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Bafandeh S, Khodadadi E, Ganbarov K, Asgharzadeh M, Köse Ş, Samadi Kafil H. Natural Products as a Potential Source of Promising Therapeutics for COVID-19 and Viral Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:5525165. [PMID: 37096202 PMCID: PMC10122587 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5525165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Background A global pandemic has recently been observed due to the new coronavirus disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since there are currently no antiviral medicines to combat the highly contagious and lethal COVID-19 infection, identifying natural sources that can either be viricidal or boost the immune system and aid in the fight against the disease can be an essential therapeutic support. Methods This review was conducted based on published papers related to the herbal therapy of COVID-19 by search on databases including PubMed and Scopus with herbal, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and therapy keywords. Results To combat this condition, people may benefit from the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants, such as increasing their immune system or providing an antiviral impact. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 infection death rates can be reduced. Various traditional medicinal plants and their bioactive components, such as COVID-19, are summarized in this article to assist in gathering and debating techniques for combating microbial diseases in general and boosting our immune system in particular. Conclusion The immune system benefits from natural products and many of these play a role in activating antibody creation, maturation of immune cells, and stimulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The lack of particular antivirals for SARS-CoV-2 means that apitherapy might be a viable option for reducing the hazards associated with COVID-19 in the absence of specific antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Bafandeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Khodadadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Khudaverdi Ganbarov
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Şükran Köse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ondevilla JC, Hanashima S, Mukogawa A, Miyazato DG, Umegawa Y, Murata M. Effect of the number of sugar units on the interaction between diosgenyl saponin and membrane lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184145. [PMID: 36914020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Saponin is the main bioactive component of the Dioscorea species, which are traditionally used for treating chronic diseases. An understanding of the interaction process of bioactive saponins with biomembranes provides insights into their development as therapeutic agents. The biological effects of saponins have been thought to be associated with membrane cholesterol (Chol). To shed light on the exact mechanisms of their interactions, we investigated the effects of diosgenyl saponins trillin (TRL) and dioscin (DSN) on the dynamic behavior of lipids and membrane properties in palmitoyloleolylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers using solid-state NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. The membrane effects of diosgenin, a sapogenin of TRL and DSN, are similar to those of Chol, suggesting that diosgenin plays a major role in membrane binding and POPC chain ordering. The amphiphilicity of TRL and DSN enabled them to interact with POPC bilayers, regardless of Chol. In the presence of Chol, the sugar residues more prominently influenced the membrane-disrupting effects of saponins. The activity of DSN, which bears three sugar units, led to perturbation and further disruption of the membrane in the presence of Chol. However, TRL, which bears one sugar residue, increased the ordering of POPC chains while maintaining the integrity of the bilayer. This effect on the phospholipid bilayers is similar to that of cholesteryl glucoside. The influence of the number of sugars in saponin is discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Candice Ondevilla
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.
| | - Akane Mukogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Darcy Garza Miyazato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichi Umegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Forefront Research Centre for Fundamental Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Forefront Research Centre for Fundamental Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Garza DL, Hanashima S, Umegawa Y, Murata M, Kinoshita M, Matsumori N, Greimel P. Behavior of Triterpenoid Saponin Ginsenoside Rh2 in Ordered and Disordered Phases in Model Membranes Consisting of Sphingomyelin, Phosphatidylcholine, and Cholesterol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10478-10491. [PMID: 35984899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a saponin of medicinal ginseng, and it has attracted much attention for its pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated the interaction of Rh2 with biological membranes using model membranes. We examined the effects of various lipids on the membrane-disrupting activity of Rh2 and found that cholesterol and sphingomyelin (SM) had no significant effect. Furthermore, the effects of Rh2 on acyl chain packing (DPH anisotropy) and water molecule permeability (GP340 values) did not differ significantly between bilayers containing SM and saturated phosphatidylcholine. These results suggest that the formation of the liquid-ordered (Lo) phase affects the behavior of Rh2 in the membrane rather than a specific interaction of Rh2 with a