1
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Ma S, Long G, Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Sun L, Pan Y, You Q, Guo X. Recent advances in targeting histone H3 lysine 36 methyltransferases for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116532. [PMID: 38805937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methylation is a typical epigenetic histone modification that is involved in various biological processes such as DNA transcription, repair and recombination in vivo. Mutations, translocations, and aberrant gene expression associated with H3K36 methyltransferases have been implicated in different malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia, lung cancer, multiple myeloma, and others. Herein, we provided a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in small molecule inhibitors targeting H3K36 methyltransferases. We analyzed the structures and biological functions of the H3K36 methyltransferases family members. Additionally, we discussed the potential directions for future development of inhibitors targeting H3K36 methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guanlu Long
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liangkui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaoke Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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2
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Carlino L, Astles PC, Ackroyd B, Ahmed A, Chan C, Collie GW, Dale IL, O'Donovan DH, Fawcett C, di Fruscia P, Gohlke A, Guo X, Hao-Ru Hsu J, Kaplan B, Milbradt AG, Northall S, Petrović D, Rivers EL, Underwood E, Webb A. Identification of Novel Potent NSD2-PWWP1 Ligands Using Structure-Based Design and Computational Approaches. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8962-8987. [PMID: 38748070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of histone methyl transferase nuclear receptor-binding SET domain 2 (NSD2) has been implicated in several hematological and solid malignancies. NSD2 is a large multidomain protein that carries histone writing and histone reading functions. To date, identifying inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of NSD2 has proven challenging in terms of potency and SET domain selectivity. Inhibition of the NSD2-PWWP1 domain using small molecules has been considered as an alternative approach to reduce NSD2-unregulated activity. In this article, we present novel computational chemistry approaches, encompassing free energy perturbation coupled to machine learning (FEP/ML) models as well as virtual screening (VS) activities, to identify high-affinity NSD2 PWWP1 binders. Through these activities, we have identified the most potent NSD2-PWWP1 binder reported so far in the literature: compound 34 (pIC50 = 8.2). The compounds identified herein represent useful tools for studying the role of PWWP1 domains for inhibition of human NSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carlino
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Peter C Astles
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Bryony Ackroyd
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Afshan Ahmed
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Christina Chan
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Gavin W Collie
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Ian L Dale
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Daniel H O'Donovan
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Caroline Fawcett
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Paolo di Fruscia
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Andrea Gohlke
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Jessie Hao-Ru Hsu
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Bethany Kaplan
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexander G Milbradt
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Sarah Northall
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Dušan Petrović
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 50, Sweden
| | - Emma L Rivers
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Elizabeth Underwood
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Alice Webb
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
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3
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Kim S, Hwang I, Kim SH, Chung HW, Ji MJ, Moon S, Park HM, Kong G, Hur W. Identification of novel class inhibitors of NSD3 methyltransferase showing a unique, bivalent binding mode in the SET domain. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:500-513. [PMID: 37072259 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
NSD3/WHSC1L1 lysine methyltransferase promotes the transcription of target genes through di- or tri-methylation at histone H3K36 using SAM as a cofactor. Genetic alterations such as amplification and gain-of-function mutation of NSD3 act as oncogenic drivers in several cancers including squamous cell lung cancer and breast cancer. NSD3 is an important therapeutic target for cancers, but the reported NSD3 inhibitors targeting the catalytic SET domain are very rare and show a poor activity. Herein, from a virtual library screening and the subsequent medicinal chemistry optimization, we identified a novel class of NSD3 inhibitors. Our docking analysis and pulldown result suggested that the most potent analogue 13i shows a unique, bivalent binding mode interacting with both SAM-binding site and BT3-bindig site within the SET domain. We found 13i inhibits NSD3 activity with IC50 = 287 μM in vitro and suppresses the proliferation of JIMT1 breast cancer cells with GI50 = 36.5 μM, which express a high level of NSD3. Also, 13i downregulated the levels of H3K36me2/3 in a dose-dependent manner. Our study could provide an insight in designing high-affinity NSD3 inhibitors. Also, as the acrylamide group of 13i was predicted to position near Cys1265 in the BT3-binding site, further optimization would lead to a discovery of novel irreversible NSD3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Kim
- HY-KIST Bioconvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Injeoung Hwang
- HY-KIST Bioconvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suhn Hyung Kim
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwan Won Chung
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Ji
- Advanced Analysis Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sojeong Moon
- HY-KIST Bioconvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Mee Park
- Advanced Analysis Data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gu Kong
- HY-KIST Bioconvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wooyoung Hur
- HY-KIST Bioconvergence, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Ma Z, Bolinger AA, Chen H, Zhou J. Drug Discovery Targeting Nuclear Receptor Binding SET Domain Protein 2 (NSD2). J Med Chem 2023; 66:10991-11026. [PMID: 37578463 PMCID: PMC11092389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor binding SET domain proteins (NSDs) catalyze the mono- or dimethylation of histone 3 lysine 36 (H3K36me1 and H3K36me2), using S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. As a key member of the NSD family of proteins, NSD2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases such as cancers, inflammations, and infectious diseases, serving as a promising drug target. Developing potent and specific NSD2 inhibitors may provide potential novel therapeutics. Several NSD2 inhibitors and degraders have been discovered while remaining in the early stage of drug development. Excitingly, KTX-1001, a selective NSD2 inhibitor, has entered clinical trials. In this Perspective, the structures and functions of NSD2, its roles in various human diseases, and the recent advances in drug discovery strategies targeting NSD2 have been summarized. The challenges, opportunities, and future directions for developing NSD2 inhibitors and degraders are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Ma
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Andrew A Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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5
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Bhat ZR, Gahlawat A, Kumar N, Sharma N, Garg P, Tikoo K. Target validation and structure-based virtual screening to Discover potential lead molecules against the oncogenic NSD1 histone methyltransferase. In Silico Pharmacol 2023; 11:21. [PMID: 37575680 PMCID: PMC10421842 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-023-00158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to validate Nuclear receptor-binding SET Domain NSD1 as a cancer drug target followed by the design of lead molecules against NSD1. TCGA clinical data, molecular expression techniques were used to validate the target and structure-based virtual screening was performed to design hits against NSD1. Clinical data analysis suggests the role of NSD1 in metastasis, prognosis and influence on overall survival in various malignancies. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression profile of NSD1 was evaluated in various cell lines. NSD1 was exploited as a target protein for in silico design of inhibitors using two major databases including ZINC15 and ChemDiv by structure-based virtual screening approach. Virtual screening was performed using the pharmacophore hypothesis designed with a protein complex S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) as an endogenous ligand. Subsequently, a combined score was used to distinguish the top 10 compounds from the docking screened compounds having high performance in all four scores (docking score, XP, Gscore, PhaseScreenScore, and MMGBSA delta G Bind). Finally, the top three Zinc compounds were subjected to molecular dynamic simulation. The binding MMGBSA data suggests that ZINC000257261703 and ZINC000012405780 can be taken for in vitro and in vivo studies as they have lesser MMGBSA energy towards the cofactor binding site of NSD1 than the sinefungin. Our data validates NSD1 as a cancer drug target and provides promising structures that can be utilized for further lead optimization and rational drug design to open new gateways in the field of cancer therapeutics. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-023-00158-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Rafiq Bhat
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Anuj Gahlawat
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, 160062 Punjab India
| | - Navneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, 160062 Punjab India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Prabha Garg
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, 160062 Punjab India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, India
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6
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Huang G, Cierpicki T, Grembecka J. 2-Aminobenzothiazoles in anticancer drug design and discovery. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106477. [PMID: 36989736 PMCID: PMC10718064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Substantial research efforts have been made to develop new chemical entities with improved anticancer efficacy. 2-Aminobenzothiazole is an important class of heterocycles containing one sulfur and two nitrogen atoms, which is associated with a broad spectrum of medical and pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. In recent years, an extraordinary collection of potent and low-toxicity 2-aminobenzothiazole compounds have been discovered as new anticancer agents. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of this class of compounds based on their activities against tumor-related proteins, including tyrosine kinases (CSF1R, EGFR, VEGFR-2, FAK, and MET), serine/threonine kinases (Aurora, CDK, CK, RAF, and DYRK2), PI3K kinase, BCL-XL, HSP90, mutant p53 protein, DNA topoisomerase, HDAC, NSD1, LSD1, FTO, mPGES-1, SCD, hCA IX/XII, and CXCR. In addition, the anticancer potentials of 2-aminobenzothiazole-derived chelators and metal complexes are also described here. Moreover, the design strategies, mechanism of actions, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and more advanced stages of pre-clinical development of 2-aminobenzothiazoles as new anticancer agents are extensively reviewed in this article. Finally, the examples that 2-aminobenzothiazoles showcase an advantage over other heterocyclic systems are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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7
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Understanding the Roles of the NSD Protein Methyltransferases in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112013. [DOI: 10.3390/genes13112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent non-skin cancer in the world. While immunotherapy has revolutionized the standard of care treatment in patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC, more than 70% of patients do not respond to this treatment, making the identification of novel therapeutic targets urgent. Recently, research endeavors have focused on how epigenetic modifications may affect tumor initiation and progression of HNSCC. The nuclear receptor binding SET domain (NSD) family of protein methyltransferases NSD1-NSD3 is of particular interest for HNSCC, with NSD1 and NSD3 being amongst the most commonly mutated or amplified genes respectively in HNSCC. Preclinical studies have identified both oncogenic and tumor-suppressing properties across NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 within the context of HNSCC. The purpose of this review is to provide a better understanding of the contribution of the NSD family of protein methyltransferases to the pathogenesis of HNSCC, underscoring their promise as novel therapeutic targets in this devastating disease.
