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Nathalie G, Bonamichi BDSF, Kim J, Jeong J, Kang H, Hartland ER, Eveline E, Lee J. NK cell-activating receptor NKp46 does not participate in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Mol Cells 2024; 47:100007. [PMID: 38238205 PMCID: PMC11004397 DOI: 10.1016/j.mocell.2023.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence establishes a pivotal role for obesity-induced inflammation in precipitating insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Central to this process is the proinflammatory M1 adipose-tissue macrophages (ATMs) in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Notably, natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial regulator of ATMs since their cytokines induce ATM recruitment and M1 polarization. The importance of NK cells is shown by the strong increase in NK-cell numbers in eWAT, and by studies showing that removing and expanding NK cells respectively improve and worsen obesity-induced insulin resistance. It has been suggested that NK cells are activated by unknown ligands on obesity-stressed adipocytes that bind to NKp46 (encoded by Ncr1), which is an activating NK-cell receptor. This was supported by a study showing that NKp46-knockout mice have improved obesity-induced inflammation/insulin resistance. We therefore planned to use the NKp46-knockout mice to further elucidate the molecular mechanism by which NKp46 mediates eWAT NK-cell activation in obesity. We confirmed that obesity increased eWAT NKp46+ NK-cell numbers and NKp46 expression in wild-type mice and that NKp46-knockout ablated these responses. Unexpectedly, however, NKp46-knockout mice demonstrated insulin resistance similar to wild-type mice, as shown by fasting blood glucose/insulin levels and glucose/insulin tolerance tests. Obesity-induced increases in eWAT ATM numbers and proinflammatory gene expression were also similar. Thus, contrary to previously published results, NKp46 does not regulate obesity-induced insulin resistance. It is therefore unclear whether NKp46 participates in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. This should be considered when elucidating the obesity-mediated molecular mechanisms that activate NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Nathalie
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS) and Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | | | - Jieun Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS) and Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Jeong
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS) and Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Haneul Kang
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS) and Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Emirrio Reinaldie Hartland
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS) and Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Eveline Eveline
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS) and Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Jongsoon Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS) and Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, South Korea; Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Wu WC, Shiu C, Tong TK, Leung SO, Hui CW. Suppression of NK Cell Activation by JAK3 Inhibition: Implication in the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:8924603. [PMID: 38106519 PMCID: PMC10723930 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8924603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell is an essential cytotoxic lymphocyte in our innate immunity. Activation of NK cells is of paramount importance in defending against pathogens, suppressing autoantibody production and regulating other immune cells. Common gamma chain (γc) cytokines, including IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21, are defined as essential regulators for NK cell homeostasis and development. However, it is inconclusive whether γc cytokine-driven NK cell activation plays a protective or pathogenic role in the development of autoimmunity. In this study, we investigate and correlate the differential effects of γc cytokines in NK cell expansion and activation. IL-2 and IL-15 are mainly responsible for NK cell activation, while IL-21 preferentially stimulates NK cell proliferation. Blockade of Janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway by either JAK inhibitors or antibodies targeting γc receptor subunits reverses the γc cytokine-induced NK cell activation, leading to suppression of its autoimmunity-like phenotype in vitro. These results underline the mechanisms of how γc cytokines trigger autoimmune phenotype in NK cells as a potential target to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chung Wu
- SinoMab BioScience Limited, Units 303 and 305 to 307, No. 15 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Carol Shiu
- SinoMab BioScience Limited, Units 303 and 305 to 307, No. 15 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Tak Keung Tong
- SinoMab BioScience Limited, Units 303 and 305 to 307, No. 15 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Shui On Leung
- SinoMab BioScience Limited, Units 303 and 305 to 307, No. 15 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Chin Wai Hui
- SinoMab BioScience Limited, Units 303 and 305 to 307, No. 15 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong
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3
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Zhang Y, Tan W, Sultonova RD, Nguyen DH, Zheng JH, You SH, Rhee JH, Kim SY, Khim K, Hong Y, Min JJ. Synergistic cancer immunotherapy utilizing programmed Salmonella typhimurium secreting heterologous flagellin B conjugated to interleukin-15 proteins. Biomaterials 2023; 298:122135. [PMID: 37148758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of appropriately designed immunotherapeutic bacteria is an appealing approach to tumor therapy because the bacteria specifically target tumor tissue and deliver therapeutic payloads. The present study describes the engineering of an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in ppGpp biosynthesis (SAM) that could secrete Vibrio vulnificus flagellin B (FlaB) conjugated to human (hIL15/FlaB) and mouse (mIL15/FlaB) interleukin-15 proteins in the presence of L-arabinose (L-ara). These strains, named SAMphIF and SAMpmIF, respectively, secreted fusion proteins that retained bioactivity of both FlaB and IL15. SAMphIF and SAMpmIF inhibited the growth of MC38 and CT26 subcutaneous (sc) tumors in mice and increased mouse survival rate more efficiently than SAM expressing FlaB alone (SAMpFlaB) or IL15 alone (SAMpmIL15 and SAMphIL15), although SAMpmIF had slightly greater antitumor activity than SAMphIF. The mice treated with these bacteria showed enhanced macrophage phenotype shift, from M2-like to M1-like, as well as greater proliferation and activation of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK, and NKT cells in tumor tissues. After tumor eradication by these bacteria, ≥50% of the mice show no evidence of tumor recurrence upon rechallenge with the same tumor cells, indicating that they had acquired long-term immune memory. Treatment of mice of 4T1 and B16F10 highly malignant sc tumors with a combination of these bacteria and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1 antibody, significantly suppressed tumor metastasis and increased mouse survival rate. Taken together, these findings suggest that SAM secreting IL15/FlaB is a novel therapeutic candidate for bacterial-mediated cancer immunotherapy and that its antitumor activity is enhanced by combination with anti-PD-L1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenzhi Tan
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410114, China
| | - Rukhsora D Sultonova
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh-Huy Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hai Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | | | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Kim
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Koemchhoy Khim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine (BrainKorea21 Plus), Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Jeong S, Kim YG, Kim S, Kim K. Enhanced anticancer efficacy of primed natural killer cells via coacervate-mediated exogenous interleukin-15 delivery. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5968-5979. [PMID: 36048163 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Effective exogenous delivery of interleukin (IL)-15 to natural killer (NK) cells with subsequent anticancer efficacy could be a promising immune cell-based cancer immunotherapy. For the protection of encapsulated cargo IL-15 while maintaining its bioactivity under physiological conditions, we utilized a coacervate (Coa) consisting of a cationic methoxy polyethylene glycol-poly(ethylene arginyl aspartate diglyceride) (mPEG-PEAD) polymer, anionic counterpart heparin, and cargo IL-15. mPEGylation into the backbone cation effectively preserved the colloidal stability of Coa in harsh environments and enhanced the protection of cargo IL-15 than normal Coa without mPEGylation. Proliferation and anticancer efficacy of primed NK cells through co-culture with multiple cancer cell lines were enhanced in the mPEG-Coa group due to the maintained bioactivity of cargo IL-15 during the ex vivo expansion of NK cells. These facilitated functions of NK cells were also supported by the increased expression of mRNAs related to anticancer effects of NK cells, including cytotoxic granules, death ligands, anti-apoptotic proteins, and activation receptors. In summary, our Coa-mediated exogenous IL-15 delivery could be an effective ex vivo priming technique for NK cells with sustained immune activation that can effectively facilitate its usage for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Jeong
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Guk Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Aviles-Padilla K, Angelo LS, Fan D, Paust S. CXCR6 + and NKG2C + Natural Killer Cells Are Distinct With Unique Phenotypic and Functional Attributes Following Bone Marrow Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886835. [PMID: 35844621 PMCID: PMC9277058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a life-threatening complication in transplant patients. Natural Killer (NK) cells are the first lymphocyte lineage to reconstitute following an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Amongst them, NK cell Group 2 isoform C/Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 2 (NKG2C)-expressing NK cells contribute significantly to patient protection upon HCMV reactivation. NKG2C+ NK cells are capable of immunological memory, albeit NK cell memory is not restricted to them. Hepatic C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 6 (CXCR6)-expressing NK cells also mediate memory responses in mice and humans. Small numbers of them circulate and can thus be studied in peripheral blood samples. We hypothesize that NKG2C+ and CXCR6+ NK cell subsets are distinct. To test our hypothesis, we used multi-parametric flow cytometry to determine the phenotypes and effector functions of CD56bright vs. CD56dim and NKG2C+ vs. CXCR6+ human NK cell subsets in the peripheral blood (PB) of pediatric transplant recipients monthly while monitoring patients for HCMV reactivation. Interestingly, we did not find any NKG2C+CXCR6+ NK cells in the transplant recipients' peripheral blood, suggesting that NKG2C+ and CXCR6+ NK cells are distinct. Also, NKG2C-CXCR6- NK cells, rather than NKG2C+ NK cells, made up most NK cells post-transplant, even in transplant recipients with HCMV viremia. In contrast to NKG2C+ NK cells, CXCR6+ NK cells appeared phenotypically less differentiated but were highly proliferative and produced IFN-γ and TNF α . Our findings contribute to our understanding of post-transplant NK cell development and its implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Aviles-Padilla
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura S. Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dwight Fan
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,The Developing Investigative Scholar’s Program (DISP), Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital and Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,The Developing Investigative Scholar’s Program (DISP), Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital and Rice University, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Silke Paust,
