1
|
Jaiswal A, Rehman R, Dutta J, Singh S, Ray A, Shridhar M, Jaisankar J, Bhatt M, Khandelwal D, Sahoo B, Ram A, Mabalirajan U. Cellular Distribution of Secreted Phospholipase A2 in Lungs of IPF Patients and Its Inhibition in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071044. [PMID: 37048117 PMCID: PMC10092981 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease with a very poor prognosis as it has a 2.5 to 5 years mean survival after proper diagnosis. Even nintedanib and pirfenidone cannot halt the progression, though they slow the progression of IPF. Hence, there is a need to understand the novel pathophysiology. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) could be the ideal candidate to study in IPF, as they have a role in both inflammation and fibrosis. In the present study, we have shown the expression profile of various secretory Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isoforms by analyzing publicly available transcriptome data of single cells from the lungs of healthy individuals and IPF patients. Among 11 members of sPLA2, PLA2G2A is found to be increased in the fibroblasts and mesothelial cells while PLA2G5 is found to be increased in the fibroblasts of IPF patients. We identified a subset of fibroblasts expressing high PLA2G2A with moderate expression of PLA2G5 and which are specific to IPF only; we named it as PLA2G2A+ IPF fibroblast. Pathway analysis revealed that these PLA2G2A+ IPF fibroblast have upregulation of both inflammatory and fibrosis-related pathways like the TGF-β signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling, the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway and ECM-receptor interaction. In addition to this, we found elevated levels of sPLA2-IIA in plasma samples of IPF patients in our cohort. PLA2G3, PLA2G10 and PLA2G12B are found in to be increased in certain epithelial cells of IPF patients. Thus, these findings indicate that these five isoforms have a disease-dominant role along with innate immune roles as these isoforms are found predominantly in structural cells of IPF patients. Further, we have targeted sPLA2 in mice model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by pBPB, a known sPLA2 inhibitor. pBPB treatment attenuated lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin along with a reduction in TGF-β and deposition of extracellular matrix in lung. Thus, these findings indicate that these sPLA2 isoforms especially PLA2G2A may serve as a therapeutic target in lung fibrosis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuijk MM, Wu Y, van Hensbergen VP, Shanlitourk G, Payré C, Lambeau G, Man-Bovenkerk S, Herrmann J, Müller R, van Strijp JAG, Pannekoek Y, Touqui L, van Sorge NM. Interference with Lipoprotein Maturation Sensitizes Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Human Group IIA-Secreted Phospholipase A2 and Daptomycin. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:333-350. [PMID: 36473432 PMCID: PMC10643906 DOI: 10.1159/000527549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been classified as a high priority pathogen by the World Health Organization underlining the high demand for new therapeutics to treat infections. Human group IIA-secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) is among the most potent bactericidal proteins against Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus. To determine hGIIA-resistance mechanisms of MRSA, we screened the Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library using a sublethal concentration of recombinant hGIIA. We identified and confirmed the role of lspA, encoding the lipoprotein signal peptidase LspA, as a new hGIIA resistance gene in both in vitro assays and an infection model in hGIIA-transgenic mice. Increased susceptibility of the lspA mutant was associated with enhanced activity of hGIIA on the cell membrane. Moreover, lspA deletion increased susceptibility to daptomycin, a last-resort antibiotic to treat MRSA infections. MRSA wild type could be sensitized to hGIIA and daptomycin killing through exposure to LspA-specific inhibitors globomycin and myxovirescin A1. Analysis of >26,000 S. aureus genomes showed that LspA is highly sequence-conserved, suggesting universal application of LspA inhibition. The role of LspA in hGIIA resistance was not restricted to MRSA since Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis were also more hGIIA-susceptible after lspA deletion or LspA inhibition, respectively. Overall, our data suggest that pharmacological interference with LspA may disarm Gram-positive pathogens, including MRSA, to enhance clearance by innate host defense molecules and clinically applied antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke M Kuijk
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Yongzheng Wu
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l'Infection Microbionne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent P van Hensbergen
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gizem Shanlitourk
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Payré
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Sandra Man-Bovenkerk
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Pannekoek
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
