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Chen J, Liu Y, Song Y, Liang H, Zhu G, Zhang B, Liao L, Luo J, Yang M, Su D. Neuro-stimulating effect of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride essential oil through regulating Glu/NMDAR on olfactory bulb to improve anxiety-like behavior. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118332. [PMID: 38735421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride (also known Qing-Pi or QP) is a plant in the Rutaceae family, QP is a traditional Qi-regulating medicine in Chinese medicine that is compatible with other Chinese medicine components and has extensive clinical practice in treating anxiety and depression. Reports on the pharmacological effects of QP have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects and antioxidant capacities. Numerous pharmacological benefits of QP are attributed to its antioxidant abilities. Anxiety disorders are a broadly defined category of mental illnesses. Oxidative stress and an imbalance in the antioxidant defense system are typical pathological features of these disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of QP essential oil on anxiety using animal models and investigate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study aimed to develop an animal model of anxiety using chronic restraint stress and investigate the effects of inhalation of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride essential oil on anxiety-like behavior, olfactory function, and olfactory bulb neurogenesis in mice with anxiety. RESULTS The results showed that long-term chronic restraint stimulation caused a decrease in olfactory function, significant anxiety-like behavior, and a notable reduction in the number of neurons in the olfactory bulb. However, inhalation of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride essential oil reversed these effects, improving the olfactory function, neuro-stimulating effect, alleviating anxiety-like behavior, and regulating theta (4-12Hz) oscillation in the hippocampus DG area. These effects were associated with changes in the expression levels of glutamate receptor NMDAR and NeuN in olfactory bulb. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that mice with anxiety induced by chronic restraint stress exhibited significant olfactory dysfunction, providing strong evidence for the causal relationship between anxiety disorders and olfactory dysfunction. Moreover, QP essential oil has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic drug for anxiety disorders, in addition to its role as a complementary anxiolytic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Evaluation of the Efficacy and Quality of Anti-inflammatory Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation, Health Commission of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Medical College, 1689 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Huihui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Genhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bike Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Liangliang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China; Jiangxi Guxiang Jinyun Comprehensive Health Industry Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Dan Su
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Spindle TR, Zamarripa CA, Russo E, Pollak L, Bigelow G, Ward AM, Tompson B, Sempio C, Shokati T, Klawitter J, Christians U, Vandrey R. Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 257:111267. [PMID: 38498958 PMCID: PMC11031290 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis contains hundreds of chemical constituents beyond delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is believed to drive most of its acute pharmacodynamic effects. The entourage effect theory asserts that non-THC constituents can impact acute cannabis effects, but few empirical studies have systematically evaluated this theory in humans. This study assessed whether the cannabis terpenoid d-limonene mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of THC. METHODS Twenty healthy adults completed nine, double-blind outpatient sessions in which they inhaled vaporized THC alone (15mg or 30mg), d-limonene alone (1mg or 5mg), the same doses of THC and d-limonene together, or placebo; a subset of participants (n=12) completed a tenth session in which 30mg THC+15mg d-limonene was administered. Outcomes included subjective drug effects, cognitive/psychomotor performance, vital signs, and plasma THC and d-limonene concentrations. RESULTS When d-limonene was administered alone, pharmacodynamic outcomes did not differ from placebo. Administration of 15mg and 30mg THC alone produced subjective, cognitive, and physiological effects typical of acute cannabis exposure. Ratings of anxiety-like subjective effects qualitatively decreased as d-limonene dose increased and concurrent administration of 30mg THC+15mg d-limonene significantly reduced ratings of "anxious/nervous" and "paranoid" compared with 30mg THC alone. Other pharmacodynamic effects were unchanged by d-limonene. D-limonene plasma concentrations were dose orderly, and concurrent administration of d-limonene did not alter THC pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS D-limonene selectively attenuated THC-induced anxiogenic effects, suggesting this terpenoid could increase the therapeutic index of THC. Future research should determine whether this effect extends to oral dose formulations and evaluate the interactions between other cannabis terpenoids or cannabinoids and THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory R Spindle
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - C Austin Zamarripa
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ethan Russo
- CReDO Science, 20402 81st Avenue SW, Vashon, WA 98070, USA
| | - Lauren Pollak
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - George Bigelow
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Alexandra M Ward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bridget Tompson
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cristina Sempio
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Touraj Shokati
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jost Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Belem BR, Carapeto GV, Issa MG, Ferraz HG. Microemulsions: An Encapsulation Strategy to Increase the Thermal Stability of D-limonene. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2564. [PMID: 38004543 PMCID: PMC10674340 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
D-limonene, derived from citrus essential oils, holds significant therapeutic potential but faces challenges due to its high volatility, especially in pharmaceutical formulations. This study investigates microemulsions as a promising delivery system for volatile compounds, emphasizing their thermal protection for D-limonene. The formulation development was guided by a pseudo-ternary phase diagram and involved assays with different surfactants. Microemulsions were achieved solely with Labrasol® (Gattefossé Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil), encompassing concentrations of 7.1% to 30.8% D-limonene, 28.6% to 57.1% Labrasol®, and 20.0% to 64.3% water. All formulations were homogeneous, transparent, and presented low viscosity, with adequate D-limonene content, indicating that the production is feasible at room temperature. While the formulations demonstrated robust physical stability under mechanical stress, they exhibited destabilization at temperatures exceeding 50 °C. In terms of oxidative stability, pure D-limonene exhibited an induction period of 4.88 min, whereas microemulsions extended this period by four to eight times. Notably, the induction period of the microemulsions remained practically unchanged pre and post-heating (70 °C), suggesting the formulation's ability to enhance the D-limonene thermal stability. This highlights the value of oxidative stability analysis as a quicker tool than conventional oxidative tests, while affirming microemulsions as a viable encapsulation strategy for D-limonene protection against elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Rodrigues Belem
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, Sao Paulo 05508-580, Brazil; (G.V.C.); (M.G.I.)
| | | | | | - Humberto Gomes Ferraz
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, Sao Paulo 05508-580, Brazil; (G.V.C.); (M.G.I.)
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Jenkins BW, Moore CF, Covey D, McDonald JD, Lefever TW, Bonn-Miller MO, Weerts EM. Evaluating Potential Anxiolytic Effects of Minor Cannabinoids and Terpenes After Acute and Chronic Oral Administration in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:S11-S24. [PMID: 37721993 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis and its primary psychoactive constituent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC) produce biphasic, dose-dependent effects on anxiety. In addition to D9-THC, cannabis contains other "minor" cannabinoids and terpenes with purported therapeutic potential for the treatment of anxiety. Empirical data on potential therapeutic effects of these compounds is limited. The current study evaluated the effects of selected minor cannabinoids and terpenes in a battery of tests sensitive to anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs. Methods: In Experiment 1, adult male Sprague Dawley rats (N=7-8/group) were administered acute oral doses of one of five minor cannabinoids: delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (D8-THC; 10 mg/kg), tetrahydrocannabivarin (32 mg/kg), cannabidiolic acid (32 mg/kg), cannabidivarin (32 mg/kg), and cannabigerol (100 mg/kg), or one of five terpenes: D-limonene (17 mg/kg), ⍺-pinene (100 mg/kg), ⍺-terpineol (10 mg/kg), bisabolol (100 mg/kg), and β-caryophyllene (17 mg/kg), or vehicle (medium-chain triglycerides [MCT] oil). Ethyl alcohol was tested as an active comparator. Thirty minutes post-administration, the marble burying test, the three-chamber social interaction test, and the novelty-induced hypophagia test were completed; motor activity was assessed throughout testing. Experiment 2 examined the potential anxiolytic effects of minor cannabinoids when administered chronically; rats administered MCT oil or minor cannabinoids in Experiment 1 continued receiving once-daily doses for 21 days and were assessed using the same test battery after 7, 14, and 21 days of administration. Results and Conclusions: When compared to vehicle, acute administration of bisabolol and D-limonene increased the amount of food consumed and bisabolol-, D-limonene-, ⍺-pinene-, and β-caryophyllene decreased percent time spent in the outer zone in the novelty-induced hypophagia test, suggestive of an anxiolytic effect. Only ethanol increased social interaction. After acute administration, anxiogenic effects in the marble burying test were observed for D8-THC, but not for other minor cannabinoids and terpenes. Throughout chronic administration, only D8-THC displayed anxiogenic effects in the novelty-induced hypophagia test. The other cannabinoids did not show anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects in any of the tests at the doses or times tested. The minor cannabinoids and terpenes did not impair or stimulate general motor activity. These data provide a foundation for future studies investigating cannabinoid/terpene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Jenkins
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine F Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Covey
- Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elise M Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Christensen C, Rose M, Cornett C, Allesø M. Decoding the Postulated Entourage Effect of Medicinal Cannabis: What It Is and What It Isn't. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2323. [PMID: 37626819 PMCID: PMC10452568 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The 'entourage effect' term was originally coined in a pre-clinical study observing endogenous bio-inactive metabolites potentiating the activity of a bioactive endocannabinoid. As a hypothetical afterthought, this was proposed to hold general relevance to the usage of products based on Cannabis sativa L. The term was later juxtaposed to polypharmacy pertaining to full-spectrum medicinal Cannabis products exerting an overall higher effect than the single compounds. Since the emergence of the term, a discussion of its pharmacological foundation and relevance has been ongoing. Advocates suggest that the 'entourage effect' is the reason many patients experience an overall better effect from full-spectrum products. Critics state that the term is unfounded and used primarily for marketing purposes in the Cannabis industry. This scoping review aims to segregate the primary research claiming as well as disputing the existence of the 'entourage effect' from a pharmacological perspective. The literature on this topic is in its infancy. Existing pre-clinical and clinical studies are in general based on simplistic methodologies and show contradictory findings, with the clinical data mostly relying on anecdotal and real-world evidence. We propose that the 'entourage effect' is explained by traditional pharmacological terms pertaining to other plant-based medicinal products and polypharmacy in general (e.g., synergistic interactions and bioenhancement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Christensen
- Tetra Pharm Technologies ApS, Rugmarken 10, DK-3650 Ølstykke, Denmark; (M.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Martin Rose
- Tetra Pharm Technologies ApS, Rugmarken 10, DK-3650 Ølstykke, Denmark; (M.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Claus Cornett
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Morten Allesø
- Tetra Pharm Technologies ApS, Rugmarken 10, DK-3650 Ølstykke, Denmark; (M.R.); (M.A.)