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6
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Orrantia A, Terrén I, Astarloa-Pando G, González C, Uranga A, Mateos-Mazón JJ, García-Ruiz JC, Riñón M, Rey M, Pérez-Fernandez S, Zenarruzabeitia O, Borrego F. NK Cell Reconstitution After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Association Between NK Cell Maturation Stage and Outcome in Multiple Myeloma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748207. [PMID: 34675932 PMCID: PMC8524090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT) is a standard of care for transplant-eligible patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Among factors that influence outcome after autoHSCT, it has been suggested that the number of natural killer (NK) cells plays an important role. However, the impact that different NK cell subsets and their phenotype could have in disease progression after autoHSCT are less clear. For this reason, we have phenotypically and functionally characterized NK cells during immune system reconstitution after autoHSCT in 54 MM patients. Shortly after leukocyte recovery, an extensive redistribution of NK cell subsets occurs in these patients. In addition, NK cells undergo a profound phenotypic change characterized, among others, by their increased proliferative capacity and immature phenotype. Importantly, MM patients who showed lower frequencies of the mature highly differentiated NKG2A-CD57+ NK cell subset at +30 and +100 days after autoHSCT experienced superior progression-free survival and had a longer time to the next treatment than those with higher frequencies. Our results provide significant insights into NK cell reconstitution after autoHSCT and suggest that the degree of NK cell maturation after autoHSCT affects the clinical outcome of MM patients treated with this therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Orrantia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Iñigo Terrén
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Carmen González
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Hematology and Hemotherapy Service, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alasne Uranga
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Hematology and Hemotherapy Service, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan J Mateos-Mazón
- Hematological Cancer Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hematology and Hemotherapy Service, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Juan C García-Ruiz
- Hematological Cancer Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hematology and Hemotherapy Service, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Marta Riñón
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunology Service, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rey
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Immunology Service, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Fernandez
- Scientific Coordination Facility, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Fiore PF, Di Matteo S, Tumino N, Mariotti FR, Pietra G, Ottonello S, Negrini S, Bottazzi B, Moretta L, Mortier E, Azzarone B. Interleukin-15 and cancer: some solved and many unsolved questions. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001428. [PMID: 33203664 PMCID: PMC7674108 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble interleukin (IL)-15 exists under two forms: as monomer (sIL-15) or as heterodimeric complex in association with sIL-15Rα (sIL-15/IL-15Rα). Both forms have been successfully tested in experimental tumor murine models and are currently undergoing investigation in phase I/II clinical trials. Despite more than 20 years research on IL-15, some controversial issues remain to be addressed. A first point concerns the detection of the sIL-15/IL-15Rα in plasma of healthy donors or patients with cancer and its biological significance. The second and third unsolved question regards the protumorigenic role of the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex in human cancer and the detrimental immunological consequences associated to prolonged exposure of natural killer (NK) cells to both forms of soluble IL-15, respectively. Data suggest that in vivo prolonged or repeated exposure to monomeric sIL-15 or the soluble complex may lead to NK hypo-responsiveness through the expansion of the CD8+/CD44+ T cell subset that would suppress NK cell functions. In vitro experiments indicate that soluble complex and monomeric IL-15 may cause NK hyporesponsiveness through a direct effect caused by their prolonged stimulation, suggesting that this mechanism could also be effective in vivo. Therefore, a better knowledge of IL-15 and a more appropriate use of both its soluble forms, in terms of concentrations and time of exposure, are essential in order to improve their therapeutic use. In cancer, the overproduction of sIL-15/IL-15Rα could represent a novel mechanism of immune escape. The soluble complex may act as a decoy cytokine unable to efficiently foster NK cells, or could induce NK hyporesponsiveness through an excessive and prolonged stimulation depending on the type of IL-15Rα isoforms associated. All these unsolved questions are not merely limited to the knowledge of IL-15 pathophysiology, but are crucial also for the therapeutic use of this cytokine. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss key unanswered issues on the heterogeneity and biological significance of IL-15 isoforms, analyzing both their cancer-related biological functions and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabina Di Matteo
- Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Pietra
- Immuology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Selene Ottonello
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Negrini
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Erwan Mortier
- University of Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, University of Nantes, Nantes, France .,Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, LabEx IGO, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Azzarone
- Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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8
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Bates PD, Rakhmilevich AL, Cho MM, Bouchlaka MN, Rao SL, Hales JM, Orentas RJ, Fry TJ, Gilles SD, Sondel PM, Capitini CM. Combining Immunocytokine and Ex Vivo Activated NK Cells as a Platform for Enhancing Graft-Versus-Tumor Effects Against GD2 + Murine Neuroblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668307. [PMID: 34489927 PMCID: PMC8417312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Management for high-risk neuroblastoma (NBL) has included autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and anti-GD2 immunotherapy, but survival remains around 50%. The aim of this study was to determine if allogeneic HSCT could serve as a platform for inducing a graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect against NBL with combination immunocytokine and NK cells in a murine model. Lethally irradiated C57BL/6 (B6) x A/J recipients were transplanted with B6 bone marrow on Day +0. On day +10, allogeneic HSCT recipients were challenged with NXS2, a GD2+ NBL. On days +14-16, mice were treated with the anti-GD2 immunocytokine hu14.18-IL2. In select groups, hu14.18-IL2 was combined with infusions of B6 NK cells activated with IL-15/IL-15Rα and CD137L ex vivo. Allogeneic HSCT alone was insufficient to control NXS2 tumor growth, but the addition of hu14.18-IL2 controlled tumor growth and improved survival. Adoptive transfer of ex vivo CD137L/IL-15/IL-15Rα activated NK cells with or without hu14.18-IL2 exacerbated lethality. CD137L/IL-15/IL-15Rα activated NK cells showed enhanced cytotoxicity and produced high levels of TNF-α in vitro, but induced cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in vivo. Infusing Perforin-/- CD137L/IL-15/IL-15Rα activated NK cells had no impact on GVT, whereas TNF-α-/- CD137L/IL-15/IL-15Rα activated NK cells improved GVT by decreasing peripheral effector cell subsets while preserving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Depletion of Ly49H+ NK cells also improved GVT. Using allogeneic HSCT for NBL is a viable platform for immunocytokines and ex vivo activated NK cell infusions, but must be balanced with induction of CRS. Regulation of TNFα or activating NK subsets may be needed to improve GVT effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Female
- Gangliosides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Gangliosides/metabolism
- Graft vs Tumor Effect
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuroblastoma/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neuroblastoma/therapy
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alexander L. Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Monica M. Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Myriam N. Bouchlaka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Seema L. Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joanna M. Hales
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rimas J. Orentas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Terry J. Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Paul M. Sondel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christian M. Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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9
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Mahgoub S, Abosalem H, Emara M, Kotb N, Maged A, Soror S. Restoring NK cells functionality via cytokine activation enhances cetuximab-mediated NK-cell ADCC: A promising therapeutic tool for HCC patients. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:221-227. [PMID: 34284214 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are considered the first line of defense against viral infections and tumors. Several factors affect NK cytotoxic activity rendering it dysfunctional and thereby impeding the ability to scavenge abnormal cells as a part of immune escaping mechanisms induced by different types of cancers. NK cells play a crucial role augmenting the activity of various types of anticancer mAb since dysfunctional NK cells are the main reason for the low response to these therapies. To this light, we examined the phenotypic characters of the circulating NK cells isolated from HCC patients compared to healthy controls. Then, dysfunctional NK cells, from HCC patients, were reactivated with cytokines cocktail and their cytotoxic activity with the anti-EGFR mAb "cetuximab" was investigated. This showed a downregulation of patients NK cells activating receptors (NKP30, NKP46, NKG2D and CD16) as well as CD56 and up-regulation of NKG2A inhibitory receptor. We also reported an increase in aberrant CD56- NK cells subset in peripheral blood of HCC patients compared to healthy controls. Thus, confirming the dysfunctionality of peripheral NK cells isolated from HCC patients. Cytokines re-activation of those NK cells lead to upregulation of NK activating receptors and downregulation of inhibitory receptor. Moreover, the percentage of aberrant CD56- NK cells subset was reduced. Here, we proved that advanced HCC patients have an increased percentage of more immature and noncytotoxic NK cell subsets in their peripheral blood, which might account for the low cytotoxicity noticed in those patients. A significant improvement in the cytotoxicity against HCC was noticed upon using reactivated NK cells combined with cetuximab. Therefore, this study highlights the potential recruitment of NK immune cells along with cetuximab to enhance cytotoxicity against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahenda Mahgoub
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Hadeer Abosalem
- Deputy of Technical Manager, Biotechnology Unit, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Giza, 12654, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Emara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Nahla Kotb
- Manager of Blood Derivative Unit, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Giza, 12654, Egypt.
