidation drives the enhancement of remote cocaine memory via prefrontal circuit. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:730-741. [PMID: 38221548 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02364-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Remote memory usually decreases over time, whereas remote drug-cue associated memory exhibits enhancement, increasing the risk of relapse during abstinence. Memory system consolidation is a prerequisite for remote memory formation, but neurobiological underpinnings of the role of consolidation in the enhancement of remote drug memory are unclear. Here, we found that remote cocaine-cue associated memory was enhanced in rats that underwent self-administration training, together with a progressive increase in the response of prelimbic cortex (PrL) CaMKII neurons to cues. System consolidation was required for the enhancement of remote cocaine memory through PrL CaMKII neurons during the early period post-training. Furthermore, dendritic spine maturation in the PrL relied on the basolateral amygdala (BLA) input during the early period of consolidation, contributing to remote memory enhancement. These findings indicate that memory consolidation drives the enhancement of remote cocaine memory through a time-dependent increase in activity and maturation of PrL CaMKII neurons receiving a sustained BLA input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Tangsheng Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Shihao Huang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Le Shi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China.
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Cognitive Disorder, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2018RU006), Dongcheng, Beijing, China.
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3
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Hu G, Chen A, Ye J, Liu Q, Wang J, Fan C, Wang X, Huang M, Dai M, Shi X, Gu Y. A developmental critical period for ocular dominance plasticity of binocular neurons in mouse superior colliculus. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113667. [PMID: 38184852 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Detecting visual features in the environment is crucial for animals' survival. The superior colliculus (SC) is implicated in motion detection and processing, whereas how the SC integrates visual inputs from the two eyes remains unclear. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we show that mouse SC contains many binocular neurons that display robust ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in a critical period during early development, which is similar to, but not dependent on, the primary visual cortex. NR2A- and NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play an essential role in the regulation of SC plasticity. Blocking NMDA receptors can largely prevent the impairment of predatory hunting caused by monocular deprivation, indicating that maintaining the binocularity of SC neurons is required for efficient hunting behavior. Together, our studies reveal the existence and function of OD plasticity in SC, which broadens our understanding of the development of subcortical visual circuitry relating to motion detection and predatory hunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ailin Chen
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Cunxiu Fan
- Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Huangjiahuayuan Road, Shanghai 201803, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Mengqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Menghan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China; Institute of Ophthalmology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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4
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Cai M, Park HR, Yang EJ. Electroacupuncture modulates glutamate neurotransmission to alleviate PTSD-like behaviors in a PTSD animal model. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:357. [PMID: 37993441 PMCID: PMC10665470 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic event. Owing to the relatively low rates of response and remission with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as the primary treatment for PTSD, there is a recognized need for alternative strategies to effectively address the symptoms of PTSD. Dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission plays a critical role in various disorders, including anxiety, depression, PTSD, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the regulation of glutamate levels holds great promise as a therapeutic target for the treatment of mental disorders. Electroacupuncture (EA) has become increasingly popular as a complementary and alternative medicine approach. It maintains the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS) function and alleviates symptoms associated with anxiety, depression, and insomnia. This study investigated the effects of EA at the GV29 (Yintang) acupoint three times per week for 2 weeks in an animal model of PTSD. PTSD was induced using single prolonged stress/shock (SPSS) in mice, that is, SPS with additional foot shock stimulation. EA treatment significantly reduced PTSD-like behavior and effectively regulated serum corticosterone and serotonin levels in the PTSD model. Additionally, EA treatment decreased glutamate levels and glutamate neurotransmission-related proteins (pNR1 and NR2B) in the hippocampus of a PTSD model. In addition, neuronal activity and the number of Golgi-impregnated dendritic spines were significantly lower in the EA treatment group than in the SPSS group. Notably, EA treatment effectively reduced glutamate-induced excitotoxicity (caspase-3, Bax, and pJNK). These findings suggest that EA treatment at the GV29 acupoint holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach for PTSD, possibly through the regulation of NR2B receptor-mediated glutamate neurotransmission to reduce PTSD-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Hee Ra Park
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea.