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Martial C, Poirrier AL, Pottier L, Cassol H, Mortaheb S, Panda R, Lopez M, Perrin T, Boilevin A, Gosseries O, Laureys S. From nose to brain: The effect of lemon inhalation observed by whole brain voxel to voxel functional connectivity. Cortex 2023; 165:119-128. [PMID: 37285762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lemon fragrance is known for its stimulating properties, but its mechanisms of action are not well known yet. This study aimed to examine the effect of lemon essential oil inhalation on healthy participants' alertness level and their neural correlates using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty-one healthy men underwent functional MRI scans in different conditions: a resting state condition, a condition where they were exposed to passive lemon smelling (alternating exposure to lemon and breathing fresh air), and a control condition without lemon fragrance diffusion -the order of the last two conditions being randomized. Alertness levels were assessed immediately after each condition using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Voxel-wise whole-brain global functional connectivity and graph theory analyses were computed to investigate brain functional connectivity and network topology alterations. After lemon fragrance inhalation, we observed a higher level of alertness as compared to resting state -but not compared to control condition. During lemon fragrance inhalation, we found increased global functional connectivity in the thalamus, paralleled by decreased global connectivity in several cortical regions such as precuneus, postcentral and precentral gyrus, lateral occipital cortex and paracingulate gyrus. Graph theory analysis revealed increased network integration in cortical regions typically involved in olfaction and emotion processing such as olfactory bulb, hypothalamus and thalamus, while decreased network segregation in several regions of the posterior part of the brain during olfaction as compared to resting state. The present findings suggest that lemon essential oil inhalation could increase the level of alertness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Martial
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium; Centre Du Cerveau(2), University Hospital of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Lise Poirrier
- ENT Department, University Hospital of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Pottier
- ENT Department, University Hospital of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Héléna Cassol
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sepehr Mortaheb
- Physiology of Cognition, GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging Research Unit, University of Liège, Allée Du 6 Août 8, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rajanikant Panda
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mateo Lopez
- Valeo, Carlab Health & WellBeing, 100 Rue de Courcelles, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Perrin
- Valeo, Carlab Health & WellBeing, 100 Rue de Courcelles, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Boilevin
- Valeo, Carlab Health & WellBeing, 100 Rue de Courcelles, 75017, Paris, France; Université Bordeaux Montaigne, UFR Humanités, Département Design Bordeaux, Esplanade des Antilles Domaine Niversitaire, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium; Centre Du Cerveau(2), University Hospital of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium; Centre Du Cerveau(2), University Hospital of Liège, Avenue de L'hôpital, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium; Joint International Research Unit on Consciousness, CERVO Brain Research Centre, CIUSS, University Laval, 2301 Av. D'Estimauville, QC, G1E 1T2, Québec, Canada
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Tan L, Liao FF, Long LZ, Ma XC, Peng YX, Lu JM, Qu H, Fu CG. Essential oils for treating anxiety: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and network meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1144404. [PMID: 37325306 PMCID: PMC10267315 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The findings of clinical studies exploring essential oils (EOs) for anxiety remain disputed, and no studies have yet clarified the differences in the efficacy of EOs. The purpose of the study was to directly or indirectly compare the efficacy of different types of EOs on anxiety by pooling the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases were searched from inception to November 2022. Only full texts of RCTs that investigated the effects of EOs on anxiety were included. The trial data were extracted and the risk of bias was assessed by two reviewers independently. Pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were performed by Stata 15.1 or R 4.1.2 software. Results Forty-four RCTs (fifty study arms) involving 10 kinds of EOs and 3419 anxiety patients (1815 patients in EOs group and 1604 patients in control group) were included. Pairwise meta-analyses showed that EOs were effective in reducing State Anxiety Inventory scores (SAIS) [WMD = -6.63, 95% CI-8.17, -5.08] and Trait Anxiety Inventory scores (TAIS) [WMD = -4.97, 95% CI-6.73, -3.20]. Additionally, EOs could decrease systolic blood pressure (SBP) [WMD = -6.83, (95% CI -10.53, -3.12), P < 0.001] and heart rate (HR) [WMD = -3.43, (95% CI -5.51, -1.36), P < 0.001]. Network meta-analyses demonstrated that regarding the outcome of SAIS, Jasminum sambac (L.)Ait. (jasmine) was the most effective with a weighted mean difference (WMD) of-13.61 (95% CrI-24.79, -2.48). Followed by Citrus (citrus aurantium L.), which had a WMD of-9.62 (95% CrI-13.32, -5.93). Moderate effect sizes were observed for Rosa rugosa Thunb. (damask rose) (WMD = -6.78, 95% CrI-10.14, -3.49) and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender) (WMD = -5.41, 95% CrI-7.86, -2.98). Regarding the results of TAIS, citrus aurantium L. was the best ranked intervention with a WMD of-9.62 (95% CrI-15.62, -3.7). Moderate-to-large effect sizes were observed for Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. (lemon) (WMD:-8.48; 95% CrI-16.67, -0.33) and lavender (WMD:-5.5; 95% CrI-8.7, -2.46). Conclusion According to the comprehensive analysis, EOs are effective in reducing both state anxiety and trait anxiety, and citrus aurantium L. essential oil seems to be the most recommended type of EO for treating anxiety because of its significant effects in reducing SAIS and TAIS. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022331319.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-fei Liao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-zi Long
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-chang Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Cardiovascular Clinical Medical Research Center of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-xuan Peng
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-ming Lu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Cardiovascular Clinical Medical Research Center of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-geng Fu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Cardiovascular Clinical Medical Research Center of TCM, Beijing, China
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Ueda K, Horita T, Suzuki T. Effects of inhaling essential oils of Citrus limonum L., Santalum album, and Cinnamomum camphora on human brain activity. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2889. [PMID: 36624922 PMCID: PMC9927848 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Essential oil inhalation has various effects on the human body. However, its effects on cognitive function and the neural basis remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of inhaling lemon, sandalwood, and kusunoki essential oils on human brain activity and memory function using multichannel electroencephalography and brain source activity estimation. METHODS Participants performed a letter 2-back working memory task during electroencephalography measurements before and after essential oil inhalation. Brain activation, task difficulty, concentration degree, and task performance were compared among the essential oils and a fragrance-free control. RESULTS Task performance significantly improved after lemon essential oil inhalation. Lemon essential oil inhalation resulted in delta and theta band activation in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and insula. During inhalation, persistent alpha band activation was observed in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus. Sandalwood essential oil inhalation led to beta and gamma band activation in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that different essential oils have specific effects on brain activity related to emotion and memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ueda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Mony TJ, Elahi F, Choi JW, Park SJ. Neuropharmacological Effects of Terpenoids on Preclinical Animal Models of Psychiatric Disorders: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091834. [PMID: 36139909 PMCID: PMC9495487 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are widely distributed in nature, especially in the plant kingdom, and exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. In recent years, screening has revealed a wide variety of new terpenoids that are active against different psychiatric disorders. This review synthesized the current published preclinical studies of terpenoid use in psychiatric disorders. This review was extensively investigated to provide empirical evidence regarding the neuropharmacological effects of the vast group of terpenoids in translational models of psychiatric disorders, their relevant mechanisms of action, and treatment regimens with evidence of the safety and psychotropic efficacy. Therefore, we utilized nine (9) electronic databases and performed manual searches of each. The relevant data were retrieved from the articles published until present. We used the search terms "terpenoids" or "terpenes" and "psychiatric disorders" ("psychiatric disorders" OR "psychiatric diseases" OR "neuropsychiatric disorders" OR "psychosis" OR "psychiatric symptoms"). The efficacy of terpenoids or biosynthetic compounds in the terpenoid group was demonstrated in preclinical animal studies. Ginsenosides, bacosides, oleanolic acid, asiatic acid, boswellic acid, mono- and diterpenes, and different forms of saponins and triterpenoids were found to be important bioactive compounds in several preclinical studies of psychosis. Taken together, the findings of the present review indicate that natural terpenoids and their derivatives could achieve remarkable success as an alternative therapeutic option for alleviating the core or associated behavioral features of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Jahan Mony
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.W.C.); (S.J.P.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4955 (J.W.C.); +82-33-250-6441 (S.J.P.); Fax: +82-32-820-4829 (J.W.C.); +82-33-259-5563 (S.J.P.)