| | - A Maged
- National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMRI), 11441, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sameh Soror
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein-Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
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10
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Zhang S, Liu W, Hu B, Wang P, Lv X, Chen S, Shao Z. Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Infiltrating Natural Killer Cells in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1242. [PMID: 32714321 PMCID: PMC7343909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells (TINKs) are crucial immune cells in tumor defense, and might be related to tumor prognosis. However, the results were discrepant among different studies. The present meta-analysis was performed to comprehensively assess the prognostic value of NK cell markers in solid tumor tissues. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched to identify original researches reporting the prognostic significance of TINKs in solid tumors. NK cell markers CD56, CD57, NKp30, and NKp46 were included in the analysis. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pooled overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were calculated by STATA software 14.0 to assess the prognostic significance. Results : Of the 56 included studies, there were 18 studies on CD56, 31 studies on CD57, 1 study on NKp30, and 7 studies on NKp46. High levels of CD56, CD57, NKp30, and NKp46 were significantly correlated with better OS of patients with solid malignancies (HR = 0.473, 95%CI: 0.315–0.710, p < 0.001; HR = 0.484, 95%CI: 0.380–0.616, p < 0.001; HR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.14–0.80, p = 0.014; HR = 0.622, 95%CI: 0.470–0.821, p < 0.001, respectively). Our results also revealed that CD56, CD57, and NKp46 could act as independent prognostic predictors for favorable OS (HR = 0.372, 95%CI: 0.261–0.531, p < 0.001; HR = 0.525, 95%CI: 0.346–0.797, p = 0.003; HR = 0.559, 95%CI: 0.385–0.812, p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions : Our results indicated that high levels of NK cell markers in solid tumor tissues could predict favorable prognosis for solid tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binwu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Widowati W, Jasaputra DK, Sumitro SB, Widodo MA, Mozef T, Rizal R, Kusuma HSW, Laksmitawati DR, Murti H, Bachtiar I, Faried A. Effect of interleukins (IL-2, IL-15, IL-18) on receptors activation and cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells in breast cancer cell. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:822-832. [PMID: 33163049 PMCID: PMC7609126 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is one of the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Metastasis in BC is caused by immunosurveillance deficiency, such NK cell maturation, low NK activity and decreasing cytotoxicity. This study was performed to improve activating receptors and cytotoxicity of NK cells using interleukins (ILs). METHODS Human recombinant IL-2, -15, and -18 were used to induce NK cells. We measured the activating and inhibiting receptors, proliferation activity of NK cells, and the cytotoxicity of NK cells on BC cells (MCF7). The effects of ILs were tested on the NK cell receptors CD314, CD158a and CD107a with flowcytometry, proliferation at various incubation times with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and concentrations of TNF-α and IFN-γ by NK cells with ELISA. RESULTS ILs increased NK cell receptor levels (CD314, CD158a, and CD107a) at 24 hours of incubation. ILs increased NK cell viability, which increased with longer incubation. Moreover, ILs-induced NK cells inhibited proliferation in MCF7 cells, as well as increased TNF-α, IFN-γ, PRF1 and GzmB secretion. CONCLUSION IL-2, IL-15, and IL-18 improved activating receptors and proliferation of NK cells. IL-induced NK cells increased TNF-α, IFN-γ, PRF1 and GzmB secretion and cytotoxic activity on BC cells. High NK cell numbers increased BC cell growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Widowati
- Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Diana K Jasaputra
- Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sutiman B Sumitro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Science, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145 East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad A Widodo
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Tjandrawati Mozef
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Serpong Banten 15310, Indonesia
| | - Rizal Rizal
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung 40163, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Sari W Kusuma
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung 40163, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dian R Laksmitawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pancasila University, Jagakarsa, Jakarta Selatan 12640, Indonesia
| | - Harry Murti
- Stem Cell and Cancer Institute, Jl A Yani no 2 Pulo Mas, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
| | - Indra Bachtiar
- Stem Cell and Cancer Institute, Jl A Yani no 2 Pulo Mas, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Faried
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stem Cell Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung 40161, West Java, Indonesia
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12
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Minculescu L, Fischer-Nielsen A, Haastrup E, Ryder LP, Andersen NS, Schjoedt I, Friis LS, Kornblit BT, Petersen SL, Sengelov H, Marquart HV. Improved Relapse-Free Survival in Patients With High Natural Killer Cell Doses in Grafts and During Early Immune Reconstitution After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1068. [PMID: 32547559 PMCID: PMC7273963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature immunocompetent cells from the stem cell graft as well as early robust immune reconstitution are essential for the graft-vs. -tumor (GVT) effect to eliminate residual malignant cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this prospective study we characterized graft composition of T- and NK cell subsets in 88 recipients of peripheral blood stem cell grafts with multicolor flowcytometry. Our primary aim was to analyze the impact of graft composition on immune reconstitution and clinical outcomes after transplantation. Patients transplanted with graft NK cell doses above the median value of 27 × 106/kg had significantly increased relapse-free-survival compared to patients transplanted with lower doses, HR 2.12 (95% CI 1.01-4.45, p = 0.04) Peripheral blood concentrations of NK cells obtained from donors before G-CSF mobilization were significantly correlated to graft NK cell doses (Spearman's ρ 0.53, p = 0.03). The dose of transplanted NK cells/kg correlated significantly with NK cell concentrations in patients early after transplantation (Spearman's ρ 0.26, p = 0.02, and ρ = 0.35, p = 0.001 for days 28 and 56, respectively). Early immune reconstitution above median values of NK cells was significantly associated with improved relapse-free survival (HR 2.84 [95% CI 1.29-6.28], p = 0.01, and HR 4.19 [95% CI 1.68-10.4], p = 0.002, for day 28 and 56, respectively). Early concentrations above the median value of the mature effector CD56dim NK cell subset were significantly associated with decreased relapse incidences at 1 year, 7% (95% CI 1.8-17) vs. 28% (95% CI 15-42), p = 0.04, and 7% (95% CI 1.8-18) vs. 26% (95% CI 14-40) %, p = 0.03, for days 28 and 56, respectively. The results suggest a protective effect of high doses of NK cells in grafts and during early immune reconstitution and support the perception of NK cells as innate effector cells with anti-tumor effects in the setting of allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Minculescu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Fischer-Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Haastrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Ryder
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ida Schjoedt
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Smidstrup Friis
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Thomas Kornblit
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Lykke Petersen
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Sengelov
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Vibeke Marquart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Tarazona R, Lopez-Sejas N, Guerrero B, Hassouneh F, Valhondo I, Pera A, Sanchez-Correa B, Pastor N, Duran E, Alonso C, Solana R. Current progress in NK cell biology and NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:879-899. [PMID: 32130453 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the complex interactions between the immune system and tumour cells from different origins has opened the possibility to design novel procedures of antitumoral immunotherapy. One of these novel approaches is based on the use of autologous or allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells to treat cancer. In the last decade, different strategies to activate NK cells and their use in adoptive NK cell-based therapy have been established. Although NK cells are often considered as a uniform cell population, several phenotypic and functionally distinct NK cells subsets exist in healthy individuals, that are differentially affected by ageing or by apparently innocuous viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). In addition, further alterations in the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors are found in NK cells from cancer patients, likely because of their interaction with tumour cells. Thus, NK cells represent a promising strategy for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer already tested in phase 1/2 clinical trials. However, the existence of NK cell subpopulations expressing different patterns of activating and inhibitory receptors and different functional capacities, that can be found to be altered not only in cancer patients but also in healthy individuals stratified by age or CMV infection, makes necessary a personalized definition of the procedures used in the selection, expansion, and activation of the relevant NK cell subsets to be successfully used in NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alejandra Pera
- University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Pastor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Esther Duran
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Corona Alonso
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. .,Immunology Unit, IMIBIC-Reina Sofia University Hospital-University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rafael Solana
- University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. .,Immunology Unit, IMIBIC-Reina Sofia University Hospital-University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
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14
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Van Acker HH, Van Acker ZP, Versteven M, Ponsaerts P, Pende D, Berneman ZN, Anguille S, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL. CD56 Homodimerization and Participation in Anti-Tumor Immune Effector Cell Functioning: A Role for Interleukin-15. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1029. [PMID: 31336622 PMCID: PMC6678613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A particularly interesting marker to identify anti-tumor immune cells is the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), also known as cluster of differentiation (CD)56. Namely, hematopoietic expression of CD56 seems to be confined to powerful effector immune cells. Here, we sought to elucidate its role on various killer immune cells. First, we identified the high motility NCAM-120 molecule to be the main isoform expressed by immune cells. Next, through neutralization of surface CD56, we were able to (1) demonstrate the direct involvement of CD56 in tumor cell lysis exerted by CD56-expressing killer cells, such as natural killer cells, gamma delta (γδ) T cells, and interleukin (IL)-15-cultured dendritic cells (DCs), and (2) reveal a putative crosstalk mechanism between IL-15 DCs and CD8 T cells, suggesting CD56 as a co-stimulatory molecule in their cell-to-cell contact. Moreover, by means of a proximity ligation assay, we visualized the CD56 homophilic interaction among cancer cells and between immune cells and cancer cells. Finally, by blocking the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway, we showed that IL-15 stimulation directly led to CD56 upregulation. In conclusion, these results underscore the previously neglected importance of CD56 expression on immune cells, benefiting current and future immune therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zoë P Van Acker
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Versteven
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Experimental Cell Transplantation Group (ECTG), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniela Pende
- Immunology Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Division of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Division of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Yamin R, Berhani O, Peleg H, Aamar S, Stein N, Gamliel M, Hindi I, Scheiman-Elazary A, Gur C. High percentages and activity of synovial fluid NK cells present in patients with advanced stage active Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1351. [PMID: 30718650 PMCID: PMC6361912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) causes chronic inflammation of joints. The cytokines TNFα and IFNγ are central players in RA, however their source has not been fully elucidated. Natural Killer (NK) cells are best known for their role in elimination of viral-infected and transformed cells, and they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. NK cells are present in the synovial fluids (SFs) of RA patients and are considered to be important in bone destruction. However, the phenotype and function of NK cells in the SFs of patients with erosive deformative RA (DRA) versus non-deformative RA (NDRA) is poorly characterized. Here we characterize the NK cell populations present in the blood and SFs of DRA and NDRA patients. We demonstrate that a distinct population of activated synovial fluid NK (sfNK) cells constitutes a large proportion of immune cells found in the SFs of DRA patients. We discovered that although sfNK cells in both DRA and NDRA patients have similar phenotypes, they function differently. The DRA sfNK secrete more TNFα and IFNγ upon exposure to IL-2 and IL-15. Consequently, we suggest that sfNK cells may be a marker for more severely destructive RA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Orit Berhani
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Hagit Peleg
- The Internal medicine department and the Rheumatology unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Suhail Aamar
- The Internal medicine department and the Rheumatology unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Natan Stein
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Moriya Gamliel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Issam Hindi
- The Internal medicine department and the Rheumatology unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Anat Scheiman-Elazary
