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Sharma AM, Birkett R, Lin ET, Ernst LM, Grobman WA, Swaminathan S, Abdala-Valencia H, Misharin AV, Bartom ET, Mestan KK. Placental dysfunction influences fetal monocyte subpopulation gene expression in preterm birth. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155482. [PMID: 35471950 PMCID: PMC9220934 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is the primary organ for immune regulation, nutrient delivery, gas exchange, protection against environmental toxins, and physiologic perturbations during pregnancy. Placental inflammation and vascular dysfunction during pregnancy are associated with a growing list of prematurity-related complications. The goal of this study was to identify differences in gene expression profiles in fetal monocytes - cells that persist and differentiate postnatally - according to distinct placental histologic domains. Here, by using bulk RNA-Seq, we report that placental lesions are associated with gene expression changes in fetal monocyte subsets. Specifically, we found that fetal monocytes exposed to acute placental inflammation upregulate biological processes related to monocyte activation, monocyte chemotaxis, and platelet function, while monocytes exposed to maternal vascular malperfusion lesions downregulate these processes. Additionally, we show that intermediate monocytes might be a source of mitogens, such as HBEGF, NRG1, and VEGFA, implicated in different outcomes related to prematurity. This is the first study to our knowledge to show that placental lesions are associated with unique changes in fetal monocytes and monocyte subsets. As fetal monocytes persist and differentiate into various phagocytic cells following birth, our study may provide insight into morbidity related to prematurity and ultimately potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhineet M. Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Neonatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert Birkett
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Neonatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erika T. Lin
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Neonatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Linda M. Ernst
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William A. Grobman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth T. Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karen K. Mestan
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Neonatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Vaes JEG, Brandt MJV, Wanders N, Benders MJNL, de Theije CGM, Gressens P, Nijboer CH. The impact of trophic and immunomodulatory factors on oligodendrocyte maturation: Potential treatments for encephalopathy of prematurity. Glia 2020; 69:1311-1340. [PMID: 33595855 PMCID: PMC8246971 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of morbidity in preterm neonates, causing neurodevelopmental adversities that can lead to lifelong impairments. Preterm birth-related insults, such as cerebral oxygen fluctuations and perinatal inflammation, are believed to negatively impact brain development, leading to a range of brain abnormalities. Diffuse white matter injury is a major hallmark of EoP and characterized by widespread hypomyelination, the result of disturbances in oligodendrocyte lineage development. At present, there are no treatment options available, despite the enormous burden of EoP on patients, their families, and society. Over the years, research in the field of neonatal brain injury and other white matter pathologies has led to the identification of several promising trophic factors and cytokines that contribute to the survival and maturation of oligodendrocytes, and/or dampening neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss the current literature on selected factors and their therapeutic potential to combat EoP, covering a wide range of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, we offer a future perspective on the translatability of these factors into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine E G Vaes
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myrna J V Brandt
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki Wanders
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon J N L Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline G M de Theije
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cora H Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Fleiss B, Gressens P, Stolp HB. Cortical Gray Matter Injury in Encephalopathy of Prematurity: Link to Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurol 2020; 11:575. [PMID: 32765390 PMCID: PMC7381224 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm-born infants frequently suffer from an array of neurological damage, collectively termed encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP). They also have an increased risk of presenting with a neurodevelopmental disorder (e.g., autism spectrum disorder; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) later in life. It is hypothesized that it is the gray matter injury to the cortex, in addition to white matter injury, in EoP that is responsible for the altered behavior and cognition in these individuals. However, although it is established that gray matter injury occurs in infants following preterm birth, the exact nature of these changes is not fully elucidated. Here we will review the current state of knowledge in this field, amalgamating data from both clinical and preclinical studies. This will be placed in the context of normal processes of developmental biology and the known pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic tactics required integration of this information so that in the future we can combine mechanism-based approaches with patient stratification to ensure the most efficacious and cost-effective clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi Fleiss
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
- PremUP, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
- PremUP, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen B. Stolp
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP), defined as a group of nonprogressive disorders of movement and posture, is the most common cause of severe neurodisability in children. The prevalence of CP is the same across the globe, affecting approximately 17 million people worldwide. Cerebral Palsy is an umbrella term used to describe the disease due to its inherent heterogeneity. For instance, CP has multiple (1) causes; (2) clinical types; (3) patterns of neuropathology on brain imaging and (4) it's associated with several developmental pathologies such as intellectual disability, autism, epilepsy, and visual impairment. Understanding its physiopathology is crucial to developing protective strategies. Despite its importance, there is still insufficient progress in the areas of CP prediction, early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Herein we describe the current risk factors and biomarkers used for the diagnosis and prediction of CP. With the advancement in biomarker discovery, we predict that our understanding of the etiopathophysiology of CP will also increase, lending to more opportunities for developing novel treatments and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Alpay Savasan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States.