PplD is a de-N-acetylase of the cell wall linkage unit of streptococcal rhamnopolysaccharides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:590. [PMID: 35105886 PMCID: PMC8807736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of the human bacterial pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS) consists of peptidoglycan decorated with the Lancefield group A carbohydrate (GAC). GAC is a promising target for the development of GAS vaccines. In this study, employing chemical, compositional, and NMR methods, we show that GAC is attached to peptidoglycan via glucosamine 1-phosphate. This structural feature makes the GAC-peptidoglycan linkage highly sensitive to cleavage by nitrous acid and resistant to mild acid conditions. Using this characteristic of the GAS cell wall, we identify PplD as a protein required for deacetylation of linkage N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). X-ray structural analysis indicates that PplD performs catalysis via a modified acid/base mechanism. Genetic surveys in silico together with functional analysis indicate that PplD homologs deacetylate the polysaccharide linkage in many streptococcal species. We further demonstrate that introduction of positive charges to the cell wall by GlcNAc deacetylation protects GAS against host cationic antimicrobial proteins.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pungerčar J, Bihl F, Lambeau G, Križaj I. What do secreted phospholipases A 2 have to offer in combat against different viruses up to SARS-CoV-2? Biochimie 2021; 189:40-50. [PMID: 34097986 PMCID: PMC8449419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) form a widespread group of structurally-related enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids to produce free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. In humans, nine catalytically active and two inactive sPLA2 proteins have been identified. These enzymes play diverse biological roles, including host defence against bacteria, parasites and viruses. Several of these endogenous sPLA2s may play a defensive role in viral infections, as they display in vitro antiviral activity by both direct and indirect mechanisms. However, endogenous sPLA2s may also exert an offensive and negative role, dampening the antiviral response or promoting inflammation in animal models of viral infection. Similarly, several exogenous sPLA2s, most of them from snake venoms and other animal venoms, possess in vitro antiviral activities. Thus, both endogenous and exogenous sPLA2s may be exploited for the development of new antiviral substances or as therapeutic targets for antagonistic drugs that may promote a more robust antiviral response. In this review, the antiviral versus proviral role of both endogenous and exogenous sPLA2s against various viruses including coronaviruses is presented. Based on the highlighted developments in this area of research, possible directions of future investigation are envisaged. One of them is also a possibility of exploiting sPLA2s as biological markers of the severity of the Covid-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jože Pungerčar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Franck Bihl
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR7275, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR7275, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dacheux M, Chaouch S, Joy A, Labat A, Payré C, Petit-Paitel A, Bihl F, Lagrange I, Grellier P, Touqui L, Lambeau G, Deregnaucourt C. Role of human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 in malaria pathophysiology: Insights from a transgenic mouse model. Biochimie 2021; 189:120-136. [PMID: 34175441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that injection of recombinant human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA sPLA2) to Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice lowers parasitaemia by 20%. Here, we show that transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing hGIIA sPLA2 have a peak of parasitaemia about 30% lower than WT littermates. During infection, levels of circulating sPLA2, enzymatic activity and plasma lipid peroxidation were maximal at day-14, the peak of parasitaemia. Levels of hGIIA mRNA increased in liver but not in spleen and blood cells, suggesting that liver may contribute as a source of circulating hGIIA sPLA2. Before infection, baseline levels of leukocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were higher in TG mice than WT littermates. Upon infection, the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes increased and were maximal at the peak of parasitaemia in both WT and TG mice, but were higher in TG mice. Similarly, levels of the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and IL-2 increased in WT and TG mice, but were 7.7- and 1.7-fold higher in TG mice. The characteristic shift towards Th2 cytokines was observed during infection in both WT and TG mice, with increased levels of IL-10 and IL-4 at day-14. The current data are in accordance with our previous in vitro findings showing that hGIIA kills parasites by releasing toxic lipids from oxidized lipoproteins. They further show that hGIIA sPLA2 is induced during mouse experimental malaria and has a protective in vivo role, lowering parasitaemia by likely releasing toxic lipids from oxidized lipoproteins but also indirectly by promoting a more sustained innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Dacheux
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, Paris Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Soraya Chaouch
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, Paris Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Alonso Joy
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, Paris Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Amandine Labat
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, Paris Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Christine Payré
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR7275, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Agnès Petit-Paitel
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR7275, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Franck Bihl
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR7275, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Isabelle Lagrange
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle, Laboratoire d'hématologie, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Philippe Grellier
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, Paris Cedex 05 75231, France
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Cystic fibrosis and Bronchial diseases team - INSERM U938, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR7275, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Christiane Deregnaucourt
