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Riyahi J, Taslimi Z, Gelfo F, Petrosini L, Haghparast A. Trans-generational effects of parental exposure to drugs of abuse on offspring memory functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 160:105644. [PMID: 38548003 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence reported that parental-derived phenotypes can be passed on to the next generations. Within the inheritance of epigenetic characteristics allowing the transmission of information related to the ancestral environment to the offspring, the specific case of the trans-generational effects of parental drug addiction has been extensively studied. Drug addiction is a chronic disorder resulting from complex interactions among environmental, genetic, and drug-related factors. Repeated exposures to drugs induce epigenetic changes in the reward circuitry that in turn mediate enduring changes in brain function. Addictive drugs can exert their effects trans-generally and influence the offspring of addicted parents. Although there is growing evidence that shows a wide range of behavioral, physiological, and molecular phenotypes in inter-, multi-, and trans-generational studies, transmitted phenotypes often vary widely even within similar protocols. Given the breadth of literature findings, in the present review, we restricted our investigation to learning and memory performances, as examples of the offspring's complex behavioral outcomes following parental exposure to drugs of abuse, including morphine, cocaine, cannabinoids, nicotine, heroin, and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Riyahi
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science and Technology in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Taslimi
- Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hardy KA, Hart DM, Rosen MJ. Early-life stress affects Mongolian gerbil interactions with conspecific vocalizations in a sex-specific manner. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1128586. [PMID: 37234406 PMCID: PMC10206074 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1128586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, early-life stress (ELS) impairs cognition, learning, and emotional regulation, in part by disrupting neural circuitry in regions underlying these higher-order functions. In addition, our recent work indicates that ELS also alters simple sensory perception: ELS impaired auditory perception and neural encoding of short gaps in sounds, which are essential for vocal communication. The combination of higher-order and basic sensory disruption suggests that ELS is likely to affect both the perception and interpretation of communication signals. We tested this hypothesis by measuring behavioral responses to conspecific vocalizations (those emitted by other gerbils) in ELS and untreated Mongolian gerbils. Because stress effects often differ by sex, we separately examined females and males. To induce ELS, pups were intermittently maternally separated and restrained from post-natal days (P) 9-24, a time window when the auditory cortex is most sensitive to external disruption. We measured the approach responses of juvenile (P31-32) gerbils to two types of conspecific vocalizations: an alarm call, which is emitted to alert other gerbils of a potential threat, and the prosocial contact call, which is emitted near familiar gerbils, especially after separation. Control males, Control females, and ELS females approached a speaker emitting pre-recorded alarm calls, while ELS males avoided this source, suggesting that ELS affects the response to alarm calls in male gerbils. During playback of the pre-recorded contact call, Control females and ELS males avoided the sound source, while Control males neither approached nor avoided, and ELS females approached the sound. These differences cannot be accounted for by changes in locomotion or baseline arousal. However, ELS gerbils slept more during playback, suggesting that ELS may reduce arousal during vocalization playback. Further, male gerbils made more errors than females on a measure of working memory, but the sex difference of cognition in this context may stem from novelty aversion rather than impaired memory. These data indicate that ELS influences behavioral responses to ethologically relevant communication sounds in a sex-specific manner, and are among the first to demonstrate an altered response to auditory stimuli following ELS. Such changes may arise from differences in auditory perception, cognition, or a combination of factors, and suggest that ELS may affect auditory communication in human adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A. Hardy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Denise M. Hart
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Merri J. Rosen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Hearing Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
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Nguyen TT, Nam GS, Han GC, Le C, Oh SY. The Effect of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation on Visuospatial Cognition in an Incomplete Bilateral Vestibular Deafferentation Mouse Model. Front Neurol 2022; 13:857736. [PMID: 35370874 PMCID: PMC8971559 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.857736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) for recovering from the locomotor and spatial memory deficits of a murine bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) model.MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice (n = 36) were assigned to three groups: bilateral labyrinthectomy with (BVD_GVS group) and without (BVD_non-GVS group) the GVS intervention, and a control group with the sham operation. We used the open field and Y maze, and Morris water maze (MWM) tests to assess locomotor and visuospatial cognitive performance before (baseline) and 3, 7, and 14 days after surgical bilateral labyrinthectomy. For the GVS group, a sinusoidal current at the frequency at 1 Hz and amplitude 0.1 mA was delivered for 30 min daily from the postoperative day (POD) 0 to 4 via electrodes inserted subcutaneously close to both the bony labyrinths.ResultsShort-term spatial memory was significantly impaired in bilaterally labyrinthectomized mice (BVD_non-GVS group), as reflected by decreased spontaneous alternation performance in the place recognition test and time spent in the novel arm and increased same arm return in the Y-maze test, compared with the control. Long-term spatial memory was also impaired, as indicated by a longer escape latency in the hidden platform trial and a lower percentage of time spent in the target quadrant in the probe trial of the MWM. GVS application significantly accelerated the recovery of locomotion and short-term and long-term spatial memory deficits in the BVD mice.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that locomotion, short-term, and long-term (at least 2 weeks) spatial memory were impaired in BVD mice. The early administration of sinusoidal GVS accelerated the recovery of those locomotion and spatial memory deficiencies. GVS could be applied to patients with BVD to improve their locomotion and vestibular cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tin Nguyen
- Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital and School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Gi-Sung Nam
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital and School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Gyu Cheol Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chuyen Le
- Department of Pharmacology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
- Department of General-Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Hue University Hospital, Hue, Vietnam
- *Correspondence: Chuyen Le ;
| | - Sun-Young Oh
- Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital and School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
- Sun-Young Oh
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Lee GS, Graham DL, Noble BL, Trammell TS, McCarthy DM, Anderson LR, Rubinstein M, Bhide PG, Stanwood GD. Behavioral and Neuroanatomical Consequences of Cell-Type Specific Loss of Dopamine D2 Receptors in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:815713. [PMID: 35095443 PMCID: PMC8793809 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.815713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dysregulation of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) alters neuronal migration, differentiation, and behavior and contributes to the psychopathology of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The current study is aimed at identifying how cell-specific loss of D2Rs in the cerebral cortex may impact neurobehavioral and cellular development, in order to better understand the roles of this receptor in cortical circuit formation and brain disorders. We deleted D2R from developing cortical GABAergic interneurons (Nkx2.1-Cre) or from developing telencephalic glutamatergic neurons (Emx1-Cre). Conditional knockouts (cKO) from both lines, Drd2fl/fl, Nkx2.1-Cre+ (referred to as GABA-D2R-cKO mice) or Drd2fl/fl, Emx1-Cre+ (referred to as Glu-D2R-cKO mice), exhibited no differences in simple tests of anxiety-related or depression-related behaviors, or spatial or nonspatial working memory. Both GABA-D2R-cKO and Glu-D2R-cKO mice also had normal basal locomotor activity, but GABA-D2R-cKO mice expressed blunted locomotor responses to the psychotomimetic drug MK-801. GABA-D2R-cKO mice exhibited improved motor coordination on a rotarod whereas Glu-D2R-cKO mice were normal. GABA-D2R-cKO mice also exhibited spatial learning deficits without changes in reversal learning on a Barnes maze. At the cellular level, we observed an increase in PV+ cells in the frontal cortex of GABA-D2R-cKO mice and no noticeable changes in Glu-D2R-cKO mice. These data point toward unique and distinct roles for D2Rs within excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the regulation of behavior and interneuron development, and suggest that location-biased D2R pharmacology may be clinically advantageous to achieve higher efficacy and help avoid unwanted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria S. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Devon L. Graham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Brenda L. Noble
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Taylor S. Trammell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Deirdre M. McCarthy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Lisa R. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pradeep G. Bhide
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Gregg D. Stanwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gregg D. Stanwood