| | - Sun Kwon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Kyung Joon Oh
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Stewart F Graham
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States
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Magalhães RC, Moreira JM, Lauar AO, da Silva AAS, Teixeira AL, E Silva ACS. Inflammatory biomarkers in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 95:103508. [PMID: 31683246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An exacerbated systemic inflammatory response has been associated with the occurrence of central nervous system injuries that may determine, in long term, motor, sensorial and cognitive disabilities. Persistence of this exacerbated inflammatory response seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS A systematic search was conducted in Bireme, Embase, PubMed and Scopus including studies that were published until August 2019. The key words used were "cerebral palsy", "brain injury", "inflammation", "oxidative stress", "cytokines", "chemokines", "neuropsychomotor development", "neurodevelopment outcomes" and "child". The quality of the eligible studies was determined according to the criteria suggested by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). RESULTS Fourteen eligible studies aimed to investigate the association between peripheral inflammatory molecules and neurodevelopment in infants. The studies differed regarding CP-related risk factors and its classification. Inflammatory proteins were measured in blood, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid or urine. In ten studies, higher circulating levels of cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF and CXCL8/IL-8, were associated with abnormal neurological findings. CONCLUSION The investigation of the potential association between inflammatory molecules and neurological development in children with CP requires further original studies in order to clarify the influence of prenatal and perinatal inflammation on neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Coelho Magalhães
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Janaina Matos Moreira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Oliveira Lauar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ariádna Andrade Saldanha da Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Lubis BM, Effendi SH, Ganie RA, Ramayani OR. Impact of the Neuregulin rs35753505 C/T Polymorphisms on Neuregulin 1 Levels in Preterm Infants. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:1931-1934. [PMID: 31406531 PMCID: PMC6684418 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neuregulin (NRG) 1 plays an important role in the development of various organ systems in human. Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs35753505 C/Tof the gene encoding NRG1 evident as allele C and T with genotypes of CT, CC, and TT are believed to have an impact on NRG1 levels. AIM: To determine the impact of the NRGrs35753505 C/T polymorphisms on NRG1 levels in preterm infants. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to December 2018, whereas 48 eligible preterm infants with a gestational age of 32- < 37 weeks were enrolled. An umbilical cord blood specimen was collected for determination of NRG1 levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and NRG1 polymorphisms with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was performed with 95%CI and P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Median value of NRG1 levels (174.4 pg/ml) served as a cut off value. NRG 1 polymorphisms composed distribution of CC (31%), CT (42%), TT (27%) genotypes and distribution of C and T alleles were 52% and 48%. The median NRG1 levels in CC and CT genotypes were significantly lower compared to TT genotype (151.1 pg/ml vs 407.2 pg/ml, P = 0.005 and 159.1 pg/ml vs 407.2 pg/ml, P = 0.009). Subjects with C allele had significantly lower median NRG1 levels than T allele (151.1 pg/ml vs 407.2 pg/ml, P = 0.002). Subjects with CC and CT genotypes had higher risk to develop lower NRG1 levels compared to TT genotype (OR = 8.25, P = 0.016 and OR = 10.74, P = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: Allele C is associated with lower NRG1 levels. Preterm infants with CC and CT genotypes pose a higher risk to have lower NRG1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bugis Mardina Lubis
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Sjarif Hidajat Effendi
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Akbari Ganie
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Oke Rina Ramayani
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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7
