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Mahdirejei HA, Peeri M, Azarbayjani MA, Fattahi Masrour F. Fluoxetine combined with swimming exercise synergistically reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior by normalizing the HPA axis and brain inflammation in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 232:173640. [PMID: 37741552 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Major depression disorder is a debilitating psychiatric disease affecting millions of people worldwide. This disorder is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in high-income countries. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine are first-line drugs for treating depression-related disorders, but not all patients respond well to these antidepressants. This study aimed to evaluate whether fluoxetine combined with aerobic exercise can affect lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, and brain inflammation in mice. Male mice were exposed to fluoxetine, swimming exercise, or a combination of both and finally treated with LPS. We measured depression-related symptoms such as anhedonia, behavioral despair, weight gain, and food intake. Hormones (corticosterone and testosterone) and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10) were also measured in serum and brain (hippocampus and prefrontal cortex), respectively. The findings indicated that LPS induced anhedonia and behavioral despair and increased corticosterone, hippocampal IL-1β, TNF-α, and decreased testosterone and hippocampal IL-10 in mice. Fluoxetine and exercise separately reduced LPS-induced depressive-like behavior, while their combination synergistically reduced these symptoms in LPS-treated mice. We found fluoxetine alone increased food intake and body weight in LPS-treated mice. Fluoxetine and exercise combination reduced corticosterone, hippocampal TNF-α, and prefrontal IL-6 and TNF-α levels and increased testosterone and hippocampal and prefrontal IL-10 levels more effectively than fluoxetine alone in LPS-treated mice. This study suggests that swimming exercise combined with fluoxetine can affect depression-related behavior, HPA axis, and brain inflammation more effectively than when they are used separately.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maghsoud Peeri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Castro AL, Frankot M, Moran TH, Iñiguez SD, Treesukosol Y. Acute and long-lasting effects of adolescent fluoxetine exposure on feeding behavior in Sprague-Dawley rats. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22345. [PMID: 36426786 PMCID: PMC10681029 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant medication fluoxetine (FLX) is frequently prescribed for the management of mood-related illnesses in the adolescent population-yet its long-term neurobehavioral consequences are not understood. To investigate how juvenile FLX exposure influences feeding behavior in adulthood, we conducted two experiments. In Experiment 1, adolescent male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with 20 mg/kg/day FLX (postnatal day [PND] 35-49) and exposed to a binge access paradigm in adulthood (PND72+) to evaluate potential alterations for sweetened-fat preference. No long-term FLX-induced differences in preference for sweetened fat versus chow, nor total caloric intake, were noted; however, females displayed higher preference for sweetened fat compared to males. In Experiment 2, PND35 male rats received FLX (PND35-49) and were exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS) in adulthood (PND74-88). During treatment, FLX decreased body weight and intake (meal size), but not total meal number. Also, no differences in meal pattern parameters were observed after FLX completion. Likewise, no differences in meal pattern parameters to a palatable diet (45% fat, 17% sucrose) presented from PND74 to PND88, even after CVS, were observed. Our findings indicate that juvenile FLX reduces body weight gain acutely via reduced meal size intake; however, no long-term changes in ad libitum feeding behavior or binge access to a palatable stimulus are evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L. Castro
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Michelle Frankot
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy H. Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergio D. Iñiguez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Yada Treesukosol
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
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Kryst J, Majcher-Maślanka I, Chocyk A. Effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in adolescent rodents - systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:920-946. [PMID: 36151445 PMCID: PMC9584991 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Drugs prescribed for psychiatric disorders in adolescence should be studied very extensively since they can affect developing and thus highly plastic brain differently than they affect the adult brain. Therefore, we aimed to summarize animal studies reporting the behavioral consequences of chronic exposure to the most widely prescribed antidepressant drug among adolescents i.e., fluoxetine. Methods Electronic databases (Medline via Pubmed, Web of Science Core Collection, ScienceDirect) were systematically searched until April 12, 2022, for published, peer-reviewed, controlled trials concerning the effects of chronic fluoxetine administration vs. vehicle on anxiety and depression measures in naïve and stress-exposed adolescent rodents. All of the relevant studies were selected and critically