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5
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Walker CK, Greathouse KM, Liu E, Muhammad HM, Boros BD, Freeman CD, Seo JV, Herskowitz JH. Comparison of Golgi-Cox and Intracellular Loading of Lucifer Yellow for Dendritic Spine Density and Morphology Analysis in the Mouse Brain. Neuroscience 2022; 498:1-18. [PMID: 35752428 PMCID: PMC9420811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small protrusions on dendrites that serve as the postsynaptic site of the majority of excitatory synapses. These structures are important for normal synaptic transmission, and alterations in their density and morphology have been documented in various disease states. Over 130 years ago, Ramón y Cajal used Golgi-stained tissue sections to study dendritic morphology. Despite the array of technological advances, including iontophoretic microinjection of Lucifer yellow (LY) fluorescent dye, Golgi staining continues to be one of the most popular approaches to visualize dendritic spines. Here, we compared dendritic spine density and morphology among pyramidal neurons in layers 2/3 of the mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA1 using three-dimensional digital reconstructions of (1) brightfield microscopy z-stacks of Golgi-impregnated dendrites and (2) confocal microscopy z-stacks of LY-filled dendrites. Analysis of spine density revealed that the LY microinjection approach enabled detection of approximately three times as many spines as the Golgi staining approach in both brain regions. Spine volume measurements were larger using Golgi staining compared to LY microinjection in both mPFC and CA1. Spine length was mostly comparable between techniques in both regions. In the mPFC, head diameter was similar for Golgi staining and LY microinjection. However, in CA1, head diameter was approximately 50% smaller on LY-filled dendrites compared to Golgi staining. These results indicate that Golgi staining and LY microinjection yield different spine density and morphology measurements, with Golgi staining failing to detect dendritic spines and overestimating spine size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Walker
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Kelsey M Greathouse
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Evan Liu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Hamad M Muhammad
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Benjamin D Boros
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Cameron D Freeman
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Jung Vin Seo
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Jeremy H Herskowitz
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
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6
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Munoz-Ballester C, Mahmutovic D, Rafiqzad Y, Korot A, Robel S. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier Triggers an Atypical Neuronal Response. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:821885. [PMID: 35250487 PMCID: PMC8894613 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.821885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild TBI (mTBI), which affects 75% of TBI survivors or more than 50 million people worldwide each year, can lead to consequences including sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment, mood swings, and post-traumatic epilepsy in a subset of patients. To interrupt the progression of these comorbidities, identifying early pathological events is key. Recent studies have shown that microbleeds, caused by mechanical impact, persist for months after mTBI and are correlated to worse mTBI outcomes. However, the impact of mTBI-induced blood-brain barrier damage on neurons is yet to be revealed. We used a well-characterized mouse model of mTBI that presents with frequent and widespread but size-restricted damage to the blood-brain barrier to assess how neurons respond to exposure of blood-borne factors in this pathological context. We used immunohistochemistry and histology to assess the expression of neuronal proteins in excitatory and inhibitory neurons after mTBI. We observed that the expression of NeuN, Parvalbumin, and CamKII was lost within minutes in areas with blood-brain barrier disruption. Yet, the neurons remained alive and could be detected using a fluorescent Nissl staining even 6 months later. A similar phenotype was observed after exposure of neurons to blood-borne factors due to endothelial cell ablation in the absence of a mechanical impact, suggesting that entrance of blood-borne factors into the brain is sufficient to induce the neuronal atypical response. Changes in postsynaptic spines were observed indicative of functional changes. Thus, this study demonstrates That exposure of neurons to blood-borne factors causes a rapid and sustained loss of neuronal proteins and changes in spine morphology in the absence of neurodegeneration, a finding that is likely relevant to many neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Munoz-Ballester
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Dzenis Mahmutovic
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yusuf Rafiqzad
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech Carilion, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Alia Korot
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, United States
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech Carilion, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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7
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Dendrite tapering actuates a self-organizing signaling circuit for stochastic filopodia initiation in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106921118. [PMID: 34686599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106921118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
How signaling units spontaneously arise from a noisy cellular background is not well understood. Here, we show that stochastic membrane deformations can nucleate exploratory dendritic filopodia, dynamic actin-rich structures used by neurons to sample its surroundings for compatible transcellular contacts. A theoretical analysis demonstrates that corecruitment of positive and negative curvature-sensitive proteins to deformed membranes minimizes the free energy of the system, allowing the formation of long-lived curved membrane sections from stochastic membrane fluctuations. Quantitative experiments show that once recruited, curvature-sensitive proteins form a signaling circuit composed of interlinked positive and negative actin-regulatory feedback loops. As the positive but not the negative feedback loop can sense the dendrite diameter, this self-organizing circuit determines filopodia initiation frequency along tapering dendrites. Together, our findings identify a receptor-independent signaling circuit that employs random membrane deformations to simultaneously elicit and limit formation of exploratory filopodia to distal dendritic sites of developing neurons.