particular lipid. We investigated the effects of Rh2 on the Lo and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases using surface tension measurements and fluorescence experiments. In the surface tension-area isotherms, we compared the monolayers of the Ld and Lo lipid compositions and found that Rh2 is abundantly bound to both monolayers, with the amount being greater in the Ld phase than in the Lo phase. In addition, the hydration state of the bilayers, mainly consisting of the Lo or Ld phase, showed that Rh2 tends to bind to the surface of the bilayer in both phases. At higher concentrations, Rh2 tends to bind more abundantly to the relatively shallow interior of the Ld phase than the Lo phase. The phase-dependent membrane behavior of Rh2 is probably due to the phase-selective affinity and binding mode of Rh2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Lacanilao Garza
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichi Umegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masanao Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Peter Greimel
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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Soeiro MDNC, Vergoten G, Bailly C. Mechanism of action of glycyrrhizin against Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210084. [PMID: 34431854 PMCID: PMC8384254 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) are used in traditional medicine to treat malaria. The main active components are the saponin glycyrrhizin (GLR) and its active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) which both display activities against Plasmodium falciparum. We have identified three main mechanisms at the origin of their anti-plasmodial activity: (i) drug-induced disorganisation of membrane lipid rafts, (ii) blockade of the alarmin protein HMGB1 and (iii) potential inhibition of the detoxifying enzyme glyoxalase 1 (GLO-1) considered as an important drug target for malaria. Our analysis shed light on the mechanism of action of GLR against P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lille, France
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Ondevilla JC, Hanashima S, Mukogawa A, Umegawa Y, Murata M. Diosgenin-induced physicochemical effects on phospholipid bilayers in comparison with cholesterol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127816. [PMID: 33516912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diosgenin (DGN), which is a sterol occurring in plants of the Dioscorea family, has attracted increasing attention for its various pharmacological activities. DGN has a structural similarity to cholesterol (Cho). In this study we investigated the effects of the common tetracyclic cores and the different side chains on the physicochemical properties of lipid bilayer membranes. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that DGN and Cho reduce the phase transition enthalpy to a similar extent. In 2H NMR, deuterated-DGN/Cho and POPC showed similar ordering in POPC bilayers, which revealed that DGN is oriented parallel to the membrane normal like Cho. It was suggested that the affinity of DGN-Cho in membrane is stronger than that of DGN-DGN or Cho-Cho interaction. 31P NMR of POPC in bilayers revealed that, unlike Cho, DGN altered the interactions of POPC headgroups at 30 mol%. These results suggest that DGN below 30 mol% has similar effects with Cho on basic biomembrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Candice Ondevilla
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Akane Mukogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichi Umegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. Esculentosides: Insights into the potential health benefits, mechanisms of action and molecular targets. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153343. [PMID: 33002830 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esculentosides and related phytolaccosides form a group of oleanene-type saponins isolated from plants of the Phytolaccaceae family, essentially Phytolacca esculenta, P. americana and P. acinosa. This chemical family offers a diversity of glycosylated compounds, including molecules with a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide unit at position C-3, and with or without a glucose residue at position C-28. The esculentosides, which derive essentially from the sapogenin jaligonic acid or its 30-methyl ester phytolaccagenin, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antifungal and anticancer activities. PURPOSE The objective of the review was to identify the 26 esculentosides (ES) and phytolaccosides known to date, including 16 monodesmosidic and 10 bidesmosidic saponins, and to review their pharmacological properties and molecular targets. METHODOLOGY The retrieval of potentially relevant studies was done by systematically searching of scientific databases like Google Scholar and PubMed in January-May 2020. The main keywords used as search terms were related to esculentosides, phytolaccosides and Phytolaccaceae. The systematic search retrieved about 110 papers that were potentially relevant and after an abstract-based selection, 68 studies were analyzed in details and discussed. RESULTS The structural relationship between the compounds and their sapogenin precursors has been studied. In addition, the pharmacological properties of the main ES, such as ES-A, -B and -H, have been analyzed to highlight their mode of action and potential targets. ES-A is a potent inhibitor of the release of cytokines and this anti-inflammatory activity contributes to the anticancer effects observed in vitro and in vivo. Potential molecular targets of ES-A/B include the enzymes cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and casein kinase 2 (CK2). In addition, the targeting of the protein high-mobility group box 1 (HGMB1) by ES-A/B is proposed, based on molecular modeling and the structural analogy with the related saponin glycyrrhizin, a potent HGMB1 alarmin inhibitor. CONCLUSION More work is needed to properly characterize the molecular targets but otherwise compounds like ES-A and ES-H emerge as potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents and ES-B as an antifungal agent. A preclinical development of these three compounds should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, INFINITE - U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006, Lille, France