appraised, and a meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed. Results A total of 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. In naïve animals, chronic adolescent fluoxetine administration showed dose-related anxiogenic-like effects, measured as a reduction in time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. No significant effects of chronic adolescent fluoxetine on depression-like behavior were reported in naïve animals, while in stress-exposed rodents chronic adolescent fluoxetine significantly decreased immobility time in the forced swim test compared to vehicle. Conclusions These results suggest that although chronic fluoxetine treatment proves positive effects in animal models of depression, it may simultaneously increase anxiety in adolescent animals in a dose-related manner. Although the clinical implications of the data should be interpreted with extreme caution, adolescent patients under fluoxetine treatment should be closely monitored. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43440-022-00420-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kryst
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Institute for Basics Sciences, University of Physical Education, Jana Pawła II Av. 78, 31-571, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Majcher-Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chocyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Zhong H, Rong J, Yang Y, Liang M, Li Y, Zhou R. Neonatal inflammation via persistent TGF-β1 downregulation decreases GABA AR expression in basolateral amygdala leading to the imbalance of the local excitation-inhibition circuits and anxiety-like phenotype in adult mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 169:105745. [PMID: 35513229 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal inflammation can increase the risk of anxiety disorder in adulthood. The balance between glutamatergic excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory transmissions in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays a vital role in controlling anxiety state. Based on the reports that early-life inflammation had adverse effects on GABAergic system, the aim of this study was to investigate whether and how neonatal inflammation affects excitatory-inhibitory circuits in the BLA resulting in anxiety disorder. Neonatal mice received a daily subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg/kg) or saline on postnatal days 3-5. LPS-treated mice developed anxiety behaviors accompanied by the hyperactivity of adrenal axis in adulthood. Electrophysiological study revealed the increase of postsynaptic neuronal excitability in the cortical-BLA excitatory synapses of LPS mice which could be recovered by bath-application of GABAAR agonist suggesting the impairment of GABAergic system in LPS mice. Compared with controls, GABAARα2 subunit expression and density of GABA-evoked current in BLA principal neurons were reduced in LPS mice. Additionally, neonatal LPS treatment resulted in the down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression and PKC signaling pathway in the adult BLA. The local TGF-β1 overexpression in the BLA improved GABAARα2 expression via up-regulating the activity of PKC signaling, which corrected GABAAR-mediated inhibition leading to the abolishment of anxiety-like change in adrenal axis regulation and behaviors in LPS mice. These data suggest the persistent TGF-β1deficit induces the down-regulation of GABAARα2 expression and subsequent disruption of the excitation-inhibition balance in the BLA circuits, which is the important mechanisms of neonatal inflammation-induced anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Zhong
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jing Rong
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Naghibi S, Barzegari A, Shariatzadeh M, Vatandoost M, Ahmadi M, Mahdinia E, Neghabi F, Rajabpour A, Sadat Aleahmad A, Sadat Balaghati F, Sadat Naserimanesh S, Saeedipour M, Sadeghi O, Yeganeh F, Salari AA. Voluntary physical activity increases maternal care and reduces anxiety- and depression-related behaviours during the postpartum period in mice. Brain Res 2022; 1784:147880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lovick TA, Zangrossi H. Effect of Estrous Cycle on Behavior of Females in Rodent Tests of Anxiety. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711065. [PMID: 34531768 PMCID: PMC8438218 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions e.g., premenstrual syndrome, are menstrual cycle specific. Animal models of fear and anxiety, which form the basis for research into drug treatments, have been developed almost exclusively, using males. There remains a paucity of work using females and the available literature presents a confusing picture. One confound is the estrous cycle in females, which some authors consider, but many do not. Importantly, there are no accepted standardized criteria for defining cycle phase, which is important given the rapidly changing hormonal profile during the 4-day cycle of rodents. Moreover, since many behavioral tests that involve a learning component or that consider extinction of a previously acquired association require several days to complete; the outcome may depend on the phase of the cycle on the days of training as well as on test days. In this article we consider responsiveness of females compared to males in a number of commonly used behavioral tests of anxiety and fear that were developed in male rodents. We conclude that females perform in a qualitatively similar manner to males in most tests although there may be sex and