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Abdelbaset S, Ayoub IM, Mohamed OG, Tripathi A, Eldahshan OA, El-Kersh DM. Metabolic profiling of Vitex Pubescens Vahl bark via UPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS/MS analysis and evaluation of its antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:232. [PMID: 38877470 PMCID: PMC11177471 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative age-related disease that primarily affects the elderly population leading to progressive memory impairments and neural deficits. It is counted as a major cause of geriatric dependency and disability. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease incidence is complex and involves various hypotheses, including the cholinergic hypothesis, deposition of β-amyloid plaques, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Conventional treatments such as donepezil aim to delay the symptoms but do not affect the progression of the disease and may cause serious side effects like hepatoxicity. The use of natural candidates for Alzheimer's disease treatment has drawn the attention of many researchers as it offers a multitargeted approach. METHODS This current study investigates the metabolic profiles of total defatted methanolic extract of Vitex pubescens bark and its polar fractions, viz. ethyl acetate and n-butanol, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS/MS) technique as well as evaluate the antioxidant using free radical scavenging assays, viz. DPPH and ABTS assays and in-vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities using Ellman's microplate assay. RESULTS Metabolic profiling revealed a total of 71, 43, and 55 metabolites tentatively identified in the defatted methanolic extract, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions, respectively. Phenolic acids were the most abundant class, viz. benzoic acids, and acyl quinic acid derivatives followed by flavonoids exemplified mainly by luteolin-C-glycosides and apigenin-C-glycosides. Quantification of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the total defatted methanolic extract confirmed its enrichment with phenolics and flavonoids equivalent to 138.61 ± 9.39 µg gallic acid/mg extract and 119.63 ± 4.62 µg rutin/mg extract, respectively. Moreover, the total defatted methanolic extract exhibited promising antioxidant activity confirmed through DPPH and ABTS assays with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value equivalent to 52.79 ± 2.16 µg/mL and 10.02 ± µg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory activity of acetylcholine esterase (AchE) was assessed using in-vitro Ellman's colorimetric assay, the total defatted methanolic extract, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions exhibited IC50 values of 52.9, 15.1 and 108.8 µg/mL that they proved the significant inhibition of AchE activity. CONCLUSION The results obtained herein unraveled the potential use of the total methanolic extract of Vitex pubescens bark and its polar fractions as natural candidates for controlling Alzheimer's disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Abdelbaset
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Iriny M Ayoub
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Osama G Mohamed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dina M El-Kersh
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
- Drug Research and Development Group (DRD-G), The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, 11837, Egypt
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Lazarova M, Stefanova M, Denev P, Taseva T, Vassileva V, Tasheva K. Neuroprotective Effect of Marrubium vulgare Extract in Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats: Behavioral and Biochemical Approaches. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:426. [PMID: 38927306 PMCID: PMC11201232 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The potential of Marrubium vulgare to alleviate scopolamine (Sco)-induced deficits in spatial working memory has drawn considerable scientific interest. This effect is partly attributed to its potent antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activities. This study examined the effects of M. vulgare extract, standardized to marrubiin content, on recognition memory in healthy and Sco-treated rats. Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into four groups. The extract was orally administered for 21 days and Sco (2 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected for 11 consecutive days. Memory performance was assessed using the novel object recognition test. Levels of acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (Sero), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) were evaluated in the cortex and hippocampus via ELISA. BDNF and CREB expression levels were assessed using RT-PCR. The results showed that M. vulgare significantly alleviated Sco-induced memory impairment, preserved cholinergic function in the hippocampus, increased NA levels in the brain, and restored pCREB expression in the cortex following Sco-induced reduction. In healthy rats, the extract upregulated BDNF, pCREB, and Bcl2 expression. Our findings indicate that the neuroprotective effects of M. vulgare may be linked to the modulation of cholinergic function, regulation of NA neurotransmission, and influence on key memory-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lazarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Miroslava Stefanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Petko Denev
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Teodora Taseva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Valya Vassileva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Krasimira Tasheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Block 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (K.T.)
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Kniffin A, Bangasser DA, Parikh V. Septohippocampal cholinergic system at the intersection of stress and cognition: Current trends and translational implications. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2155-2180. [PMID: 37118907 PMCID: PMC10875782 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory processes are common across psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, anxiety and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, stress is a major environmental risk factor for these pathologies and it exerts detrimental effects on hippocampal functioning via the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The medial septum cholinergic neurons extensively innervate the hippocampus. Although, the cholinergic septohippocampal pathway (SHP) has long been implicated in learning and memory, its involvement in mediating the adaptive and maladaptive impact of stress on mnemonic processes remains less clear. Here, we discuss current research highlighting the contributions of cholinergic SHP in modulating memory encoding, consolidation and retrieval. Then, we present evidence supporting the view that neurobiological interactions between HPA axis stress response and cholinergic signalling impact hippocampal computations. Finally, we critically discuss potential challenges and opportunities to target cholinergic SHP as a therapeutic strategy to improve cognitive impairments in stress-related disorders. We argue that such efforts should consider recent conceptualisations on the dynamic nature of cholinergic signalling in modulating distinct subcomponents of memory and its interactions with cellular substrates that regulate the adaptive stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Kniffin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Debra A. Bangasser
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
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Lazarova MI, Tsvetanova ER, Georgieva AP, Stefanova MO, Uzunova DN, Denev PN, Tasheva KN. Marrubium vulgare Extract Improves Spatial Working Memory and Oxidative Stress Damage in Scopolamine-Treated Rats. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:S157-S169. [PMID: 38489175 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Background The cholinergic neuronal loss in the basal forebrain and increasing brain oxidative stress are one of the main features of the brain suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Marrubium vulgare (M. vulgare), commonly known as 'white horehound,' possesses a variety of valuable properties, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. Moreover, it possesses neuromodulatory properties that could potentially impact short-term memory functions. Objective The present study was undertaken to investigate the preventive effects of water M. vulgare extract on working memory, cholinergic neurotransmission, and oxidative stress in rats with scopolamine (Sco)-induced dementia. Methods Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into four experimental groups. The plant extract was administered orally for 21 days, and Sco (2 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for 11 consecutive days. The behavioral performance of the animals was evaluated by the T-maze test. The effect of the extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and antioxidant status in cortex and hippocampus were also monitored. Results Our experimental data revealed that treatment with M. vulgare significantly increased the percentage of correct choices of rats with Sco-induced dementia in the T maze test (by 38%, p < 0.05). Additionally, it reduced AChE activity in the hippocampus (by 20%, p < 0.05) and alleviated oxidative stress induced by Sco, particularly in the cortex. Conclusions M. vulgare water extract demonstrated working memory preserving effect in rats with Sco-induced dementia, AChE inhibitory activity and in vivo antioxidant potential, and deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Lazarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elina R Tsvetanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Almira P Georgieva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Diamara N Uzunova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petko N Denev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Krasimira N Tasheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Yang L, Zhou D, Cao J, Shi F, Zeng J, Zhang S, Yan G, Chen Z, Chen B, Guo Y, Lin X. Revealing the biological mechanism of acupuncture in alleviating excessive inflammatory responses and organ damage in sepsis: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242640. [PMID: 37753078 PMCID: PMC10518388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammation caused by a maladjusted host response to infection. In severe cases, it can cause multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and even endanger life. Acupuncture is widely accepted and applied in the treatment of sepsis, and breakthroughs have been made regarding its mechanism of action in recent years. In this review, we systematically discuss the current clinical applications of acupuncture in the treatment of sepsis and focus on the mechanisms of acupuncture in animal models of systemic inflammation. In clinical research, acupuncture can not only effectively inhibit excessive inflammatory reactions but also improve the immunosuppressive state of patients with sepsis, thus maintaining immune homeostasis. Mechanistically, a change in the acupoint microenvironment is the initial response link for acupuncture to take effect, whereas PROKR2 neurons, high-threshold thin nerve fibres, cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R) activation, and Ca2+ influx are the key material bases. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway of the vagus nervous system, the adrenal dopamine anti-inflammatory pathway, and the sympathetic nervous system are key to the transmission of acupuncture information and the inhibition of systemic inflammation. In MODS, acupuncture protects against septic organ damage by inhibiting excessive inflammatory reactions, resisting oxidative stress, protecting mitochondrial function, and reducing apoptosis and tissue or organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaojiao Cao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangyuan Shi
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaming Zeng
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guorui Yan
- The First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pharmacy Department, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihan Chen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaowei Lin
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Sałaciak K, Koszałka A, Lustyk K, Żmudzka E, Jagielska A, Pytka K. Memory impairments in rodent depression models: A link with depression theories. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110774. [PMID: 37088171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
More than 80% of depressed patients struggle with learning new tasks, remembering positive events, or concentrating on a single topic. These neurocognitive deficits accompanying depression may be linked to functional and structural changes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. However, their mechanisms are not yet completely understood. We conducted a narrative review of articles regarding animal studies to assess the state of knowledge. First, we argue the contribution of changes in neurotransmitters and hormone levels in the pathomechanism of cognitive dysfunction in animal depression models. Then, we used numerous neuroinflammation studies to explore its possible implication in cognitive decline. Encouragingly, we also observed a positive correlation between increased oxidative stress and a depressive-like state with concomitant memory deficits. Finally, we discuss the undeniable role of neurotrophin deficits in developing cognitive decline in animal models of depression. This review reveals the complexity of depression-related memory impairments and highlights the potential clinical importance of gathered findings for developing more reliable animal models and designing novel antidepressants with procognitive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Koszałka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żmudzka
- Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College Medyczna, 9 Street, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Angelika Jagielska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland.