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Van der Veeken L, Emam D, Bleeser T, Valenzuela I, Van der Merwe J, Rex S, Deprest J. Fetal surgery has no additional effect to general anesthesia on brain development in neonatal rabbits. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2022; 4:100513. [PMID: 34706302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal surgery is part of modern fetal medicine, and some procedures, such as fetal spina bifida repair, are performed under general anesthesia. Fetuses are operated on in a time window when the developing brain is extremely vulnerable to external, potentially harmful factors. To date, little is known about the effect of fetal surgery on fetal brain development. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effect of fetal surgery on the developing fetal brain in the rabbit model. STUDY DESIGN This was a randomized, sham-controlled study in time-mated pregnant does at 28 days' gestation (term, 31 days), which corresponds to the start of the peak of brain development and end of the second trimester of pregnancy in humans. We included 4 different groups in this experiment: no-surgery, general anesthesia, general anesthesia+hysterotomy, and general anesthesia+fetal surgery. In 11 does, anesthesia was induced using propofol and maintained for 75 minutes with 3.6 vol% (4% is the equivalent of 1 minimum alveolar concentration) sevoflurane. Maternal blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, end-tidal CO2 were continuously monitored. For each operated doe, 6 fetuses were part of the experiment. Randomization determined which cornual sac and what opposing third sac were assigned to fetal surgery: hysterotomy, fetal injection (atropine, fentanyl, and cisatracurium), fetal skin incision, and suturing. Only hysterotomy was performed on the opposing cornual and third amniotic sacs of the does. The fetus in these experimental sacs was used as internal unmanipulated control (general anesthesia). All fetuses (n=38) from unmanipulated does (n=4) served as external controls (no-surgery). At term, the does were delivered by cesarean delivery under ketamine-medetomidine sedation and local anesthesia. The pups underwent standardized motoric and sensory neurologic testing on day 1 followed by euthanasia and brain harvesting for histologic assessment of neurons, synapses, proliferation, and glial cells. RESULTS Maternal vital signs were stable during surgery. Survival was similar in the 4 groups (75%-94%), and brain-to-body weight ratio was comparable; only the no-surgery pups had a higher brain weight. On postnatal day 1, the pups in the 4 groups had a comparable neurobehavioral outcome on both motoric and sensory testing. In the prefrontal cortex, no-surgery pups had significantly higher neuron density than pups who underwent maternal surgery, but there was no difference among pups that underwent general anesthesia, hysterotomy, or fetal surgery. The measurements of proliferation had a similar outcome: a higher proliferation rate in the prefrontal cortex of no-surgery pups. Moreover, synaptic density values were higher in the no-surgery pups, but there was no difference observed among pups who underwent general anesthesia, hysterotomy, and fetal surgery. Lastly, there was no difference in gliosis among the 4 groups. CONCLUSION In rabbits, fetal surgery through hysterotomy under maternal general anesthesia did not affect brain development, in addition to the effects of general anesthesia per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Van der Veeken
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Van der Veeken, Emam, and Valenzuela, Dr Van der Merwe, and Dr Deprest); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Van der Veeken and Valenzuela, Dr Van der Merwe, and Dr Deprest); Departement of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium (Dr Van der Veeken)
| | - Doaa Emam
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Van der Veeken, Emam, and Valenzuela, Dr Van der Merwe, and Dr Deprest); Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Tanta, Tanta, Egypt (Dr Emam)
| | - Tom Bleeser
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Bleeser and Rex); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Bleeser and Rex)
| | - Ignacio Valenzuela
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Van der Veeken, Emam, and Valenzuela, Dr Van der Merwe, and Dr Deprest); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Van der Veeken and Valenzuela, Dr Van der Merwe, and Dr Deprest)
| | - Johannes Van der Merwe
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Van der Veeken, Emam, and Valenzuela, Dr Van der Merwe, and Dr Deprest); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Van der Veeken and Valenzuela, Dr Van der Merwe, and Dr Deprest)
| | - Steffen Rex
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Bleeser and Rex); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Bleeser and Rex)
| | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Van der Veeken, Emam, and Valenzuela, Dr Van der Merwe, and Dr Deprest); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Drs Van der Veeken and Valenzuela, Dr Van der Merwe, and Dr Deprest); Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom (Dr Deprest).
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Nguyen TT, Nam GS, Kang JJ, Han GC, Kim JS, Dieterich M, Oh SY. The Differential Effects of Acute Right- vs. Left-Sided Vestibular Deafferentation on Spatial Cognition in Unilateral Labyrinthectomized Mice. Front Neurol 2021; 12:789487. [PMID: 34956067 PMCID: PMC8692718 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.789487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the disparity in locomotor and spatial memory deficits caused by left- or right-sided unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) using a mouse model of unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) and to examine the effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on the deficits over 14 days. Five experimental groups were established: the left-sided and right-sided UL (Lt.-UL and Rt.-UL) groups, left-sided and right-sided UL with bipolar GVS with the cathode on the lesion side (Lt.-GVS and Rt.-GVS) groups, and a control group with sham surgery. We assessed the locomotor and cognitive-behavioral functions using the open field (OF), Y maze, and Morris water maze (MWM) tests before (baseline) and 3, 7, and 14 days after surgical UL in each group. On postoperative day (POD) 3, locomotion and spatial working memory were more impaired in the Lt.-UL group compared with the Rt.-UL group (p < 0.01, Tamhane test). On POD 7, there was a substantial difference between the groups; the locomotion and spatial navigation of the Lt.-UL group recovered significantly more slowly compared with those of the Rt.-UL group. Although the differences in the short-term spatial cognition and motor coordination were resolved by POD 14, the long-term spatial navigation deficits assessed by the MWM were significantly worse in the Lt.-UL group compared with the Rt.-UL group. GVS intervention accelerated the vestibular compensation in both the Lt.-GVS and Rt.-GVS groups in terms of improvement of locomotion and spatial cognition. The current data imply that right- and left-sided UVD impair spatial cognition and locomotion differently and result in different compensatory patterns. Sequential bipolar GVS when the cathode (stimulating) was assigned to the lesion side accelerated recovery for UVD-induced spatial cognition, which may have implications for managing the patients with spatial cognitive impairment, especially that induced by unilateral peripheral vestibular damage on the dominant side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tin Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Gi-Sung Nam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Gyu Cheol Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital & School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sun-Young Oh
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
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7
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Nguyen TT, Nam GS, Kang JJ, Han GC, Kim JS, Dieterich M, Oh SY. Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Improves Spatial Cognition After Unilateral Labyrinthectomy in Mice. Front Neurol 2021; 12:716795. [PMID: 34393985 PMCID: PMC8358680 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.716795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the deficits of spatial memory and navigation from unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) and to determine the efficacy of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) for recovery from these deficits using a mouse model of unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). Methods: Thirty-six male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into three groups that comprise a control group and two experimental groups, UVD with (GVS group) and without GVS intervention (non-GVS group). In the experimental groups, we assessed the locomotor and cognitive behavioral function before (baseline) and 3, 7, and 14 days after surgical UL, using the open field (OF), Y maze, and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. In the GVS group, the stimulations were applied for 30 min daily from postoperative day (POD) 0–4 via the electrodes inserted subcutaneously close to both bony labyrinths. Results: Locomotion and spatial cognition were significantly impaired in the mice with UVD non-GVS group compared to the control group. GVS significantly accelerated recovery of locomotion compared to the control and non-GVS groups on PODs 3 (p < 0.001) and 7 (p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests) in the OF and Y maze tests. The mice in the GVS group were better in spatial working memory assessed with spontaneous alternation performance and spatial reference memory assessed with place recognition during the Y maze test than those in the non-GVS group on POD 3 (p < 0.001). In addition, the recovery of long-term spatial navigation deficits during the MWM, as indicated by the escape latency and the probe trial, was significantly better in the GVS group than in the non-GVS group 2 weeks after UVD (p < 0.01). Conclusions: UVD impairs spatial memory, navigation, and motor coordination. GVS accelerated recoveries in short- and long-term spatial memory and navigation, as well as locomotor function in mice with UVD, and may be applied to the patients with acute unilateral vestibular failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tin Nguyen
- Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Gi-Sung Nam
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Kwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Gyu Cheol Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marianne Dieterich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFB, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sun-Young Oh
- Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
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8
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Zhang L, McCarthy DM, Eskow Jaunarajs KL, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Bhide PG. Frontal Cortical Monoamine Release, Attention, and Working Memory in a Perinatal Nicotine Exposure Mouse Model Following Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonism. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:483-496. [PMID: 32869057 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Perinatal nicotine exposure (PNE) produces frontal cortical hypo-dopaminergic state and attention and working memory deficits consistent with neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methylphenidate alleviates ADHD symptoms by increasing extracellular dopamine and noradrenaline. Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonism may be another mechanism to achieve the same results because KOR activation inhibits frontal cortical dopamine release. We administered the selective KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) (20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) or methylphenidate (0.75 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) to PNE mouse model and examined frontal cortical monoamine release, attention, and working memory. Both compounds increased dopamine and noradrenaline release but neither influenced serotonin release. Both compounds improved object-based attention and working memory in the PNE group, with norBNI's effects evident at 2.5 h and 5.5 h but absent at 24 h. Methylphenidate's effects were evident at 0.5 h but not at 2.5 h. norBNI's effects temporally coincided with frontal cortical c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. norBNI did not alter tissue dopamine content in the nucleus accumbens, offering preliminary support for lack of reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Deirdre M McCarthy
- Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | | - Joseph Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas J Spencer
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pradeep G Bhide
- Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Pickel VM, Bourie F, Chan J, Mackie K, Lane DA, Wang G. Chronic adolescent exposure to ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases NMDA current and extrasynaptic plasmalemmal density of NMDA GluN1 subunits in the prelimbic cortex of adult male mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:374-383. [PMID: 31323660 PMCID: PMC6901492 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a vulnerable period of development when limbic connection of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) involved in emotional processing may be rendered dysfunctional by chronic exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), the major psychoactive compound in marijuana. Cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1Rs) largely mediate the central neural effects of ∆9-THC and endocannabinoids that regulate NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity of glutamatergic synapses in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PL-PFC). Thus, chronic occupancy of CB1Rs by ∆9-THC during adolescence may competitively decrease the functional expression and activity of NMDA receptors in the mature PL-PFC. We used a multidisciplinary approach to test this hypothesis in adult C57BL/6J male mice that received vehicle or ∆9-THC in escalating doses (2.5-10 mg/kg/ip) through adolescence (postnatal day 29-43). In comparison with vehicle, the mice receiving ∆9-THC showed a hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, decreased spontaneous firing rate, increased current-induced firing threshold, and decreased depolarizing response to NMDA in deep-layer PL-PFC neurons analyzed by current-clamp recordings. Electron microscopic immunolabeling in the PL-PFC of adult mice that had received Δ9-THC only during adolescence showed a significant (1) decrease in the extrasynaptic plasmalemmal density of obligatory GluN1-NMDA subunits in dendrites of all sizes and (2) a shift from cytoplasmic to plasmalemmal distribution of GluN1 in large dendrites receiving mainly inhibitory-type synapses from CB1R-labeled terminals. From these results and concomitant behavioral studies, we conclude that social dysfunctions resulting from excessive intake of ∆9-THC in the increasingly available marijuana products used by male teens may largely reflect circuit defects in PL-PFC networks communicating through endocannabinoid-regulated NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Pickel
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Faye Bourie
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - June Chan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47404, USA
| | - Diane A Lane
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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10
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Choi HJ, Im SJ, Park HR, Park S, Kim CE, Ryu S. Long-term Effects of Aripiprazole Treatment during Adolescence on Cognitive Function and Dopamine D2 Receptor Expression in Neurodevelopmentally Normal Rats. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:400-408. [PMID: 31352706 PMCID: PMC6705103 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.3.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of aripiprazole treatment during adolescence on behavior, cognitive function, and dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) expression in adult rats. Methods Adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with aripiprazole, risperidone, or vehicle control for 3 weeks (postnatal day 36–56). After a 2-week washout period, locomotion, anxiety, and spatial working memory were evaluated in adulthood (postnatal day 71–84), using an open field test, elevated plus maze, and Y-maze, respectively. In addition, we assessed D2R levels in the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal and ventral striatum, and hippocampus using western blot analysis. Results Spontaneous alternation performance (SAP) in the Y-maze, a measure of spatial working memory, differed significantly among the 3 groups (F = 3.89, p = 0.033). A post-hoc test confirmed that SAP in the aripiprazole group was significantly higher than that in the risperidone group (post-hoc test p = 0.013). D2R levels in the medial PFC (F = 8.72, p = 0.001) and hippocampus (F = 13.54, p < 0.001) were different among the 3 groups. D2R levels in the medial PFC and hippocampus were significantly lower in the aripiprazole-treated rats than that in the risperidone-treated rats (post-hoc test p = 0.025 and p < 0.001, respectively) and controls (post-hoc test p < 0.001, all). Conclusion This study showed that aripiprazole treatment in adolescence could influence cognitive function and dopaminergic neurotransmission into early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Choi
- Department of Mental Health Research, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Im
- Department of Mental Health Research, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Ri Park
- Department of Mental Health Research, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Department of Research Planning, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Eung Kim
- Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Mental Health Research, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Korea
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Crouch B, Yeap JM, Pais B, Riedel G, Platt B. Of mice and motion: Behavioural-EEG phenotyping of Alzheimer’s disease mouse models. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 319:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Zhang L, Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Bhide PG. Attention and working memory deficits in a perinatal nicotine exposure mouse model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198064. [PMID: 29795664 PMCID: PMC5967717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking by pregnant women is associated with a significant increase in the risk for cognitive disorders in their children. Preclinical models confirm this risk by showing that exposure of the developing brain to nicotine produces adverse behavioral outcomes. Here we describe behavioral phenotypes resulting from perinatal nicotine exposure in a mouse model, and discuss our findings in the context of findings from previously published studies using preclinical models of developmental nicotine exposure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Female C57Bl/6 mice received drinking water containing nicotine (100μg/ml) + saccharin (2%) starting 3 weeks prior to breeding and continuing throughout pregnancy, and until 3 weeks postpartum. Over the same period, female mice in two control groups received drinking water containing saccharin (2%) or plain drinking water. Offspring from each group were weaned at 3-weeks of age and subjected to behavioral analyses at 3 months of age. We examined spontaneous locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, spatial working memory, object based attention, recognition memory and impulsive-like behavior. We found significant deficits in attention and working memory only in male mice, and no significant changes in the other behavioral phenotypes in male or female mice. Exposure to saccharin alone did not produce significant changes in either sex. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The perinatal nicotine exposure produced significant deficits in attention and working memory in a sex-dependent manner in that the male but not female offspring displayed these behaviors. These behavioral phenotypes are associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and have been reported in other studies that used pre- or perinatal nicotine exposure. Therefore, we suggest that preclinical models of developmental nicotine exposure could be useful tools for modeling ADHD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Center for Brain Repair, Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Spencer
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Pradeep G. Bhide
- Center for Brain Repair, Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gkioka E, Korou LM, Daskalopoulou A, Misitzi A, Batsidis E, Bakoyiannis I, Pergialiotis V. Prenatal cocaine exposure and its impact on cognitive functions of offspring: a pathophysiological insight. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:523-34. [PMID: 26953708 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that approximately 0.5%-3% of fetuses are prenatally exposed to cocaine (COC). The neurodevelopmental implications of this exposure are numerous and include motor skill impairments, alterations of social function, predisposition to anxiety, and memory function and attention deficits; these implications are commonly observed in experimental studies and ultimately affect both learning and IQ. According to previous studies, the clinical manifestations of prenatal COC exposure seem to persist at least until adolescence. The pathophysiological cellular processes that underlie these impairments include dysfunctional myelination, disrupted dendritic architecture, and synaptic alterations. On a molecular level, various neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, catecholamines, and γ-aminobutyric acid seem to participate in this process. Finally, prenatal COC abuse has been also associated with functional changes in the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that mediate neuroendocrine responses. The purpose of this review is to summarize the neurodevelopmental consequences of prenatal COC abuse, to describe the pathophysiological pathways that underlie these consequences, and to provide implications for future research in the field.
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García-Pardo MP, De la Rubia Ortí JE, Aguilar Calpe MA. Differential effects of MDMA and cocaine on inhibitory avoidance and object recognition tests in rodents. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 146:1-11. [PMID: 29081371 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug addiction continues being a major public problem faced by modern societies with different social, health and legal consequences for the consumers. Consumption of psychostimulants, like cocaine or MDMA (known as ecstasy) are highly prevalent and cognitive and memory impairments have been related with the abuse of these drugs. AIM The aim of this work was to review the most important data of the literature in the last 10 years about the effects of cocaine and MDMA on inhibitory avoidance and object recognition tests in rodents. DEVELOPMENT The object recognition and the inhibitory avoidance tests are popular procedures used to assess different types of memory. We compare the effects of cocaine and MDMA administration in these tests, taking in consideration different factors such as the period of life development of the animals (prenatal, adolescence and adult age), the presence of polydrug consumption or the role of environmental variables. Brain structures involved in the effects of cocaine and MDMA on memory are also described. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine and MDMA induced similar impairing effects on the object recognition test during critical periods of lifetime or after abstinence of prolonged consumption in adulthood. Deficits of inhibitory avoidance memory are observed only in adult rodents exposed to MDMA. Psychostimulant abuse is a potential factor to induce memory impairments and could facilitate the development of future neurodegenerative disorders.