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.W.C.); (S.J.P.); Tel.: +82-32-820-4955 (J.W.C.); +82-33-250-6441 (S.J.P.); Fax: +82-32-820-4829 (J.W.C.); +82-33-259-5563 (S.J.P.)
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10
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Dvorakova M, Wilson S, Corey W, Billingsley J, Zimmowitch A, Tracey J, Straiker A, Mackie K. A Critical Evaluation of Terpenoid Signaling at Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors in a Neuronal Model. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175655. [PMID: 36080421 PMCID: PMC9457791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to phytocannabinoids, cannabis contains terpenoids that are claimed to have a myriad of effects on the body. We tested a panel of five common cannabis terpenoids, myrcene, linalool, limonene, α-pinene and nerolidol, in two neuronal models, autaptic hippocampal neurons and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Autaptic neurons express a form of cannabinoid CB1 receptor-dependent retrograde plasticity while DRGs express a variety of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Most terpenoids had little or no effect on neuronal cannabinoid signaling. The exception was nerolidol, which inhibited endocannabinoid signaling. Notably, this is not via inhibition of CB1 receptors but by inhibiting some aspect of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) production/delivery; the mechanism does not involve reducing the activity of the 2-AG-synthesizing diacylglycerol lipases (DAGLs). Nerolidol was also the only terpenoid that activated a sustained calcium response in a small (7%) subpopulation of DRGs. In summary, we found that only one of five terpenoids tested had notable effects on cannabinoid signaling in two neuronal models. Our results suggest that a few terpenoids may indeed interact with some components of the cannabinoid signaling system and may therefore offer interesting insights upon further study.
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11
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dos Santos ÉRQ, Maia JGS, Fontes-Júnior EA, Maia CDSF. Linalool as a Therapeutic and Medicinal Tool in Depression Treatment: A Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1073-1092. [PMID: 34544345 PMCID: PMC9886818 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210920094504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent disease worldwide, limiting psychosocial functioning and thequality of life. Linalool is the main constituent of some essential oils from aromatic plants, representing about 70% of these volatile concentrates. Evidence of the linalool activity on the central nervous system, mainly acting as an antidepressant agent, is increasingly abundant. This review aimed to extend the knowledge of linalool's antidepressant action mechanisms, which is fundamental for future research, intending to highlight this natural compound as a new antidepressant phytomedication. A critical analysis is proposed here with probable hypotheses of the synergic mechanisms that support the evidence of antidepressant effects of the linalool. The literature search has been conducted in databases for published scientific articles before December 2020, using relevant keywords. Several pieces of evidence point to the anticonvulsant, sedative, and anxiolytic actions. In addition to these activities, other studies have revealed that linalool acts on the monoaminergic and neuroendocrine systems, inflammatory process, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF, resulting in considerable advances in the knowledge of the etiology of depression. In this context, linalool emerges as a promising bioactive compound in the therapeutic arsenal, capable of interacting with numerous pathophysiological factors and acting on several targets. This review claims to contribute to future studies, highlighting the gaps in the linalool knowledge, such as its kinetics, doses, routes of administration, and multiple targets of interaction, to clarify its antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éverton Renan Quaresma dos Santos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e Comportamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil;
| | - José Guilherme S. Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Enéas Andrade Fontes-Júnior
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e Comportamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil;
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e Comportamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Campus do Guamá, Belém-Pará 66075-900, Brazil; Tel: +55 (91) 3201-7202; E-mails: ;
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12
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Cui J, Li M, Wei Y, Li H, He X, Yang Q, Li Z, Duan J, Wu Z, Chen Q, Chen B, Li G, Ming X, Xiong L, Qin D. Inhalation Aromatherapy via Brain-Targeted Nasal Delivery: Natural Volatiles or Essential Oils on Mood Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:860043. [PMID: 35496310 PMCID: PMC9041268 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.860043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders, also often referred to as affective disorders, are a group of psychiatric illnesses that severely impact mood and its related functions. The high medical expenditures have placed a significant financial burden on patients and their families. Aromatherapy is an alternative and complementary treatment that utilizes essential oils (EOs) or volatile oils (VOs) to achieve major therapeutic goals. In general, EOs are volatile chemicals that enter the body primarily through skin absorption and/or nasal inhalation. In addition, they can work through oral administration. Inhalation aromatherapy has shown unique advantages for treating mood disorders, especially depression, anxiety and mental disorders such as sleep disorder, which have been validated over the last decade through clinical and animal studies. Accumulating evidence has shown that EOs or VOs can bypass the blood-brain barrier to target brain tissue through the nasal-brain pathway. Subsequently, they act on the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and limbic system in the brain to improve symptoms of anxiety, depression and improve sleep quality. Here, we review the natural aromatic plants’ volatiles or essential oils used commonly as adjuncts to manage mood disorders and illustrate the mechanisms of inhalation aromatherapy, and mainly summarized the application of transnasal inhalation aromatherapy in depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. We conclude that aromatherapy does not cause side-effects, which is vastly different from commonly used psychotropic drugs. Inhalation aromatherapy via brain-targeted nasal delivery offers potentially efficacious treatment for mental disorders and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Huayan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiying He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengkun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jinfeng Duan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Bojun Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Ming
- Department of TCM Pediatrics, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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13
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Hartley N, McLachlan CS. Aromas Influencing the GABAergic System. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082414. [PMID: 35458615 PMCID: PMC9026314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromas have a powerful influence in our everyday life and are known to exhibit an array of pharmacological properties, including anxiolytic, anti-stress, relaxing, and sedative effects. Numerous animal and human studies support the use of aromas and their constituents to reduce anxiety-related symptoms and/or behaviours. Although the exact mechanism of how these aromas exert their anxiolytic effects is not fully understood, the GABAergic system is thought to be primarily involved. The fragrance emitted from a number of plant essential oils has shown promise in recent studies in modulating GABAergic neurotransmission, with GABAA receptors being the primary therapeutic target. This review will explore the anxiolytic and sedative properties of aromas found in common beverages, such as coffee, tea, and whisky as well aromas found in food, spices, volatile organic compounds, and popular botanicals and their constituents. In doing so, this review will focus on these aromas and their influence on the GABAergic system and provide greater insight into viable anxiety treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Hartley
- Department of Naturopathy and Western Herbal Medicine, Health Faculty, Fortitude Valley Campus, Torrens University Australia, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Craig S. McLachlan
- Centre for Healthy Futures, Health Faculty, Surry Hills Campus, Torrens University Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia;
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14
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Özer Z, Teke N, Turan GB, Bahçecik AN. Effectiveness of Lemon Essential Oil in Reducing Test Anxiety in Nursing Students. Explore (NY) 2022; 18:526-532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Sexton M, Garcia JM, Jatoi A, Clark CS, Wallace MS. The Management of Cancer Symptoms and Treatment-Induced Side Effects With Cannabis or Cannabinoids. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2021; 2021:86-98. [PMID: 34850897 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabinoids are increasingly being accessed and used by patients with advanced cancer for various symptoms and general quality of life. Specific symptoms of pain, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite and cachexia, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and medical trauma are among those that have prompted patients with cancer to use cannabis. This conference report from the National Cancer Institute's "Cannabis, Cannabinoid and Cancer Research Symposium" on the topic of "Cancer Symptom/Treatment Side Effect Management" is an expert perspective of cannabis intervention for cancer and cancer treatment-related symptoms. The purpose of the symposium was to identify research gaps, describe the need for high-quality randomized prospective studies of medical cannabis for palliative care in patients with cancer, and evaluate the impact of medical cannabis on cancer survivors' quality of life. Further, education of clinicians and affiliated health-care providers in guiding cancer patients in using cannabis for cancer care would benefit patients. Together, these steps will further aid in refining the use of cannabis and cannabinoids for symptom palliation and improve safety and efficacy for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sexton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Management, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jose M Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Washington and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Puget Sound Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carey S Clark