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8
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Walker CK, Herskowitz JH. Dendritic Spines: Mediators of Cognitive Resilience in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscientist 2021; 27:487-505. [PMID: 32812494 PMCID: PMC8130863 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420945964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive resilience is often defined as the ability to remain cognitively normal in the face of insults to the brain. These insults can include disease pathology, such as plaques and tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other lesions. Factors such as physical or mental activity and genetics may contribute to cognitive resilience, but the neurobiological underpinnings remain ill-defined. Emerging evidence suggests that dendritic spine structural plasticity is one plausible mechanism. In this review, we highlight the basic structure and function of dendritic spines and discuss how spine density and morphology change in aging and Alzheimer's disease. We note evidence that spine plasticity mediates resilience to stress, and we tackle dendritic spines in the context of cognitive resilience to Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we examine how lifestyle and genetic factors may influence dendritic spine plasticity to promote cognitive resilience before discussing evidence for actin regulatory kinases as therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K. Walker
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Jeremy H. Herskowitz
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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9
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Alimohamadi H, Bell MK, Halpain S, Rangamani P. Mechanical Principles Governing the Shapes of Dendritic Spines. Front Physiol 2021; 12:657074. [PMID: 34220531 PMCID: PMC8242199 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.657074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small, bulbous protrusions along the dendrites of neurons and are sites of excitatory postsynaptic activity. The morphology of spines has been implicated in their function in synaptic plasticity and their shapes have been well-characterized, but the potential mechanics underlying their shape development and maintenance have not yet been fully understood. In this work, we explore the mechanical principles that could underlie specific shapes using a minimal biophysical model of membrane-actin interactions. Using this model, we first identify the possible force regimes that give rise to the classic spine shapes-stubby, filopodia, thin, and mushroom-shaped spines. We also use this model to investigate how the spine neck might be stabilized using periodic rings of actin or associated proteins. Finally, we use this model to predict that the cooperation between force generation and ring structures can regulate the energy landscape of spine shapes across a wide range of tensions. Thus, our study provides insights into how mechanical aspects of actin-mediated force generation and tension can play critical roles in spine shape maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Alimohamadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Miriam K. Bell
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shelley Halpain
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Lo LHY, Dong R, Lyu Q, Lai KO. The Protein Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT8 and Substrate G3BP1 Control Rac1-PAK1 Signaling and Actin Cytoskeleton for Dendritic Spine Maturation. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107744. [PMID: 32521269 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory synapses of neurons are located on dendritic spines. Spine maturation is essential for the stability of synapses and memory consolidation, and overproduction of the immature filopodia is associated with brain disorders. The structure and function of synapses can be modulated by protein post-translational modification (PTM). Arginine methylation is a major PTM that regulates chromatin structure, transcription, and splicing within the nucleus. Here we find that the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT8 is present at neuronal synapses and its expression is upregulated in the hippocampus when dendritic spine maturation occurs. Depletion of PRMT8 leads to overabundance of filopodia and mis-localization of excitatory synapses. Mechanistically, PRMT8 promotes dendritic spine morphology through methylation of the dendritic RNA-binding protein G3BP1 and suppression of the Rac1-PAK1 signaling pathway to control synaptic actin dynamics. Our findings unravel arginine methylation as a crucial regulatory mechanism for actin cytoskeleton during synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hoi-Ying Lo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Dong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quanwei Lyu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-On Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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11
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Ma S, Zuo Y. Synaptic modifications in learning and memory - A dendritic spine story. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 125:84-90. [PMID: 34020876 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are specialized sites where neurons connect and communicate with each other. Activity-dependent modification of synaptic structure and function provides a mechanism for learning and memory. The advent of high-resolution time-lapse imaging in conjunction with fluorescent biosensors and actuators enables researchers to monitor and manipulate the structure and function of synapses both in vitro and in vivo. This review focuses on recent imaging studies on the synaptic modification underlying learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorong Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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12
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Ageta-Ishihara N, Kinoshita M. Developmental and postdevelopmental roles of septins in the brain. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:6-12. [PMID: 33159992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenetic processes during brain development and postdevelopmental remodeling of neural architecture depend on the exquisite interplay between the microtubule- and actin-based cytoskeletal systems. Accumulation of evidence indicates cooperative roles of another cytoskeletal system composed of the septin family. Here we overview experimental findings on mammalian septins and their hypothetical roles in the proliferation of neural progenitor cells, neurite development, synapse formation and regulations. The diverse, mostly unexpected phenotypes obtained from gain- and loss-of-function mutants point to unknown molecular network to be elucidated, which may underlie pathogenetic processes of infectious diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Ageta-Ishihara
- Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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13