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Martin MM, Graham DL, McCarthy DM, Bhide PG, Stanwood GD. Cocaine-induced neurodevelopmental deficits and underlying mechanisms. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2016; 108:147-73. [PMID: 27345015 PMCID: PMC5538582 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to drugs early in life has complex and long-lasting implications for brain structure and function. This review summarizes work to date on the immediate and long-term effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine. In utero cocaine exposure produces disruptions in brain monoamines, particularly dopamine, during sensitive periods of brain development, and leads to permanent changes in specific brain circuits, molecules, and behavior. Here, we integrate clinical studies and significance with mechanistic preclinical studies, to define our current knowledge base and identify gaps for future investigation. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:147-173, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Devon L. Graham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Deirdre M. McCarthy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Pradeep G. Bhide
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Gregg D. Stanwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
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Assessment of the Central Effects of Natural Uranium via Behavioural Performances and the Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolome. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:9740353. [PMID: 27247806 PMCID: PMC4877492 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9740353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural uranium (NU), a component of the earth's crust, is not only a heavy metal but also an alpha particle emitter, with chemical and radiological toxicity. Populations may therefore be chronically exposed to NU through drinking water and food. Since the central nervous system is known to be sensitive to pollutants during its development, we assessed the effects on the behaviour and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolome of rats exposed for 9 months from birth to NU via lactation and drinking water (1.5, 10, or 40 mg·L(-1) for male rats and 40 mg·L(-1) for female rats). Medium-term memory decreased in comparison to controls in male rats exposed to 1.5, 10, or 40 mg·L(-1) NU. In male rats, spatial working memory and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour were only altered by exposure to 40 mg·L(-1) NU and any significant effect was observed on locomotor activity. In female rats exposed to NU, only locomotor activity was significantly increased in comparison with controls. LC-MS metabolomics of CSF discriminated the fingerprints of the male and/or female NU-exposed and control groups. This study suggests that exposure to environmental doses of NU from development to adulthood can have an impact on rat brain function.
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Thompson BL, Levitt P. Complete or partial reduction of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase in distinct circuits differentially impacts mouse behavior. J Neurodev Disord 2015; 7:35. [PMID: 26523156 PMCID: PMC4628780 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-015-9131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our laboratory discovered that the gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase, MET, contributes to autism risk. Expression of MET is reduced in human postmortem temporal lobe in autism and Rett Syndrome. Subsequent studies revealed a role for MET in human and mouse functional and structural cortical connectivity. To further understand the contribution of Met to brain development and its impact on behavior, we generated two conditional mouse lines in which Met is deleted from select populations of central nervous system neurons. Mice were then tested to determine the consequences of disrupting Met expression. METHODS Mating of Emx1 (cre) and Met (fx/fx) mice eliminates receptor signaling from all cells arising from the dorsal pallium. Met (fx/fx) and Nestin (cre) crosses result in receptor signaling elimination from all neural cells. Behavioral tests were performed to assess cognitive, emotional, and social impairments that are observed in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and that are in part subserved by circuits that express Met. RESULTS Met (fx/fx) /Emx1 (cre) null mice displayed significant hypoactivity in the activity chamber and in the T-maze despite superior performance on the rotarod. Additionally, these animals showed a deficit in spontaneous alternation. Surprisingly, Met (fx/fx; fx/+) /Nestin (cre) null and heterozygous mice exhibited deficits in contextual fear conditioning, and Met (fx/+) /Nestin (cre) heterozygous mice spent less time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a complex contribution of Met in the development of circuits mediating social, emotional, and cognitive behavior. The impact of disrupting developmental Met expression is dependent upon circuit-specific deletion patterns and levels of receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Thompson
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ; Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA
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Lepsch LB, Planeta CS, Scavone C. Cocaine Causes Apoptotic Death in Rat Mesencephalon and Striatum Primary Cultures. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:750752. [PMID: 26295051 PMCID: PMC4532811 DOI: 10.1155/2015/750752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To study cocaine's toxic effects in vitro, we have used primary mesencephalic and striatal cultures from rat embryonic brain. Treatment with cocaine causes a dramatic increase in DNA fragmentation in both primary cultures. The toxicity induced by cocaine was paralleled with a concomitant decrease in the microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) and/or neuronal nucleus protein (NeuN) staining. We also observed in both cultures that the cell death caused by cocaine was induced by an apoptotic mechanism, confirmed by TUNEL assay. Therefore, the present paper shows that cocaine causes apoptotic cell death and inhibition of the neurite prolongation in striatal and mesencephalic cell culture. These data suggest that if similar neuronal damage could be produced in the developing human brain, it could account for the qualitative or quantitative defects in neuronal pathways that cause a major handicap in brain function following prenatal exposure to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilia B. Lepsch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Room 338, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- LIBBS Company, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleopatra S. Planeta
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Critoforo Scavone
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Room 338, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Graham DL, Buendia MA, Chapman MA, Durai HH, Stanwood GD. Deletion of Gαq in the telencephalon alters specific neurobehavioral outcomes. Synapse 2015; 69:434-45. [PMID: 25963901 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
G(αq) -coupled receptors are ubiquitously expressed throughout the brain and body, and it has been shown that these receptors and associated signaling cascades are involved in a number of functional outputs, including motor function and learning and memory. Genetic alterations to G(αq) have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Sturge-Weber syndrome. Some of these associated disease outcomes have been modeled in laboratory animals, but as G(αq) is expressed in all cell types, it is difficult to differentiate the underlying circuitry or causative neuronal population. To begin to address neuronal cell type diversity in G(αq) function, we utilized a conditional knockout mouse whereby G(αq) was eliminated from telencephalic glutamatergic neurons. Unlike the global G(αq) knockout mouse, we found that these conditional knockout mice were not physically different from control mice, nor did they exhibit any gross motor abnormalities. However, similarly to the constitutive knockout animal, G(αq) conditional knockout mice demonstrated apparent deficits in spatial working memory. Loss of G(αq) from glutamatergic neurons also produced enhanced sensitivity to cocaine-induced locomotion, suggesting that cortical G(αq) signaling may limit behavioral responses to psychostimulants. Screening for a variety of markers of forebrain neuronal architecture revealed no obvious differences in the conditional knockouts, suggesting that the loss of G(αq) in telencephalic excitatory neurons does not result in major alterations in brain structure or neuronal differentiation. Taken together, our results define specific modulation of spatial working memory and psychostimulant responses through disruptions in G(αq) signaling within cerebral cortical glutamatergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Graham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, 32303
| | - Matthew A Buendia
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Michelle A Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Heather H Durai
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, 32303
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Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD. Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:61-87. [PMID: 24938210 PMCID: PMC4262892 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most drugs of abuse easily cross the placenta and can affect fetal brain development. In utero exposures to drugs thus can have long-lasting implications for brain structure and function. These effects on the developing nervous system, before homeostatic regulatory mechanisms are properly calibrated, often differ from their effects on mature systems. In this review, we describe current knowledge on how alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, Ecstasy, and opiates (among other drugs) produce alterations in neurodevelopmental trajectory. We focus both on animal models and available clinical and imaging data from cross-sectional and longitudinal human studies. Early studies of fetal exposures focused on classic teratological methods that are insufficient for revealing more subtle effects that are nevertheless very behaviorally relevant. Modern mechanistic approaches have informed us greatly as to how to potentially ameliorate the induced deficits in brain formation and function, but conclude that better delineation of sensitive periods, dose-response relationships, and long-term longitudinal studies assessing future risk of offspring to exhibit learning disabilities, mental health disorders, and limited neural adaptations are crucial to limit the societal impact of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Ross
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Devon L Graham
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli M Money
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Bakshi K, Parihar R, Goswami SK, Walsh M, Friedman E, Wang HY. Prenatal cocaine exposure uncouples mGluR1 from Homer1 and Gq Proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91671. [PMID: 24626340 PMCID: PMC3953582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine exposure during gestation causes protracted neurobehavioral changes consistent with a compromised glutamatergic system. Although cocaine profoundly disrupts glutamatergic neurotransmission and in utero cocaine exposure negatively affects metabotropic glutamate receptor-type 1 (mGluR1) activity, the effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on mGluR1 signaling and the underlying mechanism responsible for the prenatal cocaine effect remain elusive. Using brains of the 21-day-old (P21) prenatal cocaine-exposed rats, we show that prenatal cocaine exposure uncouples mGluR1s from their associated synaptic anchoring protein, Homer1 and signal transducer, Gq/11 proteins leading to markedly reduced mGluR1-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in frontal cortex (FCX) and hippocampus. This prenatal cocaine-induced effect is the result of a sustained protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of mGluR1 on the serine residues. In support, phosphatase treatment of prenatal cocaine-exposed tissues restores whereas PKC-mediated phosphorylation of saline-treated synaptic membrane attenuates mGluR1 coupling to both Gq/11 and Homer1. Expression of mGluR1, Homer1 or Gα proteins was not altered by prenatal cocaine exposure. Collectively, these data indicate that prenatal cocaine exposure triggers PKC-mediated hyper-phosphorylation of the mGluR1 leading to uncoupling of mGluR1 from its signaling components. Hence, blockade of excessive PKC activation may alleviate abnormalities in mGluR1 signaling and restores mGluR1-regulated brain functions in prenatal cocaine-exposed brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalindi Bakshi
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raminder Parihar
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Satindra K. Goswami
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Walsh
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hoau-Yan Wang
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Planeta CS, Lepsch LB, Alves R, Scavone C. Influence of the dopaminergic system, CREB, and transcription factor-κB on cocaine neurotoxicity. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:909-915. [PMID: 24141554 PMCID: PMC3854330 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a widely used drug and its abuse is associated with physical, psychiatric
and social problems. Abnormalities in newborns have been demonstrated to be due to
the toxic effects of cocaine during fetal development. The mechanism by which cocaine
causes neurological damage is complex and involves interactions of the drug with
several neurotransmitter systems, such as the increase of extracellular levels of
dopamine and free radicals, and modulation of transcription factors. The aim of this
review was to evaluate the importance of the dopaminergic system and the
participation of inflammatory signaling in cocaine neurotoxicity. Our study showed
that cocaine activates the transcription factors NF-κB and CREB, which regulate genes
involved in cellular death. GBR 12909 (an inhibitor of dopamine reuptake), lidocaine
(a local anesthetic), and dopamine did not activate NF-κB in the same way as cocaine.