- The Internal medicine department and the Rheumatology unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Chamutal Gur
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel. .,The Internal medicine department and the Rheumatology unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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16
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Alex AA, Ganesan S, Palani HK, Balasundaram N, David S, Lakshmi KM, Kulkarni UP, Nisham PN, Korula A, Devasia AJ, Janet NB, Abraham A, Srivastava A, George B, Padua RA, Chomienne C, Balasubramanian P, Mathews V. Arsenic Trioxide Enhances the NK Cell Cytotoxicity Against Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia While Simultaneously Inhibiting Its Bio-Genesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1357. [PMID: 29963052 PMCID: PMC6010577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK) contribute significantly to eradication of cancer cells, and there is increased interest in strategies to enhance it’s efficacy. Therapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer can impact the immune system in a quantitative and qualitative manner. In this study, we evaluated the impact of arsenic trioxide (ATO) used in the management of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) on NK cell reconstitution and function. In patients with APL treated with single agent ATO, there was a significant delay in the reconstitution of circulating NK cells to reach median normal levels from the time of diagnosis (655 days for NK cells vs 145 and 265 days for T cells and B cells, respectively). In vitro experiments demonstrated that ATO significantly reduced the CD34 hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation to NK cells. Additional experimental data demonstrate that CD34+ sorted cells when exposed to ATO lead to a significant decrease in the expression of IKZF2, ETS1, and TOX transcription factors involved in NK cell differentiation and maturation. In contrast, exposure of NK cells and leukemic cells to low doses of ATO modulates NK cell receptors and malignant cell ligand profile in a direction that enhances NK cell mediated cytolytic activity. We have demonstrated that NK cytolytic activity toward NB4 cell line when exposed to ATO was significantly higher when compared with controls. We also validated this beneficial effect in a mouse model of APL were the median survival with ATO alone and ATO + NK was 44 days (range: 33–46) vs 54 days (range: 52–75). In conclusion, ATO has a differential quantitative and qualitative effect on NK cell activity. This information can potentially be exploited in the management of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansu Abu Alex
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | | | - Sachin David
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Uday P Kulkarni
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - P N Nisham
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Anu Korula
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Anup J Devasia
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Aby Abraham
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Rose Ann Padua
- UMR-S1131, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Universite Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Christine Chomienne
- UMR-S1131, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Universite Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Vikram Mathews
- Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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17
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Lin SJ, Kuo ML, Hsiao HS, Lee PT, Chen JY, Huang JL. Activating and inhibitory receptors on natural killer cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis-regulation with interleukin-15. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186223. [PMID: 29023581 PMCID: PMC5638402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE. Interleukin(IL)-15, an NK-enhancing cytokine, is over-expressed in SLE patients. In the present study, we examined the effect of IL-15 on NK cytotoxicity of SLE patients, and the expression of various activating and inhibitory NK receptors on NK cells from SLE patients in relation to disease activity. We also sought to determine how IL-15 would affect the NK receptor expression on NK cells from SLE patients. PBMCs were collected from 88 SLE patients with inactive disease activity (SLEDAI score<6) and active disease activity (SLEDAI score≥6), 26 age-matched healthy adults were used as controls. PBMC were incubated in the presence or absence of IL-15 (10ng/ml) for eighteen hours. CD3-CD56+ lymphoctes were gated using flow cytometry and further divided into CD56dim and CD56bright subsets according to the MFI of CD56. We observed that 1. Serum IL-15 was elevated in SLE patients, and higher in active disease than in inactive disease; 2. NK cytotoxicity of SLE patients was deficient compared to controls and showed an impaired response to IL-15 compared to controls; 3.CD69, CD94, NKG2A, NKp30, and CD158b on NK cells from SLE patients were higher than controls, and could be further enhanced by IL-15; 4. NKp46 expression from SLE patients was higher than controls, but down-regulated by IL-15; 5.Deficient NKG2D and NKAT-2 expression were found on NK cells from SLE patients, which were enhanced by IL-15; 6. A unique NKp46- subset and CD158b+ subsets were observed in NK cells from SLE patients but not controls. 7. Unlike controls, CD158k on NK cells from SLE patients failed to respond to IL-15. Taken together, we demonstrated the aberrant NCR and iNKR expression on NK cells and their distinct response to IL-15 in SLE patients. As IL-15 predominantly aggravates the aberrant NKR expression found in SLE, IL-15 antagonist may have therapeutic benefits in SLE patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Male
- Receptors, KIR/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Shan Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tzu Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yih Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Boyiadzis M, Agha M, Redner RL, Sehgal A, Im A, Hou JZ, Farah R, Dorritie KA, Raptis A, Lim SH, Wang H, Lapteva N, Mei Z, Butterfield LH, Rooney CM, Whiteside TL. Phase 1 clinical trial of adoptive immunotherapy using “off-the-shelf” activated natural killer cells in patients with refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:1225-1232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Van Acker HH, Capsomidis A, Smits EL, Van Tendeloo VF. CD56 in the Immune System: More Than a Marker for Cytotoxicity? Front Immunol 2017; 8:892. [PMID: 28791027 PMCID: PMC5522883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, the phenotypic and functional boundaries distinguishing the main cell subsets of the immune system have become increasingly blurred. In this respect, CD56 (also known as neural cell adhesion molecule) is a very good example. CD56 is the archetypal phenotypic marker of natural killer cells but can actually be expressed by many more immune cells, including alpha beta T cells, gamma delta T cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. Common to all these CD56-expressing cell types are strong immunostimulatory effector functions, including T helper 1 cytokine production and an efficient cytotoxic capacity. Interestingly, both numerical and functional deficiencies and phenotypic alterations of the CD56+ immune cell fraction have been reported in patients with various infectious, autoimmune, or malignant diseases. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge on the expression and function of CD56 in the hematopoietic system, both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anna Capsomidis
- Cancer Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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20
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Carapito R, Aouadi I, Ilias W, Bahram S. Natural Killer Group 2, Member D/NKG2D Ligands in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:368. [PMID: 28396673 PMCID: PMC5366881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) is an invariant activatory receptor present on subsets of natural killer and T lymphocytes. It stimulates the cytolytic effector response upon engagement of its various stress-induced ligands NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL). Malignant transformation and conditioning treatment prior to hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are stress factors leading to the activation of the NKG2D/NKG2DL signaling in clinical settings. In the context of HCT, NKG2D-bearing cells can kill both tumor and healthy cells expressing NKG2DL. The NKG2D/NKG2DL engagement has therefore a key role in the regulation of one of the most salient issues in allogeneic HCT, i.e., maintaining a balance between graft-vs.-leukemia effect and graft-vs.-host disease. The present review summarizes the current state of our knowledge pertaining to the role of the NKG2D and NKG2DL in HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Carapito
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) INSERM, Strasbourg (France) - Nagano (Japan), Strasbourg, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ismail Aouadi
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) INSERM, Strasbourg (France) - Nagano (Japan), Strasbourg, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Strasbourg, France
| | - Wassila Ilias
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) INSERM, Strasbourg (France) - Nagano (Japan), Strasbourg, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) INSERM, Strasbourg (France) - Nagano (Japan), Strasbourg, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Huenecke S, Cappel C, Esser R, Pfirrmann V, Salzmann-Manrique E, Betz S, Keitl E, Banisharif-Dehkordi J, Bakhtiar S, Königs C, Jarisch A, Soerensen J, Ullrich E, Klingebiel T, Bader P, Bremm M. Development of Three Different NK Cell Subpopulations during Immune Reconstitution after Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Prognostic Markers in GvHD and Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:109. [PMID: 28239380 PMCID: PMC5300968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) exerting graft-versus-leukemia/tumor effect and mediating pathogen-specific immunity. Although NK cells are the first donor-derived lymphocytes reconstituting post-HSCT, their distribution of CD56++CD16- (CD56bright), CD56++CD16+ (CD56intermediate=int), and CD56+CD16++ (CD56dim) NK cells is explicitly divergent from healthy adults, but to some extent comparable to the NK cell development in early childhood. The proportion of CD56bright/CD56int/CD56dim changed from 15/8/78% in early childhood to 6/4/90% in adults, respectively. Within this study, we first compared the NK cell reconstitution post-HSCT to reference values of NK cell subpopulations of healthy children. Afterward, we investigated the reconstitution of NK cell subpopulations post-HSCT in correlation to acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) and chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) as well as to viral infections. Interestingly, after a HSCT follow-up phase of 12 months, the distribution of NK cell subpopulations largely matched the 50th percentile of the reference range for healthy individuals. Patients suffering from aGvHD and cGvHD showed a delayed reconstitution of NK cells. Remarkably, within the first 2 months post-HSCT, patients suffering from aGvHD had significantly lower levels of CD56bright NK cells compared to patients without viral infection or without graft versus host disease (GvHD). Therefore, the amount of CD56bright NK cells might serve as an early prognostic factor for GvHD development. Furthermore, a prolonged and elevated peak in CD56int NK cells seemed to be characteristic for the chronification of GvHD. In context of viral infection, a slightly lower CD56 and CD16 receptor expression followed by a considerable reduction in the absolute CD56dim NK cell numbers combined with reoccurrence of CD56int NK cells was observed. Our results suggest that a precise analysis of the reconstitution of NK cell subpopulations post-HSCT might indicate the occurrence of undesired events post-HSCT such as severe aGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Huenecke
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Claudia Cappel
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Ruth Esser
- GMP Development Unit, Hannover Medical School, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics , Hannover , Germany
| | - Verena Pfirrmann
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | | | - Sibille Betz
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Eileen Keitl
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | | | - Shahrzad Bakhtiar
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Christoph Königs
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Andrea Jarisch
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Jan Soerensen
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Klingebiel
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Melanie Bremm
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
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22
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Bone marrow produces sufficient alloreactive natural killer (NK) cells in vivo to cure mice from subcutaneously and intravascularly injected 4T1 breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 161:421-433. [PMID: 27915436 PMCID: PMC5241334 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Administration of 5 million alloreactive natural killer (NK) cells after low-dose chemo-irradiation cured mice of 4T1 breast cancer, supposedly dose dependent. We now explored the efficacy of bone marrow as alternative in vivo source of NK cells for anti-breast cancer treatment, as methods for in vitro clinical scale NK cell expansion are still in developmental phases. Methods Progression-free survival (PFS) after treatment with different doses of spleen-derived alloreactive NK cells to 4T1-bearing Balb/c mice was measured to determine a dose–response relation. The potential of bone marrow as source of alloreactive NK cells was explored using MHC-mismatched mice as recipients of 4T1. Chemo-irradiation consisted of 2× 2 Gy total body irradiation and 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Antibody-mediated in vivo NK cell depletion was applied to demonstrate the NK cell’s role. Results Administration of 2.5 instead of 5 million alloreactive NK cells significantly reduced PFS, evidencing dose responsiveness. Compared to MHC-matched receivers of subcutaneous 4T1, fewer MHC-mismatched mice developed tumors, which was due to NK cell alloreactivity because in vivo NK cell depletion facilitated tumor growth. Application of low-dose chemo-irradiation increased plasma levels of NK cell-activating cytokines, NK cell activity and enhanced NK cell-dependent elimination of subcutaneous tumors. Intravenously injected 4T1 was eliminated by alloreactive NK cells in MHC-mismatched recipients without the need for chemo-irradiation. Conclusions Bone marrow is a suitable source of sufficient alloreactive NK cells for the cure of 4T1 breast cancer. These results prompt clinical exploration of bone marrow transplantation from NK-alloreactive MHC-mismatched donors in patients with metastasized breast cancer.