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Zhang R, Liu C, Ji Y, Teng L, Guo Y. Neuregulin-1β Plays a Neuroprotective Role by Inhibiting the Cdk5 Signaling Pathway after Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:261-272. [PMID: 30206770 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of neuregulin-1β (NRG1β) after middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) in rats to evaluate whether they occur via the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)5 signaling pathway. One hundred adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham, MCAO/R, treatment (NRG1β), inhibitor (roscovitine; Ros), and inhibitor + treatment (Ros + NRG1β) groups. The MCAO/R model was established using the intraluminal thread method. The neurobehavioral function was evaluated by the modified neurological severity score (mNSS). The cerebral infarction volume (CIV) was measured by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Morphological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The apoptotic cell index (ACI) was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to detect the expression of calpain 1, p35/p25 (regulatory binding partners of Cdk5), Cdk5, and p-Tau in neurons. The neuronal morphology in the MCAO/R, NRG1β, Ros + NRG1β, and Ros groups differed compared to the sham group; the mNSS, CIV, ACI, and the expression of calpain 1, p35/p25, Cdk5, and p-Tau were significantly increased in all four groups (P < 0.05). In the NRG1β, Ros and Ros + NRG1β groups, the neuronal morphology was significantly improved compared to the MCAO/R group, as were the mNSS, CIV, and ACI. The levels of calpain 1, p35/p25, and p-Tau were decreased compared with the MCAO/R group (P < 0.05), while the Cdk5 expression was not significantly different (P > 0.05). NRG1β may exert neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the expression of calpain 1, p35/p25, and p-Tau after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of ICU, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department Traumic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yaqing Ji
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lei Teng
- Department of Biology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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8
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YANG ZHAI, JIANG QIONG, CHEN SHUANGXI, HU CHENGLIANG, SHEN HUIFAN, HUANG PEIZHI, XU JUNPING, MEI JINPING, ZHANG BENPING, ZHAO WEIJIANG. Differential changes in Neuregulin-1 signaling in major brain regions in a lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:790-6. [PMID: 27220549 PMCID: PMC4918623 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) is involved in multiple biological processes in the nervous system. The present study investigated changes in Nrg1 signaling in the major brain regions of mice subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. At 24 h post‑intraperitoneal injection of LPS, mouse brain tissues, including tissues from the cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus, were collected. Reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of Nrg1 and its receptors, Neu and ErbB4, at the mRNA level. Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of these proteins and the protein levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk)1/2 and Akt1. Immunohistochemical staining was utilized to detect the levels of pNeu and pErbB4 in these regions. LPS successfully induced sites of neuroinflammation in these regions, in which changes in Nrg1, Neu and ErbB4 at the mRNA and protein levels were identified compared with controls. LPS induced a reduction in pNeu and pErbB4 in the striatum and hypothalamus, although marginally increased pErbB4 levels were found in the hippocampus. LPS increased the overall phosphorylation of Src but this effect was reduced in the hypothalamus. Moreover, increased phosphorylation of Akt1 was found in the striatum and hippocampus. These data suggest diverse roles for Nrg1 signaling in these regions during the process of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZHAI YANG
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - QIONG JIANG
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - SHUANG-XI CHEN
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - CHENG-LIANG HU
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - HUI-FAN SHEN
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - PEI-ZHI HUANG
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - JUN-PING XU
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - JIN-PING MEI
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - BEN-PING ZHANG
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - WEI-JIANG ZHAO
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Wei-Jiang Zhao, Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
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9
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O'Tuathaigh CMP, Desbonnet L, Moran PM, Kirby BP, Waddington JL. Molecular genetic models related to schizophrenia and psychotic illness: heuristics and challenges. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 7:87-119. [PMID: 21298380 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heritable disorder that may involve several common genes of small effect and/or rare copy number variation, with phenotypic heterogeneity across patients. Furthermore, any boundaries vis-à-vis other psychotic disorders are far from clear. Consequently, identification of informative animal models for this disorder, which typically relate to pharmacological and putative pathophysiological processes of uncertain validity, faces considerable challenges. In juxtaposition, the majority of mutant models for schizophrenia relate to the functional roles of a diverse set of genes associated with risk for the disorder or with such putative pathophysiological processes. This chapter seeks to outline the evidence from phenotypic studies in mutant models