- UMR 7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, Paris Cedex 05 75231, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Heesterbeek DAC, Muts RM, van Hensbergen VP, de Saint Aulaire P, Wennekes T, Bardoel BW, van Sorge NM, Rooijakkers SHM. Outer membrane permeabilization by the membrane attack complex sensitizes Gram-negative bacteria to antimicrobial proteins in serum and phagocytes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009227. [PMID: 33481964 PMCID: PMC7886145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Gram-negative bacteria form an increasing risk for human health due to antibiotic resistance. Our immune system contains various antimicrobial proteins that can degrade the bacterial cell envelope. However, many of these proteins do not function on Gram-negative bacteria, because the impermeable outer membrane of these bacteria prevents such components from reaching their targets. Here we show that complement-dependent formation of Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) pores permeabilizes this barrier, allowing antimicrobial proteins to cross the outer membrane and exert their antimicrobial function. Specifically, we demonstrate that MAC-dependent outer membrane damage enables human lysozyme to degrade the cell wall of E. coli. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we show that the combination of MAC pores and lysozyme triggers effective E. coli cell wall degradation in human serum, thereby altering the bacterial cell morphology from rod-shaped to spherical. Completely assembled MAC pores are required to sensitize E. coli to the antimicrobial actions of lysozyme and other immune factors, such as Human Group IIA-secreted Phospholipase A2. Next to these effects in a serum environment, we observed that the MAC also sensitizes E. coli to more efficient degradation and killing inside human neutrophils. Altogether, this study serves as a proof of principle on how different players of the human immune system can work together to degrade the complex cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. This knowledge may facilitate the development of new antimicrobials that could stimulate or work synergistically with the immune system. In this paper we identified how different players of the human immune system cooperate to degrade the complex cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria forms an impermeable barrier for various antimicrobial proteins of the immune system. Here we show that complement-dependent Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) formation permeabilizes this barrier, allowing otherwise impermeable antimicrobial proteins to reach their targets underneath the outer membrane. Specifically, we show that outer membrane damage by the MAC allows lysozyme to degrade the peptidoglycan layer, and secreted phospholipase A2-IIA to hydrolyze the bacterial inner membrane. MAC formation also sensitizes Gram-negative bacteria to more efficient degradation and killing inside human neutrophils. Altogether, this knowledge may guide the development of new antimicrobial strategies to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dani A. C. Heesterbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remy M. Muts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent P. van Hensbergen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter de Saint Aulaire
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W. Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baus-Domínguez M, Gómez-Díaz R, Corcuera-Flores JR, Torres-Lagares D, Ruiz-Villandiego JC, Machuca-Portillo G, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL, Serrera-Figallo MA. Using Genetics in Periodontal Disease to Justify Implant Failure in Down Syndrome Patients. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082525. [PMID: 32764374 PMCID: PMC7464703 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peri-implant bone loss leading to dental implant failure does not develop in the same way across subjects who apparently present the same condition—specifically, in the case of Down syndrome patients with the same genetic disorder—given that they do not necessarily develop immune–inflammatory disorders to the same extent. Methods: This retrospective case-control study was aimed at identifying the possible genes involved in implant failure in Down syndrome patients by matching the periodontal disease variable by means of a retrospective case-control study. This process involved using the functional analysis of gene expression software Transcriptome Analysis Console (TAC, Affymetrix, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and a search for the possible candidate genes involved. Focus was placed on the 92 genes related to the inflammation identified from the TaqMan™ Array Plate Human Inflammation Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Results: Six genes showed statistically significant results (p < 0.05) in our comparison. Three of them—PLCG2 (p = 0.0333), ALOX5 (p = 0.03) and LTAH4 (p = 0.0081)—were overexpressed in the implant reject group, and the following three were down-regulated: VCAM1 (p = 0.0182), PLA2G2A (p = 0.0034) and PLA2G10 (p = 0.047). Conclusion: Statistically significant differences exist in the gene expression involved in osteoclastogenesis, inflammatory response and host defensive response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Baus-Domínguez
- Oral Surgery Department, Dentistry Faculty, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain;
| | | | - Jose-Ramón Corcuera-Flores
- Dentistry in Handicapped Patients Department, Dentistry Faculty 41009, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.-R.C.-F.); (G.M.-P.); (M.-A.S.-F.)
| | - Daniel Torres-Lagares
- Oral Surgery Department, Dentistry Faculty, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain;
- Correspondence: (D.T.-L.); (J.-L.G.-P.)
| | | | - Guillermo Machuca-Portillo
- Dentistry in Handicapped Patients Department, Dentistry Faculty 41009, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.-R.C.-F.); (G.M.-P.); (M.-A.S.-F.)
| | - José-Luis Gutiérrez-Pérez
- Oral Surgery Department, Dentistry Faculty, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain;
- Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Virgen del Rocio Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.T.-L.); (J.-L.G.-P.)