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7
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Hanashima S, Fukuda N, Malabed R, Murata M, Kinoshita M, Greimel P, Hirabayashi Y. β-Glucosylation of cholesterol reduces sterol-sphingomyelin interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183496. [PMID: 33130096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl-β-D-glucoside (ChoGlc) is a mammalian glycolipid that is expressed in brain tissue. The effects of glucosylation on the ordering and lipid interactions of cholesterol (Cho) were examined in membranes composed of N-stearoyl sphingomyelin (SSM), which is abundant in the brain, and to investigate the possible molecular mechanism involved in these interactions. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that ChoGlc was miscible with SSM in a similar extent of Cho. Solid-state 2H NMR of deuterated SSM and fluorescent anisotropy using 1,6-diphenylhexatriene demonstrated that the glucosylation of Cho significantly reduced the effect of the sterol tetracyclic core on the ordering of SSM chains. The orientation of the sterol core was further examined by solid-state NMR analysis of deuterated and fluorinated ChoGlc analogues. ChoGlc had a smaller tilt angle between the long molecular axis (C3-C17) and the membrane normal than Cho in SSM bilayers, and the fluctuations in the tilt angle were largely unaffected by temperature-dependent mobility changes of SSM acyl chains. This orientation of the sterol core of ChoGlc leads to reduce sterol-SSM interactions. The MD simulation results suggested that the Glc moiety perturbs the SSM-sterol interactions, which reduces the umbrella effect of the phosphocholine headgroup because the hydrophilic glucose moiety resides at the same depth as an SSM amide group. These differences between ChoGlc and Cho also weaken the SSM-ChoGlc interactions. Thus, the distribution and localization of Cho and ChoGlc possibly control the stability of sphingomyelin-based domains that transiently occur at specific locations in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Nanami Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Raymond Malabed
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Msanao Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Peter Greimel
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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8
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Juang YP, Liang PH. Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Synthetic Saponins. Molecules 2020; 25:E4974. [PMID: 33121124 PMCID: PMC7663351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are amphiphilic molecules consisting of carbohydrate and either triterpenoid or steroid aglycone moieties and are noted for their multiple biological activities-Fungicidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects have all been observed. Saponins from natural sources have long been used in herbal and traditional medicines; however, the isolation of complexed saponins from nature is difficult and laborious, due to the scarce amount and structure heterogeneity. Chemical synthesis is considered a powerful tool to expand the structural diversity of saponin, leading to the discovery of promising compounds. This review focuses on recent developments in the structure optimization and biological evaluation of synthetic triterpenoid and steroid saponin derivatives. By summarizing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) results, we hope to provide the direction for future development of saponin-based bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
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Glycyrrhizin: An alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19 infection and the associated respiratory syndrome? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107618. [PMID: 32592716 PMCID: PMC7311916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Safe and efficient drugs to combat the current COVID-19 pandemic are urgently needed. In this context, we have analyzed the anti-coronavirus potential of the natural product glycyrrhizic acid (GLR), a drug used to treat liver diseases (including viral hepatitis) and specific cutaneous inflammation (such as atopic dermatitis) in some countries. The properties of GLR and its primary active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid are presented and discussed. GLR has shown activities against different viruses, including SARS-associated Human and animal coronaviruses. GLR is a non-hemolytic saponin and a potent immuno-active anti-inflammatory agent which displays both cytoplasmic and membrane effects. At the membrane level, GLR induces cholesterol-dependent disorganization of lipid rafts which are important for the entry of coronavirus into cells. At the intracellular and circulating levels, GLR can trap the high mobility group box 1 protein and thus blocks the alarmin functions of HMGB1. We used molecular docking to characterize further and discuss both the cholesterol- and HMG box-binding functions of GLR. The membrane and