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Bevan RJ, Williams PA, Waters CT, Thirgood R, Mui A, Seto S, Good M, Morgan JE, Votruba M, Erchova I. OPA1 deficiency accelerates hippocampal synaptic remodelling and age-related deficits in learning and memory. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa101. [PMID: 33094281 PMCID: PMC7566495 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy mitochondrial network is essential for the maintenance of neuronal synaptic integrity. Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases including dementia. OPA1 is the master regulator of mitochondrial fusion and fission and is likely to play an important role during neurodegenerative events. To explore this, we quantified hippocampal dendritic and synaptic integrity and the learning and memory performance of aged Opa1 haploinsufficient mice carrying the Opa1Q285X mutation (B6; C3-Opa1Q285STOP ; Opa1+/- ). We demonstrate that heterozygous loss of Opa1 results in premature age-related loss of spines in hippocampal pyramidal CA1 neurons and a reduction in synaptic density in the hippocampus. This loss is associated with subtle memory deficits in both spatial novelty and object recognition. We hypothesize that metabolic failure to maintain normal neuronal activity at the level of a single spine leads to premature age-related memory deficits. These results highlight the importance of mitochondrial homeostasis for maintenance of neuronal function during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Bevan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Pete A Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Polhemsgatan 50, 112 82 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline T Waters
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Thirgood
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Amanda Mui
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sharon Seto
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Mark Good
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Irina Erchova
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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14
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Fraga DB, Costa AP, Olescowicz G, Camargo A, Pazini FL, E Freitas A, Moretti M, S Brocardo P, S Rodrigues AL. Ascorbic acid presents rapid behavioral and hippocampal synaptic plasticity effects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109757. [PMID: 31476335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has suggested that ascorbic acid may exhibit rapid anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. In this study the effects of a single administration of ascorbic acid (1 mg/kg, p.o.), ketamine (1 mg/kg, i.p., a fast-acting antidepressant) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o., conventional antidepressant) were investigated on: a) behavioral performance in the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) test; b) hippocampal synaptic protein immunocontent; c) dendritic spine density and morphology in the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and d) hippocampal dendritic arborization. Ascorbic acid or ketamine, but not fluoxetine, decreased the latency to feed in the NSF test in mice. This effect was accompanied by increased p70S6K (Thr389) phosphorylation 1 h after ascorbic acid or ketamine treatment, although only ascorbic acid increased synapsin I immunocontent. Ketamine administration increased the dendritic spine density in the dorsal DG, but none of the treatments affected the maturation of dendritic spines in this region. In addition, both ascorbic acid and ketamine increased the dendritic spine density in the ventral DG, particularly the mature spines. Sholl analysis demonstrated no effect of any treatment on hippocampal dendritic arborization. Altogether, the results provide evidence that the behavioral and synaptic responses observed following ascorbic acid administration might occur via the upregulation of synaptic proteins, dendritic spine density, and maturation in the ventral DG, similar to ketamine. These findings contribute to understand the cellular targets implicated in its antidepressant/anxiolytic behavioral responses and support the notion that ascorbic acid may share with ketamine the ability to increase synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane B Fraga
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Olescowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Anderson Camargo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Francis L Pazini
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Andiara E Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia S Brocardo
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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15
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Zhang HH, Meng SQ, Guo XY, Zhang JL, Zhang W, Chen YY, Lu L, Yang JL, Xue YX. Traumatic Stress Produces Delayed Alterations of Synaptic Plasticity in Basolateral Amygdala. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2394. [PMID: 31708835 PMCID: PMC6824323 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute traumatic event exposure is a direct cause of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Amygdala is suggested to be associated with the development of PTSD. In our previous findings, different activation patterns of GABAergic neurons and glutamatergic neurons in early or late stages after stress were found. However, the neural plastic mechanism underlying the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) in post-traumatic stress disorder remains unclear. Therefore, this study mainly aimed at investigating time-dependent morphologic and electrophysiological changes in BLA during the development of PTSD. We used single prolonged stress (SPS) procedure to establish PTSD model of rats. The rats showed no alterations in anxiety behavior as well as in dendritic spine density or synaptic transmission in BLA 1 day after SPS. However, 10 days after SPS, rats showed enhancement of anxiety behavior, and spine density and frequency of miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents in BLA. Our results suggested that after traumatic stress, BLA displayed delayed increase in both spinogenesis and synaptic transmission, which seemed to facilitate the development of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi-Qiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yi Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy and Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Yun Chen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
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16