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Berardi A, Botrugno OA, Quilici G, Manteiga JMG, Bachi A, Tonon G, Musco G. Nizp1 is a specific
NUP98
‐
NSD1
functional interactor that regulates
NUP98
‐
NSD1
‐dependent oncogenic programs. FEBS J 2022; 290:1782-1797. [PMID: 36271682 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
NSD1, NSD2 and NSD3 proteins constitute a family of histone 3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methyltransferases with similar domain architecture, but diversified activities, in part, dependent on their non-enzymatic domains. These domains, despite their high sequence identity, recruit the hosting proteins to different chromatin regions through the recognition of diverse epigenetic marks and/or associations to distinct interactors. In this sense, the PHDvC5HCH finger tandem domain represents a paradigmatic example of functional divergence within the NSD family. In this work, we prove and give a structural rationale for the uniqueness of the PHDvC5HCH domain of NSD1 in recognizing the C2HR Zinc finger domain of Nizp1 (NSD1 interacting Zn finger protein). Importantly, we show that, in a leukaemogenic context, Nizp1 is pivotal in driving the unscheduled expression of HoxA genes and of genes involved in the type I IFN pathway, triggered by the expression of the fusion protein NUP98-NSD1. These data provide the first insight into the pathophysiological relevance of the Nizp1-NSD1 functional association. Targeting of this interaction might open new therapeutic windows to inhibit the NUP98-NSD1 oncogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Berardi
- Biomolecular NMR, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Milan Italy
| | - Oronza A. Botrugno
- Functional Genomics of Cancer, Division of Experimental Oncology IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Milan Italy
| | - Giacomo Quilici
- Biomolecular NMR, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Milan Italy
| | | | - Angela Bachi
- Functional Proteomics Group IFOM‐FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Milan Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional Genomics of Cancer, Division of Experimental Oncology IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Milan Italy
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular NMR, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Milan Italy
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9
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The Immunotherapy and Immunosuppressive Signaling in Therapy-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081778. [PMID: 35892678 PMCID: PMC9394279 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in men. Initially, it is androgen-dependent, but it eventually develops into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is incurable with current androgen receptor signaling target therapy and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy, specifically with immune checkpoint inhibitors, has brought hope for the treatment of this type of prostate cancer. Approaches such as vaccines, adoptive chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been employed to activate innate and adaptive immune responses to treat prostate cancer, but with limited success. Only Sipuleucel-T and the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab are approved by the US FDA for the treatment of limited prostate cancer patients. Prostate cancer has a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) in which various immunosuppressive molecules and mechanisms coexist and interact. Additionally, prostate cancer is considered a “cold” tumor with low levels of tumor mutational burden, low amounts of antigen-presenting and cytotoxic T-cell activation, and high levels of immunosuppressive molecules including cytokines/chemokines. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of immunosuppressive signaling activation and immune evasion will help develop more effective treatments for prostate cancer. The purpose of this review is to summarize emerging advances in prostate cancer immunotherapy, with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms that lead to immune evasion in prostate cancer. At the same time, we also highlight some potential therapeutic targets to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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10
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Brennan K, Zheng H, Fahrner JA, Shin JH, Gentles AJ, Schaefer B, Sunwoo JB, Bernstein JA, Gevaert O. NSD1 mutations deregulate transcription and DNA methylation of bivalent developmental genes in Sotos syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2164-2184. [PMID: 35094088 PMCID: PMC9262396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome (SS), the most common overgrowth with intellectual disability (OGID) disorder, is caused by inactivating germline mutations of NSD1, which encodes a histone H3 lysine 36 methyltransferase. To understand how NSD1 inactivation deregulates transcription and DNA methylation (DNAm), and to explore how these abnormalities affect human development, we profiled transcription and DNAm in SS patients and healthy control individuals. We identified a transcriptional signature that distinguishes individuals with SS from controls and was also deregulated in NSD1-mutated cancers. Most abnormally expressed genes displayed reduced expression in SS; these downregulated genes consisted mostly of bivalent genes and were enriched for regulators of development and neural synapse function. DNA hypomethylation was strongly enriched within promoters of transcriptionally deregulated genes: overexpressed genes displayed hypomethylation at their transcription start sites while underexpressed genes featured hypomethylation at polycomb binding sites within their promoter CpG island shores. SS patients featured accelerated molecular aging at the levels of both transcription and DNAm. Overall, these findings indicate that NSD1-deposited H3K36 methylation regulates transcription by directing promoter DNA methylation, partially by repressing polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) activity. These findings could explain the phenotypic similarity of SS to OGID disorders that are caused by mutations in PRC2 complex-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brennan
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jill A Fahrner
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - June Ho Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew J Gentles
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bradley Schaefer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Olivier Gevaert
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Burchell JM. Histone Methylases and Demethylases Regulating Antagonistic Methyl Marks: Changes Occurring in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071113. [PMID: 35406676 PMCID: PMC8997813 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is crucial to the determination of cell fate in development and differentiation, and the Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) groups of proteins, acting antagonistically as complexes, play a major role in this regulation. Although originally identified in Drosophila, these complexes are conserved in evolution and the components are well defined in mammals. Each complex contains a protein with methylase activity (KMT), which can add methyl groups to a specific lysine in histone tails, histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27), by PcG complexes, and H3K4 and H3K36 by TrxG complexes, creating transcriptionally repressive or active marks, respectively. Histone demethylases (KDMs), identified later, added a new dimension to histone methylation, and mutations or changes in levels of expression are seen in both methylases and demethylases and in components of the PcG and TrX complexes across a range of cancers. In this review, we focus on both methylases and demethylases governing the methylation state of the suppressive and active marks and consider their action and interaction in normal tissues and in cancer. A picture is emerging which indicates that the changes which occur in cancer during methylation of histone lysines can lead to repression of genes, including tumour suppressor genes, or to the activation of oncogenes. Methylases or demethylases, which are themselves tumour suppressors, are highly mutated. Novel targets for cancer therapy have been identified and a methylase (KMT6A/EZH2), which produces the repressive H3K27me3 mark, and a demethylase (KDM1A/LSD1), which demethylates the active H3K4me2 mark, are now under clinical evaluation.