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Bono J, Zannone S, Pedrosa V, Clopath C. Learning predictive cognitive maps with spiking neurons during behavior and replays. eLife 2023; 12:e80671. [PMID: 36927625 PMCID: PMC10019888 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has been proposed to encode environments using a representation that contains predictive information about likely future states, called the successor representation. However, it is not clear how such a representation could be learned in the hippocampal circuit. Here, we propose a plasticity rule that can learn this predictive map of the environment using a spiking neural network. We connect this biologically plausible plasticity rule to reinforcement learning, mathematically and numerically showing that it implements the TD-lambda algorithm. By spanning these different levels, we show how our framework naturally encompasses behavioral activity and replays, smoothly moving from rate to temporal coding, and allows learning over behavioral timescales with a plasticity rule acting on a timescale of milliseconds. We discuss how biological parameters such as dwelling times at states, neuronal firing rates and neuromodulation relate to the delay discounting parameter of the TD algorithm, and how they influence the learned representation. We also find that, in agreement with psychological studies and contrary to reinforcement learning theory, the discount factor decreases hyperbolically with time. Finally, our framework suggests a role for replays, in both aiding learning in novel environments and finding shortcut trajectories that were not experienced during behavior, in agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Bono
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sara Zannone
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Victor Pedrosa
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Claudia Clopath
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Rosa J, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Fiorenza NG, Furini CRG, Sapiras GG, Izquierdo I. Hippocampal cholinergic receptors and the mTOR participation in fear-motivated inhibitory avoidance extinction memory. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114129. [PMID: 36179804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated the hippocampal cholinergic system and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) participation during the memory formation of aversive events. This study assessed the role of these systems in the hippocampus for the extinction memory process by submitting male Wistar rats to fear-motivated step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA). The post-extinction session administration of the nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists, mecamylamine and scopolamine, respectively, both at doses of 2 µg/µl/side, and rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor (0.02 µg/µl/side), into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, impaired the IA extinction memory. Furthermore, the nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists, nicotine and muscarine, respectively, had a dose-dependent effect on the IA extinction memory when administered intra-CA1, immediately after the extinction session. Nicotine (0.6 µg/µl/side) and muscarine (0.02 µg/µl/side), respectively, had no effect, while the higher doses (6 and 2 µg/µl/side, respectively) impaired the IA extinction memory. Interestingly, the co-administration of muscarine at the lower dose blocked the impairment that was induced by rapamycin. This effect was not observed when nicotine at the lower dose was co-administered. These results have demonstrated the participation of the cholinergic receptors and mTOR in the hippocampus for IA extinction, and that the cholinergic agonists had a dose-dependent effect on the IA extinction memory. This study provides insights related to the behavioural aspects and the neurobiological properties underlying the early stage of fear-motivated IA extinction memory consolidation and suggests that there is hippocampal muscarinic receptor participation independent of mTOR in this memory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rosa
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Bento Gonçalves 9500, Building 43422, Room 208 A, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalia Gindri Fiorenza
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Branch Ceara, 60760-000 Eusebio, CE, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, 3rd Floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gerson Guilherme Sapiras
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Clinical Hospital of Passo Fundo (HCPF), Tiradentes 295, 99010-260 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Ipiranga 6690, Floor 2, 90610-600 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Translational Neuroscience (INNT), National Research Council of Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rudnicka-Drożak E, Drożak P, Mizerski G, Zaborowski T, Ślusarska B, Nowicki G, Drożak M. Links between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease-What Do We Already Know? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2146. [PMID: 36767513 PMCID: PMC9915236 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a life-changing condition whose etiology is explained by several hypotheses. Recently, a new virus contributed to the evidence of viral involvement in AD: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the COVID-19 coronavirus disease. AD was found to be one of the most common COVID-19 comorbidities, and it was found to increase mortality from this disease as well. Moreover, AD patients were observed to present with the distinct clinical features of COVID-19, with delirium being prevalent in this group. The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters host cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. ACE2 is overexpressed in brains with AD, which thus increases the viral invasion. Furthermore, the inhibition of the ACE2 receptor by the SARS-CoV-2 virus may also decrease the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), contributing to neurodegeneration. The ApoE ε4 allele, which increases the risk of AD, was found to facilitate the SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Furthermore, the neuroinflammation and oxidative stress existing in AD patients enhance the inflammatory response associated with COVID-19. Moreover, pandemic and associated social distancing measures negatively affected the mental health, cognitive function, and neuro-psychiatric symptoms of AD patients. This review comprehensively covers the links between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease, including clinical presentation, molecular mechanisms, and the effects of social distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rudnicka-Drożak
- Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Drożak
- Student Scientific Society, Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mizerski
- Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zaborowski
- Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Ślusarska
- Department of Family and Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nowicki
- Department of Family and Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Martyna Drożak
- Student Scientific Society, Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
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Al-Hakim NA, Fidrianny I, Anggadiredja K, Mauludin R. Effect of Banana ( Musa sp.) Peels Extract in Nanoemulsion Dosage Forms for the Improvement of Memory: In Vitro & In Vivo Studies. Pharm Nanotechnol 2022; 10:299-309. [PMID: 35466890 PMCID: PMC9900702 DOI: 10.2174/2211738510666220422135519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Banana (Musa sp.) is a plant rich in phytochemical compounds, especially antioxidants, which are hypothesized to inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme associated with Alzheimer's Disease. OBJECTIVE This research aimed to study nanoemulsion preparations of Kepok banana (KEP-NE) and Tanduk banana (TAN-NE) peel extracts for their activities as antioxidants, acetylcholinesterase as well as tyrosinase inhibitors, and as agents to improve short-term memory. METHODS Nanoemulsion was prepared using a combination of high shear homogenization and ultrasonication. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using DPPH and ABTS methods. Meanwhile, memory improvement was studied in a mouse model with memory impairment induced by alloxan (120 mg/kg b.w) using the Y-maze apparatus. ELISA performed determination of acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibition. RESULTS Characterization of the nanoemulsion was performed to include particle size, antioxidant activity, acetylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase inhibition. The particle size and polydispersity index (PI) of KEP-NE and TAN-NE were 84.2 nm (PI: 0.280) and 94.1 nm (PI: 0.282), respectively. The antioxidant activity of DPPH showed that the respective IC50 values of KEP-NE and TAN-NE were 0.64 μg/mL and 1.97 μg/mL. At the same time, the values with the ABTS method were 1.10 μg/mL and 1.72 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of KEP-NE on acetylcholinesterase inhibition was 108.80 μg/mL, and that on tyrosinase inhibition was 251.47 μg/mL. The study of short-term memory in the Y-maze revealed that the groups Kepok peel extracts 100 and 300 mg/kg b.w and KEP-NE 100 and 300 mg/kg b.w significantly (P < 0.05) improved short-term memory. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the nanoemulsion dosage form of Kepok banana peel extract has antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition and tyrosinase inhibition activities and could potentially be an adjunct alternative treatment for memory disorders. Modifying the smaller drug particle size contributes to the delivery system. The nanoemulsion can increase pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Achsan Al-Hakim
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Irda Fidrianny
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | | | - Rachmat Mauludin
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Address correspondence to this author at the School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10 Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Tel: +62-22 250 4852, E-mail:
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11