| | - María-Angeles Serrera-Figallo
- Dentistry in Handicapped Patients Department, Dentistry Faculty 41009, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (J.-R.C.-F.); (G.M.-P.); (M.-A.S.-F.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Geitani R, Moubareck CA, Xu Z, Karam Sarkis D, Touqui L. Expression and Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in Innate Defense of Airway Mucosa: Potential Implication in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1198. [PMID: 32695100 PMCID: PMC7338688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of respiratory infections is associated with the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the community and clinical settings. Development of new antibiotics is notoriously costly and slow; therefore, alternative strategies are needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the central effector molecules of the immune system, are being considered as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Most AMPs are epithelium-derived and play a key role in host defense at mucosal surfaces. They are classified on the basis of their structure and amino acid motifs. These peptides display a range of activities, including not only direct antimicrobial activity, but also immunomodulation and wound repair. In the lung, airway epithelial cells and neutrophils, in particular, contribute to AMP synthesis. The relevance of AMPs for host defense against infection has been demonstrated in animal models and is supported by observations in patient studies, showing altered expression and/or unfavorable circumstances for their action in a variety of lung diseases. Of note, AMPs are active against bacterial strains that are resistant to conventional antibiotics, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Several strategies have been proposed to use these peptides in the treatment of infections, including direct administration of AMPs. In this review, we focus on studies related to direct bactericidal effects of AMPs and their potential clinical applications with a particular focus on cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Geitani
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carole Ayoub Moubareck
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- “Mucoviscidose and Bronchopathies Chroniques”, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Dolla Karam Sarkis
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- “Mucoviscidose and Bronchopathies Chroniques”, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ahmad NS, Tan TL, Arifin KT, Ngah WZW, Yusof YAM. High sPLA2-IIA level is associated with eicosanoid metabolism in patients with bacterial sepsis syndrome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230285. [PMID: 32160261 PMCID: PMC7065791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the association between secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) and eicosanoid pathway metabolites in patients with bacterial sepsis syndrome (BSS). Levels of sPLA2-IIA, eicosanoids prostaglandin (PG)E2, PGD synthase were quantified in the sera from patients confirmed to have bacterial sepsis (BS; N = 45), bacterial severe sepsis/septic shock (BSS/SS; N = 35) and healthy subjects (N = 45). Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 activities were analyzed from cell lysate. Serum levels of sPLA2-IIA, PGE2, and PGDS increased significantly in patients with BS and BSS/SS compared to healthy subjects (p<0.05). COX-2 activity was significantly increased in patients with BS compared to healthy subjects (p<0.05), but not COX-1 activity. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that sPLA2-IIA and PGE2 were independent factors predicting BSS severity. In conclusion, high level of sPLA2-IIA is associated with eicosanoid metabolism in patients with BSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Saadah Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Toh Leong Tan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Khaizurin Tajul Arifin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
van Hensbergen VP, Wu Y, van Sorge NM, Touqui L. Type IIA Secreted Phospholipase A2 in Host Defense against Bacterial Infections. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:313-326. [PMID: 32151494 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme type IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) is crucial for mammalian innate host defense against bacterial pathogens. Most studies have investigated the role of sPLA2-IIA in systemic bacterial infections, identifying molecular pathways of bacterial resistance against sPLA2-IIA-mediated killing, and providing insight into sPLA2-IIA mechanisms of action. Sensitization of (antibiotic-resistant) bacteria to sPLA2-IIA action by blocking bacterial resistance or by applying sPLA2-IIA to treat bacterial infections might represent a therapeutic option in the future. Because sPLA2-IIA is highly expressed at mucosal barriers, we also discuss how sPLA2-IIA is likely to be an important driver of microbiome composition; we anticipate that future research in this area may bring new insights into the role of sPLA2-IIA in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P van Hensbergen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yongzheng Wu
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l'infection Microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, département Santé Globale; Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Potential Role of Phospholipase 2 Group IIA (PLA 2-IIA) in P. gingivalis-Induced Oral Dysbiosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31732936 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen with the ability to induce oral dysbiosis and periodontal disease. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which P. gingivalis could abrogate the host-microbe symbiotic relationship leading to oral dysbiosis remain unclear. We have recently demonstrated that P. gingivalis specifically increased the antimicrobial properties of oral epithelial cells, through a strong induction of the expression of PLA2-IIA in a mechanism that involves activation of the Notch-1 receptor. Moreover, gingival expression of PLA2-IIA was significantly increased during initiation and progression of periodontal disease in non-human primates and interestingly, those PLA2-IIA expression changes were concurrent with oral dysbiosis. In this chapter, we present an innovative hypothesis of a potential mechanism involved in P. gingivalis-induced oral dysbiosis and inflammation based on our previous observations and a robust body of literature that supports the antimicrobial and proinflammatory properties of PLA2-IIA as well as its role in other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