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12
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Bröhm A, Schoch T, Grünberger D, Khella MS, Schuhmacher MK, Weirich S, Jeltsch A. The H3.3 G34W oncohistone mutation increases K36 methylation by the protein lysine methyltransferase NSD1. Biochimie 2022; 198:86-91. [PMID: 35341929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The H3.3 G34W mutation has been observed in 90% of the patients affected by giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). It had been shown to reduce the activity of the SETD2 H3K36 protein lysine methyltransferase (PKMT) and lead to genome wide changes in epigenome modifications including a global reduction in DNA methylation. Here, we investigated the effect of the H3.3 G34W mutation on the activity of the H3K36me2 methyltransferase NSD1, because NSD1 is known to play an important role in the differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Unexpectedly, we observed that H3.3 G34W has a gain-of-function effect and it stimulates K36 methylation by NSD1 by about 2.3-fold with peptide substrates and 6.3-fold with recombinant nucleosomal substrates. This effect is specific for NSD1, as NSD2 and SETD2 show only a very mild stimulation and even reduced activity on G34W substrates. The potential downstream effects of the G34W induced hyperactivity of NSD1 on DNA methylation, H3K27me3, histone acetylation and splicing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bröhm
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tabea Schoch
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Grünberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mina S Khella
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization Street, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Maren Kirstin Schuhmacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sara Weirich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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13
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Chen Y, Li X, Xu J, Xiao H, Tang C, Liang W, Zhu X, Fang Y, Wang H, Shi J. Knockdown of nuclear receptor binding SET domain-containing protein 1 (NSD1) inhibits proliferation and facilitates apoptosis in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells via inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:3526-3536. [PMID: 35200072 PMCID: PMC8973718 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2018973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of breast cancer (BC) has exacerbated over decades. Paclitaxel resistance is responsible for increasing BC treatment burden. Nuclear receptor binding SET domain-containing protein 1 (NSD1) is positively correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with BC. This study investigates the function of NSD1 in paclitaxel-resistant (PR) BC cells. The high levels of NSD1 and Wnt10b in PR BC cell lines (MCF-7/PR) or MCF-7 parental cells were determined by RT-qPCR. Western blotting was conducted to measure the levels of NSD1 protein, apoptosis-associated proteins, Wnt10b protein, H3K36me2 protein, H3K27me3 protein, and signal pathway-associated proteins in MCF-7/PR cells or MCF-7 cells or in vivo subcutaneous xenografted tumor model, and the results demonstrated that NSD1 inhibited cell apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation and tumor growth via activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell apoptosis and viability were estimated using cell counting kit-8 assays and flow cytometry. Positive correlation between NSD1 and Wnt10b was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The distribution of β-catenin was determined by immunofluorescence assays. We conclude that NSD1 knockdown inhibits the viability and promotes the apoptosis of paclitaxel-resistant BC cells by inactivating the NSD1/H3K27me3/Wnt10b/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuiju Tang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuedan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueyu Fang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanjin Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Mammary Gland Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Shrestha A, Kim N, Lee SJ, Jeon YH, Song JJ, An H, Cho SJ, Kadayat TM, Chin J. Targeting the Nuclear Receptor-Binding SET Domain Family of Histone Lysine Methyltransferases for Cancer Therapy: Recent Progress and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14913-14929. [PMID: 34488340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain (NSD) proteins are a class of histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTases) that are amplified, mutated, translocated, or overexpressed in various types of cancers. Several campaigns to develop NSD inhibitors for cancer treatment have begun following recent advances in knowledge of NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 structures and functions as well as the U.S. FDA approval of the first HKMTase inhibitor (tazemetostat, an EZH2 inhibitor) to treat follicular lymphoma and epithelioid sarcoma. This perspective highlights recent findings on the structures of catalytic su(var), enhancer-of-zeste, trithorax (SET) domains and other functional domains of NSD methyltransferases. In addition, recent progress and efforts to discover NSD-specific small molecule inhibitors against cancer-targeting catalytic SET domains, plant homeodomains, and proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline domains are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarajana Shrestha
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeon Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jeon
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Joon Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongchan An
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tara Man Kadayat
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Chin
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
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15
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Gonzalez-Pecchi V, Kwan AK, Doyle S, Ivanov AA, Du Y, Fu H. NSD3S stabilizes MYC through hindering its interaction with FBXW7. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:438-447. [PMID: 31638140 PMCID: PMC7333476 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The MYC transcription factor plays a key role in cell growth control. Enhanced MYC protein stability has been found to promote tumorigenesis. Thus, understanding how MYC stability is controlled may have significant implications for revealing MYC-driven growth regulatory mechanisms in physiological and pathological processes. Our previous work identified the histone lysine methyltransferase nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 3 (NSD3) as a MYC modulator. NSD3S, a noncatalytic isoform of NSD3 with oncogenic activity, appears to bind, stabilize, and activate the transcriptional activity of MYC. However, the mechanism by which NSD3S stabilizes MYC remains to be elucidated. To uncover the nature of the interaction and the underlying mechanism of MYC regulation by NSD3S, we characterized the binding interface between both proteins by narrowing the interface to a 15-amino acid region in NSD3S that is partially required for MYC regulation. Mechanistically, NSD3S binds to MYC and reduces the association of F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7) with MYC, which results in suppression of FBXW7-mediated proteasomal degradation of MYC and an increase in MYC protein half-life. These results support a critical role for NSD3S in the regulation of MYC function and provide a novel mechanism for NSD3S oncogenic function through inhibition of FBXW7-mediated degradation of MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gonzalez-Pecchi
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Albert K Kwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrey A Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Battaglia A, Lortz A, Carey JC. Natural history study of adults with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome 1: Case series of personally observed 35 individuals. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1794-1802. [PMID: 33760347 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a contiguous gene disorder, clinically delineated by prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, distinctive craniofacial features, intellectual disability, and seizures. The disorder is caused by partial loss of material from the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.3). Although more than 300 persons with WHS have been reported in the literature, there is sparse, if any, long-term follow-up of these individuals and thus little knowledge about course and potential further complications and health risks during adulthood and advanced age. This study attempted to assess medical conditions and function of adult individuals with WHS. It was one component of a two-part investigation on adults with WHS. The other part of the study is the patient-reported outcomes study reported elsewhere. About 35 individuals with WHS (26 females; nine males), aged between 19 and 55 years were recruited. About 25 individuals were personally observed at the IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation by A.B. and followed up between 5 and 20 years; and 10 were recruited from the 4p-Support Group, The United States. Of note, 23/35 (66%) are close to total care. About 11 out of 35 (31%) were partly self-independent, requiring supervision on certain daily routines, and 1 out of 35 (3%) was fully independent. However, a positive perspective is given by the overall good health enjoyed by the 66% of our cohort of individuals. Overall, quality of life and level of function into adulthood appear to be less critical than anticipated from previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatino Battaglia
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - John C Carey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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17
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Wang W, Chen Y, Zhao J, Chen L, Song W, Li L, Lin GN. Alternatively Splicing Interactomes Identify Novel Isoform-Specific Partners for NSD2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:612019. [PMID: 33718354 PMCID: PMC7947288 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.612019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor SET domain protein (NSD2) plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) and is overexpressed in multiple human myelomas, but its protein-protein interaction (PPI) patterns, particularly at the isoform/exon levels, are poorly understood. We explored the subcellular localizations of four representative NSD2 transcripts with immunofluorescence microscopy. Next, we used label-free quantification to perform immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry (IP-MS) analyses of the transcripts. Using the interaction partners for each transcript detected in the IP-MS results, we identified 890 isoform-specific PPI partners (83% are novel). These PPI networks were further divided into four categories of the exon-specific interactome. In these exon-specific PPI partners, two genes, RPL10 and HSPA8, were successfully confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. RPL10 primarily interacted with Isoforms 1, 3, and 5, and HSPA8 interacted with all four isoforms, respectively. Using our extended NSD2 protein interactions, we constructed an isoform-level PPI landscape for NSD2 to serve as reference interactome data for NSD2 spliceosome-level studies. Furthermore, the RNA splicing processes supported by these isoform partners shed light on the diverse roles NSD2 plays in WHS and myeloma development. We also validated the interactions using Western blotting, RPL10, and the three NSD2 (Isoform 1, 3, and 5). Our results expand gene-level NSD2 PPI networks and provide a basis for the treatment of NSD2-related developmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucan Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichen Song
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guan Ning Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
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18
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Gameiro SF, Ghasemi F, Zeng PYF, Mundi N, Howlett CJ, Plantinga P, Barrett JW, Nichols AC, Mymryk JS. Low expression of NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 define a subset of human papillomavirus-positive oral squamous carcinomas with unfavorable prognosis. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:13. [PMID: 33588906 PMCID: PMC7885607 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frequent mutations in the nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1) gene have been observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). NSD1 encodes a histone 3 lysine-36 methyltransferase. NSD1 mutations are correlated with improved clinical outcomes and increased sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy agents in human papillomavirus-negative (HPV-) tumors, despite weak T-cell infiltration. However, the role of NSD1 and related family members NSD2 and NSD3 in human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) HNSCC is unclear. Methods Using data from over 500 HNSCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we compared the relative level of mRNA expression of NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 in HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC. Correlation analyses were performed between T-cell infiltration and the relative level of expression of NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 mRNA in HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC. In addition, overall survival outcomes were compared for both the HPV+ and HPV- subsets of patients based on stratification by NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 expression levels. Results Expression levels of NSD1, NSD2 or NSD3 were not correlated with altered lymphocyte infiltration in HPV+ HNSCC. More importantly, low expression of NSD1, NSD2, or NSD3 correlated with significantly reduced overall patient survival in HPV+, but not HPV- HNSCC. Conclusion These results starkly illustrate the contrast in molecular features between HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC tumors and suggest that NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 expression levels should be further investigated as novel clinical metrics for improved prognostication and patient stratification in HPV+ HNSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13027-021-00347-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Gameiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Farhad Ghasemi
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Peter Y F Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Neil Mundi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Christopher J Howlett
- Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Paul Plantinga
- Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - John W Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Anthony C Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. .,London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada. .,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Room B3-431A, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada.
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. .,London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6C 2R5, Canada. .,London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Rd. East, London, Ontario, N6A 4L6, Canada.