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Inactivation of the cholinergic M4 receptor results in a disinhibited endophenotype predicting alcohol use. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Uchida S, Shimada C, Sakuma N, Kagitani F, Kan A, Awata S. Olfactory function and discrimination ability in the elderly: a pilot study. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:8. [PMID: 35365090 PMCID: PMC10717643 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that subjects with a higher olfactory identification threshold for rose odor declined more in attentional ability in the elderly. This study focuses on discrimination ability and olfactory identification threshold in twelve elderly subjects living in a community (age: 80.9 ± 1.6). Olfactory function was assessed by the rose odor identification threshold. We assessed the discrimination ability by distinguishing 5 similar odor pairs. Our results showed that the subjects with a higher olfactory identification threshold (≥ 5) declined more in discrimination ability (14% ± 14%, p = 0.03) compared to those with a lower threshold (≤ 4) (averaged value set at 100%). As discrimination ability is related to the basal forebrain cholinergic system, our results suggest that olfactory impairment links to the decline in cognitive function relating the cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Uchida
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Chiho Shimada
- Department of Exploring End-of-Life Care for the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Saku University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakuma
- Department of Dementia and Mental Health Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusako Kagitani
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Akiko Kan
- Department of Health Services Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Awata
- Integrated Research Initiative for Living Well With Dementia, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Vitisin A, a Resveratrol Tetramer, Improves Scopolamine-Induced Impaired Learning and Memory Functions in Amnesiac ICR Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020273. [PMID: 35203483 PMCID: PMC8869728 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol has been reported to exhibit neuroprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. However, little is known about resveratrol tetramers of hopeaphenol, vitisin A, and vitisin B with the same molecular mass in the improvement of degenerative disorders. In this study, two 95% ethanol extracts (95EE) from stem parts of Vitis thunbergii Sieb. & Zucc. (VT-95EE) and from the root (R) parts of Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana (VTT-R-95EE) showed comparable acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. It was found that VT-95EE and VTT-R-95EE showed different distribution patterns of identified resveratrol and resveratrol tetramers of hopeaphenol, vitisin A, and vitisin B based on the analyses of HPLC chromatographic profiles. The hopeaphenol, vitisin A, and vitisin B, showed AChE and monoamine oxidase-B inhibitions in a dose-dependent manner, among which vitisin B and vitisin A exhibited much better activities than those of resveratrol, and had neuroprotective activities against methylglyoxal-induced SH-SY5Y cell deaths. The scopolamine-induced amnesiac ICR mice treated with VT-95EE and its ethyl acetate-partitioned fraction (VT-95EE-EA) at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, or vitisin A at a dose of 40 mg/kg, but not vitisin B (40 mg/kg), were shown significantly to improve the impaired learning behaviors by passive avoidance tests compared to those in the control without drug treatments (p < 0.05). Compared to mice in the control group, the brain extracts in the vitisin A-treated mice or donepezil-treated mice showed significant reductions in AChE activities and malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.05), and elevated the reduced protein expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and BDNF receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). These results revealed that vitisin A was the active constituent in the VT-95EE and VTT-95EE, and the VT medicinal plant and that the endemic variety of VTT has potential in developing functional foods for an unmet medical need for neurodegenerative disorders.
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14
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Grodner B, Napiórkowska M, Pisklak DM. In Vitro and In Silico Kinetic Studies of Patented 1,7-diEthyl and 1,7-diMethyl Aminoalkanol Derivatives as New Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:270. [PMID: 35008697 PMCID: PMC8745342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two aminoalkanol derivatives of 1,7-diEthyl-8,9-diphenyl-4azatricyclo (5.2.1.02.6) dec-8-ene-3,5,10-trione and two derivatives of 1,7-diMethyl-8,9-diphenyl-4-azatricyclo (5.2.1.02.6) dec-8-ene-3,5,10-trione were evaluated in vitro for their inhibition efficacy of acetylcholinesterase. The Km, Vmax, slope angles of Lineweaver-Burk plots, Ki and IC50 values showed that all four aminoalkanol derivatives are competitive inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase whose inhibitory potency depends, to a varying extent, on the nature of the four different substituents present in the main compound structure. Studies have shown that the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are derivatives containing isopropylamine and/or methyl substituents in their structure. In contrast, dimethylamine and/or ethyl substituents seem to have a weaker, albeit visible, effect on the inhibitory potency of acetylcholinesterase. Additionally, docking studies suggest that studied compounds binds with the peripheral anionic site and not enter into the catalytic pocket due to the presence of the sterically extended substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Grodner
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariola Napiórkowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Maciej Pisklak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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15
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Storozheva ZI, Zakharova EI, Proshin AT. Evaluation of the Activity of Choline Acetyltransferase From Different Synaptosomal Fractions at the Distinct Stages of Spatial Learning in the Morris Water Maze. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:755373. [PMID: 34720900 PMCID: PMC8548380 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.755373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated data have evidenced that brain cholinergic circuits play a crucial role in learning and memory; however, our knowledge about the participation of neocortical and hippocampal cholinergic systems in spatial learning needs to be refined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the activity of membrane-bound and soluble choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the synaptosomal sub-fractions of the neocortex and hippocampus with performance of the spatial navigation task in the Morris water maze at different temporal stages of memory trace formation. To identify distinct stages of memory formation, rats were trained using a 5-day protocol with four trials per day. The mean escape latency for each trial was collected, and the entire dataset was subjected to principal component analysis. Based on the Morris water maze protocol, there were three relatively distinct stages of memory formation: days 1-2, day 3, and days 4-5. The remotely stored memory trace tested in repeated and reversal learning beginning on day 19 (14 days after the end of initial learning) was associated at the individual level mainly with performance during the second trial on day 21 (the third day or repeated or reversal learning). The ChAT activity data suggest the participation of cortical cholinergic projections mainly in the first stage of spatial learning (automatic sensory processing) and the involvement of hippocampal interneurons in the second stage (error-corrected learning). Cholinergic cortical interneurons participated mainly in the stage of asymptotic performance (days 4-5). It is advisable to evaluate other signalling pathways at the identified stages of memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida I Storozheva
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I Zakharova
- Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Palacios-Filardo J, Udakis M, Brown GA, Tehan BG, Congreve MS, Nathan PJ, Brown AJH, Mellor JR. Acetylcholine prioritises direct synaptic inputs from entorhinal cortex to CA1 by differential modulation of feedforward inhibitory circuits. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5475. [PMID: 34531380 PMCID: PMC8445995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine release in the hippocampus plays a central role in the formation of new memory representations. An influential but largely untested theory proposes that memory formation requires acetylcholine to enhance responses in CA1 to new sensory information from entorhinal cortex whilst depressing inputs from previously encoded representations in CA3. Here, we show that excitatory inputs from entorhinal cortex and CA3 are depressed equally by synaptic release of acetylcholine in CA1. However, feedforward inhibition from entorhinal cortex exhibits greater depression than CA3 resulting in a selective enhancement of excitatory-inhibitory balance and CA1 activation by entorhinal inputs. Entorhinal and CA3 pathways engage different feedforward interneuron subpopulations and cholinergic modulation of presynaptic function is mediated differentially by muscarinic M3 and M4 receptors, respectively. Thus, our data support a role and mechanisms for acetylcholine to prioritise novel information inputs to CA1 during memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Palacios-Filardo
- Center for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Matt Udakis
- Center for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Giles A Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
- OMass Therapeutics Ltd, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin G Tehan
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
- OMass Therapeutics Ltd, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles S Congreve
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair J H Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abingdon, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Center for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.