12
|
A thraustochytrid-specific lipase/phospholipase with unique positional specificity contributes to microbial competition and fatty acid acquisition from the environment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16357. [PMID: 31705036 PMCID: PMC6841712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are heterotrophic marine protists that are considered as important decomposers in the marine ecosystem; however, how they digest and uptake lipid nutrients from the environment is largely unknown. Genomic clustering analysis using thraustochytrid draft genome databases revealed that novel proteins with a Lipase_3 domain are commonly present in thraustochytrids, including Aurantiochytrium limacinum. After heterologous expression and His tag-based purification, protein ID: 145138 was identified as lipase/phospholipase capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). 145138 was secreted into the medium, and deletion of the 145138 gene in A. limacinum reduced the degradation of extracellular lipids. Fatty acids generated by 145138 were reused for the biosynthesis of PC and TG, and 145138 allowed A. limacinum to survive in the medium containing TG as a sole carbon source. 145138 hydrolyzed all the acyl-ester linkages of TG; however, the enzyme showed strict positional specificity toward phospholipids, generating 2-acyl lysophospholipids. The 2-acyl lysophospholipids showed stronger antimicrobial activity compared with 1-acyl lysophospholipids. These results suggested that 145138 is a bifunctional enzyme that contributes to the acquisition of lipid nutrients from the environment, as well as to generate antimicrobial lysophospholipids that are beneficial for competition with bacteria over lipid nutrients in the marine environment.
Collapse
|
13
|
Takemi S, Nishio R, Taguchi H, Ojima S, Matsumoto M, Sakai T, Sakata I. Molecular cloning and analysis of Suncus murinus group IIA secretary phospholipase A2 expression. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 100:103427. [PMID: 31278953 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial monolayer forms a mucosal barrier between the gut microbes and the host tissue. The mucosal barrier is composed of mucins and antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). Several animal studies have reported that Paneth cells, which occupy the base of intestinal crypts, play an important role in the intestinal innate immunity by producing AMPs, such as lysozyme, Reg3 lectins, α-defensins, and group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (GIIA sPLA2). The house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) has only a few intestinal commensal bacteria and is reported to lack Paneth cells in the intestine. Although the expression of lysozyme was reported in the suncus intestine, the expression of other AMPs has not yet been reported. Therefore, the current study was focused on GIIA sPLA2 expression in Suncus murinus. GIIA sPLA2 mRNA was found to be most abundant in the spleen and also highly expressed in the intestine. Cells expressing GIIA sPLA2 mRNA were distributed not only in the crypt, but also in the villi. In addition, intragastric injection of lipopolysaccharide increased GIIA sPLA2 expression in the small intestine of suncus. These results suggest that suncus may host unique AMP-secreting cells in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishio
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hayato Taguchi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shiomi Ojima
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mio Matsumoto
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan; Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Abstract
Snake venoms are aqueous solutions containing peptides and proteins with various biochemical, physiological, and pathophysiological effects. Several snake venom components are used as lead molecules in the development of new active substances for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, clotting disorders, cancer or pain.
Antibacterial activity has also been attributed to snake venoms and proteins isolated from snake venoms. This study provides information regarding the antibacterial activity of venoms obtained from various snake species from the Elapidae and Viperidae families. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of snake venoms were determined for three Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300) and three Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) pathogenic bacteria. The observed effects were correlated with the protein content of each venom, determined using SDS-PAGE analysis and comparison with data available in the literature. Our findings represent a starting point for the selection of snake venoms containing components with potential use as lead molecules in the development of new antibacterial agents, targeting multidrug resistant bacterial strains.
Collapse
|
15
|
Discovery of glycerol phosphate modification on streptococcal rhamnose polysaccharides. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:463-471. [PMID: 30936502 PMCID: PMC6470023 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall glycopolymers on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria are fundamental to bacterial physiology and infection biology. Here we identify gacH, a gene in the Streptococcus pyogenes group A carbohydrate (GAC) biosynthetic cluster, in two independent transposon library screens for its ability to confer resistance to zinc and susceptibility to the bactericidal enzyme human group IIA-secreted phospholipase A2. Subsequent structural and phylogenetic analysis of the GacH extracellular domain revealed that GacH represents an alternative class of glycerol phosphate transferase. We detected the presence of glycerol phosphate in the GAC, as well as the serotype c carbohydrate from Streptococcus mutans, which depended on the presence of the respective gacH homologs. Finally, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of GAC confirmed that glycerol phosphate is attached to approximately 25% of the GAC N-acetylglucosamine side-chains at the C6 hydroxyl group. This previously unrecognized structural modification impacts host-pathogen interaction and has implications for vaccine design.