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23
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Rajasekaran K, Riese MJ, Rao S, Wang L, Thakar MS, Sentman CL, Malarkannan S. Signaling in Effector Lymphocytes: Insights toward Safer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:176. [PMID: 27242783 PMCID: PMC4863891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors on T and NK cells systematically propagate highly complex signaling cascades that direct immune effector functions, leading to protective immunity. While extensive studies have delineated hundreds of signaling events that take place upon receptor engagement, the precise molecular mechanism that differentially regulates the induction or repression of a unique effector function is yet to be fully defined. Such knowledge can potentiate the tailoring of signal transductions and transform cancer immunotherapies. Targeted manipulations of signaling cascades can augment one effector function such as antitumor cytotoxicity while contain the overt generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to treatment-related toxicity such as “cytokine storm” and “cytokine-release syndrome” or lead to autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarize how individual signaling molecules or nodes may be optimally targeted to permit selective ablation of toxic immune side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakannan Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Transcriptional Regulation, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Synthetic Immunity at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Dulphy N, Chrétien AS, Khaznadar Z, Fauriat C, Nanbakhsh A, Caignard A, Chouaib S, Olive D, Toubert A. Underground Adaptation to a Hostile Environment: Acute Myeloid Leukemia vs. Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:94. [PMID: 27014273 PMCID: PMC4783386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies which incidence increases with age. The disease affects the differentiation of hematopoietic stem or precursor cells in the bone marrow and can be related to abnormal cytogenetic and/or specific mutational patterns. AML blasts can be sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell antitumor response. However, NK cells are frequently defective in AML patients leading to tumor escape. NK cell defects affect not only the expression of the activating NK receptors, including the natural cytotoxicity receptors, the NK group 2, member D, and the DNAX accessory molecule-1, but also cytotoxicity and IFN-γ release. Such perturbations in NK cell physiology could be related to the adaptation of the AML to the immune pressure and more generally to patient’s clinical features. Various mechanisms are potentially involved in the inhibition of NK-cell functions in AML, including defects in the normal lymphopoiesis, reduced expression of activating receptors through cell-to-cell contacts, and production of immunosuppressive soluble agents by leukemic blasts. Therefore, the continuous cross-talk between AML and NK cells participates to the leukemia immune escape and eventually to patient’s relapse. Methods to restore or stimulate NK cells seem to be attractive strategies to treat patients once the complete remission is achieved. Moreover, our capacity in stimulating the NK cell functions could lead to the development of preemptive strategies to eliminate leukemia-initiating cells before the emergence of the disease in elderly individuals presenting preleukemic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dulphy
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Chrétien
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe Immunité et Cancer, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258 , Marseille , France
| | - Zena Khaznadar
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe Immunité et Cancer, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258 , Marseille , France
| | | | - Anne Caignard
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe Immunité et Cancer, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258 , Marseille , France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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Jacobs B, Tognarelli S, Poller K, Bader P, Mackensen A, Ullrich E. NK Cell Subgroups, Phenotype, and Functions After Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:583. [PMID: 26635797 PMCID: PMC4657185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy with consecutive autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT) is a well-established treatment option for patients suffering from malignant lymphoma or multiple myeloma. Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the immune surveillance, and their cell number after autoSCT is predictive for progression-free and overall survival. To improve knowledge about the role of NK cells after autoSCT, we investigated different NK cell subgroups, their phenotype, and their functions in patients treated with autoSCT. Directly after leukocyte regeneration (>1000 leukocytes/μl) following autoSCT, CD56++ NK cells were the major NK cell subset. Surprisingly, these cells showed unusually high surface expression levels of CD57 and killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) compared to expression levels before or at later time points after autoSCT. Moreover, these NK cells strongly upregulated KIR2DL2/3/S2 and KIR3DL1, whereas KIR2DL1/S1 remained constant, indicating that this cell population arose from more immature NK cells instead of from activated mature ones. Remarkably, NK cells were already able to degranulate and produce IFN-γ and MIP-1β upon tumor interaction early after leukocyte regeneration. In conclusion, we describe an unusual upregulation of CD57 and KIRs on CD56++ NK cells shortly after autoSCT. Importantly, these NK cells were functionally competent upon tumor interaction at this early time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Jacobs
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospital , Oslo , Norway ; The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Sara Tognarelli
- Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Frankfurt , Germany ; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Kerstin Poller
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Frankfurt , Germany ; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany ; Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Frankfurt , Germany ; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University , Frankfurt , Germany
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Arima N, Nakamura F, Yabe T, Tanaka J, Fuji S, Ohashi K, Fukuda T, Miyamura K, Iwato K, Eto T, Mori T, Kobayashi N, Hoshino T, Kato C, Kanamori H, Nakamae H, Atsuta Y, Morishima Y, Kanda Y. Influence of Differently Licensed KIR2DL1-Positive Natural Killer Cells in Transplant Recipients with Acute Leukemia: A Japanese National Registry Study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 22:423-31. [PMID: 26456260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Licensing by self MHC class I ligands is required for proper natural killer (NK) cell response. NK cells with inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors for nonself MHC exhibit transient alloreactivity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We analyzed 3866 recipients in the Japan national registry who underwent their first allogeneic HSCT for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) from HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 allele-genomatched unrelated donors. By classifying them into 5 independent groups based on HLA-C group matching and assumed donor NK cell status, we found that for HLA-C-matched HSCT for AML in HLA-C1/C1 recipients, in whom transient alloreactivity against HLA-C2-negative leukemic cells was expected, the relapse rate was significantly lower than it was in HLA-C-matched HSCT for AML in HLA-C1/C2 recipients (hazard ratio [HR], .72; P = .011). This difference was not observed in HLA-C-matched HSCT for ALL. Compared with HLA-C-matched HSCT, significantly higher mortality was observed in HLA-C1/C1 AML patients who received transplants from HLA-C-mismatched HLA-C1/C1 donors (HR, 1.37; P = .001) and in HLA-C1/C1 ALL patients who received transplants from HLA-C2-positive donors (HR, 2.13; P = .005). In conclusion, donor selection based on leukemic subtype and donor HLA-C group matching improves transplantation outcome after HLA-C-mismatched HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Arima
- Department of Hematology, Medical Research Institute Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Nakamura
- Department of Public Health/Health Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Yabe
- Hematology Division, Japanese Red Cross Tokyo Metropolitan Blood Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fuji
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Ohashi
- Hematology Division, Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Miyamura
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Iwato
- Department of Hematology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Eto
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Department of Hematology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Hoshino
- Leukemia Research Center, Saiseikai Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kato
- Department of Hematology, Meitetsu hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Heiwa Kanamori
- Department of Hematology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nakamae
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation/Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuo Morishima
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Picardi A, Mengarelli A, Marino M, Gallo E, Benevolo M, Pescarmona E, Cocco R, Fraioli R, Tremante E, Petti MC, De Fabritiis P, Giacomini P. Up-regulation of activating and inhibitory NKG2 receptors in allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic stem cell grafts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:98. [PMID: 26361968 PMCID: PMC4567793 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is known to induce the inhibitory immune receptor NKG2A on NK cells of donor origin. This occurs in allogeneic recipients, in both the haploidentical and HLA-matched settings. Methods To gain further insight, not only NKG2A, but also the activating receptors NKG2C and NKG2D were assessed by flow cytometry. Immunophenotyping was carried out not only on CD56+ but also on CD8+ lymphocytes from leukemia and lymphoma patients, receiving both HLA-matched (n = 7) and autologous (n = 5) HSCT grafts. Moreover, cognate NKG2 ligands (HLA-E, MICA, ULBP-1, ULBP-2 and ULBP-3) were assessed by immunohistochemistry in diagnostic biopsies from three autotransplanted patients, and at relapse in one case. Results All the NKG2 receptors were simultaneously up-regulated in all the allotransplanted patients on CD8+ and/or CD56+ cells between 30 and 90 days post-transplant, coinciding with, or following, allogeneic engraftment. Up-regulation was of lesser entity and restricted to CD8+ cells in the autotransplantation setting. The phenotypic expression ratio between activating and inhibitory NKG2 receptors was remarkably similar in all the patients, except two outliers (a long survivor and a short survivor) who surprisingly displayed a similar NKG2 activation immunophenotype. Tumor expression of 2 to 3 out of the 5 tested NKG2 ligands was observed in 3/3 diagnostic biopsies, and 3 ligands were up-regulated post-transplant in a patient. Conclusions Altogether, these results are consistent with a dual (activation-inhibition) NK cell re-education mode, an innate-like T cell re-tuning, and a ligand:receptor interplay between the tumor and the immune system following HSCT including, most interestingly, the up-regulation of several activating NKG2 ligands. Turning the immune receptor balance toward activation on both T and NK cells of donor origin may complement ex vivo NK cell expansion/activation strategies in unmanipulated patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0213-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Picardi
- Hematology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mengarelli
- Hematology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mirella Marino
- Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enzo Gallo
- Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Benevolo
- Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Pescarmona
- Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Cocco
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy. .,Present address: Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, ASL Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti, Via Anello 66016, Guardiagrele, CH, Italy.