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Zhong HH, Qu JF, Xiao WM, Chen YK, Liu YL, Wu ZQ, Qiu DH, Liang WC. Severity of Lesions Involving the Cortical Cholinergic Pathways May Be Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Subacute Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:606897. [PMID: 34168604 PMCID: PMC8217623 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.606897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Impairment of cortical cholinergic pathways (CCP) is an important risk factor for chronic vascular cognitive impairment. However, this phenomenon has rarely been studied in post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). We investigated the relationship between PSCI and CCP lesions assessed by structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients and methods: We prospectively enrolled 103 patients within 7 days of ischemic stroke onset. CCP was measured by the cholinergic pathways hyperintensities scale (CHIPS), which semiquantitatively grades MR lesions strategically located on the CCP identified in human brains. We also measured other MRI parameters, including the location and volumes of acute infarcts, cerebral microbleeds, medial temporal lobe atrophy, and white matter lesions. Neuropsychological assessments were performed using the 60-min modified vascular dementia battery (VDB) at 3 months after the index stroke, and PSCI was defined according to VDB as well as ADL. Results: Of all 103 patients, 69 men (67.0%) and 34 women (33.0%) with a mean age of 57.22 ± 12.95 years, 55 patients (53.4%) were judged to have PSCI at 3 months, including 43 (41.7%) patients with PSCI-no dementia and 12 (11.7%) patients with poststroke dementia. According to the VBD assessment, the most commonly impaired cognitive domain was visuomotor speed (27.2%) followed by verbal memory (25.2%). Univariate analysis showed that patients with PSCI were older; had higher informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE) scores; had more frequent previous stroke history and atrial fibrillation; and had higher CHIPS scores, more severe white matter lesions, and medial temporal lobe atrophy. PSCI patients also had higher depression scores at 3 months. In the multivariate regression analysis, age, IQCODE score, CHIPS score, and Hamilton depression rating scale score were independent predictors of PSCI. Ordinal regression analysis for risk factors of poor functional outcomes revealed that IQCODE scores and cognitive function status were related to mRS score at 3 months after stroke. Conclusion: In patients with early subacute ischemic stroke, the severity of lesions involving the CCP may be associated with cognitive impairment at 3 months. Clinical Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, identifier: ChiCTR1800014982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huo-Hua Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Jian-Feng Qu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Wei-Min Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Yang-Kun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Yong-Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Dong-Hai Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Wen-Cong Liang
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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18
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Moreno H, de Brugada I. Prenatal dietary choline supplementation modulates long-term memory development in rat offspring. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 24:417-425. [PMID: 31304891 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1641294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Previous studies on preclinical models have shown that giving supplemental choline during the embryonic period improves performance on memory tasks during adulthood. However, the effects of an early intervention on the development of cognitive functions in the immature brain have not been widely studied. In addition, it has been well established that short-term memory in rats emerges at an earlier stage than long-term memory.Objective: The aim of this work was to examine the effect of prenatal dietary choline supplementation on long-term memory development in rats.Methods: In order to assess long-term memory, we used an object-recognition task, which evaluates the ability to recall a previously presented stimulus. Pregnant rats were fed with the diets AIN 76-A standard (1.1 g choline/Kg food) or supplemented (5 g choline/Kg food) between embryonic days (E) 12 and E18. On the first post-natal day (PN 0), male offspring of the rats fed with the supplemented and standard diet were cross-fostered to rat dams fed a standard diet during pregnancy and tested at the age of PN21-22 or PN29-31 applying 24-hour retention tests.Results: The supplemented animals spent less time exploring the familiar object after a 24-hour retention interval, an effect that was observed in both the group tested at PN21-22 days of age and that tested at PN29-31 days. The non-supplemented rats only showed this effect in the group tested at PN29-31 days.Conclusions: These results suggest that prenatal supplementation with choline accelerates the development of long-term memory in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayarelis Moreno
- Department of Psychology of Education and Psychobiology, International University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Isabel de Brugada
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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19
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Istifli ES. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Onosma bourgaei and Onosma trachytricha and in Silico Molecular Docking Analysis of Dominant Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102981. [PMID: 34069766 PMCID: PMC8157196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of methanol (MeOH) extracts from Onosma bourgaei (Boiss.) and O. trachytricha (Boiss.). In addition, the interactions between phytochemicals found in extracts in high amounts and the target enzymes in question were revealed at the molecular scale by performing in silico molecular docking simulations. While the total amount of flavonoid compounds was higher in O. bourgaei, O. trachytricha was richer in phenolics. Chromatographic analysis showed that the major compounds of the extracts were luteolin 7-glucoside, apigenin 7-glucoside and rosmarinic acid. With the exception of the ferrous ion chelating assay, O. trachytricha exhibited higher antioxidant activity than O. bourgaei. O. bourgaei exhibited also slightly higher activity on digestive enzymes. The inhibitory activities of the Onosma species on tyrosinase were almost equal. In addition, the inhibitory activities of the extracts on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were stronger than the activity on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Molecular docking simulations revealed that luteolin 7-glucoside and apigenin 7-glucoside have particularly strong binding affinities against ChEs, tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase when compared with co-crystallized inhibitors. Therefore, it was concluded that the compounds in question could act as effective inhibitors on cholinesterases, tyrosinase and digestive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Salih Istifli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Cukurova University, TR-01330 Adana, Turkey
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20
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Dias I, Levers MR, Lamberti M, Hassink GC, van Wezel R, le Feber J. Consolidation of memory traces in cultured cortical networks requires low cholinergic tone, synchronized activity and high network excitability. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33892486 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abfb3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In systems consolidation, encoded memories are replayed by the hippocampus during slow-wave sleep (SWS), and permanently stored in the neocortex. Declarative memory consolidation is believed to benefit from the oscillatory rhythms and low cholinergic tone observed in this sleep stage, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To clarify the role of cholinergic modulation and synchronized activity in memory consolidation, we applied repeated electrical stimulation in mature cultures of dissociated rat cortical neurons with high or low cholinergic tone, mimicking the cue replay observed during systems consolidation under distinct cholinergic concentrations. In the absence of cholinergic input, these cultures display activity patterns hallmarked by network bursts, synchronized events reminiscent of the low frequency oscillations observed during SWS. They display stable activity and connectivity, which mutually interact and achieve an equilibrium. Electrical stimulation reforms the equilibrium to include the stimulus response, a phenomenon interpreted as memory trace formation. Without cholinergic input, activity was burst-dominated. First application of a stimulus induced significant connectivity changes, while subsequent repetition no longer affected connectivity. Presenting a second stimulus at a different electrode had the same effect, whereas returning to the initial stimuli did not induce further connectivity alterations, indicating that the second stimulus did not erase the 'memory trace' of the first. Distinctively, cultures with high cholinergic tone displayed reduced network excitability and dispersed firing, and electrical stimulation did not induce significant connectivity changes. We conclude that low cholinergic tone facilitates memory formation and consolidation, possibly through enhanced network excitability. Network bursts or SWS oscillations may merely reflect high network excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Dias
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, PO Box 217 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes R Levers
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, PO Box 217 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Lamberti
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, PO Box 217 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Hassink
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, PO Box 217 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Richard van Wezel
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, PO Box 217 7500AE, The Netherlands.,Department of Biophysics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, PO Box 9010 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Joost le Feber
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, PO Box 217 7500AE, The Netherlands
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Jarzebowski P, Tang CS, Paulsen O, Hay YA. Impaired spatial learning and suppression of sharp wave ripples by cholinergic activation at the goal location. eLife 2021; 10:65998. [PMID: 33821790 PMCID: PMC8064750 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a central role in long-term memory formation, and different hippocampal network states are thought to have different functions in this process. These network states are controlled by neuromodulatory inputs, including the cholinergic input from the medial septum. Here, we used optogenetic stimulation of septal cholinergic neurons to understand how cholinergic activity affects different stages of spatial memory formation in a reward-based navigation task in mice. We found that optogenetic stimulation of septal cholinergic neurons (1) impaired memory formation when activated at goal location but not during navigation, (2) reduced sharp wave ripple (SWR) incidence at goal location, and (3) reduced SWR incidence and enhanced theta-gamma oscillations during sleep. These results underscore the importance of appropriate timing of cholinergic input in long-term memory formation, which might help explain the limited success of cholinesterase inhibitor drugs in treating memory impairment in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Jarzebowski