Collapse
|
16
|
van Hensbergen VP, Movert E, de Maat V, Lüchtenborg C, Le Breton Y, Lambeau G, Payré C, Henningham A, Nizet V, van Strijp JAG, Brügger B, Carlsson F, McIver KS, van Sorge NM. Streptococcal Lancefield polysaccharides are critical cell wall determinants for human Group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 to exert its bactericidal effects. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007348. [PMID: 30321240 PMCID: PMC6201954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) is an acute phase protein with bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Infection models in hGIIA transgenic mice have suggested the importance of hGIIA as an innate defense mechanism against the human pathogens Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Group B Streptococcus (GBS). Compared to other Gram-positive bacteria, GAS is remarkably resistant to hGIIA activity. To identify GAS resistance mechanisms, we exposed a highly saturated GAS M1 transposon library to recombinant hGIIA and compared relative mutant abundance with library input through transposon-sequencing (Tn-seq). Based on transposon prevalence in the output library, we identified nine genes, including dltA and lytR, conferring increased hGIIA susceptibility. In addition, seven genes conferred increased hGIIA resistance, which included two genes, gacH and gacI that are located within the Group A Carbohydrate (GAC) gene cluster. Using GAS 5448 wild-type and the isogenic gacI mutant and gacI-complemented strains, we demonstrate that loss of the GAC N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) side chain in the ΔgacI mutant increases hGIIA resistance approximately 10-fold, a phenotype that is conserved across different GAS serotypes. Increased resistance is associated with delayed penetration of hGIIA through the cell wall. Correspondingly, loss of the Lancefield Group B Carbohydrate (GBC) rendered GBS significantly more resistant to hGIIA-mediated killing. This suggests that the streptococcal Lancefield antigens, which are critical determinants for streptococcal physiology and virulence, are required for the bactericidal enzyme hGIIA to exert its bactericidal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. van Hensbergen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elin Movert
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vincent de Maat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yoann Le Breton
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Biochemistry, Valbonne, France
| | - Christine Payré
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Biochemistry, Valbonne, France
| | - Anna Henningham
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University, Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fredric Carlsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Immunology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kevin S. McIver
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Plasma lipidomic profile signature of rheumatoid arthritis versus Lyme arthritis patients. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 654:105-114. [PMID: 30059653 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Distinguishing of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Lyme arthritis (LA) is difficult, because of similar symptoms. This presents a significant clinical problem since treatments are quite different in both diseases. We investigated the plasma phospholipid profiles of RA and LA patients versus healthy subjects to find metabolic changes responsible for differentiation of both diseases. METHODS Plasma was collected from 9 RA, 9 LA, and 9 healthy subjects. Extracted lipids were analyzed using LC- MS/MS to characterize phospholipid profiles of RA, LA and healthy subjects. Principal components analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) and variable importance in projection (VIP) scores were used to estimate the importance of each phospholipid variable. RESULTS We identified 114 phospholipids in plasma. Phospholipid profiles were significantly different in RA and LA patients than in healthy subjects. Principal discriminant phospholipids between RA and LA groups were LPE (14:0), LPC(14:0) PI(18:0/20:4), PI(18:2/18:0), PI(16:1/18:2), PI(18:1/18:0), and PI(18:0/20:3). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the alteration of the plasma phospholipid profile of LA patients, resulting from Borrelia burgdorferi infection, that may lead to improved LA diagnosis and differentiation of this disease from RA. Furthermore, LPE (14:0) was found to have a high potential to be a possible biomarker of LA.