| | - Rocco Fraioli
- Laboratory of Immunology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisa Tremante
- Laboratory of Immunology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Petti
- Hematology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo De Fabritiis
- Hematology, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizio Giacomini
- Laboratory of Immunology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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Mossoba ME, Halverson DC, Kurlander R, Schuver BB, Carpenter A, Hansen B, Steinberg SM, Ali SA, Tageja N, Hakim FT, Gea-Banacloche J, Sportes C, Hardy NM, Hickstein DD, Pavletic SZ, Khuu H, Sabatini M, Stroncek D, Levine BL, June CH, Mariotti J, Rixe O, Fojo AT, Bishop MR, Gress RE, Fowler DH. High-Dose Sirolimus and Immune-Selective Pentostatin plus Cyclophosphamide Conditioning Yields Stable Mixed Chimerism and Insufficient Graft-versus-Tumor Responses. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4312-20. [PMID: 26071480 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that lymphoid-selective host conditioning and subsequent adoptive transfer of sirolimus-resistant allogeneic T cells (T-Rapa), when combined with high-dose sirolimus drug therapy in vivo, would safely achieve antitumor effects while avoiding GVHD. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients (n = 10) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were accrued because this disease is relatively refractory to high-dose conditioning yet may respond to high-dose sirolimus. A 21-day outpatient regimen of weekly pentostatin (P; 4 mg/m(2)/dose) combined with daily, dose-adjusted cyclophosphamide (C; ≤200 mg/d) was designed to deplete and suppress host T cells. After PC conditioning, patients received matched sibling, T-cell-replete peripheral blood stem cell allografts, and high-dose sirolimus (serum trough target, 20-30 ng/mL). To augment graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects, multiple T-Rapa donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) were administered (days 0, 14, and 45 posttransplant), and sirolimus was discontinued early (day 60 posttransplant). RESULTS PC conditioning depleted host T cells without neutropenia or infection and facilitated donor engraftment (10 of 10 cases). High-dose sirolimus therapy inhibited multiple T-Rapa DLI, as evidenced by stable mixed donor/host chimerism. No antitumor responses were detected by RECIST criteria and no significant classical acute GVHD was observed. CONCLUSIONS Immune-selective PC conditioning represents a new approach to safely achieve alloengraftment without neutropenia. However, allogeneic T cells generated ex vivo in sirolimus are not resistant to the tolerance-inducing effects of in vivo sirolimus drug therapy, thereby cautioning against use of this intervention in patients with refractory cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Mossoba
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David C Halverson
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roger Kurlander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bazetta Blacklock Schuver
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ashley Carpenter
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brenna Hansen
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Syed Abbas Ali
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nishant Tageja
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frances T Hakim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Juan Gea-Banacloche
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claude Sportes
- Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Nancy M Hardy
- University of Maryland Greenbaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dennis D Hickstein
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven Z Pavletic
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hanh Khuu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marianna Sabatini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bruce L Levine
- University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Family Cancer Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carl H June
- University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Family Cancer Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacopo Mariotti
- Fondazione IRCCS Instituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Olivier Rixe
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Antonio Tito Fojo
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel H Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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29
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Sundin M, Remberger M, Lindqvist H, Omazic B, Sundberg B, Uzunel M, Winiarski J. Hypogammaglobulinemia in children after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a cytokine mediated immunoglobulin isotype class switch arrest? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:890-6. [PMID: 25623620 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypogammaglobulinemia (hypo-IgG) is common early post-HSCT in children, occasionally necessitating long-term immunoglobulin (Ig) G replacement therapy. IgG replacement may not reduce mortality, although infectious complications are decreased PROCEDURE Clinical data and samples from 86 children were analyzed retrospectively with the aim to identify risk factors for developing long-term hypo-IgG (i.e., requiring ≥ 3 months IgG replacement) post-HSCT and studying the underlying biology. Laboratory studies covered serum cytokines, IGHG2 genotyping and routine laboratory investigations. Results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Forty-eight percent of the children developed long-term hypo-IgG. These children were younger (<5 years) and had higher acute GvHD incidence, but had better overall survival (88% vs. 69%, P = 0.036). Significantly lower Ig levels post-HSCT but equal immune cell recovery were seen in patients with long-term hypo-IgG compared with those of transient or no hypo-IgG. Pre-HSCT IL-6 and -7 and post-HSCT BAFF and APRIL levels were significantly higher in the long-term hypo-IgG group. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggests an unfavorable cytokine milieu for graft-derived immune recovery, possibly inducing Ig isotype class switch arrest. Younger age, acute GvHD, and higher pre-HSCT IL-6 levels were identified as significant risk factors for long-term hypo-IgG. Long-term hypo-IgG post-HSCT does not need to be unfavorable and could be an effect of deteriorated cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Sundin
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC); and; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mandal A, Viswanathan C. Natural killer cells: In health and disease. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2014; 8:47-55. [PMID: 25571788 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells constitute our bodies' frontline defense system, guarding against tumors and launching attacks against infections. The activities of NK cells are regulated by the interaction of various receptors expressed on their surfaces with cell surface ligands. While the role of NK cells in controlling tumor activity is relatively clear, the fact that they are also linked to various other disease conditions is now being highlighted. Here, we present an overview of the role of NK cells during normal body state as well as under diseased state. We discuss the possible utilization of these powerful cells as immunotherapeutic agents in combating diseases such as asthma, autoimmune diseases, and HIV-AIDS. This review also outlines current challenges in NK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Mandal
- Regenerative Medicine, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, R-282, TTC Industrial Area of MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, India
| | - Chandra Viswanathan
- Regenerative Medicine, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, R-282, TTC Industrial Area of MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, India.
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31
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Braun M, Björkström NK, Gupta S, Sundström K, Ahlm C, Klingström J, Ljunggren HG. NK cell activation in human hantavirus infection explained by virus-induced IL-15/IL15Rα expression. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004521. [PMID: 25412359 PMCID: PMC4239055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical infection with hantaviruses cause two severe acute diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). These diseases are characterized by strong immune activation, increased vascular permeability, and up to 50% case-fatality rates. One prominent feature observed in clinical hantavirus infection is rapid expansion of natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood of affected individuals. We here describe an unusually high state of activation of such expanding NK cells in the acute phase of clinical Puumala hantavirus infection. Expanding NK cells expressed markedly increased levels of activating NK cell receptors and cytotoxic effector molecules. In search for possible mechanisms behind this NK cell activation, we observed virus-induced IL-15 and IL-15Rα on infected endothelial and epithelial cells. Hantavirus-infected cells were shown to strongly activate NK cells in a cell-cell contact-dependent way, and this response was blocked with anti-IL-15 antibodies. Surprisingly, the strength of the IL-15-dependent NK cell response was such that it led to killing of uninfected endothelial cells despite expression of normal levels of HLA class I. In contrast, hantavirus-infected cells were resistant to NK cell lysis, due to a combination of virus-induced increase in HLA class I expression levels and hantavirus-mediated inhibition of apoptosis induction. In summary, we here describe a possible mechanism explaining the massive NK cell activation and proliferation observed in HFRS patients caused by Puumala hantavirus infection. The results add further insights into mechanisms behind the immunopathogenesis of hantavirus infections in humans and identify new possible targets for intervention. Hantaviruses cause severe clinical infections with up to 50% case-fatality rates. The diseases represent an important global health problem as no vaccine or specific treatment is available. The most prominent hallmark in patients is strong immune activation, reflected as massive CD8 T and NK cell expansion, accompanied by severe vascular leakage. The mechanisms behind this massive immune activation are still not fully understood. Here, we first assessed the expression of several activation markers and receptors on NK cells derived from hantavirus-infected patients using flow cytometry. High NK cell activation was observed during the acute phase of clinical infection. To address possible underlying mechanisms explaining this NK cell activation, we established an in vitro hantavirus infection model using human primary endothelial cells, the natural in vivo targets of the virus. We demonstrate hantavirus-induced IL-15/IL-15Rα on infected endothelial cells, and show that this results in NK cell activation, similar to the profile found in hantavirus-infected patients. Interestingly, these activated NK cells were able to kill uninfected endothelial cells despite their normal expression of HLA class I. The present data add further insights into hantavirus-induced pathogenesis and suggest possible targets for future therapeutical interventions in these severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Braun
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MB); (HGL)
| | - Niklas K. Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Unit for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shawon Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Sundström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MB); (HGL)
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Chretien AS, Le Roy A, Vey N, Prebet T, Blaise D, Fauriat C, Olive D. Cancer-Induced Alterations of NK-Mediated Target Recognition: Current and Investigational Pharmacological Strategies Aiming at Restoring NK-Mediated Anti-Tumor Activity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:122. [PMID: 24715892 PMCID: PMC3970020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence of cancer immune-surveillance, which plays a key role in tumor rejection, cancer cells can escape immune recognition through different mechanisms. Thus, evasion to Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated anti-tumor activity is commonly described and is mediated by various mechanisms, mainly cancer cell-induced down-regulation of NK-activating receptors (NCRs, NKG2D, DNAM-1, and CD16) as well as up-regulation of inhibitory receptors (killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, KIRs, NKG2A). Alterations of NK cells lead to an impaired recognition of tumor cells as well as a decreased ability to interact with immune cells. Alternatively, cancer cells downregulate expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors and up-regulate expression of the ligands for inhibitory receptors. A better knowledge of the extent and the mechanisms of these defects will allow developing pharmacological strategies to restore NK cell ability to recognize and lyse tumor cells. Combining conventional chemotherapy and immune modulation is a promising approach likely to improve clinical outcome in diverse neoplastic malignancies. Here, we overview experimental approaches as well as strategies already available in the clinics that restore NK cell functionality. Yet successful cancer therapies based on the manipulation of NK cell already have shown efficacy in the context of hematologic malignancies. Additionally, the ability of cytotoxic agents to increase susceptibility of tumors to NK cell lysis has been studied and may require improvement to maximize this effect. More recently, new strategies were developed to specifically restore NK cell phenotype or to stimulate NK cell functions. Overall, pharmacological immune modulation trends to be integrated in therapeutic strategies and should improve anti-tumor effects of conventional cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Chretien
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Aude Le Roy
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, Plateforme d’Immunomonitoring en Cancérologie, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Norbert Vey
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- Département d’Hématologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Prebet
- Département d’Hématologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Blaise
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- Unité de Transplantation et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, Plateforme d’Immunomonitoring en Cancérologie, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
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Allo-reactivity of mesenchymal stem cells in rhesus macaques is dose and haplotype dependent and limits durable cell engraftment in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87238. [PMID: 24489878 PMCID: PMC3906169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging paradigm that MSCs are immune privileged has fostered the use of “off-the-shelf” allogeneic MSC-based therapies in human clinical trials. However, this approach ignores studies in experimental animals wherein transplantation of MSCs across MHC boundaries elicits measurable allo-immune responses. To determine if MSCs are hypo-immunogeneic, we characterized the immune response in rhesus macaques following intracranial administration of allogeneic vs. autologous MSCs. This analysis revealed unambiguous evidence of productive allo-recognition based on expansion of NK, B and T cell subsets in peripheral blood and detection of allo-specific antibodies in animals administered allogeneic but not autologous MSCs. Moreover, the degree of MHC class I and II mismatch between the MSC donor and recipient significantly influenced the magnitude and nature of the allo-immune response. Consistent with these findings, real-time PCR analysis of brain tissue from female recipients administered varying doses of male, allogeneic MSCs revealed a significant inverse correlation between MSC engraftment levels and cell dose. Changes in post-transplant neutrophil and lymphocyte counts also correlated with dose and were predictive of overall MSC engraftment levels. However, secondary antigen challenge failed to elicit a measurable immune response in allogeneic recipients. Finally, extensive behavior testing of animals revealed no main effect of cell dose on motor skills, social development, or temperament. Collectively, these data indicate that allogeneic MSCs are weakly immunogenic when transplanted across MHC boundaries in rhesus macaques and this negatively impacts durable engraftment levels. Therefore the use of unrelated donor MSCs should be carefully evaluated in human patients.