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clara S Tang
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Paulsen
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Y Audrey Hay
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Luo Y, Sun Y, Tian X, Zheng X, Wang X, Li W, Wu X, Shu B, Hou W. Deep Brain Stimulation for Alzheimer's Disease: Stimulation Parameters and Potential Mechanisms of Action. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:619543. [PMID: 33776742 PMCID: PMC7990787 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.619543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical technique that regulates neuron activity by using internal pulse generators to electrodes in specific target areas of the brain. As a blind treatment, DBS is widely used in the field of mental and neurological diseases, although its mechanism of action is still unclear. In the past 10 years, DBS has shown a certain positive effect in animal models and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there are also different results that may be related to the stimulation parameters of DBS. Based on this, determining the optimal stimulation parameters for DBS in AD and understanding its mechanism of action are essential to promote the clinical application of DBS in AD. This review aims to explore the therapeutic effect of DBS in AD, and to analyze its stimulation parameters and potential mechanism of action. The keywords "Deep brain stimulation" and "Alzheimer's Disease" were used for systematic searches in the literature databases of Web of Science and PubMed (from 1900 to September 29, 2020). All human clinical studies and animal studies were reported in English, including individual case studies and long-term follow-up studies, were included. These studies described the therapeutic effects of DBS in AD. The results included 16 human clinical studies and 14 animal studies, of which 28 studies clearly demonstrated the positive effect of DBS in AD. We analyzed the current stimulation parameters of DBS in AD from stimulation target, stimulation frequency, stimulation start time, stimulation duration, unilateral/bilateral treatment and current intensity, etc., and we also discussed its potential mechanism of action from multiple aspects, including regulating related neural networks, promoting nerve oscillation, reducing β-amyloid and tau levels, reducing neuroinflammation, regulating the cholinergic system, inducing the synthesis of nerve growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinpei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuelong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weina Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Medical Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Mohamad Rezaei R, Shiravi A, Seyedinia SA, Moradi Kor N, Vafaei AA, Rashidy-Pour A. Role of Hippocampal 5-HT6 Receptors in Glucocorticoid-Induced Enhancement of Memory Consolidation in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 11:507-516. [PMID: 33613889 PMCID: PMC7878042 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: of the study: Post-training administration of glucocorticoids enhance memory consolidation of inhibitory avoidance learning. Given the involvement of 5-HT6 receptors in memory processing and the interaction of glucocorticoids with the brain serotonergic system in modulating memory processing, we investigated whether the effect of glucocorticoids on the consolidation of emotionally arousing training depends on hippocampal 5-HT6 receptors. Methods: Rats were trained in an inhibitory avoidance task and immediately received the systemic injections of corticosterone (CORT) as well as the intra-hippocampal injections of 5-HT receptors agonist or antagonist. The memory retention test was done 48 hours after training and immediately after the behavioral test, the animals were sacrificed and the hippocampi (left and right) rapidly dissected out for molecular studies. Results: Post-training injections of different doses of CORT (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) enhanced memory retention in a dose-dependent manner. The CORT-induced enhancement of memory consolidation was blocked by bilateral intra-hippocampal injections of 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB271046 (5 or 10 ng/per side), but not agonist EMD386088 (5 or 10 ng/per side). Furthermore, systemic CORT reduced 5-HT6 receptor mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus. Both doses of 5-HT6 receptor agonist and antagonist significantly enhanced and reduced the expression of the 5-HT6 receptor, respectively, and both ligands at the higher dose (10 ng) enhanced memory consolidation. Moreover, CORT injection attenuated and enhanced, respectively, the effects of agonist and antagonist on 5-HT6 receptor expression. Conclusion: These behavioral and molecular findings indicated an interaction between glucocorticoids and hippocampal 5-HT6 receptors in the consolidation of emotionally arousing experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seyed Ali Seyedinia
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nasroallah Moradi Kor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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24
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Easton A, Barros M, Lever C. Acetylcholine and Spontaneous Recognition Memory in Rodents and Primates. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020; 45:29-45. [PMID: 32462614 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whilst acetylcholine has long been linked to memory, there have been significant questions about its specific role. In particular, the effects of cholinergic manipulations in primates and rodents has often been at odds. Here, we review the work in primates and rodents on the specific function of acetylcholine in memory, and episodic memory in particular. We propose that patterns of impairment can best be understood in terms of a role for hippocampal acetylcholine in resolving spatial interference and we discuss the benefits of new tasks of episodic memory in animals allowing clearer translation of findings to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Easton
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK. .,Learning and Memory Processes Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK.
| | - Marilia Barros
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Colin Lever
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Learning and Memory Processes Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
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25
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Effects of the excitation or inhibition of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons on cognitive ability in mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:235-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Uchida S, Shimada C, Sakuma N, Kagitani F, Kan A, Awata S. The relationship between olfaction and cognitive function in the elderly. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:48. [PMID: 33054707 PMCID: PMC10717970 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between olfaction and cognitive function in 12 elderly people (age: 80.9 ± 1.6) living in the community. Olfactory function was assessed by the identification threshold for rose odor. Four cognitive measures consisting general cognitive ability assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), its sub-domains, and attentional ability assessed by drawing a line to connect the numbers consecutively (trail-making test part A; TMT-A), were assessed. Subjects with a higher olfactory threshold (≥ 5) declined more in the performance speed of TMT-A (73% ± 7%, p = 0.05) compared with those subjects with a lower threshold (≤ 4) (averaged value was set at 100%). Other cognitive statuses assessed by MMSE tended to decline in subjects with higher thresholds. Because attentional function relates to the basal forebrain cholinergic system, our results suggest that olfactory impairment links to the decline in cognitive function, particularly of attention-relating cholinergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Uchida
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Chiho Shimada
- Department of Exploring End-of-Life Care for the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakuma
- Department of Dementia and Mental Health Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusako Kagitani
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Akiko Kan
- Department of Health Services Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Awata
- Department of Dementia and Mental Health Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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YUAN M, ZHANG XX, FU XC, BI X. Enriched environment alleviates post-stroke cognitive impairment through enhancing α7-nAChR expression in rats. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 78:603-610. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Enriched environment (EE) is a simple and effective intervention to improve cognitive function in post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI), partly due to the rebalancing of the cholinergic signaling pathway in the hippocampus. α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) is a cholinergic receptor whose activation inhibits inflammation and promotes the recovery of neurological function in PSCI patients. However, it is still unclear whether EE can regulate α7-nAChR and activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) in PSCI. Objective: To investigate the effects of EE on cognitive impairment, and the role of α7-nAChR in PSCI. Methods: A PSCI rat model was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) and were reared in standard environment (SE) or EE for 28d, control group with sham surgery. Cognitive function was determined by Morris water maze test. The long-term potentiation (LTP) was assessed by Electrophysiology. Histopathological methods were used to determine infarct volume, α7-nAChR expression and the cytokines and cholinergic proteins expression. Results: Compared with SE group, rats in EE group had better cognitive function, higher expression of α7-nAChR positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region. In addition, EE attenuated unfavorable changes induced by MCAO/R in cytokines and cholinergic proteins, and also enhanced LTP promoted by nicotine and attenuated by α-BGT; but showed no significantly difference in infarct volume. Conclusions: EE markedly improves cognitive impairment and enhances neuroplasticity in PSCI rats, which may be closely related to enhancement of α7-nAChR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei YUAN
- Shanghai University of Sport, China
| | | | | | - Xia BI
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, China
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28