However, the attenuation of NF-κB activity after the pretreatment of the cells with
SCH 23390, a D1 receptor antagonist, suggests that the activation of NF-κB by cocaine
is, at least partially, due to activation of D1 receptors. NF-κB seems to have a
protective role in these cells because its inhibition increased cellular death caused
by cocaine. The increase in BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) mRNA can also be
related to the protective role of both CREB and NF-κB transcription factors. An
understanding of the mechanisms by which cocaine induces cell death in the brain will
contribute to the development of new therapies for drug abusers, which can help to
slow down the progress of degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Planeta
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, AraraquaraSP, Brasil
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Lestaevel P, Bensoussan H, Dhieux B, Delissen O, Vacher CM, Dublineau I, Voisin P, Taouis M. Cerebral cortex and hippocampus respond differently after post-natal exposure to uranium. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:803-11. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lestaevel
- Institut de RadioProtection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle de la Radioprotection de l’Homme, Service de Radiobiologie et d’Epidémiologie, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale
| | - Hélène Bensoussan
- Institut de RadioProtection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle de la Radioprotection de l’Homme, Service de Radiobiologie et d’Epidémiologie, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale
| | - Bernadette Dhieux
- Institut de RadioProtection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle de la Radioprotection de l’Homme, Service de Radiobiologie et d’Epidémiologie, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale
| | - Olivia Delissen
- Institut de RadioProtection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle de la Radioprotection de l’Homme, Service de Radiobiologie et d’Epidémiologie, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale
| | - Claire-Marie Vacher
- Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, UMR 1197 INRA/Université Paris XI
| | - Isabelle Dublineau
- Institut de RadioProtection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle de la Radioprotection de l’Homme, Service de Radiobiologie et d’Epidémiologie, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale
| | - Philippe Voisin
- Institut de RadioProtection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Pôle de la Radioprotection de l’Homme, Service de Radiobiologie et d’Epidémiologie, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale
| | - Mohammed Taouis
- Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, UMR 1197 INRA/Université Paris XI
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Baudin A, Blot K, Verney C, Estevez L, Santamaria J, Gressens P, Giros B, Otani S, Daugé V, Naudon L. Maternal deprivation induces deficits in temporal memory and cognitive flexibility and exaggerates synaptic plasticity in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98:207-14. [PMID: 22922490 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Early life adverse events can lead to structural and functional impairments in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here, we investigated whether maternal deprivation (MD) alters PFC-dependent executive functions, neurons and astrocytes number and synaptic plasticity in adult male Long-Evans rats. The deprivation protocol consisted of a daily separation of newborn Long-Evans pups from their mothers and littermates 3h/day postnatal day 1-14. Cognitive performances were assessed in adulthood using the temporal order memory task (TMT) and the attentional set-shifting task (ASST) that principally implicates the PFC and the Morris water maze task (WMT) that does not essentially rely on the PFC. The neurons and astrocytes of the prelimbic (PrL) area of the medial PFC (mPFC) were immunolabelled respectively with anti-NeuN and anti-GFAP antibodies and quantified by stereology. The field potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of ventral hippocampus (ventral HPC) were recorded in vivo in the PrL area. In adulthood, MD produced cognitive deficits in two PFC-dependent tasks, the TMT and ASST, but not in the WMT. In parallel, MD induced in the prelimbic area of the medial PFC an upregulation of long-term potentiation (LTP), without any change in the number of neurons and astrocytes. We provide evidence that MD leads in adults to an alteration of the cognitive abilities dependent on the PFC, and to an exaggerated synaptic plasticity in this region. We suggest that this latter phenomenon may contribute to the impairments in the cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Baudin
- INSERM, UMRs, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central, Paris, France
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25
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Killinger CE, Robinson S, Stanwood GD. Subtle biobehavioral effects produced by paternal cocaine exposure. Synapse 2012; 66:902-8. [PMID: 22807092 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increased prevalence of cocaine use and abuse in males when compared with females, possible effects of paternal cocaine exposure on biobehavioral development have received little attention. We therefore exposed male mice to cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle for 10 weeks and then used those mice as sires. We then behaviorally phenotyped the F1 offspring to assess the consequences of paternal cocaine exposure on brain function. We report the presence of a subtle but significant increase in immobility in the tail suspension test, a measure of behavioral depression, following paternal cocaine. Body weight was also significantly decreased in paternal cocaine-exposed offspring. Other aspects of neurobehavioral function, including locomotor activity, anxiety, and learning and memory, were not affected by paternal cocaine history. These data suggest alterations in brain systems and/or circuitry underlying mood regulation in the offspring of cocaine-using fathers. Synapse 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Killinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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26
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Frederick AL, Saborido TP, Stanwood GD. Neurobehavioral phenotyping of G(αq) knockout mice reveals impairments in motor functions and spatial working memory without changes in anxiety or behavioral despair. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:29. [PMID: 22723772 PMCID: PMC3377978 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurotransmitters, hormones, and sensory stimuli elicit their cellular responses through the targeted activation of receptors coupled to the Gαq family of heterotrimeric G proteins. Nevertheless, we still understand little about the consequences of loss of this signaling activity on brain function. We therefore examined the effects of genetic inactivation of Gnaq, the gene that encode for Gαq, on responsiveness in a battery of behavioral tests in order to assess the contribution of Gαq signaling capacity in the brain circuits mediating expression of affective behaviors (anxiety and behavioral despair), spatial working memory, and locomotor output (coordination, strength, spontaneous activity, and drug-induced responses). First, we replicated and extended findings showing clear motor deficits in Gαq knockout mice as assessed on an accelerating rotarod and the inverted screen test. We then assessed the contribution of the basal ganglia motor loops to these impairments, using open field testing and analysis of drug-induced locomotor responses to the psychostimulant cocaine, the benzazepine D1 receptor agonists SKF83822 and SKF83959, and the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. We observed significant increases in drug-induced locomotor activity in Gαq knockout mice from the dopaminergic agonists but not MK-801, indicating that basal ganglia locomotor circuitry is largely intact in the absence of Gαq. Additionally, we observed normal phenotypes in both the elevated zero maze and the forced swim test indicating that anxiety and depression-related circuitry appears to be largely intact after loss of Gnaq expression. Lastly, use of the Y-maze revealed spatial memory deficits in Gαq knockout mice, indicating that receptors signaling through Gαq are necessary in these circuits for proficiency in this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya L Frederick
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN, USA
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McLaughlin B, Buendia MA, Saborido TP, Palubinsky AM, Stankowski JN, Stanwood GD. Haploinsufficiency of the E3 ubiquitin ligase C-terminus of heat shock cognate 70 interacting protein (CHIP) produces specific behavioral impairments. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36340. [PMID: 22606257 PMCID: PMC3350526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP is an essential interacting partner of HSP70, which together promote the proteasomal degradation of client proteins. Acute CHIP overexpression provides neuroprotection against neurotoxic mitochondrial stress, glucocorticoids, and accumulation of toxic amyloid fragments, as well as genetic mutations in other E3 ligases, which have been shown to result in familial Parkinson's disease. These studies have created a great deal of interest in understanding CHIP activity, expression and modulation. While CHIP knockout mice have the potential to provide essential insights into the molecular control of cell fate and survival, the animals have been difficult to characterize in vivo due to severe phenotypic and behavioral dysfunction, which have thus far been poorly characterized. Therefore, in the present study we conducted a battery of neurobehavioral and physiological assays of adult CHIP heterozygotic (HET) mutant mice to provide a better understanding of the functional consequence of CHIP deficiency. We found that CHIP HET mice had normal body and brain weight, body temperature, muscle tone and breathing patterns, but do have a significant elevation in baseline heart rate. Meanwhile basic behavioral screens of sensory, motor, emotional and cognitive functions were normative. We observed no alterations in performance in the elevated plus maze, light-dark preference and tail suspension assays, or two simple cognitive tasks: novel object recognition and spontaneous alternation in a Y maze. Significant deficits were found, however, when CHIP HET mice performed wire hang, inverted screen, wire maneuver, and open field tasks. Taken together, our data indicate a clear subset of behaviors that are altered at baseline in CHIP deficient animals, which will further guide whole animal studies of the effects of CHIP dysregulation on cardiac function, brain circuitry and function, and responsiveness to environmental and cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethann McLaughlin
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.