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Li MX, Qiao H, Zhang M, Ma XM. Role of Cdk5 in Kalirin7-Mediated Formation of Dendritic Spines. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1243-1251. [PMID: 30875016 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A majority of excitatory synapses in the brain are localized on the dendritic spines. Alterations of spine density and morphology are associated with many neurological diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying spine formation is important for understanding these diseases. Kalirin7 (Kal-7) is localized to the postsynaptic side of excitatory synapses in the neurons. Overexpression of Kal-7 causes an increase in spine density whereas knockdown expression of endogenous Kal-7 results in a decrease in spine density in primary cultured cortical neurons. However, the mechanisms underlying Kal-7-mediated spine formation are not entirely clear. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) plays a vital role in the formation of spines and synaptic plasticity. Kal-7 is phosphorylated by CDK5 at Thr1590, the unique Cdk5 phosphorylation site in the Kal-7 protein. This study was to explore the role of CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of Kal-7 in spine formation and the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed expression of Kal-7T/D (mimicked phosphorylation), Kal-7T/A mutants (blocked phosphorylation) or wild-type (Wt) Kal-7 caused in a similar increase in spine density, while spine size of Wt Kal-7-expressing cortical neurons was bigger than that in Kal-7 T\A-expressing neurons, but smaller than that in Kal-7T/D-expressing neurons. The fluorescence intensity of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B (GluN2B) staining was stronger along the MAP2 positive dendrites of Kal-7T/D-expressing neurons than that in Kal-7T/A- or Wt Kal-7-expressing neurons. The fluorescence intensity of AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 (GluA1) staining showed the same trend as GluN2B staining. These findings suggest that Cdk5 affects the function of Kal-7 on spine morphology and function via GluN2B and GluA1 receptors during dendritic spine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Hui Qiao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin-Ming Ma
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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17
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Urban P, Rezaei V, Bokota G, Denkiewicz M, Basu S, Plewczyński D. Dendritic Spines Taxonomy: The Functional and Structural Classification • Time-Dependent Probabilistic Model of Neuronal Activation. J Comput Biol 2019; 26:322-335. [PMID: 30810368 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2018.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Categorizing spines into four subpopulations, stubby, mushroom, thin, or filopodia, is one of the common approaches in morphological analysis. Most cellular models describing synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP), and long-term depression associate synaptic strength with either spine enlargement or spine shrinkage. Unfortunately, although we have a lot of available software with automatic spine segmentation and feature extraction methods, at present none of them allows for automatic and unbiased distinction between dendritic spine subpopulations, or for the detailed computational models of spine behavior. Therefore, we propose structural classification based on two different mathematical approaches: unsupervised construction of spine shape taxonomy based on arbitrary features (SpineTool) and supervised classification exploiting convolution kernels theory (2dSpAn). We compared two populations of spines in a form of static and dynamic data sets gathered at three time points. The dynamic data contain two sets of spines: the active set and the control set. The first population was stimulated with LTP, and the other population in its resting state was used as a control population. We propose one equation describing the distribution of variables that best fits all dendritic spine parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Urban
- 1 Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,2 College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vahid Rezaei
- 3 Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.,4 School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Grzegorz Bokota
- 1 Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,5 Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Denkiewicz
- 1 Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,2 College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Subhadip Basu
- 6 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Dariusz Plewczyński
- 1 Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,7 Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Ji J, Moquin A, Bertorelle F, KY Chang P, Antoine R, Luo J, McKinney RA, Maysinger D. Organotypic and primary neural cultures as models to assess effects of different gold nanostructures on glia and neurons. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:285-304. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1543468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ji
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Moquin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Franck Bertorelle
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philip KY Chang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - R. Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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19
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Finnell JE, Wood SK. Putative Inflammatory Sensitive Mechanisms Underlying Risk or Resilience to Social Stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:240. [PMID: 30416436 PMCID: PMC6212591 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well recognized that exposure to stress can lead to the onset of psychosocial disorders such as depression. While there are a number of antidepressant therapies currently available and despite producing immediate neurochemical alterations, they require weeks of continuous use in order to exhibit antidepressant efficacy. Moreover, up to 30% of patients do not respond to typical antidepressants, suggesting that our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying stress-induced depression is still limited. In recent years inflammation has become a major focus in the study of depression as several clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that peripheral and central inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, are elevated in depressed patients. Moreover, it has been suggested that inflammation and particularly neuroinflammation may be a direct and immediate link in the emergence of stress-induced depression due to the broad neural and glial effects that are elicited by proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, individual differences in inflammatory reactivity may further explain why certain individuals exhibit differing susceptibility to the consequences of stress. In this review article, we discuss sources of individual differences such as age, sex and coping mechanisms that are likely sources of distinct changes in stress-induced neuroimmune factors and highlight putative sources of exaggerated neuroinflammation in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, we review the current literature of specific neural and glial mechanisms that are regulated by stress and inflammation including mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and mechanisms of glutamate excitotoxicity. Taken together, the impetus for this review is to move towards a better understanding of mechanisms regulated by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are capable of contributing to the emergence of depressive-like behaviors in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.,WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC, United States