related to schizophrenia. These have commonly assessed the degree to which mutation of a schizophrenia-related gene is associated with the expression of several aspects of the schizophrenia phenotype or more circumscribed, schizophrenia-related endophenotypes; typically, they place specific emphasis on positive and negative symptoms and cognitive deficits, and extend to structural and other pathological features. We first consider the primary technological approaches to the generation of such mutants, to include their relative merits and demerits, and then highlight the diverse phenotypic approaches that have been developed for their assessment. The chapter then considers the application of mutant phenotypes to study pathobiological and pharmacological mechanisms thought to be relevant for schizophrenia, particularly in terms of dopaminergic and glutamatergic dysfunction, and to an increasing range of candidate susceptibility genes and copy number variants. Finally, we discuss several pertinent issues and challenges within the field which relate to both phenotypic evaluation and a growing appreciation of the functional genomics of schizophrenia and the involvement of gene × environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm M P O'Tuathaigh
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland,
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10
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van Lieshout P, Candundo H, Martino R, Shin S, Barakat-Haddad C. Onset factors in cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Neurotoxicology 2016; 61:47-53. [PMID: 27045882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies have noted several factors associated with the occurrence of Cerebral Palsy (CP), yet considerable uncertainty remains about modifiable factors related to disease onset. A systematic review was performed to identify existing systematic reviews and primary studies pertaining to targeted factors associated with the onset of CP. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, MEDLINE In Process, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINHAL, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, Huge Navigator, AARP Ageline. Variations of MeSH and keyword search terms were used. Critical appraisal was conducted on selected articles. Data extraction targeted reported factors, risk estimates, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Findings identified two systematic reviews and three meta- analyses, as well as 83 studies of case control, cohort, and cross-sectional methodological designs. Selected studies indicated that lower gestational age was associated with the onset of CP. Medical diagnoses for the mother, in particular chorioamnionitis, was found to be positively associated with onset of CP. Preeclampsia was reported to be either inconclusive or positively associated with CP onset. Low birth weight predominantly indicated a positive association with the onset of CP, while male gender showed mixed findings. The combination of male gender with pre-term or low birth weight was also found to be positively associated with CP. Evidence was identified in the literature pertaining to specific factors relating to the onset of CP, in particular showing positive associations with lower gestational age and low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal van Lieshout
- Department of Speech Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Canada.
| | - Hamilton Candundo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada
| | - Rosemary Martino
- Department of Speech Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Canada; Health Care and Outcomes Research, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sabina Shin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Canada
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11
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O'Leary C, Desbonnet L, Clarke N, Petit E, Tighe O, Lai D, Harvey R, Waddington JL, O'Tuathaigh C. Phenotypic effects of maternal immune activation and early postnatal milieu in mice mutant for the schizophrenia risk gene neuregulin-1. Neuroscience 2014; 277:294-305. [PMID: 24969132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Risk of schizophrenia is likely to involve gene × environment (G × E) interactions. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a schizophrenia risk gene, hence any interaction with environmental adversity, such as maternal infection, may provide further insights into the basis of the disease. This study examined the individual and combined effects of prenatal immune activation with polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (Poly I:C) and disruption of the schizophrenia risk gene NRG1 on the expression of behavioral phenotypes related to schizophrenia. NRG1 heterozygous (NRG1 HET) mutant breeding pairs were time-mated. Pregnant dams received a single injection (5mg/kg i.p.) of Poly I:C or vehicle on gestation day 9 (GD9). Offspring were then cross-fostered to vehicle-treated or Poly I:C-treated dams. Expression of schizophrenia-related behavioral endophenotypes was assessed at adolescence and in adulthood. Combining NRG1 disruption and prenatal environmental insult (Poly I:C) caused developmental stage-specific deficits in social behavior, spatial working memory and prepulse inhibition (PPI). However, combining Poly I:C and cross-fostering produced a number of behavioral deficits in the open field, social behavior and PPI. This became more complex by combining NRG1 deletion with both Poly I:C exposure and cross-fostering, which had a robust effect on PPI. These findings suggest that concepts of G × E interaction in risk of schizophrenia should be elaborated to multiple interactions that involve individual genes interacting with diverse biological and psychosocial environmental factors over early life, to differentially influence particular domains of psychopathology, sometimes over specific stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Leary