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Gress RE, Miller JS, Battiwalla M, Bishop MR, Giralt SA, Hardy NM, Kröger N, Wayne AS, Landau DA, Wu CJ. Proceedings from the National Cancer Institute's Second International Workshop on the Biology, Prevention, and Treatment of Relapse after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Part I. Biology of relapse after transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:1537-45. [PMID: 24018395 PMCID: PMC3922045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the National Cancer Institute's Second Workshop on the Biology, Prevention, and Treatment of Relapse after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, the Scientific/Educational Session on the Biology of Relapse discussed recent advances in understanding some of the host-, disease-, and transplantation-related contributions to relapse, emphasizing concepts with potential therapeutic implications. Relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents tumor escape, from the cytotoxic effects of the conditioning regimen and from immunologic control mediated by reconstituted lymphocyte populations. Factors influencing the biology of the therapeutic graft-versus-malignancy (GVM) effect-and relapse-include conditioning regimen effects on lymphocyte populations and homeostasis, immunologic niches, and the tumor microenvironment; reconstitution of lymphocyte populations and establishment of functional immune competence; and genetic heterogeneity within the malignancy defining potential for clonal escape. Recent developments in T cell and natural killer cell homeostasis and reconstitution are reviewed, with implications for prevention and treatment of relapse, as is the application of modern genome sequencing to defining the biologic basis of GVM, clonal escape, and relapse after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland
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Zdrenghea MT. Could interleukin-15 potentiate histone deacetylase inhibitor effects in haematological malignancy? Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:311-5. [PMID: 23669372 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in cancer therapy, prognosis in acute leukaemia remains dismal, and the development of new therapies is urgently warranted: in acute myeloid leukaemia, the current cure rate is of 30-40% in younger and much less in older patients. Chromatin remodeling through histone acetylation is one of the major mechanisms of transcriptional control of genes, and is involved in 'gene silencing' of antioncogenes in various tumour cells. Chromatin remodeling is also involved in transcriptional control of other genes, such as NKG2D ligand genes. Histone deacetylases and acetyltransferases are involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, and increased/decreased activity of histone deacetylases has been reported in several cancer types. Histone deacetylase inhibitors were reportedly active in many cancers including hematological malignancies, and have been shown in numerous experiments to reduce cancer cell growth and enhance cell differentiation, growth arrest and apoptosis. In acute myeloid leukaemia, histone deacetylase inhibitors alone had limited efficacy, but their combination with other anticancer agents yielded promising results. Interleukin (IL)-15 is regarded with great hope in the immunotherapy of cancer, and IL-15-activated cytokine-induced killer cells showed potent antileukemic activity both in vitro and in vivo. IL-15 increases expression of NKG2D and its ligands and can increase natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity against tumour cells. The administration of IL-15 was recently shown to be safe in preclinical models, and there are ongoing clinical trials of IL-15 in patients with cancer and HIV infection. We hypothesise that IL-15 will synergise with histone deacetylase inhibitors in increasing the levels of activatory NKG2D receptors on natural killer and CD8(+) T cells and of their ligands, the MHC class I related molecule A and B, on tumor cells, and will enhance innate immune antitumour responses in acute myeloid leukaemia and other haematological malignancies. Up-regulation of NKG2D-NKG2D-ligand antitumour immune response by combining histone deacetylase inhibitors with IL-15 has the potential to improve the efficacy of acute myeloid leukaemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea T Zdrenghea
- Oncology Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca 73, 21 December Blvd, 400124 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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IL-2- or IL-15-activated NK cells enhance Cetuximab-mediated activity against triple-negative breast cancer in xenografts and in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136:659-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bergamaschi C, Bear J, Rosati M, Beach RK, Alicea C, Sowder R, Chertova E, Rosenberg SA, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. Circulating IL-15 exists as heterodimeric complex with soluble IL-15Rα in human and mouse serum. Blood 2012; 120:e1-8. [PMID: 22496150 PMCID: PMC3390963 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-384362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is an important cytokine for the function of the immune system, but the form(s) of IL-15 produced in the human body are not fully characterized. Coexpression of the single-chain IL-15 and the IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) in the same cell allows for efficient production, surface display, and eventual cleavage and secretion of the bioactive IL-15/IL-15Rα heterodimer in vivo, whereas the single-chain IL-15 is poorly secreted and unstable. This observation led to the hypothesis that IL-15 is produced and secreted only as a heterodimer with IL-15Rα. We purified human IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes from overproducing human cell lines and developed an ELISA specifically measuring the heterodimeric form of IL-15. Analysis of sera from melanoma patients after lymphodepletion revealed the presence of circulating IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes in amounts similar to the total IL-15 quantified by a commercial IL-15 ELISA that detects both the single-chain and the heterodimeric forms of the cytokine. Therefore, in lymphodepleted cancer patients, the serum IL-15 is exclusively present in its heterodimeric form. Analysis of the form of IL-15 present in either normal or lymphodepleted mice agrees with the human data. These results have important implications for development of assays and materials for clinical applications of IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells can kill transformed cells and represent a promising tool for the treatment of cancer. Their function is governed by a balance of stimulatory and inhibitory signals triggered by surface receptors. Advances in NK cell therapy require the development of dependable methods for obtaining an adequate number of effector cells; additional activation or genetic modification may further increase their anticancer capacity. A method for NK cell expansion used in our laboratory relies on a genetically modified form of the K562 myeloid leukemia cell line, engineered to express a membrane-bound form of interleukin-15 and the ligand for the costimulatory molecule 4-1BB (CD137). Expanded NK cells can be transduced with genes encoding chimeric antigen receptors that stimulate tumor cell-specific cytotoxicity. These methods for NK cell expansion and genetic modification have been adapted to large-scale, clinical-grade, Current Good Manufacturing Practice conditions and support two active clinical trials. Summarized are current efforts for NK cell immunotherapy for cancer and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Shook
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Backteman K, Andersson C, Dahlin LG, Ernerudh J, Jonasson L. Lymphocyte subpopulations in lymph nodes and peripheral blood: a comparison between patients with stable angina and acute coronary syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32691. [PMID: 22396788 PMCID: PMC3291561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Atherosclerosis is characterized by a chronic inflammatory response involving activated T cells and impairment of natural killer (NK) cells. An increased T cell activity has been associated with plaque instability and risk of acute cardiac events. Lymphocyte analyses in blood are widely used to evaluate the immune status. However, peripheral blood contains only a minor proportion of lymphocytes. In this study, we hypothesized that thoracic lymph nodes from patients with stable angina (SA) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) might add information to peripheral blood analyses. Methods Peripheral blood and lymph nodes were collected during coronary by-pass surgery in 13 patients with SA and 13 patients with ACS. Lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed by flow cytometry using antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD16/56, CD25, Foxp3, CD69, HLA-DR, IL-18 receptor (R) and CCR4. Results Lymph nodes revealed a lymphocyte subpopulation profile substantially differing from that in blood including a higher proportion of B cells, lower proportions of CD8+ T cells and NK cells and a 2-fold higher CD4/CD8 ratio. CD4+CD69+ cells as well as Foxp3+ regulatory T cells were markedly enriched in lymph nodes (p<0.001) while T helper 1-like (CD4+IL-18R+) cells were more frequent in blood (p<0.001). The only significant differences between ACS and SA patients involved NK cells that were reduced in the ACS group. However, despite being reduced, the NK cell fraction in ACS patients contained a significantly higher proportion of IL-18R+ cells compared with SA patients (p<0.05). Conclusion There were several differences in lymphocyte subpopulations between blood and lymph nodes. However, the lymphocyte perturbations in peripheral blood of ACS patients compared with SA patients were not mirrored in lymph nodes. The findings indicate that lymph node analyses in multivessel coronary artery disease may not reveal any major changes in the immune response that are not detectable in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Backteman
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Melenhorst JJ, Tian X, Xu D, Sandler NG, Scheinberg P, Biancotto A, Scheinberg P, McCoy JP, Hensel NF, McIver Z, Douek DC, Barrett AJ. Cytopenia and leukocyte recovery shape cytokine fluctuations after myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2011; 97:867-73. [PMID: 22133778 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.053363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with profound changes in levels of various cytokines. Emphasis has been placed on conditioning-associated mucosal damage and neutropenia and associated bacterial translocation as the initiating conditions predisposing to acute graft-versus-host disease. The post-transplant period is, however, also associated with increases in certain homeostatic cytokines. It is unclear how much the homeostatic drive to lymphocyte recovery and the production of cytokines from the engrafting donor immune system determine cytokine fluctuations in the peri- and immediate post-transplant period. The aim of this study was to examine the contributions of the conditioning regimen, donor engraftment, infections, and graft-versus-host disease to fluctuations in cytokines involved in homeostasis and inflammation. DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the levels of 33 cytokines in relation to peri- and post-transplant events such as conditioning regimen, chimerism, and acute graft-versus-host disease in myeloablative, non-T cell-replete HLA-identical sibling donor stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies. RESULTS We identified two cytokine storms. The first occurred following conditioning and reached peak levels when all the leukocytes were at their lowest concentrations. The second cytokine storm occurred concurrently with hematopoietic reconstitution and subsided with the achievement of full donor lymphocyte chimerism. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that both recipient-related and donor-related factors contribute to the changes in cytokine levels in the recipient following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The study reported here was performed using plasma samples drawn from patients enrolled in the ClinicalTrials.gov-registered trials NCT00467961 and NCT00378534.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Joseph Melenhorst
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Boysen P, Eide DM, Storset AK. Natural killer cells in free-living Mus musculus have a primed phenotype. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:5103-10. [PMID: 21895821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that natural killer (NK) cells may be long-lived, possess memory-like features and may need microbial priming to become fully reactive. Thus, the notion that these cells are typically innate, nonadaptive lymphocytes has been challenged. If microbial priming is essential for functional maturity, it is necessary to raise the question whether NK cells of laboratory mice, kept under strict hygienic conditions, represent these cells adequately. In their natural habitat, mice will encounter microbes to a greater extent, and we here investigated whether NK cells of feral mice showed signs of being primed. In comparison with C57BL/6 mice raised under specific pathogen-free conditions, NK cells from feral mice had high expression of CD69, KLRG1, granzyme B and NKp46 and a higher proportion of CD27+ cells, mostly CD11b-, as well as a higher presence in peripheral lymph nodes. Following cytokine stimulation, feral mouse NK cells had quickly inducible CD25 expression and a stronger interferon-gamma response. These findings indicate a high degree of pre-activation of NK cells of free-living mice, indicating a strong environmental impact on NK cells, which may be highly relevant for interpretation of studies in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preben Boysen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Szczepanski MJ, Szajnik M, Welsh A, Whiteside TL, Boyiadzis M. Blast-derived microvesicles in sera from patients with acute myeloid leukemia suppress natural killer cell function via membrane-associated transforming growth factor-beta1. Haematologica 2011; 96:1302-9. [PMID: 21606166 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.039743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer cell cytotoxicity is decreased in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to that in normal controls. Tumor-derived microvesicles present in patients' sera exert detrimental effects on immune cells and may influence tumor progression. DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated the microvesicle protein level, molecular profile and suppression of natural killer cell activity in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. RESULTS The patients' sera contained higher levels of microvesicles compared to the levels in controls (P<0.001). Isolated microvesicles had a distinct molecular profile: in addition to conventional microvesicle markers, they contained membrane-associated transforming growth factor-β1, MICA/MICB and myeloid blasts markers, CD34, CD33 and CD117. These microvesicles decreased natural killer cell cytotoxicity (P<0.002) and down-regulated expression of NKG2D in normal natural killer cells (P<0.001). Sera from patients with acute myeloid leukemia contained elevated levels of transforming growth factor-β, and urea-mediated dissociation of microvesicles further increased the levels of this protein. Neutralizing anti-transforming growth factor-β1 antibodies inhibited microvesicle-mediated suppression of natural killer cell activity and NKG2D down-regulation. Interleukin-15 protected natural killer cells from adverse effects of tumor-derived microvesicles. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for the existence in acute myeloid leukemia of a novel mechanism of natural killer cell suppression mediated by tumor-derived microvesicles and for the ability of interleukin-15 to counteract this suppression.