- Department of Nursing, Pacific College of Health and Science, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Wallace
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Management, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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16
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Couic-Marinier F, Laurain-Mattar D. L’essence d’Orange douce. ACTUALITES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actpha.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Liktor-Busa E, Keresztes A, LaVigne J, Streicher JM, Largent-Milnes TM. Analgesic Potential of Terpenes Derived from Cannabis sativa. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:98-126. [PMID: 34663685 PMCID: PMC11060501 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain prevalence among adults in the United States has increased 25% over the past two decades, resulting in high health-care costs and impacts to patient quality of life. In the last 30 years, our understanding of pain circuits and (intra)cellular mechanisms has grown exponentially, but this understanding has not yet resulted in improved therapies. Options for pain management are limited. Many analgesics have poor efficacy and are accompanied by severe side effects such as addiction, resulting in a devastating opioid abuse and overdose epidemic. These problems have encouraged scientists to identify novel molecular targets and develop alternative pain therapeutics. Increasing preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that cannabis has several beneficial pharmacological activities, including pain relief. Cannabis sativa contains more than 500 chemical compounds, with two principle phytocannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Beyond phytocannabinoids, more than 150 terpenes have been identified in different cannabis chemovars. Although the predominant cannabinoids, Δ9-THC and CBD, are thought to be the primary medicinal compounds, terpenes including the monoterpenes β-myrcene, α-pinene, limonene, and linalool, as well as the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene and α-humulene may contribute to many pharmacological properties of cannabis, including anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about terpene compounds in cannabis and to analyze the available scientific evidence for a role of cannabis-derived terpenes in modern pain management. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Decades of research have improved our knowledge of cannabis polypharmacy and contributing phytochemicals, including terpenes. Reform of the legal status for cannabis possession and increased availability (medicinal and recreational) have resulted in cannabis use to combat the increasing prevalence of pain and may help to address the opioid crisis. Better understanding of the pharmacological effects of cannabis and its active components, including terpenes, may assist in identifying new therapeutic approaches and optimizing the use of cannabis and/or terpenes as analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Keresztes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Justin LaVigne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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18
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Zarenezhad E, Agholi M, Ghanbariasad A, Ranjbar A, Osanloo M. A nanoemulsion-based nanogel of Citrus limon essential oil with leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:441-448. [PMID: 34295043 PMCID: PMC8254709 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the diseases that severely affects human skin. Nanogels are the well-known formulation for topical drug delivery due to easy usage, high loading capacity, and physical and chemical stabilities. In this study, the toxicity effect of three essential oils, including Mentha piperita, Anethum graveolens, and Citrus limon (CLEO), was evaluated against Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. Ingredients of CLEO as the most potent essential oil were identified using GC-MS analysis. The five major components were limonene (61.83%), sabinene (16.99%), trans-limonene oxide (3.08%), cis-limonene oxide (2.27%), and 1,2-cyclohexane diol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl) (1.50%). The nanogel of CLEO (CLNgel) was prepared by the addition of carbomer 940 (1% w/v) to the prepared nanoemulsion with a droplet size of 146 ± 12 nm. The viscosity of CLNgel was fitted with a regression of non-Newtonian materials, Carreau-Yasuda. Interestingly, CLNgel at a concentration of 80 µg/mL reduced the viability of both species to 0%. Therefore, the prepared prototype can/could/would be used as an excellent nanoformulation for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Zarenezhad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Agholi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbariasad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ali Ranjbar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Osanloo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Küpeli Akkol E, Tatlı Çankaya I, Şeker Karatoprak G, Carpar E, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Capasso R. Natural Compounds as Medical Strategies in the Prevention and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders Seen in Neurological Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:669638. [PMID: 34054540 PMCID: PMC8155682 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.669638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are frequently encountered in many neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson diseases along with epilepsy, migraine, essential tremors, and stroke. The most common comorbid diagnoses in neurological diseases are depression and anxiety disorders along with cognitive impairment. Whether the underlying reason is due to common neurochemical mechanisms or loss of previous functioning level, comorbidities are often overlooked. Various treatment options are available, such as pharmacological treatments, cognitive-behavioral therapy, somatic interventions, or electroconvulsive therapy. However oral antidepressant therapy may have some disadvantages, such as interaction with other medications, low tolerability due to side effects, and low efficiency. Natural compounds of plant origin are extensively researched to find a better and safer alternative treatment. Experimental studies have shown that phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids as well as lipids have significant potential in in vitro and in vivo models of psychiatric disorders. In this review, various efficacy of natural products in in vitro and in vivo studies on neuroprotective and their roles in psychiatric disorders are examined and their neuro-therapeutic potentials are shed light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irem Tatlı Çankaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Elif Carpar
- Department of Psychiatry, Private French La Paix Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Potici, Italy
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20
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Fung TKH, Lau BWM, Ngai SPC, Tsang HWH. Therapeutic Effect and Mechanisms of Essential Oils in Mood Disorders: Interaction between the Nervous and Respiratory Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094844. [PMID: 34063646 PMCID: PMC8125361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are extracted from plants and contain active components with therapeutic effects. Evidence shows that various types of EOs have a wide range of health benefits. In our previous studies, the potential of lavender EO for prevention and even treatment of depression and anxiety symptoms was demonstrated. The favourable outcomes may be due to multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of monoamine level, the induction of neurotrophic factor expression, the regulation of the endocrine system and the promotion of neurogenesis. The molecules of EOs may reach the brain and exert an effect through two distinctive pathways, namely, the olfactory system and the respiratory system. After inhalation, the molecules of the EOs would either act directly on the olfactory mucosa or pass into the respiratory tract. These two delivery pathways suggest different underlying mechanisms of action. Different sets of responses would be triggered, such as increased neurogenesis, regulation of hormonal levels, activation of different brain regions, and alteration in blood biochemistry, which would ultimately affect both mood and emotion. In this review, we will discuss the clinical effects of EOs on mood regulation and emotional disturbances as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Emphasis will be put on the interaction between the respiratory and central nervous system and the involved potential mechanisms. Further evidence is needed to support the use of EOs in the clinical treatment of mood disturbances. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms may provide insight into the future therapeutic use of EO components treatment of psychiatric and physical symptoms.
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21
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Masuo Y, Satou T, Takemoto H, Koike K. Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092571. [PMID: 33924992 PMCID: PMC8124235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress-suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. The transfer of volatile components into the brain is also discussed while using the results of thyme linalool as an example. These studies may provide a good opportunity to connect chemical research at the molecular level with neuropharmacological approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Masuo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-47-472-5257
| | - Tadaaki Satou
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (H.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (H.T.); (K.K.)