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Desbonnet
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Clarke
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Petit
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O Tighe
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Lai
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - R Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - J L Waddington
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C O'Tuathaigh
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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12
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Knickmeyer RC, Wang J, Zhu H, Geng X, Woolson S, Hamer RM, Konneker T, Lin W, Styner M, Gilmore JH. Common variants in psychiatric risk genes predict brain structure at birth. Cereb Cortex 2014; 24:1230-46. [PMID: 23283688 PMCID: PMC3977618 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in adolescents and adults have demonstrated that polymorphisms in putative psychiatric risk genes are associated with differences in brain structure, but cannot address when in development these relationships arise. To determine if common genetic variants in disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1; rs821616 and rs6675281), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; rs4680), neuregulin 1 (NRG1; rs35753505 and rs6994992), apolipoprotein E (APOE; ε3ε4 vs. ε3ε3), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1; rs9340799 and rs2234693), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; rs6265), and glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1; rs2270335) are associated with individual differences in brain tissue volumes in neonates, we applied both automated region-of-interest volumetry and tensor-based morphometry to a sample of 272 neonates who had received high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans. ESR1 (rs9340799) predicted intracranial volume. Local variation in gray matter (GM) volume was significantly associated with polymorphisms in DISC1 (rs821616), COMT, NRG1, APOE, ESR1 (rs9340799), and BDNF. No associations were identified for DISC1 (rs6675281), ESR1 (rs2234693), or GAD1. Of note, neonates homozygous for the DISC1 (rs821616) serine allele exhibited numerous large clusters of reduced GM in the frontal lobes, and neonates homozygous for the COMT valine allele exhibited reduced GM in the temporal cortex and hippocampus, mirroring findings in adults. The results highlight the importance of prenatal brain development in mediating psychiatric risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Konneker
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA and
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13
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Linying Z, Wei W, Minxia W, Wenmin Z, Liangcheng Z. Neuroprotective effects of neuregulin-1 ß on oligodendrocyte type 2 astrocyte progenitors following oxygen and glucose deprivation. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 50:357-62. [PMID: 24529326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonates, especially in premature infants, is one of the main contributors to the mortality of newborns and can cause nervous system dysfunction in children. The major pathogenesis seems to be cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in the immature white matter that preferentially targets vulnerable premyelinating oligodendrocytes. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to culture oligodendrocyte type 2 astrocyte cells in an oxygen and glucose deprivation environment to simulate ischemia injury and examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effects of neuregulin-1ß on ischemia-induced immature oligodendrocytes. METHODS Oligodendrocyte type 2 astrocyte cells were cultured from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat cerebra. The cells were divided into two groups: one was subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation for 9 hours and the other was treated with 50 ng/mL or 100 ng/mL neuregulin-1β during oxygen and glucose deprivation. Cell survival was determined by Trypan Blue staining and cell apoptosis were observed by fluorescein isothiocyanate-Annexin V and propidium iodide double staining. To study if the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was involved in the mechanism of protective effect of neuregulin-1ß, Western blot analysis was used to quantitative the changes of protein. RESULTS Treatment with neuregulin-1ß within the period of oxygen and glucose deprivation significantly increased cell survival and also resulted in a significant decrease in cell apoptosis. The neuroprotective effects of neuregulin-1ß were prevented by treatment with Ly294002, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that neuregulin-1ß could protect the oligodendrocyte type 2 astrocyte progenitors against hypoxic injury, and the mechanism may be associated with the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Linying