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Rafiq S, Batool Z, Liaquat L, Haider S. Blockade of muscarinic receptors impairs reconsolidation of older fear memory by decreasing cholinergic neurotransmission: A study in rat model of PTSD. Life Sci 2020; 256:118014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Berteau S, Bullock D. Simulations reveal how M-currents and memory-based inputs from CA3 enable single neuron mismatch detection for EC3 inputs to the CA1 subfield of hippocampus. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:544-556. [PMID: 32609564 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00238.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant evidence has accumulated to support the hypothesis that hippocampal region CA1 operates as an associative mismatch detector (e.g., Hasselmo ME, Schnell E, Barkai E. J Neurosci 15: 5249-5262, 1995; Duncan K, Curtis C, Davachi L. J Neurosci 29: 131-139, 2009; Kumaran D, Maguire EA. J Neurosci 27: 8517-8524, 2007; Lisman JE, Grace AA. Neuron 46: 703-713, 2005; Lisman JE, Otmakhova NA. Hippocampus 11: 551-568 2001; Lörincz A, Buzsáki G. Ann N Y Acad Sci 911: 83-111, 2000; Meeter M, Murre JMJ, Talamini LM. Hippocampus 14: 722-741, 2004; Schiffer AM, Ahlheim C, Wurm MF, Schubotz RI. PLoS One 7: e36445, 2012; Vinogradova OS. Hippocampus 11: 578-598 2001). CA1 compares predictive synaptic signals from CA3 with synaptic signals from EC3, which reflect actual sensory inputs. The new CA1 pyramidal model presented here shows that the distal-proximal segregation of synaptic inputs from EC3 versus CA3, along with other biophysical features, enable such pyramids to serve as comparators that switch output encoding from a brief burst, for a match, to prolonged tonic spiking, for a mismatch. By including often-overlooked features of CA1 pyramidal neurons, this new model allows simulation of pharmacological effects that can eliminate either the match (phasic mode) response or the mismatch (tonic mode) response. These simulations reveal that dysfunctions can arise from either too much or too little ACh stimulation of the muscarinic receptors that control KCNQ channels. Additionally, a dysfunction caused by administration of an N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist could be rescued by simultaneous administration of a KCNQ channel agonist, such as retigabine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hippocampal region CA1 operates as an associative mismatch detector, comparing predictive signals from CA3 with signals from EC3 reflecting sensory inputs. This new CA1 pyramidal model shows that biophysical features enable these comparators to switch output between brief bursts for matches and tonic spiking for mismatches. This suggests that cognitive learning models (e.g., predictive coding) may require much less match/mismatch circuitry than commonly assumed. Additional simulations illuminate deficits seen in psychiatric disorders and drug-induced states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Berteau
- Cognitive & Neural Systems Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Bullock
- Cognitive & Neural Systems Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Lu Z, Wang J, Qu L, Kan G, Zhang T, Shen J, Li Y, Yang J, Niu Y, Xiao Z, Li Y, Zhang X. Reactive mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with limonene for improving physical and mental health of mice at simulated microgravity condition. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:1127-1137. [PMID: 32743123 PMCID: PMC7381505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Astronauts are under high stress for a long time because of the microgravity condition, which leads to anxiety, affects their learning and memory abilities, and seriously impairs the health of astronauts. Aromatherapy can improve the physical and mental health of astronauts in a way that moisturizes them softly and silently. However, the strong volatility of fragrances and inconvenience of aroma treatment greatly limit their application in the field of spaceflight. In this study, reactive mesoporous silica nanoparticles were prepared to encapsulate and slowly release limonene. The limonene loaded nanoparticles were named limonene@mesoporous silica nanoparticles-cyanuric chloride (LE@MSNs-CYC). LE@MSNs-CYC were then applied to wallpaper to improve the convenience of aromatherapy. LE@MSNs-CYC could chemically react with the wallpaper, thus firmly adsorbed on the wallpaper. In the following, the mice were treated with hindlimb unloading (HU) to simulate a microgravity environment. The results showed that 28-day HU led to an increase in the level of anxiety and declines in learning, memory, and physical health in mice. LE@MSNs-CYC showed significant relief effects on anxiety, learning, memory, and physical health of HU treated mice. Subsequently, the molecular mechanisms were explored by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis related hormones, immune-related cytokines, learning, and memory-related neurotransmitters and proteins. Large-scale industrial production and cost-effective fabrication of reactive nanofragrance. Strong adhesion of nanofragrance on substrate through covalent bonds. Improvement of physical and mental health under simulated microgravity condition in moisten things softly and silently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jianze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Lina Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Guanghan Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Tianlu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Yunwei Niu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Fragrance and Flavor Industry, Shanghai, 200232, PR China
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Zuobing Xiao
- Shanghai Research Institute of Fragrance and Flavor Industry, Shanghai, 200232, PR China
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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31
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Uchida S, Kagitani F. Effects of nicotine on regional blood flow in the olfactory bulb in response to olfactory nerve stimulation. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:30. [PMID: 32522157 PMCID: PMC10717392 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of olfactory nerve stimulation on regional cerebral blood flow and assessed the effect of intravenous nicotine administration on this response in anesthetized rats. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry or laser speckle contrast imaging. Unilateral olfactory nerve stimulation for 5 s produced current (≥ 100 μA) and frequency-dependent (≥ 5 Hz) increases in blood flow in the olfactory bulb ipsilateral to the stimulus. The increased olfactory bulb blood flow peaked at 30 ± 7% using stimulus parameters of 300 μA and 20 Hz. Nerve stimulation did not change frontal cortical blood flow or mean arterial pressure. The intravenous injection of nicotine (30 μg/kg) augmented the olfactory bulb blood flow response to nerve stimulation (20 Hz, 300 μA) by approximately 1.5-fold (60-s area after the stimulation). These results indicate that olfactory nerve stimulation increases olfactory bulb blood flow, and the response is potentiated by the activation of nicotinic cholinergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Uchida
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Fusako Kagitani
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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Hwang TW, Kim EJ, Kim D, Jeong JY, Kim GH, Lim K, Moon M, Yoon KA, Choi DE, Kim JJ. Fat-1 expression enhance hippocampal memory in scopolamine-induced amnesia. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 82:108394. [PMID: 32454411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are critical for optimal brain health and are involved in psychiatric and neurological ailments. Here, we report the effects of higher endogenous omega-3 PUFA on memory impairment in the hippocampus by studying mice with transgenic expression of the fat-1 gene that converts omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA. We performed Y-maze and passive avoidance tests to evaluate the memory function of fat-1 mice treated with scopolamine. Fat-1 mice showed induced alternation in the Y-maze test and increased latency in the passive avoidance test. The effects of scopolamine on hippocampal neurogenesis were confirmed by increases in the number of Ki-67- and DCX-positive cells in the fat-1 mice. Western blotting revealed increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein levels, and lower scopolamine-induced apoptosis based on the cleaved-caspase 3 protein level in fat-1 mice. These findings suggest that higher endogenous omega-3 PUFA prevented granular cell loss, increased BDNF signaling, and decreased apoptosis signaling in scopolamine-treated fat-1 mice. These processes may underlie granular cell survival and suggest potential therapeutic targets for memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woong Hwang
- Departments of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015; Departments of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015
| | - Eun-Ji Kim
- Departments of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015; Departments of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015
| | - DaBi Kim
- Departments of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015; Departments of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Departments of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015; Departments of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015
| | - Gun-Hwa Kim
- Drug & Disease Target Team, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Republic of Korea, Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119
| | - Kyu Lim
- Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365
| | - Kyung Ah Yoon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Daejeon Health Sciences College, Daejeon, 34504
| | - Dae Eun Choi
- Departments of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015.
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Departments of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015; Departments of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015.
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Inhibitory Effects of Raw-Extract Centella asiatica (RECA) on Acetylcholinesterase, Inflammations, and Oxidative Stress Activities via In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040892. [PMID: 32079355 PMCID: PMC7070982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) is one of the medicinal plants that has been reported to exert comprehensive neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. In view of this, the present study was performed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of C. asiatica, designated as raw-extract of C. asiatica (RECA) in reducing the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), inflammations, and oxidative stress activities via both in vitro (SH-SY5Y and RAW 264.7 cells) and in vivo (Sprague Dawley rats). Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography analysis reveals that RECA contains a significantly high proportion of glycosides than the aglycones with madecassoside as the highest component, followed by asiaticoside. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with RECA significantly reduced the AChE activity in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 31.09 ± 10.07 µg/mL. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of RECA were evaluated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Our results elucidated that treatment with RECA significantly suppressed the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine/mediators and oxidative stress released in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, these patterns of inhibition were consistent as observed in the LPS-induced neuroinflammation Sprague Dawley rats’ model. The highest concentration used in the two models presented the most significant results. Herein, our findings strongly suggest that RECA may offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease through inhibiting the AChE, inflammation, and oxidative stress activities.
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Possible interaction between the ventral hippocampal cannabinoid CB2 and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on the modulation of memory consolidation in mice. Neuroreport 2020; 31:174-183. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Fantozzi N, Pétuya R, Insuasty A, Long A, Lefevre S, Schmitt A, Robert V, Dutasta JP, Baraille I, Guy L, Genin E, Bégué D, Martinez A, Pinet S, Gosse I. A new fluorescent hemicryptophane for acetylcholine recognition with an unusual recognition mode. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02794d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ammonium of the target interacts with the south part of the hemicryptophane probably because the cyclotriveratrylene's electronic density is altered by the extension of conjugation.