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IL-15 and IL-2 increase Cetuximab-mediated cellular cytotoxicity against triple negative breast cancer cell lines expressing EGFR. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:465-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Plasma levels of IL-7 and IL-15 after reduced intensity conditioned allo-SCT and relationship to acute GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 46:1374-81. [PMID: 21132028 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2010.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To assess the impact of homeostatic expansion on the occurrence of acute GVHD after reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) transplantation, systemic levels of IL-7 and IL-15 and expression of their specific receptor chains were prospectively investigated in 45 fully HLA-matched allograft recipients. IL-7 and IL-15 levels peaked at four- to fivefold over pre-conditioning values. IL-7 levels were inversely correlated to absolute T-cell counts. Peak IL-15 levels positively correlated to concurrent CRP levels, but normalized earlier than IL-7. These results indicate that the kinetic course of IL-7 depends mainly on initiation of T-cell recovery, while IL-15 depends more on peri-transplant inflammation after RIC. Longer duration of the rise in IL-7 levels was associated with preservation of a normal CD4/CD8 ratio. In all, 16 (35%) patients developed grade 2-4 acute GVHD at a median of 42 days post graft, preceded by higher IL-7 levels and more downregulation of IL-7 receptor α chain on CD4(+) T cells than in patients without acute GVHD, suggesting enhanced homeostatic expansion. In multivariate analysis, IL-7 level measured on day +30 was the foremost predictive factor for grade 2-4 acute GVHD (P=0.002). Measurement of IL-7 level after RIC transplantation might help predict risk of subsequent acute GvHD.
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Vukicevic M, Chalandon Y, Helg C, Matthes T, Dantin C, Huard B, Chizzolini C, Passweg J, Roosnek E. CD56bright NK cells after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are activated mature NK cells that expand in patients with low numbers of T cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3246-54. [PMID: 20957748 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied early NK-cell recovery in 29 allografted patients undergoing different lymphoreductive regimens. Already at 2 wk after graft take, the number of NK cells had reached (supra)normal levels but NK-cell subsets were skewed. The number of CD56(dim) CD16(bright) NK cells was low and correlated strongly with the level of hematopoiesis, whereas the number of the more abundant NK cells expressing high levels of CD56 did not. Post-transplant CD56(bright) NK cells (ptCD56(bright)) differed from CD56(bright) NK cells in normal controls (CD56(bright)) in being HLA-DR- and perforin-positive, CCR7(-), CD27(-), CD127(-) and mostly c-kit(-). CD56(bright) from normal controls stimulated by IL-15 in vitro (NK(IL-15)) acquired all the characteristics distinguishing CD56(bright) from ptCD56(bright). IL-2 exerted similar effects. Moreover, when cultured without cytokines, ptCD56(bright), CD56(bright) and NK(IL-15) responded similarly by upregulating CD127 and c-kit but not CCR7. IL-12 stimulated IFN-γ production in ptCD56(bright), whereas CD56(bright) responded only to IL-12 plus IL-15. Hence, ptCD56(bright) have all the features of cytokine-stimulated CD56(bright). Because only patients with low numbers of T cells had high numbers of ptCD56(bright), we conclude that ptCD56(bright) are activated CD56(bright) that expand while competing with T cells for the elevated post-transplant level of IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vukicevic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Interleukin-15 affects patient survival through natural killer cell recovery after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:914945. [PMID: 20414345 PMCID: PMC2855983 DOI: 10.1155/2010/914945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells at day 15 (NK-15), after autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (APHSCT), is a prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The potential role of the immunologic (homeostatic) environment affecting NK-15 recovery and survival post-APHSCT has not been fully studied. Therefore, we evaluate prospectively the cytokine profile in 50 NHL patients treated with APHSCT. Patients with an interleukin-15 (IL-15) ≥ 76.5 pg/mL at day 15 post-APHSCT experienced superior OS and PFS compared with those who did not; median OS; not reached versus 19.2 months, P < .002; and median PFS; not reached versus 6.8 months, P < .002, respectively. IL-15 was found to correlate with (rs = 0.7, P < .0001) NK-15. Multivariate analysis showed only NK-15 as a prognostic factor for survival, suggesting that the survival benefit observed by IL-15 is most likely mediated by enhanced NK cell recovery post-APHSCT.
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Thiant S, Yakoub-Agha I, Magro L, Trauet J, Coiteux V, Jouet JP, Dessaint JP, Labalette M. Plasma levels of IL-7 and IL-15 in the first month after myeloablative BMT are predictive biomarkers of both acute GVHD and relapse. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 45:1546-52. [PMID: 20190846 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T-cell reconstitution after allo-SCT initially depends on homeostatic peripheral expansion of donor T cells, the level of which may promote the differentiation of alloreactive and tumor-reactive effectors. IL-7 and IL-15 exert their effect as key homeostatic cytokines. We prospectively investigated plasma levels of IL-7 and IL-15 in a homogeneous group of 40 patients in CR of their hematologic malignancy undergoing myeloablative, fully (10/10) HLA-matched BMT. IL-7 and IL-15 proceeded along similar kinetic courses, peaking at wide ranges (3.8-30.2 and 14.3-66 pg/ml, respectively) on day +14 when all patients were profoundly lymphopenic. Occurrence and grade of subsequent acute GVHD were significantly associated with heightened day +14 IL-7 and IL-15 levels. Association of peak IL-7 level to grade 2-4 acute GVHD was confirmed by Cox multivariate analysis (hazard ratio (HR)=5.38; P=0.022). Malignancy relapse was significantly associated with reduced day +14 levels of IL-15 (Cox multivariate analysis: HR=0.93; P=0.035). Plasma IL-7 and IL-15 levels in the early post transplantation period are therefore biomarkers that can help predict subsequent development of acute GVHD and malignancy relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thiant
- Universite Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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Szczepanski MJ, Szajnik M, Welsh A, Foon KA, Whiteside TL, Boyiadzis M. Interleukin-15 enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity in patients with acute myeloid leukemia by upregulating the activating NK cell receptors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:73-9. [PMID: 19526239 PMCID: PMC3721322 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) has a major role in NK-cell homeostasis. Modulation of the relative frequency and expression intensity of the NK-cell receptors by IL-15 may increase NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cancer patients. We investigated the receptor repertoire and measured NK-cell activity in newly diagnosed AML patients and evaluated the ex vivo effects of IL-15. The expression of the activating NK cell receptors was significantly decreased in the AML patients compared to that in NK cells of healthy donors. When NK cells obtained from AML patients were cultured with IL-15, expression of the activating receptors was significantly upregulated compared to pre-culture levels. Concomitantly, cytotoxic activity of NK cells against autologous leukemic blasts increased following IL-15 stimulation. This IL-15 induced increase in activity was blocked by neutralizing antibodies specific for the NK cell activating receptors. These pre-clinical data support the future use of IL-15 for NK cell- based therapies for AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw J. Szczepanski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 572, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
- Present Address: Departments of Clinical Immunology and Otolaryngology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Szajnik
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 572, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Ann Welsh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 572, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Kenneth A. Foon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 572, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 572, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Michael Boyiadzis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Centre Avenue, Suite 572, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
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Accessory-cell-mediated activation of porcine NK cells by toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 agonists. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:866-78. [PMID: 19369481 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00035-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The induction of innate immune responses by toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists is the subject of intense investigation. In large part, this reflects the potential of such compounds to be effective vaccine adjuvants. For that reason, we analyzed the activation of innate cells in swine by TLR7 and TLR8 agonists. These agonists activated porcine NK cells by increasing gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) expression and perforin storage. The activation of porcine NK cells was mediated by accessory cells, since their depletion resulted in reduced cytotoxicity toward target cells. Accessory cells were stimulated to produce interleukin 12 (IL-12), IL-15, IL-18, and IFN-alpha after treatment with TLR7 or TLR8 agonists. Neutralization of these cytokines reduced but did not completely inhibit the induction of NK cell cytotoxicity. Direct stimulation of NK cells with TLR7 or TLR8 agonists resulted in minimal cytotoxicity but levels of IFN-gamma equivalent to those detected in the presence of accessory cells. Porcine NK cells express both TLR7 and TLR8 mRNAs, and treatment with these TLR agonists induced higher mRNA expression levels of TRAIL and IL-15Ralpha, which may contribute to the activity of NK cells. These data indicate that TLR7 and TLR8 agonists indirectly or directly activate porcine NK cells but that optimum levels of activation require cytokine secretion by accessory cells activated by these compounds. Interestingly, NK cells activated by TLR7 or TLR8 agonists were cytotoxic against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected cells in vitro, indicating that these TLR agonists may be beneficial as adjuvants to stimulate the innate immunity against FMDV.
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50
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Lin SJ, Yan DC, Lee YC, Kuo ML. Role of interleukin-15 in umbilical cord blood transplantation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 27:518-31. [PMID: 19065354 DOI: 10.1080/08830180802317940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its easier accessibility and less severe graft-versus-host disease, umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been increasingly used as an alternative to bone marrow for hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Naiveté of UCB lymphocytes, however, results in delayed immune reconstitution and infection-related mortality in transplant recipients. This article reviews UCB immunology and addresses the potential therapeutic role of interleukin (IL)-15, a pleiotropic gamma chain signaling cytokine, in modulating immune reconstitution, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), graft-versus-leukemia effect, and infection susceptibility during the post-UCB transplant period. Cytokine immunotherapy using IL-15 simultaneously modulates several immune compartments, thus holds promise for facilitating post-transplant recovery and augmenting antitumor effect without aggravating GVHD in the setting of UCB transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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