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22
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Cimino C, Maurel OM, Musumeci T, Bonaccorso A, Drago F, Souto EMB, Pignatello R, Carbone C. Essential Oils: Pharmaceutical Applications and Encapsulation Strategies into Lipid-Based Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030327. [PMID: 33802570 PMCID: PMC8001530 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are being studied for more than 60 years, but a growing interest has emerged in the recent decades due to a desire for a rediscovery of natural remedies. Essential oils are known for millennia and, already in prehistoric times, they were used for medicinal and ritual purposes due to their therapeutic properties. Using a variety of methods refined over the centuries, essential oils are extracted from plant raw materials: the choice of the extraction method is decisive, since it determines the type, quantity, and stereochemical structure of the essential oil molecules. To these components belong all properties that make essential oils so interesting for pharmaceutical uses; the most investigated ones are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound-healing, and anxiolytic activities. However, the main limitations to their use are their hydrophobicity, instability, high volatility, and risk of toxicity. A successful strategy to overcome these limitations is the encapsulation within delivery systems, which enable the increase of essential oils bioavailability and improve their chemical stability, while reducing their volatility and toxicity. Among all the suitable platforms, our review focused on the lipid-based ones, in particular micro- and nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cimino
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.C.); (T.M.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Oriana Maria Maurel
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (O.M.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Teresa Musumeci
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.C.); (T.M.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Angela Bonaccorso
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.C.); (T.M.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (O.M.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Eliana Maria Barbosa Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rosario Pignatello
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.C.); (T.M.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.C.); (T.M.); (A.B.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Huang H, Wang Q, Guan X, Zhang X, Kang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li X. Effect of aromatherapy on preoperative anxiety in adult patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 42:101302. [PMID: 33445147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and purpose: Preoperative anxiety is an important factor for postoperative complications, and many patients are using aromatherapy to relieve preoperative anxiety. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aromatherapy on preoperative anxiety in adult patients. METHODS An electronic search of six databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, CNKI, and WanFang Data) was conducted for full-text publications of trials published from the inception of the databases to February 20, 2020. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) where aromatherapy was used for treatment of preoperative anxiety were included. Interventions included all types of aromatherapy compared to standard care or placebo. The primary outcome was self-rated anxiety and the secondary outcome was adverse effect. Two researchers independently screened and extracted relevant data. A random-effects model was utilized to calculate the effect size as mean difference (MD). RESULTS Our search retrieved 347 records. Thirteen trials were included for qualitative analysis, of which ten RCTs with 750 patients were included for meta-analysis. Most studies had a high or unclear selection and performance bias. Overall, aromatherapy was found to decrease preoperative anxiety significantly compared to the control group (MD = -3.95, 95%CI [-6.36, -1.53], P = 0.001). According to subgroup analysis, most subgroups showed a significant effect of aromatherapy on preoperative anxiety, except for the no treatment subgroup (MD: 5.40, 95%CI: 7.76 to 0.71) and female subgroup (MD: 3.96, 95%CI: 9.19 to 1.27). CONCLUSION Aromatherapy may be an effective complementary treatment for preoperative anxiety. Nevertheless, due to methodological limitations of the included trials, further studies with strict control of the research design are required for firm recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Second Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiguang Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaobai Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Baccarani A, Brand G, Dacremont C, Valentin D, Brochard R. The influence of stimulus concentration and odor intensity on relaxing and stimulating perceived properties of odors. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Zhang Y, Long Y, Yu S, Li D, Yang M, Guan Y, Zhang D, Wan J, Liu S, Shi A, Li N, Peng W. Natural volatile oils derived from herbal medicines: A promising therapy way for treating depressive disorder. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105376. [PMID: 33316383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common global mental disorder that seriously harms human physical and mental health. With the development of society, the increase of pressure and the role of various other factors make the incidence of depression increase year by year. However, there is a lack of drugs that have a fast onset, significant effects, and few side effects. Some volatile oils from traditional natural herbal medicines are usually used to relieve depression and calm emotions, such as Lavender essential oil and Acorus tatarinowii essential oil. It was reported that these volatile oils, are easy to enter the brain through the blood-brain barrier and have good antidepressant effects with little toxicity and side effects. In this review, we summarized the classification of depression, and listed the history of using volatile oils to fight depression in some countries. Importantly, we summarized the anti-depressant natural volatile oils and their monomers from herbal medicine, discussed the anti-depressive mechanisms of the volatile oils from natural medicine. The volatile oils of natural medicine and antidepressant drugs were compared and analyzed, and the application of volatile oils was explained from the clinical use and administration routes. This review would be helpful for the development of potential anti-depressant medicine and provide new alternative treatments for depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Yu Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Shuang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yongmei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1688 Meiling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jinyan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Songyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Ai Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100309. [PMID: 33066617 PMCID: PMC7602496 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual enhancers increase sexual potency, sexual pleasure, or libido. Substances increasing libido alter the concentrations of specific neurotransmitters or sex hormones in the central nervous system. Interestingly, the same pathways are involved in the mechanisms underlying many psychiatric and neurological disorders, and adverse reactions associated with the use of aphrodisiacs are strongly expected. However, sexual enhancers of plant origin have gained popularity over recent years, as natural substances are often regarded as a safer alternative to modern medications and are easily acquired without prescription. We reviewed the psychiatric and neurological adverse effects associated with the consumption of herbal aphrodisiacs Areca catechu L., Argemone Mexicana L., Citrus aurantium L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Lepidium meyenii Walp., Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, Panax quinquefolius L., Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille, Piper methysticum G. Forst., Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth., Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N. E. Brown, Turnera diffusa Willd. ex. Schult., Voacanga africana Stapf ex Scott-Elliot, and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. A literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases with the aim of identifying all the relevant articles published on the issue up to June 2020. Most of the selected sexual enhancers appeared to be safe at therapeutic doses, although mild to severe adverse effects may occur in cases of overdosing or self-medication with unstandardized products. Drug interactions are more concerning, considering that herbal aphrodisiacs are likely used together with other plant extracts and/or pharmaceuticals. However, few data are available on the side effects of several plants included in this review, and more clinical studies with controlled administrations should be conducted to address this issue.
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Zhang N, Luo M, He L, Yao L. Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Flower of 'Shanzhizi' ( Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) and Involvement of Serotonergic System in Its Anxiolytic Effect. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204702. [PMID: 33066512 PMCID: PMC7587363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a famous fragrant flower in China. Previous pharmacological research mainly focuses on its fruit. In this study, the essential oil of the flower of 'Shanzhizi', which was a major variety for traditional Chinese medicine use, was extracted by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Mouse anxiety models included open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), and light and dark box (LDB), which were used to evaluate its anxiolytic effect via inhalation. The involvement of monoamine system was studied by pretreatment with neurotransmitter receptor antagonists WAY100635, flumazenil and sulpiride. The monoamine neurotransmitters contents in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus after aroma inhalation were also analyzed. The results showed that inhalation of G. jasminoides essential oil could significantly elevated the time and entries into open arms in EPM tests and the time explored in the light chamber in LDB tests with no sedative effect. WAY100635 and sulpiride, but not flumazenil, blocked its anxiolytic effect. Inhalation of G. jasminoides essential oil significantly down-regulated the 5-HIAA/5-HT in the PFC and reduced the 5-HIAA content in hippocampus compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, inhalation of gardenia essential oil showed an anxiolytic effect in mice. Monoamine, especially the serotonergic system, was involved in its anxiolytic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mu Luo
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Lei He
- Department of Resources and Environment, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; (N.Z.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-3420-6606
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Coutens B, Rekik K, Harster A, Etienne P, Noirot V, Frances B, Moulédous L, Guiard BP. A Citrus Based Sensory Functional Food Ingredient Induces Antidepressant-like Effects: Possible Involvement of an Interplay between the Olfactory and the Serotonergic Systems. Neuroscience 2020; 451:149-163. [PMID: 33039523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the neurobehavioral effects of a sensory functional food ingredient mainly based on Citrus sinensis extracts (D11399) using a battery of tests recapitulating various endophenotypes of depression such as anxiety in the open field (OF), the elevated plus-maze (EPM), and the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF), self-care in the splash test (ST), despair in the forced swimming task (FST) but also anhedonia in the sucrose preference test (SPT) in mice. A one-week oral administration of D11399 promoted anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like responses in naïve mice subjected to the NSF and FST. In a marked contrast, the administration of D11399 by oral gavage or the inhibition of olfaction by methimazole prevented such beneficial effects. We further investigated the neurobehavioral properties of a ten-week oral administration of D11399 in the corticosterone (CORT) mouse model of depression. Interestingly, D11399 also elicited anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in various paradigms. To characterize the putative underpinning neurobiological mechanisms in CORT mice, we investigated whether cellular and molecular processes commonly associated with antidepressant responses such as monoaminergic neurotransmission and neuronal maturation in the hippocampus were impacted. Although D11399 did not modify the hippocampal extracellular levels of monoamines (i.e. serotonin and norepinephrine), it reversed the ability of CORT to decrease serotonin neurons firing rate in the dorsal raphe and neuronal maturation in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of this sensory functional food ingredient are closely related with olfaction and likely a concomitant change in the activity of the central serotonergic system. Further experiments are warranted to precise the neuronal circuits linking sensorial and emotional modalities and identify innovative therapeutic strategies aimed to relieve depressive endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Coutens