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Centre of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wang Wei
- Centre of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wu Minxia
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhang Wenmin
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhang Liangcheng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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14
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An environmental analysis of genes associated with schizophrenia: hypoxia and vascular factors as interacting elements in the neurodevelopmental model. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:1194-205. [PMID: 22290124 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Investigating and understanding gene-environment interaction (G × E) in a neurodevelopmentally and biologically plausible manner is a major challenge for schizophrenia research. Hypoxia during neurodevelopment is one of several environmental factors related to the risk of schizophrenia, and links between schizophrenia candidate genes and hypoxia regulation or vascular expression have been proposed. Given the availability of a wealth of complex genetic information on schizophrenia in the literature without knowledge on the connections to environmental factors, we now systematically collected genes from candidate studies (using SzGene), genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and copy number variation (CNV) analyses, and then applied four criteria to test for a (theoretical) link to ischemia-hypoxia and/or vascular factors. In all, 55% of the schizophrenia candidate genes (n=42 genes) met the criteria for a link to ischemia-hypoxia and/or vascular factors. Genes associated with schizophrenia showed a significant, threefold enrichment among genes that were derived from microarray studies of the ischemia-hypoxia response (IHR) in the brain. Thus, the finding of a considerable match between genes associated with the risk of schizophrenia and IHR and/or vascular factors is reproducible. An additional survey of genes identified by GWAS and CNV analyses suggested novel genes that match the criteria. Findings for interactions between specific variants of genes proposed to be IHR and/or vascular factors with obstetric complications in patients with schizophrenia have been reported in the literature. Therefore, the extended gene set defined here may form a reasonable and evidence-based starting point for hypothesis-based testing of G × E interactions in clinical genetic and translational neuroscience studies.
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15
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Costantine MM, Clark EAS, Lai Y, Rouse DJ, Spong CY, Mercer BM, Sorokin Y, Thorp JM, Ramin SM, Malone FD, Carpenter M, Miodovnik M, O'Sullivan MJ, Peaceman AM, Caritis SN. Association of polymorphisms in neuroprotection and oxidative stress genes and neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120:542-50. [PMID: 22914463 PMCID: PMC3904537 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0b013e318265f232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the associations between polymorphisms in neuronal homeostasis, neuroprotection, and oxidative stress candidate genes and neurodevelopmental disability. METHODS This was a nested case-control analysis of a randomized trial of magnesium sulfate administered to women at imminent risk for early (before 32 weeks) preterm birth for the prevention of death or cerebral palsy in their offspring. We evaluated 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 17 genes associated with neuronal homeostasis, neuroprotection, or oxidative stress in umbilical cord blood. Cases included infant deaths (n=43) and children with cerebral palsy (n=24), mental delay (Bayley Mental Developmental Index less than 70; n=109), or psychomotor delay (Bayley Psychomotor Developmental Index less than 70; n=91) diagnosed. Controls were race-matched and sex-matched children with normal neurodevelopment. Associations between each SNP and each outcome were assessed in logistic regression models assuming an additive genetic pattern, conditional on maternal race and infant sex, and adjusting for study drug assignment, gestational age at birth, and maternal education. RESULTS The odds of cerebral palsy were increased more than 2.5 times for each copy of the minor allele of vasoactive intestinal polypeptipe (VIP, rs17083008) (adjusted odds ratio 2.67, 95% confidence interval 1.09-6.55, P=.03) and 4.5 times for each copy of the minor allele of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 3A (GRIN3A, rs3739722) (adjusted odds ratio 4.67, 95% CI 1.36-16.01, P=.01). The association between the advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (AGER, rs3134945) SNP and mental delay was modulated by study drug allocation (P=.02). CONCLUSION Vasoactive intestinal polypeptipe and GRIN3A SNPs may be associated with cerebral palsy at age 2 in children born preterm.