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28
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Carpenter AC, Saborido TP, Stanwood GD. Development of hyperactivity and anxiety responses in dopamine transporter-deficient mice. Dev Neurosci 2012; 34:250-7. [PMID: 22572477 DOI: 10.1159/000336824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that regulates many aspects of motivated behavior in animals. Extracellular DA is highly regulated by the presynaptic high-affinity dopamine transporter (DAT), and drug- or genetically induced deficiencies in DAT function result in loss of DA reuptake. Mice in which DAT expression has been ablated have been previously proposed to be a relevant model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and have led to mechanistic insights regarding psychostimulant drug actions. However, very little previous work has emphasized the biobehavioral development of DAT-deficient mice. We therefore examined motoric, emotional and cognitive phenotypes in preadolescent (P22-26) DAT mutant mice. Consistent with previous reports in adult DAT(-/-) mice, we observed a hyperlocomotive phenotype in preadolescent mice across multiple assays. Somewhat surprisingly, spatial working memory in a Y-maze appeared intact, suggesting that cognitive phenotypes may emerge relatively late in development following hyperdopaminergia. Anxiety levels appeared to be reduced in DAT(-/-) mice, as defined by elevated plus maze and light-dark preference assays. No significant differences were observed between wild-type and heterozygous mice, suggesting a minimal impact of DAT haploinsufficiency on neurobehavioral status. Taken together, these data for the first time establish behavioral phenotypes of DAT mutant mice during development and suggest complex developmental stage-dependent effects of DA signaling on cognitive and emotional behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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29
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Cai M, Shin BY, Kim DH, Kim JM, Park SJ, Park CS, Won DH, Hong ND, Kang DH, Yutaka Y, Ryu JH. Neuroprotective effects of a traditional herbal prescription on transient cerebral global ischemia in gerbils. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:723-730. [PMID: 22020275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK), a traditional herbal prescription composed of Rehmannia glutinosa var. purpurae, Panax ginseng, Poria cocos, Lycium chinense, Aquillaria agallocha and honey, has been used to treat age-related symptoms, such as amnesia or dementia, and has been shown to ameliorate scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. However, the effects of KOK on transient cerebral global ischemia-induced brain damage are unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transient cerebral global ischemia was induced by occluding the bilateral common carotid artery for 5 min followed by reperfusion for 7 days. KOK (0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 g/kg) was administered orally immediately after reperfusion and once a day over the next 7 days. Y-maze or novel object recognition tasks were to analyze learning and memory capabilities at 4 or 5 days after reperfusion, respectively. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were used for evaluation of the effect of KOK on neuronal degeneration. RESULTS Histochemical studies showed that KOK increased the number of viable cells detected by Nissl staining and decreased the number of degenerated neuronal cells detected by Fluoro-Jade B staining in the hippocampal CA1 region. In the immunohistochemical study, the sub-chronic KOK administration attenuated the ischemia-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes and the increase of cytokine IL-1β (P<0.05). In addition, KOK administration significantly attenuated the ischemia-induced cognitive impairments observed in the Y-maze and novel object recognition tasks (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the neuroprotective effects of KOK may be mediated by its anti-inflammatory activities, resulting in the attenuation of memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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In utero exposure to cocaine delays postnatal synaptic maturation of glutamatergic transmission in the VTA. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:1439-46. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bakshi K, Kosciuk M, Nagele RG, Friedman E, Wang HY. Prenatal cocaine exposure increases synaptic localization of a neuronal RasGEF, GRASP-1 via hyperphosphorylation of AMPAR anchoring protein, GRIP. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25019. [PMID: 21980374 PMCID: PMC3181332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure causes sustained phosphorylation of the synaptic anchoring protein, glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP1/2), preventing synaptic targeting of the GluR2/3-containing alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs; J. Neurosci. 29: 6308–6319, 2009). Because overexpression of GRIP-associated neuronal rasGEF protein (GRASP-1) specifically reduces the synaptic targeting of AMPARs, we hypothesized that prenatal cocaine exposure enhances GRASP-1 synaptic membrane localization leading to hyper-activation of ras family proteins and heightened actin polymerization. Our results show a markedly increased GRIP1-associated GRASP-1 content with approximately 40% reduction in its rasGEF activity in frontal cortices (FCX) of 21-day-old (P21) prenatal cocaine-exposed rats. This cocaine effect is the result of a persistent protein kinase C (PKC)- and downstream Src tyrosine kinase-mediated GRIP phosphorylation. The hyperactivated PKC also increased membrane-associated GRASP-1 and activated small G-proteins RhoA, cdc42/Rac1 and Rap1 as well as filamentous actin (F-actin) levels without an effect on the phosphorylation state of actin. Since increased F-actin facilitates protein transport, our results suggest that increased GRASP-1 synaptic localization in prenatal cocaine-exposed brains is an adaptive response to restoring the synaptic expression of AMPA-GluR2/3. Our earlier data demonstrated that persistent PKC-mediated GRIP phosphorylation reduces GluR2/3 synaptic targeting in prenatal cocaine-exposed brains, we now show that the increased GRIP-associated GRASP-1 may contribute to the reduction in GluR2/3 synaptic expression and AMPAR signaling defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalindi Bakshi
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology & Neuroscience, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Neuroscience/Institute for Basic Research/City University of New York Graduate School, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary Kosciuk
- New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Nagele
- New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology & Neuroscience, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hoau-Yan Wang
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology & Neuroscience, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Now You See It, Now You Don't—Closing in on Allostasis and Developmental Basis of Psychiatric Disorders. Neuron 2010; 65:437-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Specificity of prenatal cocaine exposure effects on cortical interneurons is independent from dopamine D1 receptor co-localization. J Chem Neuroanat 2010; 39:228-34. [PMID: 20080176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gestational cocaine exposure in a rabbit model leads to a persistent increase in parvalbumin immunoreactive cells and processes, reduces dopamine D1 receptor coupling to Gsalpha by means of improper trafficking of the receptor, changes pyramidal neuron morphology, and disrupts cognitive function. Here, experiments investigated whether changes in parvalbumin neurons were specific, or extended to other subpopulations of interneurons. Additionally, we examined dopamine D1 receptor expression patterns and its overlap with specific interneuron populations in the rabbit prefrontal cortex as a possible correlate for alterations in interneuron development following prenatal cocaine exposure. Analysis of calbindin and calretinin interneuron subtypes revealed that they did not exhibit any differences in cell number or process development. Thus, specific consequences of prenatal cocaine in the rabbit appear to be limited to parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Dopamine D1 receptor expression did not correlate with the selective effects of cocaine exposure, however, as both parvalbumin and calbindin cell types expressed the receptor. The findings suggest that additional, unique properties of parvalbumin neurons contribute to their developmental sensitivity to in utero cocaine exposure.