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - K Rekik
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - A Harster
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | | | | | - B Frances
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - L Moulédous
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - B P Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
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Sharpe L, Sinclair J, Kramer A, de Manincor M, Sarris J. Cannabis, a cause for anxiety? A critical appraisal of the anxiogenic and anxiolytic properties. J Transl Med 2020; 18:374. [PMID: 33008420 PMCID: PMC7531079 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis has been documented for use in alleviating anxiety. However, certain research has also shown that it can produce feelings of anxiety, panic, paranoia and psychosis. In humans, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been associated with an anxiogenic response, while anxiolytic activity has been attributed mainly to cannabidiol (CBD). In animal studies, the effects of THC are highly dose-dependent, and biphasic effects of cannabinoids on anxiety-related responses have been extensively documented. A more precise assessment is required of both the anxiolytic and anxiogenic potentials of phytocannabinoids, with an aim towards the development of the 'holy grail' in cannabis research, a medicinally-active formulation which may assist in the treatment of anxiety or mood disorders without eliciting any anxiogenic effects. OBJECTIVES To systematically review studies assessing cannabinoid interventions (e.g. THC or CBD or whole cannabis interventions) both in animals and humans, as well as recent epidemiological studies reporting on anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects from cannabis consumption. METHOD The articles selected for this review were identified up to January 2020 through searches in the electronic databases OVID MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and PsycINFO. RESULTS Acute doses of CBD were found to reduce anxiety both in animals and humans, without having an anxiogenic effect at higher doses. Epidemiological studies tend to support an anxiolytic effect from the consumption of either CBD or THC, as well as whole plant cannabis. Conversely, the available human clinical studies demonstrate a common anxiogenic response to THC (especially at higher doses). CONCLUSION Based on current data, cannabinoid therapies (containing primarily CBD) may provide a more suitable treatment for people with pre-existing anxiety or as a potential adjunctive role in managing anxiety or stress-related disorders. However, further research is needed to explore other cannabinoids and phytochemical constituents present in cannabis (e.g. terpenes) as anxiolytic interventions. Future clinical trials involving patients with anxiety disorders are warranted due to the small number of available human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sharpe
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Justin Sinclair
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Andrew Kramer
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Michael de Manincor
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Jerome Sarris
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, Professorial Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. Therapeutic effects of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and its active constituents on nervous system disorders. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1100-1112. [PMID: 32963731 PMCID: PMC7491497 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.45269.10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an evergreen bushy shrub which grows along the Mediterranean Sea, and sub-Himalayan areas. In folk medicine, it has been used as an antispasmodic, mild analgesic, to cure intercostal neuralgia, headaches, migraine, insomnia emotional upset, and depression. Different investigations have highlighted rosemary neuropharmacological properties as their main topics. Rosemary has significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumorigenic, antinociceptive, and neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, it shows important clinical effects on mood, learning, memory, pain, anxiety, and sleep. The aim of the current work is to review the potential neuropharmacological effects of different rosemary extracts and its active constituents on nervous system disorders, their relevant mechanisms and its preclinical application to recall the therapeutic potential of this herb and more directions of future research projects. The data were gathered by searching the English articles in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The keywords used as search terms were 'Rosmarinus officinalis', 'rosemary', 'nervous system', 'depression', 'memory', 'Alzheimer's disease' 'epilepsy', 'addiction', 'neuropathic pain', and 'disorders'. All kinds of related articles, abstracts and books were included. No time limitation was considered. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were subjected to this investigation. This review authenticates that rosemary has appeared as a worthy source for curing inflammation, analgesic, anti-anxiety, and memory boosting. It also arranges new perception for further investigations on isolated constituents, especially carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, and essential oil to find exquisite therapeutics and support drug discovery with fewer side effects to help people suffering from nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Vieira G, Cavalli J, Gonçalves ECD, Braga SFP, Ferreira RS, Santos ARS, Cola M, Raposo NRB, Capasso R, Dutra RC. Antidepressant-Like Effect of Terpineol in an Inflammatory Model of Depression: Involvement of the Cannabinoid System and D2 Dopamine Receptor. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E792. [PMID: 32443870 PMCID: PMC7280984 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has a multifactorial etiology that arises from environmental, psychological, genetic, and biological factors. Environmental stress and genetic factors acting through immunological and endocrine responses generate structural and functional changes in the brain, inducing neurogenesis and neurotransmission dysfunction. Terpineol, monoterpenoid alcohol, has shown immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects, but there is no report about its antidepressant potential. Herein, we used a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to induce a depressive-like effect in the tail suspension test (TST) and the splash test (ST) for a preventive and therapeutic experimental schedule. Furthermore, we investigated the antidepressant-like mechanism of action of terpineol while using molecular and pharmacological approaches. Terpineol showed a coherent predicted binding mode mainly against CB1 and CB2 receptors and also against the D2 receptor during docking modeling analyses. The acute administration of terpineol produced the antidepressant-like effect, since it significantly reduced the immobility time in TST (100-200 mg/kg, p.o.) as compared to the control group. Moreover, terpineol showed an antidepressant-like effect in the preventive treatment that was blocked by a nonselective dopaminergic receptor antagonist (haloperidol), a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist (sulpiride), a selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist/inverse agonist (AM281), and a potent and selective CB2 cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist (AM630), but it was not blocked by a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist (caffeine) or a β-adrenoceptor antagonist (propranolol). In summary, molecular docking suggests that CB1 and CB2 receptors are the most promising targets of terpineol action. Our data showed terpineol antidepressant-like modulation by CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and D2-dopaminergic receptors to further corroborate our molecular evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Vieira
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (G.V.); (J.C.); (E.C.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Juliana Cavalli
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (G.V.); (J.C.); (E.C.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Elaine C. D. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (G.V.); (J.C.); (E.C.D.G.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
| | - Saulo F. P. Braga
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (S.F.P.B.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Rafaela S. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (S.F.P.B.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Adair R. S. Santos
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Maíra Cola
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (G.V.); (J.C.); (E.C.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Nádia R. B. Raposo
- Center for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (NUPICS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de For a 36036-330, Brazil;
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Naples, Italy
| | - Rafael C. Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (G.V.); (J.C.); (E.C.D.G.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
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Dereli FTG, Ilhan M, Akkol EK. New Drug Discovery from Medicinal Plants and Phytoconstituents for Depressive Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:92-102. [PMID: 30426905 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666181114141129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Depression, a risk factor for several serious diseases, is a highly prevalent and life-threatening psychiatric disorder. It can affect the individual's position in life and reduce the living standards. The research on the use of medicinal plants in treating this disease has increased enormously because of the possible low rehabilitation rate and side effects of available synthetic drugs, such as sexual dysfunction, nausea, fatigue, insomnia, hypersomnia, and weight gain. CONCLUSION Therefore, this review aimed to draw attention to the antidepressant effects of culinary herbs and traditional medicinal plants and their active components, thereby promoting their use in the development of more potent antidepressants with improved side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mert Ilhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yuzuncu Yil University, Tusba 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkey
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The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on blood pressure, electrocardiogram changes, and anxiety in acute myocardial infarction patients: A clinical, multi-centered, assessor-blinded trial design. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Role of 5-HT1A Receptor in the Anxiolytic-Relaxant Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil in Rodent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072597. [PMID: 32283606 PMCID: PMC7177770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil obtained by the fresh fruit of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau is used worldwide in aromatherapy to reduce pain, facilitate sleep induction, and/or minimize the effects of stress-induced anxiety. Preclinical pharmacological data demonstrate that bergamot essential oil (BEO) modulates specific neurotransmissions and shows an anxiolytic-relaxant effect not superimposable to that of the benzodiazepine diazepam, suggesting that neurotransmissions, other than GABAergic, could be involved. Several studies on essential oils indicate a role for serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission in anxiety. Interestingly, among serotonergic receptors, the 5-HT1A subtype seems to play a key role in the control of anxiety. Here, we report that modulation of the 5-HT1A receptor by selective agonist ((±)8-OH-DPAT) or antagonist (WAY-100635) may influence some of the anxiolytic-relaxant effects of BEO in Open Field and Elevated Plus Maze tests.