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Uchida S, Ito Y, Kagitani F. Effects of nicotine on odor-induced increases in regional blood flow in the olfactory bulb in rats. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:425-431. [PMID: 30600444 PMCID: PMC10717050 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-00657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation on the odor-induced blood flow response in the olfactory bulb. In urethane-anesthetized rats, odor stimulation (5% amyl acetate, 30 s) produced an increase in olfactory bulb blood flow (reaching 107% ± 3% of the pre-stimulus basal values), without changes in frontal cortical blood flow or mean arterial pressure. Intravenous injection of nicotine (30 μg/kg), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, significantly augmented the odor-induced increase response of olfactory bulb blood flow, without changes in the basal blood flow level. The nicotine-induced augmentation of the olfactory bulb blood flow response to odor was negated by dihydro-β-erythroidine, an α4β2-preferring nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Our results suggest that the activation of α4β2-like neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain potentiates an odor-induced blood flow response in the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Uchida
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Yoshie Ito
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Fusako Kagitani
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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Synthesis, molecular docking and cholinesterase inhibitory activity of hydroxylated 2-phenylbenzofuran derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:302-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pilipenko V, Narbute K, Amara I, Trovato A, Scuto M, Pupure J, Jansone B, Poikans J, Bisenieks E, Klusa V, Calabrese V. GABA-containing compound gammapyrone protects against brain impairments in Alzheimer's disease model male rats and prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in cell culture. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:708-726. [PMID: 30742328 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, decreased glucose/energy metabolism, and disrupted neurotransmission are changes that occur early in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), manifesting as mild cognitive impairment. Recently, the imbalanced function of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system was identified as a critical factor in AD progression. Thus, maintaining balance among neurotransmitter systems, particularly the GABA system, can be considered a beneficial strategy to slow AD progression. The present study investigated the effects of the compound gammapyrone, a molecule containing three GABA moieties: "free" moiety attached to the position 4 of the 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) ring, and two "crypto" moieties as part of the DHP scaffold. The "free" and "crypto" GABA moieties are linked by a peptide bond (-CONH-), resulting in a peptide-mimicking structure. In a nontransgenic male rat AD model generated by intracerebroventricular (icv) streptozocin (STZ) administration, gammapyrone (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg ip) mitigated the impairment of spatial learning and memory, prevented astroglial and microglial neuroinflammation, and normalized acetylcholine breakdown and GABA biosynthesis. In PC12 cells, gammapyrone protected against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis caused by the mitochondrial toxin di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Gammapyrone did not bind to GABA-A and GABA-B receptors in vitro; therefore, we cannot attribute its neuroprotective action to a specific interaction with GABA receptors. Nevertheless, we suggest that the peptide-like regulatory mechanisms of gammapyrone or its allosteric modulatory properties are essential for the observed effects. Since, the icv STZ model resembles the early stages of AD, gammapyrone, and/or its congeners could be useful in the design of anti-dementia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimirs Pilipenko
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karina Narbute
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ines Amara
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Trovato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Jolanta Pupure
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Baiba Jansone
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Poikans
- Laboratory of Membrane Active Compounds, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Egils Bisenieks
- Laboratory of Membrane Active Compounds, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vija Klusa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
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Xiang X, Yu Y, Tang X, Chen M, Zheng Y, Zhu S. Transcriptome Profile in Hippocampus During Acute Inflammatory Response to Surgery: Toward Early Stage of PND. Front Immunol 2019; 10:149. [PMID: 30804943 PMCID: PMC6370675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are common complications observed in surgical patients, but there are no effective treatments and the detailed mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate the hippocampal changes after surgery and underlying molecular mechanisms of PND. Tibial fracture surgery was performed in 3–4 months old C57BL/6J mice to mimic human orthopedic surgery. We demonstrated that memory consolidation of the hippocampal-dependent trace-fear conditioning task was significantly impaired. By using ELISA, a significant elevated IL-6 was observed both in circulating system and central nervous system and peaked at 6 h post-surgery, but transiently returned to baseline thereafter. Hippocampus were collected at 6 h post-surgery then processed for RNA-Seq. A total of 268 genes were screened differentially expressed between the Surgery and Control group, including 170 up-regulated genes and 98 down-regulated genes. By functional enrichment analysis of differently expressed genes, several KEGG pathways involved in inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and cholinergic synapse were overrepresented. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed 15 dysregulated genes of interest. These results provide a comprehensive insight into global gene expression changes during the acute presence of hippocampal inflammation and a better understanding on early stage of PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwu Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manli Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Pilipenko V, Narbute K, Pupure J, Rumaks J, Jansone B, Klusa V. Neuroprotective action of diazepam at very low and moderate doses in Alzheimer's disease model rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 144:319-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ng R, Lai P, Brown TT, Järvinen A, Halgren E, Bellugi U, Trauner D. Neuroanatomical correlates of emotion-processing in children with unilateral brain lesion: A preliminary study of limbic system organization. Soc Neurosci 2018; 13:688-700. [PMID: 28990866 PMCID: PMC6117211 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1386126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, MRI and DTI were employed to examine subcortical volume and microstructural properties (FA, MD) of the limbic network, and their relationships with affect discrimination in 13 FL (6 right FL, M = 10.17 years; 7 left FL; M = 10.09) and 13 typically-developing children (TD; M = 10.16). Subcortical volume of the amygdala, hippocampus and thalamus and FA and MD of the fornix and anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) were examined. Results revealed no group differences across emotion-perception tasks or amygdalar volume. However, contrasting neuroanatomical patterns were observed in right versus left FL youth. Right FL participants showed increased left hippocampal and thalamic volume relative to left FL participants; whereas, the latter group showed increased right thalamic volume. DTI findings also indicated right FL children show greater MD of right fornix than other groups, whereas, left FL youth showed greater MD of left fornix. Right FL youth also showed lower FA of right fornix than left FL children, whereby the latter showed greater FA of left fornix and ATR. Differential associations between DTI indices and auditory/visual emotion-perception were observed across FL groups. Findings indicate diverging brain-behavioral relationships for emotion-perception among right and left FL children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Ng
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037
- Institute of Child Development; University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Philip Lai
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, 6330 Alvarado Court #208, San Diego, CA 92120
| | - Timothy T. Brown
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genomics; University of California San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite C101, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Radiology; University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 93094
| | - Anna Järvinen
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Eric Halgren
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genomics; University of California San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite C101, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Radiology; University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 93094
| | - Ursula Bellugi
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Doris Trauner
- Department of Neurosciences; University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 93094
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Bartos M, Gumilar F, Gallegos CE, Bras C, Dominguez S, Mónaco N, Esandi MDC, Bouzat C, Cancela LM, Minetti A. Alterations in the memory of rat offspring exposed to low levels of fluoride during gestation and lactation: Involvement of the α7 nicotinic receptor and oxidative stress. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:108-114. [PMID: 30009953 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Daily exposure to fluoride (F) depends mainly on the intake of this element with drinking water. When administered during gestation and lactation, F has been associated with cognitive deficits in the offspring. However, the mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of F remain obscure. In the current study, we investigated the effects of oral exposure to low levels of F during the gestational and lactation periods, on the memory of adult female rat offspring. We also considered a possible underlying neurotoxic mechanism. Our results showed that this exposure reduced step-down latency in the inhibitory avoidance task, and decreased both mRNA expression of the α7 nicotinic receptor (nAChR) and catalase activity in hippocampus. Our data indicates that low F concentrations administrated during gestation and lactation decrease the memory of 90-day-old female offspring. This suggests that the mechanism might be connected with an α7 nAChR deficit in the hippocampus, induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bartos
- Toxicology Laboratory, INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Fernanda Gumilar
- Toxicology Laboratory, INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina E Gallegos
- Toxicology Laboratory, INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Bras
- Toxicology Laboratory, INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Dominguez
- Toxicology Laboratory, INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nina Mónaco
- Toxicology Laboratory, INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Del Carmen Esandi