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20
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Rex CS, Simmon VF, Sarraf ST, Zhang ZG, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. A Small Molecule Spinogenic Compound Enhances Functional Outcome and Dendritic Spine Plasticity in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:589-600. [PMID: 30014757 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetra (ethylene glycol) derivative of benzothiazole aniline (SPG101) has been shown to improve dendritic spine density and cognitive memory in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease (AD) when administered intraperitoneally. The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of SPG101 on dendritic spine density and morphology and sensorimotor and cognitive functional recovery in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Young adult male Wistar rats with CCI were randomly divided into the following two groups (n = 7/group): (1) Vehicle, and (2) SPG101. SPG101 (30 mg/kg) dissolved in vehicle (1% dimethyl sulfoxide in phosphate buffered saline) or Vehicle were intraperitoneally administered starting at 1 h post-injury and once daily for the next 34 days. Sensorimotor deficits were assessed using a modified neurological severity score and adhesive removal and foot fault tests. Cognitive function was measured by Morris water maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and three-chamber social recognition tests. The animals were sacrificed 35 days after injury, and their brains were processed for measurement of dendritic spine density and morphology using ballistic dye labeling. Compared with the vehicle treatment, SPG101 treatment initiated 1 h post-injury significantly improved sensorimotor functional recovery (days 7-35, p < 0.0001), spatial learning (days 32-35, p < 0.0001), NOR (days 14 and 35, p < 0.0001), social recognition (days 14 and 35, p < 0.0001). Further, treatment significantly increased dendritic spine density in the injured cortex (p < 0.05), decreased heterogeneous distribution of spine lengths in the injured cortex and hippocampus (p < 0.0001), modifications that are associated with the promotion of spine maturation in these brain regions. In summary, treatment with SPG101 initiated 1 h post-injury and continued for an additional 34 days improves both sensorimotor and cognitive functional recovery, indicating that SPG101 acts as a spinogenic agent and may have potential as a novel treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Zhang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael Chopp
- 2 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan.,3 Department of Physics, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- 2 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Asim Mahmood
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ye Xiong
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
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21
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Zhu B, Zhao L, Luo D, Xu D, Tan T, Dong Z, Tang Y, Min Z, Deng X, Sun F, Yan Z, Chen G. Furin promotes dendritic morphogenesis and learning and memory in transgenic mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2473-2488. [PMID: 29302702 PMCID: PMC11105492 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Furin is a proprotein convertase implicated in a variety of pathological processes including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of furin in neuronal plasticity and learning and memory remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that in brain-specific furin transgenic (Furin-Tg) mice, the dendritic spine density and proliferation of neural progenitor cells were significantly increased. These mice exhibited enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning and memory performance, without alterations of miniature excitatory/inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In the cortex and hippocampus of Furin-Tg mice, the ratio of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) to pro-BDNF, and the activities of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were significantly elevated. We also found that hippocampal knockdown of CREB diminished the facilitation of LTP and cognitive function in Furin-Tg mice. Together, our results demonstrate that furin enhances dendritic morphogenesis and learning and memory in transgenic mice, which may be associated with BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lige Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Demei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Lu, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Lu, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhuo Min
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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22
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Kiffer F, Carr H, Groves T, Anderson JE, Alexander T, Wang J, Seawright JW, Sridharan V, Carter G, Boerma M, Allen AR. Effects of 1H + 16O Charged Particle Irradiation on Short-Term Memory and Hippocampal Physiology in a Murine Model. Radiat Res 2017; 189:53-63. [PMID: 29136391 DOI: 10.1667/rr14843.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) poses a significant health risk for deep-space flight crews. GCR are unique in their extremely high-energy particles. With current spacecraft shielding technology, some of the predominant particles astronauts would be exposed to are 1H + 16O. Radiation has been shown to cause cognitive deficits in mice. The hippocampus plays a key role in memory and cognitive tasks; it receives information from the cortex, undergoes dendritic-dependent processing and then relays information back to the cortex. In this study, we investigated the effects of combined 1H + 16O irradiation on cognition and dendritic structures in the hippocampus of adult male mice three months postirradiation. Six-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were irradiated first with 1H (0.5 Gy, 150 MeV/n) and 1 h later with 16O (0.1 Gy, 600 MeV/n) at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (Upton, NY). Three months after irradiation, animals were tested for hippocampus-dependent cognitive performance using the Y-maze. Upon sacrifice, molecular and morphological assessments were performed on hippocampal tissues. During Y-maze testing, the irradiated mice failed to distinguish the novel arm, spending approximately the same amount of time in all three arms during the retention trial relative to sham-treated controls. Irradiated animals also showed changes in expression of glutamate receptor subunits and synaptic density-associated proteins. 1H + 16O radiation compromised dendritic morphology in the cornu ammonis 1 and dentate gyrus within the hippocampus. These data indicate cognitive injuries due to 1H + 16O at three months postirradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Kiffer
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hannah Carr
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Thomas Groves
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,c Center for Translational Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Julie E Anderson