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19
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Huang H, Howard CA, Zari S, Cho HJ, Shukla S, Li H, Ndoj J, González-Alonso P, Nikolaidis C, Abbott J, Rogawski DS, Potopnyk MA, Kempinska K, Miao H, Purohit T, Henderson A, Mapp A, Sulis ML, Ferrando A, Grembecka J, Cierpicki T. Covalent inhibition of NSD1 histone methyltransferase. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1403-1410. [PMID: 32868895 PMCID: PMC7669657 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor-binding SET domain (NSD) family of histone methyltransferases is associated with various malignancies, including aggressive acute leukemia with NUP98-NSD1 translocation. While NSD proteins represent attractive drug targets, their catalytic SET domains exist in autoinhibited conformation, presenting notable challenges for inhibitor development. Here, we employed a fragment-based screening strategy followed by chemical optimization, which resulted in the development of the first-in-class irreversible small-molecule inhibitors of the nuclear receptor-binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1) SET domain. The crystal structure of NSD1 in complex with covalently bound ligand reveals a conformational change in the autoinhibitory loop of the SET domain and formation of a channel-like pocket suitable for targeting with small molecules. Our covalent lead-compound BT5-demonstrates on-target activity in NUP98-NSD1 leukemia cells, including inhibition of histone H3 lysine 36 dimethylation and downregulation of target genes, and impaired colony formation in an NUP98-NSD1 patient sample. This study will facilitate the development of the next generation of potent and selective inhibitors of the NSD histone methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christina A Howard
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sergei Zari
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hyo Je Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shirish Shukla
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juliano Ndoj
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Abbott
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David S Rogawski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Hongzhi Miao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Trupta Purohit
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Henderson
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Mapp
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Sulis
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Zhang S, Zhang F, Chen Q, Wan C, Xiong J, Xu J. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of NSD1 suppresses the hepatocellular carcinoma development via the NSD1/H3/Wnt10b signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:467. [PMID: 31727171 PMCID: PMC6854717 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The NSD family of histone lysine methyltransferases have emerged as important biomarkers that participate in a variety of malignancies. Recent evidence has indicated that somatic dysregulation of the nuclear receptor binding SET domain-containing protein 1 (NSD1) is associated with the tumorigenesis in HCC, suggesting that NSD1 may serve as a prognostic target for this malignant tumor. However, its mechanism in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the major primary malignant tumor in the human liver, remains unclear. Hence, we investigated how NSD1 regulated HCC progression via regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Methods Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis was performed to identify the expression of NSD1 in HCC cells and clinically obtained tissues. The relationship between NSD1 expression and prognosis was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Further, a NSD1 knockout cell line was constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing system, which was investigated in a battery of assays such as HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, followed by the investigation into NSD1 regulation on histone H3, Wnt10b and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via ChIP. Finally, a nude mouse xenograft model was conducted in order to assess tumorigenesis affected by NSD1 knockout in vivo. Results NSD1 was overexpressed in HCC tissues and cell lines in association with poor prognosis. Knockout of NSD1 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of HCC cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of NSD1 promoted methylation of H3K27me3 and reduced methylation of H3K36me2, which inhibited Wnt10b expression. The results thereby indicated an inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion in HCC. Moreover, these in vitro findings were reproduced in vivo on tumor xenograft in nude mice. Conclusion In conclusion, the study provides evidence that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NSD1 knockout suppresses HCC cell proliferation and migration via the NSD1/H3/Wnt10b signaling pathway, suggesting that NSD1, H3 and Wnt10b may serve as potential targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chidan Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqun Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
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21
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Xiong J, Pecchi VG, Qui M, Ivanov AA, Mo X, Niu Q, Chen X, Fu H, Du Y. Development of a Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening Assay for Targeting the NSD3 and MYC Interaction. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2019; 16:96-106. [PMID: 29634317 PMCID: PMC5865254 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modulators play critical roles in reprogramming of cellular functions, emerging as a new class of promising therapeutic targets. Nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 3 (NSD3) is a member of the lysine methyltransferase family. Interestingly, the short isoform of NSD3 without the methyltransferase fragment, NSD3S, exhibits oncogenic activity in a wide range of cancers. We recently showed that NSD3S interacts with MYC, a central regulator of tumorigenesis, suggesting a mechanism by which NSD3S regulates cell proliferation through engaging MYC. Thus, small molecule inhibitors of the NSD3S/MYC interaction will be valuable tools for understanding the function of NSD3 in tumorigenesis for potential cancer therapeutic discovery. Here we report the development of a cell lysate-based time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay in an ultrahigh-throughput screening (uHTS) format to monitor the interaction of NSD3S with MYC. In our TR-FRET assay, anti-Flag-terbium and anti-glutathione S-transferase (GST)-d2, a paired fluorophores, were used to indirectly label Flag-tagged NSD3 and GST-MYC in HEK293T cell lysates. This TR-FRET assay is robust in a 1,536-well uHTS format, with signal-to-background >8 and a Z' factor >0.7. A pilot screening with the Spectrum library of 2,000 compounds identified several positive hits. One positive compound was confirmed to disrupt the NSD3/MYC interaction in an orthogonal protein-protein interaction assay. Thus, our optimized uHTS assay could be applied to future scaling up of a screening campaign to identify small molecule inhibitors targeting the NSD3/MYC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Valentina Gonzalez Pecchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Min Qui
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrey A. Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiulei Mo
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qiankun Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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22
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Chen K, Jian D, Zhao L, Zang X, Song W, Ma J, Jia Z, Wang X, Gao C. Protective effect of histone methyltransferase NSD3 on ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2556-2565. [PMID: 31254363 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain 3 (NSD3) is a lysine methyltransferase that plays important roles in multiple biological activities; however; its potential roles in the cardiovascular system remain unknown. In this study, we found that NSD3 expression is reduced by isoproterenol (ISO) stimuli both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of NSD3 attenuates ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Mechanistically, ISO treatment decreases H3K27me2/3 modifications on the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) promoter by suppressing NSD3 and inhibits the association between NSD3 and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), thus suppressing the BRD4-mediated H3K27ac modifications, which ultimately promote ANF transcription and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In conclusion, NSD3 decreases ANF expression and, thereby, attenuates ISO-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Jian
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linwei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobiao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Song
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jifang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianqing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Liang X, Chu G, Wang L, Lai G, Zhao Y. Role of Nkx2.5 in H 2O 2-induced Nsd1 suppression. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:697-707. [PMID: 31104268 PMCID: PMC6629736 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-00995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain-containing protein 1 (Nsd1) acts as a histone lysine methyltransferase, and its role in oxidative stress-related abnormal embryonic heart development remains poorly understood. In the present study, H2O2 decreased the expression of Nsd1 and NK2 transcription factor related locus 5 (Nkx2.5). We further focused on Nkx2.5 modulating the transcription of Nsd1 in response to H2O2. Luciferase activity analysis indicated that a regulatory region from - 646 to - 282 is essential for the basal transcriptional activity, in which, an a Nkx2.5-binding element (NKE) was identified at - 412/- 406 of the Nsd1 promoter by electrophoresis mobility shift assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. H2O2 obviously reduced the p646-luc promoter activity, and the depletion of Nkx2.5 expression weakened H2O2 inhibition on the p646-luc promoter. The overexpression of Nkx2.5 increase Nsd1 p646-luc promoter activity, but did not affected p646-luc-mut. Furthermore, overexpression and depletion of Nkx2.5 led to the increase and decrease of Nsd1 protein and mRNA levels. These data indicated that H2O2-induced Nsd1 suppression resulted from the decrease of Nkx2.5 expression through the NKE element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Clinical Genetics, China Medical University, No.36 San Hao Street, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
- Central Laboratory, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Guoming Chu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, China Medical University, No.36 San Hao Street, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Leitong Wang
- Department of Clinical Genetics, China Medical University, No.36 San Hao Street, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangrui Lai
- Department of Clinical Genetics, China Medical University, No.36 San Hao Street, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Genetics, China Medical University, No.36 San Hao Street, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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24
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Wu J, Luo M, Duan Z, Jia Y, Linghu H, Tian P, Qi H. WHSC1 acts as a prognostic indicator and functions as an oncogene in cervical cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4683-4690. [PMID: 31354300 PMCID: PMC6588087 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s204701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (WHSC1) is an epigenetic modifier, considered to play a driving role in oncogenesis. However, very little is known about the roles of WHSC1 and its prognostic impacts in cervical cancer. This study aimed to investigate the role of WHSC1 in the prognosis of cervical cancer and explore the effect of WHSC1 on proliferation, migration, and invasion of cervical cancer cells and angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods: We evaluated the expression levels of WHSC1 in cervical cancer samples and relevant cell lines by immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot. In vitro, Cell Counting Kit-8 and transwell assays were used to investigate the viability and migration of C33A cells, and a tube formation assay was used to study the effect of WHSC1 on angiogenesis in HUVECs. Results: WHSC1 was overexpressed in cervical cancer tissues and cells, and correlated with the FIGO stage and differentiation. WHSC1 knockdown inhibited proliferation, suppressed migration and invasion in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-overexpressing C33A cells, and inhibited angiogenesis in HUVECs. Conclusion: WHSC1 may be a poor prognostic indicator of cervical cancer and a potential novel therapeutic target for the same. WHSC1 may participate in the regulation of cervical cancer progression through the eNOS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoning Duan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Jia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Linghu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Tian
- Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Kojima M, Sone K, Oda K, Hamamoto R, Kaneko S, Oki S, Kukita A, Machino H, Honjoh H, Kawata Y, Kashiyama T, Asada K, Tanikawa M, Mori-Uchino M, Tsuruga T, Nagasaka K, Matsumoto Y, Wada-Hiraike O, Osuga Y, Fujii T. The histone methyltransferase WHSC1 is regulated by EZH2 and is important for ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell proliferation. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:455. [PMID: 31092221 PMCID: PMC6521555 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate gene-1 (WHSC1), a histone methyltransferase, has been found to be upregulated and its expression to be correlated with expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in several cancers. In this study, we evaluated the role of WHSC1 and its therapeutic significance in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Methods First, we analyzed WHSC1 expression by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry using 23 clinical OCCC specimens. Second, the involvement of WHSC1 in OCCC cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assays after siRNA-mediated WHSC1 knockdown. We also performed flow cytometry (FACS) to address the effect of WHSC1 on cell cycle. To examine the functional relationship between EZH2 and WHSC1, we knocked down EZH2 using siRNAs and checked the expression levels of WHSC1 and its histone mark H3K36m2 in OCCC cell lines. Finally, we checked WHSC1 expression after treatment with the selective inhibitor, GSK126. Results Both quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that WHSC1 was significantly overexpressed in OCCC tissues compared with that in normal ovarian tissues. MTT assay revealed that knockdown of WHSC1 suppressed cell proliferation, and H3K36me2 levels were found to be decreased in immunoblotting. FACS revealed that WHSC1 knockdown affected the cell cycle. We also confirmed that WHSC1 expression was suppressed by EZH2 knockdown or inhibition, indicating that EZH2 is upstream of WHSC1 in OCCC cells. Conclusions WHSC1 overexpression induced cell growth and its expression is, at least in part, regulated by EZH2. Further functional analysis will reveal whether WHSC1 is a promising therapeutic target for OCCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5638-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Kojima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenbun Sone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Syuzo Kaneko
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shinya Oki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Asako Kukita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hidenori Machino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Harunori Honjoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kashiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kayo Asada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mayuyo Mori-Uchino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Tsuruga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173 0003, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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26
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Histone methyltransferase NSD2 regulates apoptosis and chemosensitivity in osteosarcoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:65. [PMID: 30683853 PMCID: PMC6347630 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumour. However, the genetic basis for the pathogenesis of OS remains elusive. In this study, we uncovered the role of the histone methyltransferase NSD2 in regulating tumourigenesis and chemosensitivity in OS. We show that NSD2 knockdown leads to increased apoptosis in OS cells in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, NSD2 knockdown significantly enhances the efficacy of cisplatin against OS cells and accordingly inhibits properties associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs). Furthermore, RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that NSD2 promotes transcription of genes associated with negative regulation of apoptotic signalling pathways and CSC properties. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) assays indicated that NSD2 knockdown leads to decreased H3K36me2 modification at BCL2 and SOX2 loci, thus inhibiting the transcription of these two genes that are closely correlated with apoptosis, CSC properties and chemosensitivity in OS cells. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the ERK and AKT pathways mediate the regulation of OS progression and chemosensitivity by NSD2. Overall, our study is the first to uncover the function of NSD2 in OS chemosensitivity. NSD2 regulates the expression of the apoptosis regulatory proteins BCL2 and SOX2 through the ERK and AKT pathways. Our results suggest that NSD2 is a new target for combined chemotherapy and is a prognostic factor for OS.