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Cocaine exposure in utero alters synaptic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex of postnatal rats. J Neurosci 2009; 29:12664-74. [PMID: 19812341 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1984-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine exposure during pregnancy causes abnormality in fetal brain development, leading to cognitive dysfunction of the offspring, but the underlying cellular mechanism remains mostly unclear. In this study, we examined synaptic functions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of postnatal rats that were exposed to cocaine in utero, using whole-cell recording from mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons in acute brain slices. Cocaine exposure in utero resulted in a facilitated activity-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synapses on these pyramidal neurons and an elevated neuronal excitability in postnatal rat pups after postnatal day 15 (P15). This facilitated LTP could be primarily attributed to the reduction of GABAergic inhibition. Biochemical assays of isolated mPFC tissue from postnatal rats further showed that cocaine exposure in utero caused a marked reduction in the surface expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits alpha1, beta2, and beta3, but had no effect on glutamate receptor subunit GluR1. Both facilitated LTP and reduced surface expression of GABA(A) receptors persisted in rats up to at least P42. Finally, the behavioral consequence of cocaine exposure in utero was reflected by the reduction in the sensitivity of locomotor activity in postnatal rats to cocaine and the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine. Since the mPFC is an important part of the reward circuit in the rat brain and plays important roles in cognitive functions, these findings offer new insights into the cellular mechanism underlying the adverse effects of cocaine exposure in utero on brain development and cognitive functions.
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35
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Houpert P, Bizot JC, Bussy C, Dhieux B, Lestaevel P, Gourmelon P, Paquet F. Comparison of the effects of enriched uranium and 137-cesium on the behaviour of rats after chronic exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 83:99-104. [PMID: 17357431 DOI: 10.1080/09553000601121124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A radionuclide that accumulates in the central nervous system is likely to exert both a chemical and a radiological effect. The present study aimed at assessing the behavioral effect of two radionuclides previously shown to accumulate in the central nervous system after chronic exposure--uranium and cesium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were exposed for 9 months to drinking water contaminated with either enriched uranium at a dosage of 40 mg U x l(-1) or 137-cesium at a dosage of 6500 Bq x l(-1), which correspond to the highest concentrations measured in some wells in the south of Finland (uranium) or in the milk in Belarus in the year following the Chernobyl accident (137-cesium). RESULTS At this level of exposure, 137-cesium had no effect on the locomotor activity measured in an open-field, on immobility time in a forced swimming test, on spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze and on novel object exploration in an object recognition test. Enriched uranium exposure specifically reduced the spontaneous alternation measured in the Y-maze after 3 and 9 months exposure although it did not affect the other parameters. CONCLUSION Enriched uranium exposure altered the spatial working memory capacities and this effect was correlated with previously described accumulation of uranium in the hippocampus which is one of the cerebral areas involved in this memory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Houpert
- Laboratoire de radiotoxicologie expérimentale, Service de radiobiologie et d'épidémiologie, Direction de la radioprotection de l'homme, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, BP 166, 26702 Pierrelatte, France.
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Prenatal cocaine reduces AMPA receptor synaptic expression through hyperphosphorylation of the synaptic anchoring protein GRIP. J Neurosci 2009; 29:6308-19. [PMID: 19439608 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5485-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure produces sustained neurobehavioral and brain synaptic changes closely resembling those of animals with defective AMPA receptors (AMPARs). We hypothesized that prenatal cocaine exposure attenuates AMPAR signaling by interfering with AMPAR synaptic targeting. AMPAR function is governed by receptor cycling on and off the synaptic membrane through its interaction with glutamate receptor-interacting protein (GRIP), a PDZ domain protein that is regulated by reversible phosphorylation. Our results show that prenatal cocaine exposure markedly reduces AMPAR synaptic targeting and attenuates AMPAR-mediated synaptic long-term depression in the frontal cortex of 21-d-old rats. This cocaine effect is the result of reduced GRIP-AMPAR interaction caused by persistent phosphorylation of GRIP by protein kinase C (PKC) and Src tyrosine kinase. These data support the restoration of AMPAR activation via suppressing excessive PKC-mediated GRIP phosphorylation as a novel therapeutic approach to treat the neurobehavioral consequences of prenatal cocaine.
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37
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Frederick AL, Stanwood GD. Drugs, biogenic amine targets and the developing brain. Dev Neurosci 2009; 31:7-22. [PMID: 19372683 DOI: 10.1159/000207490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the development of the brain have a profound impact on mature brain functions and underlying psychopathology. Classical neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA, have pleiotropic effects during brain development. In other words, these molecules produce multiple diverse effects to serve as regulators of distinct cellular functions at different times in neurodevelopment. These systems are impacted upon by abuse of a variety of illicit drugs, neurotherapeutics and environmental contaminants. In this review, we describe the impact of drugs and chemicals on brain formation and function in animal models and in human populations, highlighting sensitive periods and effects that may not emerge until later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya L Frederick
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA
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Thompson BL, Levitt P, Stanwood GD. Prenatal exposure to drugs: effects on brain development and implications for policy and education. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:303-12. [PMID: 19277053 PMCID: PMC2777887 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of prenatal exposure to drugs on brain development are complex and are modulated by the timing, dose and route of drug exposure. It is difficult to assess these effects in clinical cohorts as these are beset with problems such as multiple exposures and difficulties in documenting use patterns. This can lead to misinterpretation of research findings by the general public, the media and policy makers, who may mistakenly assume that the legal status of a drug correlates with its biological impact on fetal brain development and long-term clinical outcomes. It is important to close the gap between what science tells us about the impact of prenatal drug exposure on the fetus and the mother and what we do programmatically with regard to at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Chae SM, Covington CY. Biobehavioral Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine: Evidence From Animal Models. Biol Res Nurs 2009; 10:318-30. [DOI: 10.1177/1099800408330395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine has been a popular illicit drug among drug-using pregnant women over the last three decades. Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has significant effects on children's development throughout early childhood. Very few human studies, however, report the effects of PCE on adolescent or early-adult development. As knowledge about early childhood effects in human children was informed by animal studies, this review considers the effects of PCE on behavioral outcomes in adolescent and young adult animals and provides potential guidance for research in human children. Animal models prenatally exposed to cocaine manifest play deficits, decreased social interaction, and increased aggression during competition in adolescence and young adulthood. Altered behavioral adaptation after stress exposure, including hormonal response change, is also evident. Attention deficits are reported in adult offspring with PCE, not only in a novel environment, but also in a final task session, indicating effects of PCE on transition and maintenance of attention. Animal studies support that PCE effects may extend beyond early childhood and continue to adolescence and adulthood. Additionally, some studies highlight that behavioral changes in offspring with PCE born without teratogenesis remain latent and reveal themselves during adulthood when animals are under stress conditions. Based on the evidence from animal models, well-designed human studies are needed to elucidate the effects of PCE on older human children. Research models that combine behavioral measures with stressful challenges may hold potential in discerning a longer term influence of PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Chae
- College of Nursing, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, sunmichae@ajou.