Collapse
|
18
|
Group IIA-Secreted Phospholipase A 2 in Human Serum Kills Commensal but Not Clinical Enterococcus faecium Isolates. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00180-18. [PMID: 29784864 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00180-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human innate immunity employs cellular and humoral mechanisms to facilitate rapid killing of invading bacteria. The direct killing of bacteria by human serum is attributed mainly to the activity of the complement system, which forms pores in Gram-negative bacteria. Although Gram-positive bacteria are considered resistant to killing by serum, we uncover here that normal human serum effectively kills Enterococcus faecium Comparison of a well-characterized collection of commensal and clinical E. faecium isolates revealed that human serum specifically kills commensal E. faecium strains isolated from normal gut microbiota but not clinical isolates. Inhibitor studies show that the human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA), but not complement, is responsible for killing of commensal E. faecium strains in human normal serum. This is remarkable since the hGIIA concentration in "noninflamed" serum was considered too low to be bactericidal against Gram-positive bacteria. Mechanistic studies showed that serum hGIIA specifically causes permeabilization of commensal E. faecium membranes. Altogether, we find that a normal concentration of hGIIA in serum effectively kills commensal E. faecium and that resistance of clinical E. faecium to hGIIA could have contributed to the ability of these strains to become opportunistic pathogens in hospitalized patients.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lin Y, Bogdanov M, Lu S, Guan Z, Margolin W, Weiss J, Zheng L. The phospholipid-repair system LplT/Aas in Gram-negative bacteria protects the bacterial membrane envelope from host phospholipase A 2 attack. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3386-3398. [PMID: 29348168 PMCID: PMC5836115 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) are potent components of mammalian innate-immunity antibacterial mechanisms. sPLA2 enzymes attack bacteria by hydrolyzing bacterial membrane phospholipids, causing membrane disorganization and cell lysis. However, most Gram-negative bacteria are naturally resistant to sPLA2 Here we report a novel resistance mechanism to mammalian sPLA2 in Escherichia coli, mediated by a phospholipid repair system consisting of the lysophospholipid transporter LplT and the acyltransferase Aas in the cytoplasmic membrane. Mutation of the lplT or aas gene abolished bacterial lysophospholipid acylation activity and drastically increased bacterial susceptibility to the combined actions of inflammatory fluid components and sPLA2, resulting in bulk phospholipid degradation and loss of colony-forming ability. sPLA2-mediated hydrolysis of the three major bacterial phospholipids exhibited distinctive kinetics and deacylation of cardiolipin to its monoacyl-derivative closely paralleled bacterial death. Characterization of the membrane envelope in lplT- or aas-knockout mutant bacteria revealed reduced membrane packing and disruption of lipid asymmetry with more phosphatidylethanolamine present in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. Moreover, modest accumulation of lysophospholipids in these mutant bacteria destabilized the inner membrane and rendered outer membrane-depleted spheroplasts much more sensitive to sPLA2 These findings indicated that LplT/Aas inactivation perturbs both the outer and inner membranes by bypassing bacterial membrane maintenance mechanisms to trigger specific interfacial activation of sPLA2 We conclude that the LplT/Aas system is important for maintaining the integrity of the membrane envelope in Gram-negative bacteria. Our insights may help inform new therapeutic strategies to enhance host sPLA2 antimicrobial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Lin
- From the Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Shuo Lu
- From the Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- the Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | - William Margolin
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jerrold Weiss
- the Inflammation Program and Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Lei Zheng
- From the Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nolin JD, Lai Y, Ogden HL, Manicone AM, Murphy RC, An D, Frevert CW, Ghomashchi F, Naika GS, Gelb MH, Gauvreau GM, Piliponsky AM, Altemeier WA, Hallstrand TS. Secreted PLA2 group X orchestrates innate and adaptive immune responses to inhaled allergen. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94929. [PMID: 29093264 PMCID: PMC5752296 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes regulate the formation of eicosanoids and lysophospholipids that contribute to allergic airway inflammation. Secreted PLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) was recently found to be increased in the airways of asthmatics and is highly expressed in airway epithelial cells and macrophages. In the current study, we show that allergen exposure increases sPLA2-X in humans and in mice, and that global deletion of Pla2g10 results in a marked reduction in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophil and T cell trafficking to the airways, airway occlusion, generation of type-2 cytokines by antigen-stimulated leukocytes, and antigen-specific immunoglobulins. Further, we found that Pla2g10-/- mice had reduced IL-33 levels in BALF, fewer type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lung, less IL-33-induced IL-13 expression in mast cells, and a marked reduction in both the number of newly recruited macrophages and the M2 polarization of these macrophages in the lung. These results indicate that sPLA2-X serves as a central regulator of both innate and adaptive immune response to proteolytic allergen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Nolin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Ying Lai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | | | | | - Ryan C. Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Dowon An
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Charles W. Frevert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
- Department of Comparative Medicine
| | | | | | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, and
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gail M. Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian M. Piliponsky