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27
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Ghasemi F, Prokopec SD, MacNeil D, Mundi N, Gameiro SF, Howlett C, Stecho W, Plantinga P, Pinto N, Ruicci KM, Khan MI, Yoo J, Fung K, Sahovaler A, Palma DA, Winquist E, Mymryk JS, Barrett JW, Boutros PC, Nichols AC. Mutational analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma stratified by smoking status. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123443. [PMID: 30626742 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking has historically been recognized as a negative prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study aimed to assess the mutational differences between heavy smokers (>20 pack years) and never smokers among the HNSCC patients within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Single nucleotide variation and copy number aberration differences between heavy smokers and never smokers were compared within human papillomavirus-positive (HPV-positive) (n = 67) and HPV-negative (n = 431) TCGA cohorts with HNSCC, and the impact of these mutations on survival were assessed. No genes were differentially mutated between smoking and never-smoking patients with HPV-positive tumors. By contrast, in HPV-negative tumors, NSD1 and COL1A11 were found to be more frequently mutated in heavy smokers, while CASP8 was more frequently altered in never smokers. HPV-negative patients with NSD1 mutations experienced significantly improved overall survival compared with NSD1 WT patients. This improved prognosis was validated in an independent cohort of 77 oral cavity cancer patients and a meta-analysis that included 2 additional data sets (688 total patients, hazard ratio for death 0.44, 95% CI, 0.30-0.65). NSD1 mutations are more common in HPV-negative heavy smokers, define a cohort with favorable prognosis, and may represent a clinically useful biomarker to guide treatment deintensification for HPV-negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ghasemi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Danielle MacNeil
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology
| | - Neil Mundi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Howlett
- Department of Pathology University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Stecho
- Department of Pathology University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Plantinga
- Department of Pathology University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Pinto
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology
| | - Kara M Ruicci
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology
| | - Mohammed Imran Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology
| | - Axel Sahovaler
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and
| | - John W Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics and.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony C Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology
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28
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Biray Avci C, Goker Bagca B, Tetik Vardarli A, Saydam G, Gunduz C. Epigenetic modifications in chronic myeloid leukemia cells through ruxolitinib treatment. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4555-4563. [PMID: 30260022 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal malignancy of hematopoietic stem cell that is characterized by the occurrence of t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) translocation, named Philadelphia chromosome. Ruxolitinib is a powerful Janus tyrosine kinase 1 and 2 inhibitor that is used for myelofibrosis treatment. DNA-histone connection mediates a wide range of genes that code methylation, demethylation, acetylation, deacetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation enzymes. Epigenetic modifications regulate chromatin compactness, which plays pivotal roles in critical biological processes including the transcriptional activity and cell proliferation as well as various pathological mechanisms, including CML. This study is aimed to determine the alterations of the expression levels of epigenetic modification-related genes after ruxolitinib treatment. Total RNA was isolated from K-562 cells treated with the IC50 value of ruxolitinib and untreated K-562 control cells. A reverse transcription procedure was performed for complementary DNA synthesis, and gene expressions were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction compared with the untreated cells. Ruxolitinib treatment caused a significant alteration in the expression levels of epigenetic regulation-related genes in K-562 cells. Our novel results suggested that ruxolitinib has inhibitor effects on epigenetic modification-regulator genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bakiye Goker Bagca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Asli Tetik Vardarli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guray Saydam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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29
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Han X, Piao L, Zhuang Q, Yuan X, Liu Z, He X. The role of histone lysine methyltransferase NSD3 in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3847-3852. [PMID: 30013365 PMCID: PMC6038882 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s166006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of findings demonstrate that nuclear receptor suppressor of variegation, enhancer of zeste, and trithorax domain-containing 3 (NSD3) is amplified and overexpressed in multiple cancer types. Nevertheless, the biological roles of NSD3 in carcinogenesis have not been well understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying NSD3 regulation in different cancers. In addition, NSD3 may serve as a potential druggable target for selective cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
| | - Lianhua Piao
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology
| | - Qianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
| | - Xiaofeng Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
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30
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Bui N, Huang JK, Bojorquez-Gomez A, Licon K, Sanchez KS, Tang SN, Beckett AN, Wang T, Zhang W, Shen JP, Kreisberg JF, Ideker T. Disruption of NSD1 in Head and Neck Cancer Promotes Favorable Chemotherapeutic Responses Linked to Hypomethylation. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1585-1594. [PMID: 29636367 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a distinct classification of cancer with worse expected outcomes. Of the 11 genes recurrently mutated in HNSCC, we identify a singular and substantial survival advantage for mutations in the gene encoding Nuclear Set Domain Containing Protein 1 (NSD1), a histone methyltransferase altered in approximately 10% of patients. This effect, a 55% decrease in risk of death in NSD1-mutated versus non-mutated patients, can be validated in an independent cohort. NSD1 alterations are strongly associated with widespread genome hypomethylation in the same tumors, to a degree not observed for any other mutated gene. To address whether NSD1 plays a causal role in these associations, we use CRISPR-Cas9 to disrupt NSD1 in HNSCC cell lines and find that this leads to substantial CpG hypomethylation and sensitivity to cisplatin, a standard chemotherapy in head and neck cancer, with a 40% to 50% decrease in the IC50 value. Such results are reinforced by a survey of 1,001 cancer cell lines, in which loss-of-function NSD1 mutations have an average 23% decrease in cisplatin IC50 value compared with cell lines with wild-type NSD1Significance: This study identifies a favorable subtype of HPV-negative HNSCC linked to NSD1 mutation, hypomethylation, and cisplatin sensitivity. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1585-94. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Bui
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Justin K Huang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - Kyle S Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sean N Tang
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alex N Beckett
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tina Wang
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | | | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California. .,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
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31
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Campos-Sanchez E, Deleyto-Seldas N, Dominguez V, Carrillo-de-Santa-Pau E, Ura K, Rocha PP, Kim J, Aljoufi A, Esteve-Codina A, Dabad M, Gut M, Heyn H, Kaneda Y, Nimura K, Skok JA, Martinez-Frias ML, Cobaleda C. Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome Candidate 1 Is Necessary for Correct Hematopoietic and B Cell Development. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1586-1601. [PMID: 28538178 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficiency is one of the most important causes of mortality associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS), a severe rare disease originated by a deletion in chromosome 4p. The WHS candidate 1 (WHSC1) gene has been proposed as one of the main genes responsible for many of the alterations in WHS, but its mechanism of action is still unknown. Here, we present in vivo genetic evidence showing that Whsc1 plays an important role at several points of hematopoietic development. Particularly, our results demonstrate that both differentiation and function of Whsc1-deficient B cells are impaired at several key developmental stages due to profound molecular defects affecting B cell lineage specification, commitment, fitness, and proliferation, demonstrating a causal role for WHSC1 in the immunodeficiency of WHS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campos-Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC/UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Nerea Deleyto-Seldas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC/UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Carrillo-de-Santa-Pau
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Kiyoe Ura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Pedro P Rocha
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - JungHyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arafat Aljoufi
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Holger Heyn
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nimura
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jane A Skok
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Martinez-Frias
- ECEMC (Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations), Madrid 28029, Spain; CIAC (Research Center on Congenital Anomalies), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U724, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Cesar Cobaleda