ac.kr
| | - Chandice Y. Covington
- Laura Bush Women's Health Institute, Anita Thigpen Perry
School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock,
Texas
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40
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Thompson BL, Stanwood GD. Pleiotropic effects of neurotransmission during development: modulators of modularity. J Autism Dev Disord 2008; 39:260-8. [PMID: 18648918 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation and function of the mammalian cerebral cortex relies on the complex interplay of a variety of genetic and environmental factors through protracted periods of gestational and postnatal development. Biogenic amine systems are important neuromodulators, both in the adult nervous system, and during critical epochs of brain development. Abnormalities in developmental programming likely contribute to developmental delays and multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders, often with symptom onset much later than the actual induction of pathology. We review several genetic and pharmacological models of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin modulation during development, each of which produces permanent changes in cerebral cortical structure and function. These models clearly illustrate the ability of these neurotransmitters to function beyond their classic roles and show their involvement in the development and modulation of fine brain circuitry that is sensitive to numerous effectors. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate the need to consider not only gene by environment interactions, but also gene by environment by developmental time interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Parlaman JP, Thompson BL, Levitt P, Stanwood GD. Pharmacokinetic profile of cocaine following intravenous administration in the female rabbit. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 563:124-9. [PMID: 17383635 PMCID: PMC1945095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure in a rabbit intravenous model has revealed selective disruption of brain development and pharmacological responsiveness. We therefore examined the pharmacokinetic properties of cocaine in this model. Dutch-belted rabbits were surgically implanted with a catheter in the carotid artery, allowed to recover, and then injected intravenously with a cocaine bolus. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations were measured in arterial blood plasma and analyzed by nonlinear regression and noncompartmental analyses. Peak cocaine concentration occurred by 30s, was transient, and distribution was rapid. The profile of cocaine in the rabbit is similar to that observed in humans using cocaine at recreational doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Parlaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN 37232
| | - Barbara L. Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN 37232
| | - Pat Levitt
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37203
| | - Gregg D. Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37203
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42
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Elsworth JD, Morrow BA, Nguyen VT, Mitra J, Picciotto MR, Roth RH. Prenatal cocaine exposure enhances responsivity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons: role of autoreceptors. Neuroscience 2007; 147:419-27. [PMID: 17543464 PMCID: PMC2855228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Children exposed to cocaine during gestation have a higher incidence of neurobehavioral deficits. The neurochemical bases of these deficits have not been determined, but the pharmacology of cocaine and the nature of the abnormalities suggest that disruptions in catecholaminergic systems may be involved. In the current study, we used a rat model of prenatal cocaine exposure to examine the impact that this exposure has on the locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic system in offspring. Pregnant rats received twice-daily i.v. injections of cocaine (3 mg/kg) or saline between gestational days 10 and 20, and progeny were tested as juveniles. Exposure to a mild stressor elevated an index of norepinephrine turnover in the prefrontal cortex and also increased Fos expression in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive LC neurons in rats exposed to prenatal cocaine but not in rats exposed to prenatal saline. No change in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the LC was observed between the two prenatal treatment groups. Specific binding of [125I]-para-iodoclonidine, a radioligand with specificity for high affinity alpha2A-adrenergic receptors, was decreased in the LC of rats exposed to prenatal cocaine compared with prenatal saline controls. As alpha2-adrenergic receptors on LC norepinephrine neurons function as autoreceptors, their down-regulation by prenatal cocaine exposure provides a plausible mechanism for the observed heightened reactivity of norepinephrine neurons in these animals. These data indicate that prenatal cocaine exposure results in lasting changes to the regulation and responsivity of rat LC norepinephrine neurons. A similar dysregulation of LC norepinephrine neurons may occur in children exposed to cocaine during gestation, and this may explain, at least partly, the increased incidence of cognitive deficits that have been observed in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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43
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Lanté F, Meunier J, Guiramand J, Maurice T, Cavalier M, de Jesus Ferreira MC, Aimar R, Cohen-Solal C, Vignes M, Barbanel G. Neurodevelopmental damage after prenatal infection: role of oxidative stress in the fetal brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:1231-45. [PMID: 17382204 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal infection is a major risk responsible for the occurrence of psychiatric conditions in infants. Mimicking maternal infection by exposing pregnant rodents to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also leads to major brain disorders in the offspring. The mechanisms of LPS action remain, however, unknown. Here, we show that LPS injection during pregnancy in rats, 2 days before delivery, triggered an oxidative stress in the hippocampus of male fetuses, evidenced by a rapid rise in protein carbonylation and by decreases in alpha-tocopherol levels and in the ratio of reduced/oxidized forms of glutathione (GSH/GSSG). Neither protein carbonylation increase nor decreases in alpha-tocopherol levels and GSH/GSSG ratio were observed in female fetuses. NMDA synaptic currents and long-term potentiation in CA1, as well as spatial recognition in the water maze, were also impaired in male but not in female 28-day-old offspring. Pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine prevented the LPS-induced changes in the biochemical markers of oxidative stress in male fetuses, and the delayed detrimental effects in male 28-day-old offspring, completely restoring both long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and spatial recognition performance. Oxidative stress in the hippocampus of male fetuses may thus participate in the neurodevelopmental damage induced by a prenatal LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lanté
- Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection, IBMM, CNRS UMR-5247, University of Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Stanwood GD, Levitt P. Prenatal exposure to cocaine produces unique developmental and long-term adaptive changes in dopamine D1 receptor activity and subcellular distribution. J Neurosci 2007; 27:152-7. [PMID: 17202482 PMCID: PMC6672298 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4591-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dose intravenous cocaine administration to pregnant rabbits causes permanent structural alterations in dopamine-rich cerebral cortical areas, substantially reduced dopamine D1 receptor coupling to G(s)-protein, and deficits in cognitive function. The developmental influences of reduced D1-G(s) coupling and the underlying cellular basis are unknown. Using primary neuronal cultures derived from the medial frontal cortex and striatum of in utero saline- and cocaine-exposed embryos, spontaneous neurite outgrowth of in utero-exposed cortical neurons was greater than in control neurons. In contrast, striatal neurons exposed to cocaine in utero exhibited an entirely opposite adaptive response, with diminished spontaneous neurite outgrowth compared with saline-exposed controls. Control neurons isolated from the two structures also exhibited opposite regulatory responses to the D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 (1-phenyl-2,3,4-5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrochloride), inhibiting outgrowth in cortical cultures and stimulating outgrowth in striatal cultures. The agonist was ineffective in modulating neurite outgrowth of neurons from either structure isolated from cocaine-exposed fetuses, reflecting the reduced D1-Gs coupling. Total D1 receptor number was indistinguishable in neurons from the cocaine- and saline-exposed animals, but cell imaging and receptor binding of differentially isolated membranes showed that the lack of responsiveness was because of greatly reduced cell-surface localization of D1 receptors. These data suggest that prenatal exposure to cocaine causes a novel, long-lasting adaptive response in the subcellular distribution of D1 receptors, resulting in alterations in signaling capacity that have developmental and behavioral consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg D Stanwood
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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45
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Dey S, Mactutus CF, Booze RM, Snow DM. Cocaine exposure in vitro induces apoptosis in fetal locus coeruleus neurons by altering the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and through caspase-3 apoptotic signaling. Neuroscience 2007; 144:509-21. [PMID: 17084983 PMCID: PMC2562674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine inhibits survival and growth of rat locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, which may mediate alterations in attention, following in utero exposure to cocaine. These effects are most severe in early gestation during peak neuritogenesis. Prenatal cocaine exposure may specifically decrease LC survival through an apoptotic pathway involving caspases. Dissociated fetal LC neurons or substantia nigra (SN) neurons (control) were exposed in vitro to a pharmacologically active dose of cocaine hydrochloride (500 ng/ml) and assayed for apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated DNA nick end labeling and Hoechst methodologies. Cocaine exposure decreased survival and induced apoptosis in LC neurons, with no changes in survival of SN neurons. Activation of apoptotic signal transduction proteins was determined using enzyme assays and immunoblotting at 30 min, 1 h, 4 h and 24 h. In LC neurons, Bax levels were induced at 30 min and 1 h, following cocaine treatment, and Bcl-2 levels remained unchanged at all time points, altering the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The ratio was reversed for SN neurons (elevated Bcl-2 levels and transient reduction of Bax levels). Further, cocaine exposure significantly increased caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities at all time points, without changes in caspase-8 activity in LC neurons. In addition, cleavage of caspase-3 target proteins, alpha-fodrin and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed following cocaine treatment. In contrast, SN neurons showed either significant reductions, or no significant changes, in caspase-3, -8 or -9 activities or caspase-3 target proteins, alpha-fodrin and PARP. Thus, cocaine exposure in vitro may preferentially induce apoptosis in fetal LC neurons putatively regulated by Bax, via activation of caspases and their downstream target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dey
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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46
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Stanwood GD, Parlaman JP, Levitt P. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of the dopamine D
1
receptor differentially alters the expression of regulator of G‐protein signalling (Rgs) transcripts. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:806-18. [PMID: 16930410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of dopamine (DA) receptor signalling induces specific changes in behaviour, neuronal circuitry and gene expression in the mammalian forebrain. In order to better understand signalling adaptations at the molecular level, we used high-density oligonucleotide microarrays (Codelink Mouse 20K) to define alterations in the expression of transcripts encoding regulator of G-protein coupled receptor signalling in dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice (Drd1a-KO). Regulator of G-protein signalling (Rgs) 2, Rgs4, and Rgs9 were significantly decreased in the striatum (STR) of Drd1a-KO mice. These changes were confirmed by in situ hybridization, and were also observed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In contrast, analysis of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) revealed a significant decrease in Rgs17 expression exclusively, and a modest up-regulation of Rgs5 transcript. The expression of these gene products were not significantly altered in the dopamine-poor visual cortex (VC). The Drd1a-KO mouse, and a rabbit model of in utero cocaine exposure, in which D1R signalling is permanently reduced, possess analogous morphological and functional alterations in dopamine-modulated brain circuits; thus we also examined long-lasting changes in RGS transcript expression following prenatal exposure to cocaine. In sharp contrast to the Drd1a-KO, Rgs2 and Rgs4 were unchanged, and Rgs9 and Rgs17 transcripts were increased in prenatal cocaine-exposed progeny. These data suggest that an absolute absence of D1R signalling (Drd1a-KO) and hypomorphic D1R signalling (prenatal cocaine) produce common alterations in neuronal morphology, but distinct outcomes in molecular neuroadaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg D Stanwood
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37203, USA.
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