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Tyler Alexander
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Jing Wang
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - John W Seawright
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | - Gwendolyn Carter
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Marjan Boerma
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Antiño R Allen
- a Division of Radiation Health.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,c Center for Translational Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
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23
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Peñalver A, Campos-Sandoval JA, Blanco E, Cardona C, Castilla L, Martín-Rufián M, Estivill-Torrús G, Sánchez-Varo R, Alonso FJ, Pérez-Hernández M, Colado MI, Gutiérrez A, de Fonseca FR, Márquez J. Glutaminase and MMP-9 Downregulation in Cortex and Hippocampus of LPA 1 Receptor Null Mice Correlate with Altered Dendritic Spine Plasticity. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:278. [PMID: 28928633 PMCID: PMC5591874 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an extracellular lipid mediator that regulates nervous system development and functions acting through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we explore the crosstalk between LPA1 receptor and glutamatergic transmission by examining expression of glutaminase (GA) isoforms in different brain areas isolated from wild-type (WT) and KOLPA1 mice. Silencing of LPA1 receptor induced a severe down-regulation of Gls-encoded long glutaminase protein variant (KGA) (glutaminase gene encoding the kidney-type isoforms, GLS) protein expression in several brain regions, particularly in brain cortex and hippocampus. Immunohistochemical assessment of protein levels for the second type of glutaminase (GA) isoform, glutaminase gene encoding the liver-type isoforms (GLS2), did not detect substantial differences with regard to WT animals. The regional mRNA levels of GLS were determined by real time RT-PCR and did not show significant variations, except for prefrontal and motor cortex values which clearly diminished in KO mice. Total GA activity was also significantly reduced in prefrontal and motor cortex, but remained essentially unchanged in the hippocampus and rest of brain regions examined, suggesting activation of genetic compensatory mechanisms and/or post-translational modifications to compensate for KGA protein deficit. Remarkably, Golgi staining of hippocampal regions showed an altered morphology of glutamatergic pyramidal cells dendritic spines towards a less mature filopodia-like phenotype, as compared with WT littermates. This structural change correlated with a strong decrease of active matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of KOLPA1 mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LPA signaling through LPA1 influence expression of the main isoenzyme of glutamate biosynthesis with strong repercussions on dendritic spines maturation, which may partially explain the cognitive and learning defects previously reported for this colony of KOLPA1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peñalver
- Canceromics Laboratory, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - José A Campos-Sandoval
- Canceromics Laboratory, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Carolina Cardona
- Canceromics Laboratory, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Laura Castilla
- Canceromics Laboratory, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Mercedes Martín-Rufián
- Canceromics Laboratory, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Guillermo Estivill-Torrús
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Varo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Alonso
- Canceromics Laboratory, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de OctubreMadrid, Spain
| | - María I Colado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de OctubreMadrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Javier Márquez
- Canceromics Laboratory, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
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Robinson CM, Patel MR, Webb DJ. Super resolution microscopy is poised to reveal new insights into the formation and maturation of dendritic spines. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27408691 PMCID: PMC4920213 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8649.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines and synapses are critical for neuronal communication, and they are perturbed in many neurological disorders; however, the study of these structures in living cells has been hindered by their small size. Super resolution microscopy, unlike conventional light microscopy, is diffraction unlimited and thus is well suited for imaging small structures, such as dendritic spines and synapses. Super resolution microscopy has already revealed important new information about spine and synapse morphology, actin remodeling, and nanodomain composition in both healthy cells and diseased states. In this review, we highlight the advancements in probes that make super resolution more amenable to live-cell imaging of spines and synapses. We also discuss recent data obtained by super resolution microscopy that has advanced our knowledge of dendritic spine and synapse structure, organization, and dynamics in both healthy and diseased contexts. Finally, we propose a series of critical questions for understanding spine and synapse formation and maturation that super resolution microscopy is poised to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mikin R Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Donna J Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Dieterich DC, Kreutz MR. Proteomics of the Synapse--A Quantitative Approach to Neuronal Plasticity. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:368-81. [PMID: 26307175 PMCID: PMC4739661 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r115.051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in mass spectrometry based proteomics in the past 15 years have contributed to a deeper appreciation of protein networks and the composition of functional synaptic protein complexes. However, research on protein dynamics underlying core mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in brain lag far behind. In this review, we provide a synopsis on proteomic research addressing various aspects of synaptic function. We discuss the major topics in the study of protein dynamics of the chemical synapse and the limitations of current methodology. We highlight recent developments and the future importance of multidimensional proteomics and metabolic labeling. Finally, emphasis is given on the conceptual framework of modern proteomics and its current shortcomings in the quest to gain a deeper understanding of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Dieterich
- From the ‡Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Research Group Neuralomics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany; ¶Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- §RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; ¶Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.