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MESH Headings
- Case-Control Studies
- Cerebral Palsy/genetics
- Child, Preschool
- Developmental Disabilities/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/genetics
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/mortality
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Psychological Tests
- Psychomotor Disorders/genetics
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Costantine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Estrogen-induced upregulation of Sftpb requires transcriptional control of neuregulin receptor ErbB4 in mouse lung type II epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1717-27. [PMID: 21777626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen is known for its positive stimulatory effects on surfactant proteins. ErbB4 receptor and its ligand neuregulin (NRG) positively stimulate lung development. ErbB receptors interact with nuclear receptors and ErbB4 co-regulates estrogen receptor (ER)α expression in breast cells. ERβ is highly expressed in pneumocytes and its deletion leads to fewer alveoli and reduced elastic recoil. A similar picture was seen in ErbB4-deleted lungs. We hypothesized that estrogen signals its effect on surfactant protein B (Sftpb) expression through interactions of ERβ and ErbB4. Estrogen and NRG treatment decreased cell numbers and stimulated Sftpb expression in type II cells. Estrogen and NRG both stimulated phosphorylation of ERβ and co-localization of both receptors. Overexpression of ERβ increased the cell number and Sftpb expression, which was further augmented by estrogen and NRG. Finally, estrogen and NRG stimulated ERβ and ErbB4 binding to the Sftpb promoter. Overexpression of these receptors stimulated Sftpb promoter activation, which was further enhanced by estrogen and NRG. The stimulatory effect of estrogen and NRG was abolished in ErbB4 deletion and reconstituted by re-expression of full-length ErbB4 in fetal ErbB4-deleted type II cells. Estrogen-induced nuclear translocation of ErbB4 required the intact γ-secretase cleavage site but not the nuclear localization sequence of the ErbB4 receptor, suggesting that ERβ might function as a nuclear chaperone for ErbB4. These studies demonstrate that estrogen effects on Sftpb expression require an interaction of ERβ and ErbB4. We speculate that the stimulatory effects of estrogen on Sftpb are under transcriptional control of ErbB4.
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Heijnen CJ, Kavelaars A. Neuro-immune, behavioral and molecular aspects of brain damage. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:705-7. [PMID: 20138140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cobi J Heijnen
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease (NIDOD), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pleickhardt EP, Celandine A, Davis JM, Chen M, Schürmann P, Dörk T, Dammann CEL, Dammann O. Neuregulin-1 high-producer genotype is associated with a decreased risk of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86:299-304. [PMID: 20472376 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuregulin (NRG1) is a developmental growth factor and homozygous C allele carriers at the NRG221533 locus are at reduced risk for developmental disability. AIMS To explore whether 1) the NRG221533 CC genotype is associated with a decreased likelihood of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission; 2) NRG1 is present in the infant's systemic circulation; and 3) to comparatively investigate two additional proposed high-producer single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the cytokines interleukin 6 (-572) and interleukin 10 (-1082), examining both gene product and the association for admission to the NICU. STUDY DESIGN IL6 and IL10 protein was measured in umbilical cord blood by a multiplex sandwich immunoassay and NRG1 by ELISA. Infants were screened for SNPs IL6 (-572), IL10 (-1082), and NRG221533. We defined IL6 (C), IL10 (G) and NRG1 (C) as high-producer alleles based on published data. SUBJECTS Unselected single-center convenience sample of 97 newborns with a gestational age of 25-33 weeks (N=18), 34-36 weeks (N=17), 37-38 weeks (N=28), and 39-41 weeks (N=34). OUTCOME MEASURES Prematurity (<37 completed weeks) and admission to NICU. RESULTS The SNP NRG221533 CC genotype was associated with reduced admission to the NICU, even after adjustment for confounders. Adjustment for high IL6 levels reduced the protective effect. NRG1 levels tended to increase with advancing gestational age. Unexpectedly, we found lower IL6 and IL10 levels in infants homozygous for the IL6 (C) and IL10 (G) alleles, and no associations between IL10 (-1082) and IL6 (-572) genotype and prematurity or admission to NICU. CONCLUSIONS The NRG221533 CC genotype might be protective in newborns. The protective effect might not be directly related to increased systemic NRG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Pleickhardt
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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