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zheng L, Lin Y, Lu S, Zhang J, Bogdanov M. Biogenesis, transport and remodeling of lysophospholipids in Gram-negative bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1404-1413. [PMID: 27956138 PMCID: PMC6162059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs) are metabolic intermediates in bacterial phospholipid turnover. Distinct from their diacyl counterparts, these inverted cone-shaped molecules share physical characteristics of detergents, enabling modification of local membrane properties such as curvature. The functions of LPLs as cellular growth factors or potent lipid mediators have been extensively demonstrated in eukaryotic cells but are still undefined in bacteria. In the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, LPLs are derived from multiple endogenous and exogenous sources. Although several flippases that move non-glycerophospholipids across the bacterial inner membrane were characterized, lysophospholipid transporter LplT appears to be the first example of a bacterial protein capable of facilitating rapid retrograde translocation of lyso forms of glycerophospholipids across the cytoplasmic membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. LplT transports lyso forms of the three bacterial membrane phospholipids with comparable efficiency, but excludes other lysolipid species. Once a LPL is flipped by LplT to the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane, its diacyl form is effectively regenerated by the action of a peripheral enzyme, acyl-ACP synthetase/LPL acyltransferase (Aas). LplT-Aas also mediates a novel cardiolipin remodeling by converting its two lyso derivatives, diacyl or deacylated cardiolipin, to a triacyl form. This coupled remodeling system provides a unique bacterial membrane phospholipid repair mechanism. Strict selectivity of LplT for lyso lipids allows this system to fulfill efficient lipid repair in an environment containing mostly diacyl phospholipids. A rocker-switch model engaged by a pair of symmetric ion-locks may facilitate alternating substrate access to drive LPL flipping into bacterial cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Yibin Lin
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shuo Lu
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiazhe Zhang
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mikhail Bogdanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kohl KD, Oakeson KF, Dunn D, Meyerholz DK, Dale C, Weiss RB, Dearing MD. Patterns of host gene expression associated with harboring a foregut microbial community. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:697. [PMID: 28874116 PMCID: PMC5585965 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harboring foregut microbial communities is considered a key innovation that allows herbivorous mammals to colonize new ecological niches. However, the functions of these chambers have only been well studied at the molecular level in ruminants. Here, we investigate gene expression in the foregut chamber of herbivorous rodents and ask whether these gene expression patterns are consistent with results in ruminants. We compared gene expression in foregut tissues of two rodent species: Stephen's woodrat (Neotoma stephensi), which harbors a dense foregut microbial community, and the lab rat (Rattus norvegicus), which lacks such a community. RESULTS We found that woodrats have higher abundances of transcripts associated with smooth muscle processes, specifically a higher expression of the smoothelin-like 1 gene, which may assist in contractile properties of this tissue to retain food material in the foregut chamber. The expression of genes associated with keratinization and cornification exhibited a complex pattern of differences between the two species, suggesting distinct molecular mechanisms. Lab rats exhibited higher abundances of transcripts associated with immune function, likely to inhibit microbial growth in the foregut of this species. CONCLUSIONS Some of our results were consistent with previous findings in ruminants (high expression of facilitative glucose transporters, lower expression of B4galnt2), suggestive of possible convergent evolution, while other results were unclear, and perhaps represent novel host-microbe interactions in rodents. Overall, our results suggest that harboring a foregut microbiota is associated with changes to the functions and host-microbe interactions of the foregut tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - Kelly F Oakeson
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Diane Dunn
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Colin Dale
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Robert B Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - M Denise Dearing
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Most interfacial enzymes undergo activation upon membrane binding. Interfacial activation is determined not only by the binding strength but also by the specific mode of protein-membrane interactions, including the angular orientation and membrane insertion of the enzymes. This chapter describes biophysical techniques to quantitatively evaluate membrane binding, orientation, membrane insertion, and activity of secreted phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and lipoxygenase (LO) enzymes. Procedures for recombinant production and purification of human pancreatic PLA2 and human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) are also presented. Several methods for measurements of membrane binding of peripheral proteins are described, i.e., fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from tryptophan or tyrosine residues of the protein to a fluorescent lipid in vesicles, changes in fluorescence of an environment-sensitive fluorescent lipid upon binding of proteins to membranes, and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. These methods produce the apparent binding constant, the protein-to-lipid binding stoichiometry, and the Hill cooperativity coefficient. Experimental procedures for segmental isotope labeling of proteins and determination of the orientation of membrane-bound proteins by polarized ATR-FTIR spectroscopy are described. Furthermore, evaluation of membrane insertion of peripheral proteins by a fluorescence quenching technique is outlined. Combination of the orientation and membrane insertion provides a unique configuration of the protein-membrane complex and hence elucidates certain details of the enzyme function, such as the modes of acquisition of a membrane-residing substrate and product release. Finally, assays for determination of the activities of secreted PLA2, soybean LO, and human 5-LO are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Tatulian
- College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Madsen JJ, Fristrup P, Peters GH. Theoretical Assessment of Fluorinated Phospholipids in the Design of Liposomal Drug-Delivery Systems. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9661-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper J. Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Fristrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|