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Aponso M, Patti A, Bennett LE. Dose-related effects of inhaled essential oils on behavioural measures of anxiety and depression and biomarkers of oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112469. [PMID: 31843574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Essential oils (EOs) are extracts of organic, volatile metabolites of plants that are typically oily liquids at ambient temperatures. Inhalation of EOs can regulate brain health and functions associated with mood and neurodegeneration, reflecting their bioavailability to brain. The aim was to identify physicochemical properties that influenced EO volatility and pathways of brain uptake by inhalation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dose-dependency of effects, determined as: total EO intake (μg/g bodyweight-BW), and rate of EO intake (μg/hr/g-BW), was determined by meta-analysis of data from animal studies (10 studies, 12 EOs), measuring effects on anxiety, depression and selected biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation (OSI). RESULTS Results demonstrated benefits on animal behavior at EO intakes of 1-100 μg/g BW and 1-10 μg/hr/g BW (Elevated Plus Maze and Forced Swimming tests) and <100 μg/g BW and 10-100 g/hr/g BW (Marble Burying). EOs regulated OSI biomarkers at intakes of 10-100 μg/g BW and 1-10 μg/h/g BW, and a dose-dependent elevation of dopamine at >1000 μg/g BW and 100-1000 μg/hr/g BW. CONCLUSION The results support that EO 'aromatherapy' can promote dose-dependent regulation of anxiety, depression and OSI and that efficacy requires optimization of dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoli Aponso
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Antonio Patti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Louise E Bennett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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Kesbiç OS, Acar Ü, Yilmaz S, Aydin ÖD. Effects of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) peel oil-supplemented diets on growth performance, haematology and serum biochemical parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:103-110. [PMID: 31482231 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of dietary Citrus bergamia peel oil (CBO) on growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Volatile content of C. bergamia peel oil used in study was detected with GC/MS. The 99.47% of the analysed volatile components were identified in decreasing quantities as limonene, linalool and linalyl acetate. The experimental fish were divided into four groups stocked into triplicate tanks (20 fish/tank), and fed daily with an additive-free basal diet containing 0% (CBO0), 0.5% (CBO0.5), 1.0% (CBO1), 2.0% (CBO2) of bergamot peel oil for an 8-week period. Results showed that dietary bergamot peel oil especially at 0.5 g 100 g-1 significantly increased growth performance of fish (p < 0.05). The levels of haemoglobin and haematocrit significantly increased in fish fed with CBO0.5 and CBO1 compared with the CBO0-fed group (p < 0.05), despite no significant difference was observed in CBO2 group (p > 0.05). Highest haematocrit value was found in the CBO0.5 group compared with the control group. The serum glucose of the fish fed with CBO0.5 and CBO1 feeds decreased significantly compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The highest total protein, lowest cholesterol and triglyceride in serum were observed in fish fed with bergamot oil-supplemented groups. According to the results, it was revealed that 0.5% bergamot oil supplementation to Nile tilapia diets optimizes the growth performance, feed utilization and health status related with blood parameters of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Sabri Kesbiç
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ümit Acar
- Bayramiç Vocational School, Department of Forestry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| | - Sevdan Yilmaz
- Marine Science and Technology Faculty, Department of Aquaculture, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Özlem Durna Aydin
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
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Kaur R, Kaushik A, Singh KK, Katare OP, Singh B. An Efficient and Cost-Effective Nose-Only Inhalational Chamber for Rodents: Design, Optimization and Validation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:82. [PMID: 31989357 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mainstay treatment of pulmonary disorders lies around the direct drug targeting to the lungs using a nebulizer, metered-dose inhaler, or dry powder inhaler. Only few inhalers are available in the market that could be used for inhalational drug delivery in rodents. However, the available rodent inhalers invariably require high cost and maintenance, which limits their use at laboratory scale. The present work, therefore, was undertaken to develop a simple, reliable, and cost-effective nose-only inhalation chamber with holding capacity of three mice at a time. The nebulized air passes directly and continuously from the central chamber to mouthpiece and maintains an aerosol cloud for rodents to inhale. Laser diffraction analysis indicated volume mean diameter of 4.02 ± 0.30 μm, and the next-generation impactor studies, however, revealed mean mass aerodynamic diameter of 3.40 ± 0.27 μm, respectively. An amount of 2.05 ± 0.20 mg of voriconazole (VRC) was available for inhalation at each delivery port of the inhaler. In vivo studies indicated the deposition of 76.12 ± 19.50 μg of VRC in the mice lungs when nebulized for a period of 20 min. Overall, the developed nose-only inhalation chamber offers a reliable means of generating aerosols and successfully exposing mice to nebulization.
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Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Szopa A, Ekiert H. Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon-A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010119. [PMID: 31963590 PMCID: PMC7020168 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review presents important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus limon (lemon)—a species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic and culinary (healthy food) properties. A short description of the genus Citrus is followed by information on the chemical composition, metabolomic studies and biological activities of the main raw materials obtained from C. limon (fruit extract, juice, essential oil). The valuable biological activity of C. limon is determined by its high content of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (e.g., diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin) and phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, synapic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids). The essential oil is rich in bioactive monoterpenoids such as D-limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene. Recently scientifically proven therapeutic activities of C. limon include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiparasitic activities. The review pays particular attention, with references to published scientific research, to the use of C. limon in the food industry and cosmetology. It also addresses the safety of use and potential phototoxicity of the raw materials. Lastly, the review emphasizes the significance of biotechnological studies on C. limon.
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Zhang N, Yao L. Anxiolytic Effect of Essential Oils and Their Constituents: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13790-13808. [PMID: 31148444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils are usually used in aromatherapy to alleviate anxiety symptoms. In comparison to traditional drugs, essential oils have fewer side effects and more diversified application ways, including inhalation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies on anxiolytic effects of essential oils in preclinical and clinical trials. Most of the essential oils used in clinical studies have been proven to be anxiolytic in animal models. Inhalation and oral administration were two common methods for essential oil administration in preclinical and clinical trials. Massage was only used in the clinical trials, while intraperitoneal injection was only used in the preclinical trails. In addition to essential oils that are commonly used in aromatherapy, essential oils from many folk medicinal plants have also been reported to be anxiolytic. More than 20 compounds derived from essential oils have shown an anxiolytic effect in rodents, while two-thirds of them are alcohols and terpenes. Monoamine neurotransmitters, amino acid neurotransmitters, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are thought to play important roles in the anxiolytic effects of essential oils.
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Valizadeh A, Shirzad M, Pourmand MR, Farahmandfar M, Sereshti H, Amani A. Preparation and Comparison of Effects of Different Herbal Oil Ointments as Wound-Healing Agents. Cells Tissues Organs 2019; 207:177-186. [PMID: 31775143 DOI: 10.1159/000503624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process and some agents have been reported to accelerate it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of Eucerin-based ointments of lemon, sesame and olive oils on infected full-thickness wounds in rats. Wounds were created on the dorsal surface of Male Albino Wistar rats (n = 12). Wounds were treated with an Eucerin-based ointment containing either of lemon, sesame or olive oils (33% w/w) twice a day for 14 days. Histopathology results showed that contraction of wounds treated with lemon and sesame oils was higher than in the olive oil and control groups on days 10 and 14. In the lemon- and sesame-oil treated groups, on day 14, 50% of rat lesions were completely healed. Total number of inflammatory cells in lemon oil treatment group was significantly smaller than that of others on day 14 (p < 0.001). Also, thickness of the epidermal layer and rejuvenation of the hair follicles and other skin appendages was normal in lemon and sesame oil treated groups. The lemon and sesame oil ointments accelerated the healing process of wounds in macroscopic, morphological and morphmetrical analyses. Therefore, lemon and sesame oil ointments could be considered as alternative dressings for infected full-thickness wounds because of improved wound healing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Shirzad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Farahmandfar
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Sereshti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, .,Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran,
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Zhang K, Yao L. Anxiolytic Effect of Cedrol on Behavior and Brain Neurotransmitter Levels of Female Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1575-1580. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Lei Yao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil Are Insensitive to Flumazenil in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2156873. [PMID: 31485242 PMCID: PMC6710760 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2156873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are one of the most common mental disorders, and benzodiazepines (BDZs), acting on gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA-A) receptor complex, represent the most common antianxiety medications in the world. However, chronic BDZ use elicits several adverse reactions. Reportedly, aromatherapy is safer for the management of anxiety. Bergamot essential oil (BEO) extracted from Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau fruit, like other essential oils, is widely used in aromatherapy to relieve symptoms of stress-induced anxiety. Interestingly, preclinical data indicate that BEO induces anxiolytic-like/relaxant effects in animal behavioural tasks not superimposable to those of benzodiazepine diazepam. To better elucidate the involvement of GABAergic transmission, the present study examines the effects of pretreatment with flumazenil (FLZ), a benzodiazepine site antagonist, on BEO effects using open-field task (OFT) in rats. The data yielded show that FLZ does not significantly affect behavioural effects of the phytocomplex. These results demonstrate the lack of overlapping between BEO and BDZ behavioural effects, contributing to the characterization of the neurobiological profile of the essential oil for its rational use in aromatherapy.