- INIBIBB, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Bouzat
- INIBIBB, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana M Cancela
- IFEC, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba-CONICET, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Minetti
- Toxicology Laboratory, INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yadav M, Parle M, Sharma N, Jindal DK, Bhidhasra A, Dhingra MS, Kumar A, Dhingra S. Protective effects of Spinacia oleracea seeds extract in an experimental model of schizophrenia: Possible behavior, biochemical, neurochemical and cellular alterations. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:1015-1025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Mónaco NM, Bartos M, Dominguez S, Gallegos C, Bras C, Esandi MDC, Bouzat C, Giannuzzi L, Minetti A, Gumilar F. Low arsenic concentrations impair memory in rat offpring exposed during pregnancy and lactation: Role of α7 nicotinic receptor, glutamate and oxidative stress. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Uchida S, Kagitani F. Effect of basal forebrain stimulation on extracellular acetylcholine release and blood flow in the olfactory bulb. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:415-423. [PMID: 28500439 PMCID: PMC10718006 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb receives cholinergic basal forebrain input, as does the neocortex; however, the in vivo physiological functions regarding the release of extracellular acetylcholine and regulation of regional blood flow in the olfactory bulb are unclear. We used in vivo microdialysis to measure the extracellular acetylcholine levels in the olfactory bulb of urethane-anesthetized rats. Focal chemical stimulation by microinjection of L-glutamate into the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB) in the basal forebrain, which is the main source of cholinergic input to the olfactory bulb, increased extracellular acetylcholine release in the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. When the regional cerebral blood flow was measured using laser speckle contrast imaging, the focal chemical stimulation of the HDB did not significantly alter the blood flow in the olfactory bulb, while increases were observed in the neocortex. Our results suggest a functional difference between the olfactory bulb and neocortex regarding cerebral blood flow regulation through the release of acetylcholine by cholinergic basal forebrain input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Uchida
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Fusako Kagitani
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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Han YG, Qin X, Zhang T, Lei M, Sun FY, Sun JJ, Yuan WF. Electroacupuncture prevents cognitive impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide via inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Neurosci Lett 2018; 683:190-195. [PMID: 29885447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play an important role in the pathophysiology of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive impairment. This study aims to observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the cognitive function in LPS-induced mice, and its regulation on hippocampal α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR), oxidative and proinflammatory factors. Adult male C57BL/6 nice were used to establish animal model of LPS-induced cognitive impairment, and were randomly divided into three groups (n = 16): control group, model group (LPS: 5 mg/kg), and EA group. The cognitive function was measured by Morris water-maze test, and protein expression of α7nAChR in hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure hippocampal proinflammatory cytokines. The results showed that LPS significantly impaired working and spatial memory of mice, which could be attenuated by EA treatment. EA prevented LPS-induced decrease of α7nAChR protein, acetylcholine (ACh) content and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and prevented LPS-induced increase of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (P < 0.05). EA significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and increased the contents of catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) in hippocampus of LPS-treated Mice (P < 0.05). EA also prevented LPS-induced increase of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in hippocampus (P < 0.05). In conclusion, electroacupuncture can improve the learning and memory in LPS-treated mice, and its mechanism may be related to enhanced expression of α7-nAChR and cholinergic factors, and suppression of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Guo Han
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, PR China
| | - Xiong Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, PR China.
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, PR China.
| | - Fang-Yuan Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, PR China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, PR China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wei-Fang Yuan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, PR China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Abstract
Sleepiness and cardiovascular disease share common molecular pathways; thus, metabolic risk factors for sleepiness may also predict cardiovascular disease risk. Daytime sleepiness predicts mortality and cardiovascular disease, although the mechanism is unidentified. This study explored the associations between subjective sleepiness and metabolite concentrations in human blood plasma within the oxidative and inflammatory pathways, in order to identify mechanisms that may contribute to sleepiness and cardiovascular disease risk. METHODS An exploratory case-control sample of 36 subjects, categorized based on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire as sleepy (ESS ≥ 10) or non-sleepy (ESS < 10), was recruited among subjects undergoing an overnight sleep study for suspected sleep apnea at the University of Pennsylvania Sleep Center. The average age was 42.4 ± 10.5 years, the mean body mass index (BMI) was 40.0 ± 9.36 kg/m2, median Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) was 8.2 (IQR: 2.5-26.5), and 52% were male. Fasting morning blood plasma samples were collected after an overnight sleep study. Biomarkers were explored in subjects with sleepiness versus those without using the multiple linear regression adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, Apnea Hypopnea Index (sleep apnea severity), study cohort, and hypertension. RESULTS The level of choline is significantly lower (P = 0.003) in sleepy subjects (N = 18; mean plasma choline concentration of 8.19 ± 2.62 μmol/L) compared with non-sleepy subjects (N = 18; mean plasma choline concentration of 9.14 ± 2.25 μmol/L). Other markers with suggestive differences (P < 0.1) include isovalerylcarnitine, Alpha-Amino apidipic acid, Spingosine 1 Phosphate, Aspartic Acid, Propionylcarnitine, and Ceramides (fatty acids; C14-C16 and C-18). CONCLUSION This pilot study is the first to show that lower levels of plasma choline metabolites are associated with sleepiness. Further exploration of choline and other noted metabolites and their associations with sleepiness will guide targeted symptom management.
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder representing the leading cause of dementia and is affecting nearly 44 million people worldwide. AD is characterized by a progressive decline in acetylcholine levels in the cholinergic systems, which results in severe memory loss and cognitive impairments. Expression levels and activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme has been noted to increase significantly in the late stages of AD, thus making it a viable drug target. A series of hydroxylated 2-phenylbenzofurans compounds were designed, synthesized and their inhibitory activities toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BChE enzymes were evaluated. Two compounds (15 and 17) displayed higher inhibitory activity towards BChE with IC50 values of 6.23 μM and 3.57 μM, and a good antioxidant activity with EC50 values 14.9 μM and 16.7 μM, respectively. The same compounds further exhibited selective inhibitory activity against BChE over AChE. Computational studies were used to compare protein-binding pockets and evaluate the interaction fingerprints of the compound. Molecular simulations showed a conserved protein residue interaction network between the compounds, resulting in similar interaction energy values. Thus, combination of biochemical and computational approaches could represent rational guidelines for further structural modification of these hydroxy-benzofuran derivatives as future drugs for treatment of AD.
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Katakura M, Mamun AA, Shido O. Docosahexaenoic Acid Helps to Lessen Extinction Memory in Rats. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020451. [PMID: 29463009 PMCID: PMC6017742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Memory extinction is referred to as a learning process in which a conditioned response (CR) progressively reduces over time as an animal learns to uncouple a response from a stimulus. Extinction occurs when the rat is placed into a context without shock after training. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, n-3) is implicated in memory formation in mammalian brains. In a two-way active shuttle-avoidance apparatus, we examined whether DHA affects the extinction memory and the expression of brain cognition-related proteins, including gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor (BDNFR) tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrKB), and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits NR2A and NR2B. Also, the protein levels of GRP, BDNF, postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), and the antioxidative potentials, in terms of lipid peroxide (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), were examined in the hippocampus. During the acquisition phase, the rats received a conditioned stimulus (CS-tone) paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS foot shock) for three consecutive days (Sessions S1, S2, and S3, each consisting of 30-trials) after 12 weeks of oral administration of DHA. After a three-day interval, the rats were re-subjected to two extinction sessions (S4, S5), each comprising 30 trials of CS alone. During the acquisition training in S1, the shock-related avoidance frequency (acquisition memory) was significantly higher in the DHA-administered rats compared with the control rats. The avoidance frequency, however, decreased with successive acquisition trainings in sessions S2 and S3. When the rats were subjected to the extinction sessions after a break for consolidation, the conditioned response (CR) was also significantly higher in the DHA-administered rats. Interestingly, the freezing responses (frequency and time) also significantly decreased in the DHA-administered rats, thus suggesting that a higher coping capacity was present during fear stress in the DHA-administered rats. DHA treatments increased the mRNA levels of GRPR, BDNF receptor TrKB, and NMDAR subunit NR2B. DHA also increased the protein levels of GRP, BDNF, PSD-95, and VAChT, and the antioxidative potentials in the hippocampus. These results suggest the usefulness of DHA for treating stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Masanori Katakura
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Osamu Shido
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
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Tabassum S, Haider S. Extensive but not Limited Repeated Trials in Passive Avoidance Task Induce Stress-like Symptoms and Affect Memory Function in Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 371:495-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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