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Sarto-Jackson I, Tomaska L. How to bake a brain: yeast as a model neuron. Curr Genet 2016; 62:347-70. [PMID: 26782173 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 30 years ago Dan Koshland published an inspirational essay presenting the bacterium as a model neuron (Koshland, Trends Neurosci 6:133-137, 1983). In the article he argued that there are several similarities between neurons and bacterial cells in "how signals are processed within a cell or how this processing machinery can be modified to produce plasticity". He then explored the bacterial chemosensory system to emphasize its attributes that are analogous to information processing in neurons. In this review, we wish to expand Koshland's original idea by adding the yeast cell to the list of useful models of a neuron. The fact that yeasts and neurons are specialized versions of the eukaryotic cell sharing all principal components sets the stage for a grand evolutionary tinkering where these components are employed in qualitatively different tasks, but following analogous molecular logic. By way of example, we argue that evolutionarily conserved key components involved in polarization processes (from budding or mating in Saccharomyces cervisiae to neurite outgrowth or spinogenesis in neurons) are shared between yeast and neurons. This orthologous conservation of modules makes S. cervisiae an excellent model organism to investigate neurobiological questions. We substantiate this claim by providing examples of yeast models used for studying neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Sarto-Jackson
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Martinstraße 12, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Lubomir Tomaska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B-1, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Abstract
Electron microscopy has enlarged the visual horizons of the morphological alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Study of the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus in early cases of AD revealed the principal role that these important organelles play in the drama of pathogenic dialog of AD, substantially affecting energy production and supply, and protein trafficking in neurons and glia. In addition, study of the morphological alterations of the dendritic arbor, dendritic spines and neuronal synapses, which are associated with mitochondrial damage, may reasonably interpret the clinical phenomena of the irreversible decline of the mental faculties and an individual's personality changes. Electron microscopy also reveals the involvement of microvascular alterations in the etiopathogenic background of AD.
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Ramirez SA, Raghavachari S, Lew DJ. Dendritic spine geometry can localize GTPase signaling in neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4171-81. [PMID: 26337387 PMCID: PMC4710246 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic terminals of most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain. Learning and memory are associated with long-lasting structural remodeling of dendritic spines through an actin-mediated process regulated by the Rho-family GTPases RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42. These GTPases undergo sustained activation after synaptic stimulation, but whereas Rho activity can spread from the stimulated spine, Cdc42 activity remains localized to the stimulated spine. Because Cdc42 itself diffuses rapidly in and out of the spine, the basis for the retention of Cdc42 activity in the stimulated spine long after synaptic stimulation has ceased is unclear. Here we model the spread of Cdc42 activation at dendritic spines by means of reaction-diffusion equations solved on spine-like geometries. Excitable behavior arising from positive feedback in Cdc42 activation leads to spreading waves of Cdc42 activity. However, because of the very narrow neck of the dendritic spine, wave propagation is halted through a phenomenon we term geometrical wave-pinning. We show that this can account for the localization of Cdc42 activity in the stimulated spine, and, of interest, retention is enhanced by high diffusivity of Cdc42. Our findings are broadly applicable to other instances of signaling in extreme geometries, including filopodia and primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Ramirez
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Daniel J Lew
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Das DK, Tapias V, D'Aiuto L, Chowdari KV, Francis L, Zhi Y, Ghosh BA, Surti U, Tischfield J, Sheldon M, Moore JC, Fish K, Nimgaonkar V. Genetic and morphological features of human iPSC-derived neurons with chromosome 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletions. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:116-123. [PMID: 26528485 DOI: 10.1159/000430916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variation on chromosome 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) causes deletion of CYFIP1, NIPA1, NIPA2 and TUBGCP5; it also affects brain structure and elevates risk for several neurodevelopmental disorders that are associated with dendritic spine abnormalities. In rodents, altered cyfip1 expression changes dendritic spine morphology, motivating analyses of human neuronal cells derived from iPSCs (iPSC-neurons). METHODS iPSCs were generated from a mother and her offspring, both carrying the 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletion, and a non-deletion control. Gene expression in the deletion region was estimated using quantitative real-time PCR assays. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and iPSC-neurons were characterized using immunocytochemistry. RESULTS CYFIP1, NIPA1, NIPA2 and TUBGCP5 gene expression was lower in iPSCs, NPCs and iPSC-neurons from the mother and her offspring in relation to control cells. CYFIP1 and PSD95 protein levels were lower in iPSC-neurons derived from the CNV bearing individuals using Western blot analysis. At 10 weeks post-differentiation, iPSC-neurons appeared to show dendritic spines and qualitative analysis suggested that dendritic morphology was altered in 15q11.2 deletion subjects compared with control cells. CONCLUSIONS The 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletion is associated with reduced expression of four genes in iPSC-derived neuronal cells; it may also be associated altered iPSC-neuron dendritic morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Das
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry
| | - V Tapias
- University of Pittsburgh, Dept. of Neurology
| | - L D'Aiuto
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry
| | - K V Chowdari
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry
| | - L Francis
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry
| | - Y Zhi
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry ; Tsinghua University School of Medicine
| | | | - U Surti
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept. of Pathology ; University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Human Genetics
| | - J Tischfield
- Dept. of Genetics and The Human Genome Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - M Sheldon
- Dept. of Genetics and The Human Genome Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - J C Moore
- Dept. of Genetics and The Human Genome Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
| | - K Fish
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry
| | - V Nimgaonkar
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept of Psychiatry ; University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Human Genetics
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On-going elucidation of mechanisms of primate specific synaptic spine development using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Neurosci Res 2015; 93:176-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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