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC/UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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32
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Saloura V, Vougiouklakis T, Zewde M, Kiyotani K, Park JH, Gao G, Karrison T, Lingen M, Nakamura Y, Hamamoto R. WHSC1L1 drives cell cycle progression through transcriptional regulation of CDC6 and CDK2 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42527-42538. [PMID: 27285764 PMCID: PMC5173153 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolf-Hisrchhorn Syndrome Candidate 1-Like 1 (WHSC1L1) is a protein lysine methyltransferase that is recurrently amplified (8p11.23) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). In this study, we investigated the oncogenic role of WHSC1L1 in SCCHN. Using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays of patients with locoregionally advanced SCCHN, we found that WHSC1L1 is significantly overexpressed in patients with SCCHN, and is associated with poor grade and heavy smoking history. Knockdown of WHSC1L1 expression resulted in significant growth suppression and reduction of H3K36 dimethylation (H3K36me2) in SCCHN cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that WHSC1L1 and H3K36me2 are enriched in the gene bodies of the cell cycle-related genes CDC6 and CDK2, implying that WHSC1L1 directly regulates the transcription of these genes. According to the importance of CDC6 and CDK2 for G1 to S transition, WHSC1L1 knockdown induced strong G0/G1 arrest which was rescued by introduction of wild-type WHSC1L1 but not by that of enzyme-inactive WHSC1L1. Our results imply that WHSC1L1 and its product H3K36me2 are essential for the transition from G1 to S phase in SCCHN cells and that WHSC1L1 could serve as a rational target for anticancer drug development for patients with head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Makda Zewde
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kazuma Kiyotani
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jae-Hyun Park
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guimin Gao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theodore Karrison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Lingen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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33
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Peri S, Izumchenko E, Schubert AD, Slifker MJ, Ruth K, Serebriiskii IG, Guo T, Burtness BA, Mehra R, Ross EA, Sidransky D, Golemis EA. NSD1- and NSD2-damaging mutations define a subset of laryngeal tumors with favorable prognosis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1772. [PMID: 29176703 PMCID: PMC5701248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) affect anatomical sites including the oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Laryngeal cancers are characterized by high recurrence and poor overall survival, and currently lack robust molecular prognostic biomarkers for treatment stratification. Using an algorithm for integrative clustering that simultaneously assesses gene expression, somatic mutation, copy number variation, and methylation, we for the first time identify laryngeal cancer subtypes with distinct prognostic outcomes, and differing from the non-prognostic laryngeal subclasses reported by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Although most common laryngeal gene mutations are found in both subclasses, better prognosis is strongly associated with damaging mutations of the methyltransferases NSD1 and NSD2, with findings confirmed in an independent validation cohort consisting of 63 laryngeal cancer patients. Intriguingly, NSD1/2 mutations are not prognostic for nonlaryngeal SCCHN. These results provide an immediately useful clinical metric for patient stratification and prognostication. The authors use an integrative clustering approach to identify two laryngeal cancer clusters with distinct prognosis and show that mutations damaging the NSD1 and NSD2 methyltransferases segregate to the cluster with favorable prognosis, and independently predict longer survival in patients with laryngeal, but not other head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Peri
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, 19111, PA, USA.
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Adrian D Schubert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Slifker
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, 19111, PA, USA
| | - Karen Ruth
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, 19111, PA, USA
| | - Ilya G Serebriiskii
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Theresa Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Barbara A Burtness
- Department of Internal Medicine and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ranee Mehra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Eric A Ross
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, 19111, PA, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
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34
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Bennett RL, Swaroop A, Troche C, Licht JD. The Role of Nuclear Receptor-Binding SET Domain Family Histone Lysine Methyltransferases in Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026708. [PMID: 28193767 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor-binding SET Domain (NSD) family of histone H3 lysine 36 methyltransferases is comprised of NSD1, NSD2 (MMSET/WHSC1), and NSD3 (WHSC1L1). These enzymes recognize and catalyze methylation of histone lysine marks to regulate chromatin integrity and gene expression. The growing number of reports demonstrating that alterations or translocations of these genes fundamentally affect cell growth and differentiation leading to developmental defects illustrates the importance of this family. In addition, overexpression, gain of function somatic mutations, and translocations of NSDs are associated with human cancer and can trigger cellular transformation in model systems. Here we review the functions of NSD family members and the accumulating evidence that these proteins play key roles in tumorigenesis. Because epigenetic therapy is an important emerging anticancer strategy, understanding the function of NSD family members may lead to the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bennett
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University of Florida Health Cancer Center, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Alok Swaroop
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University of Florida Health Cancer Center, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Catalina Troche
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University of Florida Health Cancer Center, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University of Florida Health Cancer Center, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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35
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Ito Y, Katayama K, Nishibori Y, Akimoto Y, Kudo A, Kurayama R, Hada I, Takahashi S, Kimura T, Fukutomi T, Katada T, Suehiro J, Beltcheva O, Tryggvason K, Yan K. Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1-like 1 epigenetically regulates nephrin gene expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F1184-F1199. [PMID: 28228401 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00305.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of nephrin underlies the pathophysiology of proteinuria in both congenital and acquired nephrotic syndrome. However, the epigenetic mechanisms of nephrin gene regulation remain elusive. Here, we show that Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1-like 1 long form (WHSC1L1-L) is a novel epigenetic modifier of nephrin gene regulation. WHSC1L1-L was associated with histone H3K4 and H3K36 in human embryonic kidney cells. WHSC1L1-L gene was expressed in the podocytes, and functional protein product was detected in these cells. WHSC1L1-L was found to bind nephrin but not other podocyte-specific gene promoters, leading to its inhibition/suppression, abrogating the stimulatory effect of WT1 and NF-κB. Gene knockdown of WHSC1L1-L in primary cultured podocytes accelerated the transcription of nephrin but not CD2AP. An in vivo zebrafish study involving the injection of Whsc1l1 mRNA into embryos demonstrated an apparent reduction of nephrin mRNA but not podocin and CD2AP mRNA. Immunohistochemistry showed that both WHSC1L1-L and nephrin emerged at the S-shaped body stage in glomeruli. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy displayed WHSC1L1 to colocalize with trimethylated H3K4 in the glomerular podocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed the reduction of the association of trimethylated H3K4 at the nephrin promoter regions. Finally, nephrin mRNA was upregulated in the glomerulus at the early proteinuric stage of mouse nephrosis, which was associated with the reduction of WHSC1L1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that WHSC1L1-L acts as a histone methyltransferase in podocytes and regulates nephrin gene expression, which may in turn contribute to the integrity of the slit diaphragm of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kan Katayama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Matrix Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yukino Nishibori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Kurayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Toshiyuki Fukutomi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Tomohisa Katada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Junichi Suehiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Olga Beltcheva
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Matrix Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kunimasa Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan;
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36
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Abstract
In the past few years, it has become clear that mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes are common in human cancers. Therapeutic strategies are now being developed to target cancers with mutations in these genes using specific chemical inhibitors. In addition, a complementary approach based on the concept of synthetic lethality, which allows exploitation of loss-of-function mutations in cancers that are not targetable by conventional methods, has gained traction. Both of these approaches are now being tested in several clinical trials. In this Review, we present recent advances in epigenetic drug discovery and development, and suggest possible future avenues of investigation to drive progress in this area.