cytoplasmic effects of GLR, coupled with its long-established medical use as a relatively safe drug, make GLR a good candidate to be tested against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, alone and in combination with other drugs. The rational supporting combinations with (hydroxy)chloroquine and tenofovir (two drugs active against SARS-CoV-2) is also discussed. Based on this analysis, we conclude that GLR should be further considered and rapidly evaluated for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Su D, Liao Z, Feng B, Wang T, Shan B, Zeng Q, Song J, Song Y. Pulsatilla chinensis saponins cause liver injury through interfering ceramide/sphingomyelin balance that promotes lipid metabolism dysregulation and apoptosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 76:153265. [PMID: 32575028 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P. chinensis saponins (PRS) are pentacyclic triterpenoid bioactive constituents from Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel. In our previous study, PRS caused chronic liver injury (CLI) with the significant changes of lipid metabolites including sphingomyelin (SM) in serum after long-term administration. The SM in the hepatocytes membrane plays an indispensable role in maintaining cell membrane stability and regulating the extracellular and intracellular signal transduction. However, it is still unknown the pathway related to SM and the mechanism of CLI on hepatocyte. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the hepatotoxicity mechanism of PRS in vivo and in vitro, to reveal the action of mechanism of SM and the pathway related to liver injury. METHODS SD rats were orally administered with PRS for 240 days and liver injury was evaluated by histological examinations. Metabolomics analysis was used to explore the liver metabolic pathway affected by PRS, and the expressions of related proteins were evaluated by western blots. To discover and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of metabolites changes induced by PRS at the cellular level, cellular morphology, MTT assays, western blots and cell membrane potential measurements were carried out using LO2 cells. Furthermore, the roles of SM and cholesterol (Chol) in hepatocyte injury were investigated individually in overload Chol and SM groups. Sphingolipid metabolic pathway related with ceramide/sphingomyelin (Cer/SM) balance was explored using cellular lipidomics and RT-PCR. RESULTS PRS gradually damaged the rat's liver in a time-dependent manner. The analysis of liver metabolism profiles showed that lipids metabolites were changed, including sphingolipid, bile acid, linoleic acid and fatty acid. We found that PRS induced apoptosis by interfering with bile acid-mediated sphingolipid metabolic pathway and Cer/SM balance in CLI. In in vitro experiments, PRS led to the increase of LDH leakage, depolarized cell membrane potential and caused cell membrane toxicity. Furthermore, PRS inducedG0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in LO2 cells, simultaneously activated cellular extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. PRS acted on SM and interfered with Cer/SM balance, which promote lipid metabolism dysregulation and apoptosis. CONCLUSION PRS acted on SM to interfere Cer/SM balance on LO2 cell. Both in vivo and in vitro, PRS induced Cer/SM imbalance which promoted lipid metabolism disorder and apoptosis. Apoptosis and lipids changes gradually damaged the rats liver, and ultimately developed into CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Su
- College of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang330006, China.
| | - Zhou Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang330006, China
| | - Binwei Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang330006, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang330006, China
| | - Baixi Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang330006, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang330006, China
| | - Jiagui Song
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- College of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, Jiangxi University ofTraditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang330006, China
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Du Y, Martin BA, Valenciano AL, Clement JA, Goetz M, Cassera MB, Kingston DGI. Galtonosides A-E: Antiproliferative and Antiplasmodial Cholestane Glycosides from Galtonia regalis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1043-1050. [PMID: 32227943 PMCID: PMC7183436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An extract of Galtonia regalis from the Natural Products Discovery Institute showed moderate antiplasmodial activity, with an IC50 value less than 1.25 μg/mL. The two known cholestane glycosides 1 and 2 and the five new cholestane glycosides galtonosides A-E (3-7) were isolated after bioassay-directed fractionation. The structures of the new compounds were determined by interpretation of their NMR and mass spectra. Among these compounds, galtonoside B (4) displayed the most potent antiplasmodial activity, with an IC50 value of 0.214 μM against the drug-resistant Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongle Du
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center
for Drug Discovery, M/C 0212, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of
America
| | - Brooke A. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center
for Drug Discovery, M/C 0212, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of
America
| | - Ana Lisa Valenciano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia 30602, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Clement
- Natural Products Discovery Institute, Baruch S.
Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United
States of America
| | - Michael Goetz
- Natural Products Discovery Institute, Baruch S.
Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United
States of America
| | - Maria B. Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia 30602, United States of America
| | - David G. I. Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center
for Drug Discovery, M/C 0212, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of
America
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Malabed R, Hanashima S, Murata M, Sakurai K. Interactions of OSW-1 with Lipid Bilayers in Comparison with Digitonin and Soyasaponin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3600-3610. [PMID: 32160747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OSW-1, a unique steroidal saponin isolated from the bulbs of Ornithogalum saundersiae, has potent cell-growth inhibition activity. In this study, we conducted fluorescence measurements and microscopic observations using palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC)-cholesterol (Chol) bilayers to evaluate the membrane-binding affinity of OSW-1 in comparison with another steroidal saponin, digitonin, and the triterpenoid saponin, soyasaponin Bb(I). The membrane activities of these saponins were evaluated using calcein leakage assays and fitted to the binding isotherm by changing the ratios of saponin-lipids. Digitonin showed the highest binding affinity for the POPC-Chol membrane (Kapp = 0.38 μM-1) and the strongest membrane disruptivity in the bound saponin-lipid ratio at the point of 50% calcein leakage (r50 = 0.47) occurrence. OSW-1 showed slightly lower activity (Kapp = 0.31 μM-1; r50 = 0.78), and the soyasaponin was the lowest in the membrane affinity and the calcein leakage activity (Kapp = 0.017 μM-1; r50 = 1.66). The effect of OSW-1 was further assessed using confocal microscopy in an experiment utilizing DiI and rhodamine 6G as the fluorescence probes. The addition of 30 μM OSW-1 induced inward membrane curvature in some giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). At the higher OSW-1 concentration (58 μM, r50 = 0.78) where the 50% calcein leakage was observed, the morphology of some GUVs became elongated. With digitonin at the corresponding concentration (35 μM, r50 = 0.47), membrane disruption and formation of large aggregates in aqueous solution were observed, probably due to a detergent-type mechanism. These saponins, including OSW-1, required Chol to exhibit their potent membrane activity although their mechanisms are thought to be different. At the effective concentration, OSW-1 preferably binds to the bilayers without prominent disruption of vesicles and exerts its activity through the formation of saponin-Chol complexes, probably resulting in membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Malabed
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakurai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Fukaya K, Urabe D, Hiraizumi M, Noguchi K, Matsumoto T, Sakurai K. Computational and Experimental Analysis on the Conformational Preferences of Anticancer Saponin OSW-1. J Org Chem 2019; 85:339-344. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fukaya
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Daisuke Urabe
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masato Hiraizumi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Keiichi Noguchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakurai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Chen QW, Zhang X, Gong T, Gao W, Yuan S, Zhang PC, Kong JQ. Structure and bioactivity of cholestane glycosides from the bulbs of Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:206-214. [PMID: 31177053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eight undescribed cholestane glycosides named osaundersioside A-H, along with three previously known compounds named osaundersioside I-K were isolated from Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker bulbs (Asparagaceae). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. All isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity and inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. Osaundersioside C was thus determined to exhibit specific cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cell line with an IC50 value of 0.20 μM, Osaundersioside H exhibited inhibitory effect on NO production in macrophages at the concentration of 10-5 M, with inhibition rate of 56.81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wan Gao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Pei-Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Beijing, 100050, China.
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Djawad YA, Attwood D, Kiely J, Luxton R. The application of detrended fluctuation analysis to assess physical characteristics of the human cell line ECV304 following toxic challenges. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Hanashima S, Ibata Y, Watanabe H, Yasuda T, Tsuchikawa H, Murata M. Side-chain deuterated cholesterol as a molecular probe to determine membrane order and cholesterol partitioning. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8601-8610. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01342c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
24dCho, which perfectly retains the cholesterol's membrane properties, was developed to examine cholesterol's interactions and membrane partitions using solid state 2H NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Yuki Ibata
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsuchikawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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