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Baron EP. Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science. Headache 2019; 58:1139-1186. [PMID: 30152161 DOI: 10.1111/head.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive literature reviews of historical perspectives and evidence supporting cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of pain, including migraine and headache, with associated neurobiological mechanisms of pain modulation have been well described. Most of the existing literature reports on the cannabinoids Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), or cannabis in general. There are many cannabis strains that vary widely in the composition of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds. These components work synergistically to produce wide variations in benefits, side effects, and strain characteristics. Knowledge of the individual medicinal properties of the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids is necessary to cross-breed strains to obtain optimal standardized synergistic compositions. This will enable targeting individual symptoms and/or diseases, including migraine, headache, and pain. OBJECTIVE Review the medical literature for the use of cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of migraine, headache, facial pain, and other chronic pain syndromes, and for supporting evidence of a potential role in combatting the opioid epidemic. Review the medical literature involving major and minor cannabinoids, primary and secondary terpenes, and flavonoids that underlie the synergistic entourage effects of cannabis. Summarize the individual medicinal benefits of these substances, including analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSION There is accumulating evidence for various therapeutic benefits of cannabis/cannabinoids, especially in the treatment of pain, which may also apply to the treatment of migraine and headache. There is also supporting evidence that cannabis may assist in opioid detoxification and weaning, thus making it a potential weapon in battling the opioid epidemic. Cannabis science is a rapidly evolving medical sector and industry with increasingly regulated production standards. Further research is anticipated to optimize breeding of strain-specific synergistic ratios of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phytochemicals for predictable user effects, characteristics, and improved symptom and disease-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Baron
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurological Restoration - Headache and Chronic Pain Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Hashikawa-Hobara N, Otsuka A, Ishikawa R, Hashikawa N. Roman chamomile inhalation combined with clomipramine treatment improves treatment-resistant depression-like behavior in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109263. [PMID: 31369988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that chamomile is one of the oldest known medicinal herbs and has been used to treat various disorders, but it is mainly German chamomile. The effects of Roman chamomile on depression still unclear. In this study, we used chronically stressed mice to investigate whether inhalation of Roman chamomile essential oil affects depression-like behavior. We previously reported that restraint and water immersion stress produce depression-like behavior and a blunted response to the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine. Each mouse was exposed to restraint and water immersion stress for 15 days, and resistance to the effect of clomipramine was induced in a behavioral despair paradigm. In the present study, we found that cotreatment with clomipramine and inhalation of Roman chamomile attenuated depression-like behavior in a forced swim test. Next, we examined the hippocampal mRNA levels of two cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6); a neurotrophic factor, brain derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF); and nerve growth factor (NGF). TNF alpha, IL-6 and BDNF mRNA levels did not change in the hippocampus of stressed mice. However, the NGF mRNA level was significantly decreased, and this decrease was not attenuated by treatment with clomipramine or inhalation of Roman chamomile alone. We also examined whether Roman chamomile combined with clomipramine treatment affects hippocampal neurogenesis and serum corticosterone levels. Stressed mice had fewer doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, but this was significantly attenuated by Roman chamomile and clomipramine treatment. In addition, the serum corticosterone level was also significantly decreased by treatment with Roman chamomile and clomipramine. These results suggest that Roman chamomile inhalation may enhance the antidepressant effect of clomipramine by increasing hippocampal neurogenesis and modulating corticosterone levels in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Hashikawa-Hobara
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
| | - Ami Otsuka
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
| | - Risa Ishikawa
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
| | - Naoya Hashikawa
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
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Ballanger B, Bath KG, Mandairon N. Odorants: a tool to provide nonpharmacological intervention to reduce anxiety during normal and pathological aging. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 82:18-29. [PMID: 31377537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders represent 1 of the most common classes of psychiatric disorders. In the aging population and for patients with age-related pathology, the percentage of people suffering of anxiety is significantly elevated. Furthermore, anxiety carries with it an increased risk for a variety of age-related medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, cognitive decline, and increased severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. A variety of anxiolytic compounds are available but often carry with them disturbing side effects that impact quality of life. Among nonmedicinal approaches to reducing anxiety, odor diffusion and aromatherapy are the most popular. In this review, we highlight the emerging perspective that the use of odorants may reduce anxiety symptoms or at least potentiate the effect of other anxiolytic approaches and may serve as an alternative form of therapy to deal with anxiety symptoms. Such approaches may be particularly beneficial in aging populations with elevated risk for these disorders. We also discuss potential neural mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic effects of odorants based on work in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Ballanger
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, United States
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France.
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Han C, Li F, Tian S, Liu Y, Xiao H, Wu X, Zhang W, Zhang W, Mao M. Beneficial effect of compound essential oil inhalation on central fatigue. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:309. [PMID: 30477490 PMCID: PMC6260882 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds Although the physical and mental enhancement effect of essential oils have been proved, the beneficial effect of essential oil in central fatigue remains unclear. In this study, we extracted essential oils from nine aromatic plants to make a compound essential oil, and detected the therapeutic effect of central fatigue by daily aerial diffusion. Methods Thirty-three rats were randomly and equally divided into control group, chronic sleep deprivation group, and compound essential oil inhalation group. Central fatigue was generated by chronic sleep deprivation. Results After 21-day various interferences, it is found that the sleep deprivation rats showed an evident decrease in physical endurance, negative emotion, and cognitive dysfunction compared with the control group, and the group that treated with the compound essential oil behaved significantly better than central fatigue group. Conclusion We concluded that this formula of essential oils could alleviate central fatigue on rats, and our study provides a new direction of application of aromatic therapy, which could be expanded to insomnia, depression and other healthy issue in the further research.
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Saidi R, Ghrab F, Kallel R, Feki AE, Boudawara T, Chesné C, Ammar E, Jarraya RM. Tunisian Clematis flammula Essential Oil Enhances Wound Healing: GC-MS Analysis, Biochemical and Histological Assessment. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:1483-1499. [PMID: 30404969 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerial part of Clematis flammula (Ranunculaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of skin diseases including mycotic infection in the Tunisian traditional medicine. The study was undertaken to extract and determine the essential oil chemical composition of Clematis flammula aerial parts and to assess the potential of anemonin in wound healing on mechanically wounded wistar rats. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Anemonin was isolated and then incorporated as active in a cream for which the cytotoxicity was evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT)-based colorimetric assay. Then, its potential in wound healing on mechanically wounded wistar rats was assessed. The GC-MS analysis showed that the major compound was protoanemonin (86.74%) which spontaneously dimerised in part to form the anemonin. The wound healing activity of anemonin cream exhibited a non toxic potential of anemonin at a concentration of 25 µg/mL with a cell migration efficiency that reaches more than 80% after 48 hours of treatment. Wound healing efficiency was evaluated by monitoring morphological and skin histological analyses. Comparable wound surface reduction of the group treated by anemonin cream (p ≥ 0.05) when compared to the reference treated group. The skin histological analysis showed the completely wound closure. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the malondialdehyde (MDA) rates and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase) determination. The results provided strong support for the effective wound healing activity of anemonin cream, making it a promising candidate as a therapeutic agent in tissue repairing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakia Saidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry LR17ES08, Natural Substances team, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax University
| | - Ferdaws Ghrab
- Coastal and urban environments, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax University.,Animal Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax University
| | - Rim Kallel
- Anatomopathology Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Universitary Hospital
| | | | - Tahya Boudawara
- Anatomopathology Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Universitary Hospital
| | | | - Emna Ammar
- Coastal and urban environments, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax University
| | - Raoudha Mezghani Jarraya
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry LR17ES08, Natural Substances team, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax University
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Val-Laillet D, Elmore JS, Baines D, Naylor P, Naylor R. Long-term exposure to sensory feed additives during the gestational and postnatal periods affects sows' colostrum and milk sensory profiles, piglets' growth, and feed intake. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3233-3248. [PMID: 29961882 PMCID: PMC6095397 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of feed supplementation in sows and/or their progeny with 2 sensory feed additives (FA1: limonene and cinnamaldehyde; FA2: menthol, carvone, and anethole) on sows' feed intake, body weight, fat deposition, and colostrum/milk composition, as well as piglets' feed intake growth and feed efficiency from birth to slaughter at postnatal day 160 (PND160). During the last third of gestation and the whole of lactation, sows were subjected to a control diet (C) or the same diet containing FA1 or FA2 at 0.1% of complete feed content. Colostrum/milk samples were taken at days 1, 14, and 28 of lactation for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. After weaning, the progeny was subjected to a control diet (C) or experimental diets with a sweetener (0.015%) but no other additive (S), or to diets with a sweetener and the additive FA1 (FA1S) or FA2 (FA2S). There was no effect of dietary treatment on sows' feed intake, body weight, or adiposity (P > 0.15 for all), but the sensory characteristics of their colostrum/milk were modified by the diet and diet*time interaction. Limonene concentrations were higher in FA1 samples from PND1 to PND28, whereas carvone and anethole concentrations were higher in FA2 samples from PND1 to PND28. The concentration of these 3 compounds increased with time in the respective groups where they were mostly detected. Menthol concentrations were higher in FA2 samples at PND14 and PND28, but there was no time effect. Overall, cinnamaldehyde was always below the detection range. Piglets born from FA1 and FA2 sows had higher body weight (P = 0.034 at PND160), average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.036 for PND0-160), and average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.006 for PND28-160) than piglets born from C sows. Overall, piglets that were never exposed to FA or only after weaning had lower ADG (P = 0.030 for PND0-160) and ADFI (P = 0.016 for PND28-160) than piglets that were exposed to FA only via the maternal diet, the condition combining both pre- and post-natal exposure being intermediary. In conclusion, FA1 and FA2 provided to gestating and lactating sows increased the progeny's feed intake and growth, suggesting nutritional programming and/or sensory conditioning during the perinatal period. Addition of FA only in the progeny's diet was not beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Val-Laillet
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - J Stephen Elmore
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
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