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37
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García-Carpizo V, Sarmentero J, Han B, Graña O, Ruiz-Llorente S, Pisano DG, Serrano M, Brooks HB, Campbell RM, Barrero MJ. NSD2 contributes to oncogenic RAS-driven transcription in lung cancer cells through long-range epigenetic activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32952. [PMID: 27604143 PMCID: PMC5015087 DOI: 10.1038/srep32952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase NSD2/WHSC1/MMSET is overexpressed in a number of solid tumors but its contribution to the biology of these tumors is not well understood. Here, we describe that NSD2 contributes to the proliferation of a subset of lung cancer cell lines by supporting oncogenic RAS transcriptional responses. NSD2 knock down combined with MEK or BRD4 inhibitors causes co-operative inhibitory responses on cell growth. However, while MEK and BRD4 inhibitors converge in the downregulation of genes associated with cancer-acquired super-enhancers, NSD2 inhibition affects the expression of clusters of genes embedded in megabase-scale regions marked with H3K36me2 and that contribute to the RAS transcription program. Thus, combinatorial therapies using MEK or BRD4 inhibitors together with NSD2 inhibition are likely to be needed to ensure a more comprehensive inhibition of oncogenic RAS-driven transcription programs in lung cancers with NSD2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica García-Carpizo
- CNIO-Lilly Epigenetics Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacinto Sarmentero
- CNIO-Lilly Epigenetics Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bomie Han
- Eli Lilly and Company, 46285 Indianapolis, USA
| | - Osvaldo Graña
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ruiz-Llorente
- CNIO-Lilly Epigenetics Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David G Pisano
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria J Barrero
- CNIO-Lilly Epigenetics Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3. 28029 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Sayapina MS, Savelov NA, Karseladze AI, Bulanov AA, Tryakin AA, Nosov DA, Garin AM, Tjulandin SA. Nuclear Protein of the Testis Midline Carcinoma Masquerading as a Primary Mediastinal Seminoma. Rare Tumors 2016; 8:6241. [PMID: 27441078 PMCID: PMC4935827 DOI: 10.4081/rt.2016.6241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear protein of the testis (NUT) midline carcinomas are rare aggressive carcinomas characterized by chromosomal rearrangements that involve the gene encoding the NUT. This article reviews the clinicopathologic features and the differential diagnosis of these malignancies.
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39
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Poulin MB, Schneck JL, Matico RE, Hou W, McDevitt PJ, Holbert M, Schramm VL. Nucleosome Binding Alters the Substrate Bonding Environment of Histone H3 Lysine 36 Methyltransferase NSD2. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6699-702. [PMID: 27183271 PMCID: PMC6702673 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-binding SET domain protein 2 (NSD2) is a histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36)-specific methyltransferase enzyme that is overexpressed in a number of cancers, including multiple myeloma. NSD2 binds to S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) and nucleosome substrates to catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from SAM to the ε-amino group of histone H3K36. Equilibrium binding isotope effects and density functional theory calculations indicate that the SAM methyl group is sterically constrained in complex with NSD2, and that this steric constraint is released upon nucleosome binding. Together, these results show that nucleosome binding to NSD2 induces a significant change in the chemical environment of enzyme-bound SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles B. Poulin
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Jessica L. Schneck
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Rosalie E. Matico
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Wangfang Hou
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Patrick J. McDevitt
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Marc Holbert
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Vern L. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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40
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Lai J, Zhou Z, Tang XJ, Gao ZB, Zhou J, Chen SQ. A Tumor-Specific Neo-Antigen Caused by a Frameshift Mutation in BAP1 Is a Potential Personalized Biomarker in Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050739. [PMID: 27187383 PMCID: PMC4881561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive rare malignancy associated with asbestos exposure. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MPM will help develop a targeted therapy strategy. Oncogene targeted depth sequencing was performed on a tumor sample and paired peripheral blood DNA from a patient with malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum. Four somatic base-substitutions in NOTCH2, NSD1, PDE4DIP, and ATP10B and 1 insert frameshift mutation in BAP1 were validated by the Sanger method at the transcriptional level. A 13-amino acids neo-peptide of the truncated Bap1 protein, which was produced as a result of this novel frameshift mutation, was predicted to be presented by this patient's HLA-B protein. The polyclonal antibody of the synthesized 13-mer neo-peptide was produced in rabbits. Western blotting results showed a good antibody-neoantigen specificity, and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with the antibody of the neo-peptide clearly differentiated neoplastic cells from normal cells. A search of the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database also revealed that 53.2% of mutations in BAP1 were frameshift indels with neo-peptide formation. An identified tumor-specific neo-antigen could be the potential molecular biomarker for personalized diagnosis to precisely subtype rare malignancies such as MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Tang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhi-Bin Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yuyao People's Hospital, 800 Chengdong Road, Yuyao 315400, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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41
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Sankaran SM, Wilkinson AW, Elias JE, Gozani O. A PWWP Domain of Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase NSD2 Binds to Dimethylated Lys-36 of Histone H3 and Regulates NSD2 Function at Chromatin. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8465-74. [PMID: 26912663 PMCID: PMC4861420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The readout of histone modifications plays a critical role in chromatin-regulated processes. Dimethylation at Lys-36 on histone H3 (H3K36me2) is associated with actively transcribed genes, and global up-regulation of this modification is associated with several cancers. However, the molecular mechanism by which H3K36me2 is sensed and transduced to downstream biological outcomes remains unclear. Here we identify a PWWP domain within the histone lysine methyltransferase and oncoprotein NSD2 that preferentially binds to nucleosomes containing H3K36me2. In cells, the NSD2 PWWP domain interaction with H3K36me2 plays a role in stabilizing NSD2 at chromatin. Furthermore, NSD2's ability to induce global increases in H3K36me2 via its enzymatic activity, and consequently promote cellular proliferation, is compromised by mutations within the PWWP domain that specifically abrogate H3K36me2-recognition. Together, our results identify a pivotal role for NSD2 binding to its catalytic product in regulating its cellular functions, and suggest a model for how this interaction may facilitate epigenetic spreading and propagation of H3K36me2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua E Elias
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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42
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Berardi A, Quilici G, Spiliotopoulos D, Corral-Rodriguez MA, Martin-Garcia F, Degano M, Tonon G, Ghitti M, Musco G. Structural basis for PHDVC5HCHNSD1-C2HRNizp1 interaction: implications for Sotos syndrome. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3448-63. [PMID: 26896805 PMCID: PMC4838375 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome caused by mutations within the functional domains ofNSD1 gene coding for NSD1, a multidomain protein regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. In particular, PHDVC5HCHNSD1 tandem domain, composed by a classical (PHDV) and an atypical (C5HCH) plant homeo-domain (PHD) finger, is target of several pathological missense-mutations. PHDVC5HCHNSD1 is also crucial for NSD1-dependent transcriptional regulation and interacts with the C2HR domain of transcriptional repressor Nizp1 (C2HRNizp1)in vitro To get molecular insights into the mechanisms dictating the patho-physiological relevance of the PHD finger tandem domain, we solved its solution structure and provided a structural rationale for the effects of seven Sotos syndrome point-mutations. To investigate PHDVC5HCHNSD1 role as structural platform for multiple interactions, we characterized its binding to histone H3 peptides and to C2HRNizp1 by ITC and NMR. We observed only very weak electrostatic interactions with histone H3 N-terminal tails, conversely we proved specific binding to C2HRNizp1 We solved C2HRNizp1 solution structure and generated a 3D model of the complex, corroborated by site-directed mutagenesis. We suggest a mechanistic scenario where NSD1 interactions with cofactors such as Nizp1 are impaired by PHDVC5HCHNSD1 pathological mutations, thus impacting on the repression of growth-promoting genes, leading to overgrowth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Berardi
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Quilici
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Spiliotopoulos
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy Università Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milano 21032, Italy
| | - Maria Angeles Corral-Rodriguez
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy Università Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milano 21032, Italy
| | - Fernando Martin-Garcia
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Massimo Degano
- Biocrystallography Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional genomics of cancer, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Michela Ghitti
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
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43
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Poulin MB, Schneck JL, Matico RE, McDevitt PJ, Huddleston MJ, Hou W, Johnson NW, Thrall SH, Meek TD, Schramm VL. Transition state for the NSD2-catalyzed methylation of histone H3 lysine 36. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1197-201. [PMID: 26787850 PMCID: PMC4747696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521036113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor SET domain containing protein 2 (NSD2) catalyzes the methylation of histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36). It is a determinant in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome and is overexpressed in human multiple myeloma. Despite the relevance of NSD2 to cancer, there are no potent, selective inhibitors of this enzyme reported. Here, a combination of kinetic isotope effect measurements and quantum chemical modeling was used to provide subangstrom details of the transition state structure for NSD2 enzymatic activity. Kinetic isotope effects were measured for the methylation of isolated HeLa cell nucleosomes by NSD2. NSD2 preferentially catalyzes the dimethylation of H3K36 along with a reduced preference for H3K36 monomethylation. Primary Me-(14)C and (36)S and secondary Me-(3)H3, Me-(2)H3, 5'-(14)C, and 5'-(3)H2 kinetic isotope effects were measured for the methylation of H3K36 using specifically labeled S-adenosyl-l-methionine. The intrinsic kinetic isotope effects were used as boundary constraints for quantum mechanical calculations for the NSD2 transition state. The experimental and calculated kinetic isotope effects are consistent with an SN2 chemical mechanism with methyl transfer as the first irreversible chemical step in the reaction mechanism. The transition state is a late, asymmetric nucleophilic displacement with bond separation from the leaving group at (2.53 Å) and bond making to the attacking nucleophile (2.10 Å) advanced at the transition state. The transition state structure can be represented in a molecular electrostatic potential map to guide the design of inhibitors that mimic the transition state geometry and charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles B Poulin
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jessica L Schneck
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Rosalie E Matico
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Patrick J McDevitt
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Michael J Huddleston
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Wangfang Hou
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Neil W Johnson
- Cancer Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Sara H Thrall
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Thomas D Meek
- Biological Sciences, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461;
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44
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Li J, Zhu S, Ke XX, Cui H. Role of several histone lysine methyltransferases in tumor development. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:293-299. [PMID: 26998265 PMCID: PMC4774316 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of cancer epigenetics has been evolving rapidly in recent decades. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Histone modifications are important markers of function and chromatin state. Aberrant histone methylation frequently occurs in tumor development and progression. Multiple studies have identified that histone lysine methyltransferases regulate gene transcription through the methylation of histone, which affects cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration and invasion, and other biological characteristics. Histones have variant lysine sites for different levels of methylation, catalyzed by different lysine methyltransferases, which have numerous effects on human cancers. The present review focused on the most recent advances, described the key function sites of histone lysine methyltransferases, integrated significant quantities of data to introduce several compelling histone lysine methyltransferases in various types of human cancers, summarized their role in tumor development and discussed their potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifu Li
- Cell Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Ke
- Cell Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- Cell Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P.R. China
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45
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Wappett M, Dulak A, Yang ZR, Al-Watban A, Bradford JR, Dry JR. Multi-omic measurement of mutually exclusive loss-of-function enriches for candidate synthetic lethal gene pairs. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:65. [PMID: 26781748 PMCID: PMC4717622 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of synthetic lethal interactions in cancer cells could offer promising new therapeutic targets. Large-scale functional genomic screening presents an opportunity to test large numbers of cancer synthetic lethal hypotheses. Methods enriching for candidate synthetic lethal targets in molecularly defined cancer cell lines can steer effective design of screening efforts. Loss of one partner of a synthetic lethal gene pair creates a dependency on the other, thus synthetic lethal gene pairs should never show simultaneous loss-of-function. We have developed a computational approach to mine large multi-omic cancer data sets and identify gene pairs with mutually exclusive loss-of-function. Since loss-of-function may not always be genetic, we look for deleterious mutations, gene deletion and/or loss of mRNA expression by bimodality defined with a novel algorithm BiSEp. Results Applying this toolkit to both tumour cell line and patient data, we achieve statistically significant enrichment for experimentally validated tumour suppressor genes and synthetic lethal gene pairings. Notably non-reliance on genetic loss reveals a number of known synthetic lethal relationships otherwise missed, resulting in marked improvement over genetic-only predictions. We go on to establish biological rationale surrounding a number of novel candidate synthetic lethal gene pairs with demonstrated dependencies in published cancer cell line shRNA screens. Conclusions This work introduces a multi-omic approach to define gene loss-of-function, and enrich for candidate synthetic lethal gene pairs in cell lines testable through functional screens. In doing so, we offer an additional resource to generate new cancer drug target and combination hypotheses. Algorithms discussed are freely available in the BiSEp CRAN package at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BiSEp/index.html. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2375-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wappett
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK.
| | - Austin Dulak
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA.
| | | | | | - James R Bradford
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK. .,Present address: Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Dry
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Waltham, USA.
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46
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Liu L, Kimball S, Liu H, Holowatyj A, Yang ZQ. Genetic alterations of histone lysine methyltransferases and their significance in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:2466-82. [PMID: 25537518 PMCID: PMC4385864 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine methyltransferases (HMTs), a large class of enzymes that catalyze site-specific methylation of lysine residues on histones and other proteins, play critical roles in controlling transcription, chromatin architecture, and cellular differentiation. However, the genomic landscape and clinical significance of HMTs in breast cancer remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of approximately 50 HMTs in breast cancer and identified associations among recurrent copy number alterations, mutations, gene expression, and clinical outcome. We identified 12 HMTs with the highest frequency of genetic alterations, including 8 with high-level amplification, 2 with putative homozygous deletion, and 2 with somatic mutation. Different subtypes of breast cancer have different patterns of copy number and expression for each HMT gene. In addition, chromosome 1q contains four HMTs that are concurrently or independently amplified or overexpressed in breast cancer. Copy number or mRNA expression of several HMTs was significantly associated with basal-like breast cancer and shorter patient survival. Integrative analysis identified 8 HMTs (SETDB1, SMYD3, ASH1L, SMYD2, WHSC1L1, SUV420H1, SETDB2, and KMT2C) that are dysregulated by genetic alterations, classifying them as candidate therapeutic targets. Together, our findings provide a strong foundation for further mechanistic research and therapeutic options using HMTs to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Kimball
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andreana Holowatyj
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zeng-Quan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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47
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Boriack-Sjodin PA, Swinger KK. Protein Methyltransferases: A Distinct, Diverse, and Dynamic Family of Enzymes. Biochemistry 2015; 55:1557-69. [PMID: 26652298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methyltransferase proteins make up a superfamily of enzymes that add one or more methyl groups to substrates that include protein, DNA, RNA, and small molecules. The subset of proteins that act upon arginine and lysine side chains are characterized as epigenetic targets because of their activity on histone molecules and their ability to affect transcriptional regulation. However, it is now clear that these enzymes target other protein substrates, as well, greatly expanding their potential impact on normal and disease biology. Protein methyltransferases are well-characterized structurally. In addition to revealing the overall architecture of the subfamilies of enzymes, structures of complexes with substrates and ligands have permitted detailed analysis of biochemical mechanism, substrate recognition, and design of potent and selective inhibitors. This review focuses on how knowledge gained from structural studies has impacted the understanding of this large class of epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ann Boriack-Sjodin
- Epizyme, Inc. , 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kerren K Swinger
- Epizyme, Inc. , 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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48
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Zhang T, Cooper S, Brockdorff N. The interplay of histone modifications - writers that read. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1467-81. [PMID: 26474904 PMCID: PMC4641500 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histones are subject to a vast array of posttranslational modifications including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation. The writers of these modifications play important roles in normal development and their mutation or misregulation is linked with both genetic disorders and various cancers. Readers of these marks contain protein domains that allow their recruitment to chromatin. Interestingly, writers often contain domains which can read chromatin marks, allowing the reinforcement of modifications through a positive feedback loop or inhibition of their activity by other modifications. We discuss how such positive reinforcement can result in chromatin states that are robust and can be epigenetically maintained through cell division. We describe the implications of these regulatory systems in relation to modifications including H3K4me3, H3K79me3, and H3K36me3 that are associated with active genes and H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 that have been linked to transcriptional repression. We also review the crosstalk between active and repressive modifications, illustrated by the interplay between the Polycomb and Trithorax histone-modifying proteins, and discuss how this may be important in defining gene expression states during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Developmental Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Cooper
- Developmental Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Brockdorff
- Developmental Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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49
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Lee ST, Wiemels JL. Genome-wide CpG island methylation and intergenic demethylation propensities vary among different tumor sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:1105-17. [PMID: 26464434 PMCID: PMC4756811 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape of cancer includes both focal hypermethylation and broader hypomethylation in a genome-wide manner. By means of a comprehensive genomic analysis on 6637 tissues of 21 tumor types, we here show that the degrees of overall methylation in CpG island (CGI) and demethylation in intergenic regions, defined as ‘backbone’, largely vary among different tumors. Depending on tumor type, both CGI methylation and backbone demethylation are often associated with clinical, epidemiological and biological features such as age, sex, smoking history, anatomic location, histological type and grade, stage, molecular subtype and biological pathways. We found connections between CGI methylation and hypermutability, microsatellite instability, IDH1 mutation, 19p gain and polycomb features, and backbone demethylation with chromosomal instability, NSD1 and TP53 mutations, 5q and 19p loss and long repressive domains. These broad epigenetic patterns add a new dimension to our understanding of tumor biology and its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120752, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, CA 94158, USA
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50
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di Luccio E. Inhibition of Nuclear Receptor Binding SET Domain 2/Multiple Myeloma SET Domain by LEM-06 Implication for Epigenetic Cancer Therapies. J Cancer Prev 2015; 20:113-20. [PMID: 26151044 PMCID: PMC4492355 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2015.20.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple myeloma SET domain (MMSET)/nuclear receptor binding SET domain 2 (NSD2) is a lysine histone methyltransferase (HMTase) and bona fide oncoprotein found aberrantly expressed in several cancers, suggesting potential role for novel therapeutic strategies. In particular, MMSET/NSD2 is emerging as a target for therapeutic interventions against multiple myeloma, especially t(4;14) myeloma that is associated with a significantly worse prognosis than other biological subgroups. Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy in the United States, after non-Hodgkin lymphoma and remains an incurable malignancy. Thus, effective therapeutic strategies are greatly needed. HMTases inhibitors are scarce and no NSDs inhibitors have been isolated. Methods: We used homology modeling, molecular modeling simulations, virtual ligand screening, computational chemistry software for structure-activity relationship and performed in vitro H3K36 histone lysine methylation inhibitory assay using recombinant human NSD2-SET and human H3.1 histone. Results: Here, we report the discovery of LEM-06, a hit small molecule inhibitor of NSD2, with an IC50 of 0.8 mM against H3K36 methylation in vitro. Conclusions: We propose LEM-06 as a hit inhibitor that is useful to further optimize for exploring the biology of NSD2. LEM-06 derivatives may pave the way to specific NSD2 inhibitors suitable for therapeutic efforts against malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric di Luccio
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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