strain differences in sensitivity. Tests based on unconditioned threatening stimuli are significantly influenced by estrous cycle phase with animals displaying increased responsiveness in the late diestrus phase of the cycle (similar to the premenstrual phase in women). Tests that utilize conditioned fear paradigms, which involve a learning component appear to be less impacted by the estrous cycle although sex and cycle-related differences in responding can still be detected. Ethologically-relevant tests appear to have more translational value in females. However, even when sex differences in behavior are not detected, the same outward behavioral response may be mediated by different brain mechanisms. In order to progress basic research in the field of female psychiatry and psychopharmacology, there is a pressing need to validate and standardize experimental protocols for using female animal models of anxiety-related states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma A. Lovick
- Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hélio Zangrossi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Changes in Behavior and the Expression of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Genes in the Brains of Adult Rats after Neonatal Administration of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-020-01025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Rahimi S, Peeri M, Azarbayjani MA, Anoosheh L, Ghasemzadeh E, Khalifeh N, Noroozi-Mahyari S, Deravi S, Saffari-Anaraki S, Hemat Zangeneh F, Salari AA. Long-term exercise from adolescence to adulthood reduces anxiety- and depression-like behaviors following maternal immune activation in offspring. Physiol Behav 2020; 226:113130. [PMID: 32791182 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Sabaghi A, Heirani A, Kiani A, Yousofvand N, Sabaghi S. The Reduction of Seizure Intensity and Attenuation of Memory Deficiency and Anxiety-Like Behavior through Aerobic Exercise by Increasing the BDNF in Mice with Chronic Epilepsy. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Effects of lipopolysaccharide administration and maternal deprivation on anxiety and depressive symptoms in male and female Wistar rats: Neurobehavioral and biochemical assessments. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Small litter size impairs spatial memory and increases anxiety- like behavior in a strain-dependent manner in male mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11281. [PMID: 30050150 PMCID: PMC6062575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life overfeeding is associated with cognitive decline and anxiety-like behaviors in later life. It is not clear whether there are individual differences in the effects of early life overfeeding and what the underlying mechanistic pathways are. We investigated the long-lasting effects of small litter size, an experimental manipulation to induce neonatal overfeeding, in two strains of mice, C57BL/6 and NMRI. We measured body weight, learning and memory, anxiety-related behaviors, interleukin-(IL)-1β and brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus, and both basal and stress corticosterone levels in adult mice which have been nursed in small litters compared with those from control litters. Our findings showed that small litter size led to increased body weight in both strains of mice. Small litter size significantly decreased spatial memory and hippocampal BDNF levels, and increased hippocampal IL-1β, in NMRI mice, but not C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, we found that small litter size resulted in a significant increase in anxiety-like behaviors and stress-induced corticosterone in NMRI mice, whereas small litter size reduced anxiety-like symptoms and stress-induced corticosterone levels in C57BL/6 mice. These data show that small litter size, which is life-long associated with increased body weight, affects memory and anxiety-related behaviors in a strain-dependent manner in male mice. This suggests that there are individual differences in the developmental consequences of early life overfeeding.
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12
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Marwari S, Dawe GS. (R)-fluoxetine enhances cognitive flexibility and hippocampal cell proliferation in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:441-457. [PMID: 29458297 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118754733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is a clinically successful antidepressant. It is a racemic mixture of (R) and (S) stereoisomers. In preclinical studies, chronic treatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) had antidepressant effects correlated with increased hippocampal cell proliferation in adult rodents. However, the contribution of the enantiomers of fluoxetine is largely unknown. We investigated the effects of treatment with (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine on cognitive behavioral paradigms and examined cell proliferation in the hippocampus of C57BL/6J female mice. In a behavioral sequencing task using the IntelliCage system in which discriminated spatial patterns of rewarded and never-rewarded corners were reversed serially, (R)-fluoxetine-treated mice showed rapid acquisition of behavioral sequencing (compared with S-fluoxetine) and cognitive flexibility in subsequent reversal stages in intra- and inter-session analysis. (R)-fluoxetine also increased cell proliferation in the hippocampus, in particular in the suprapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus. (R)-fluoxetine had superior effects to (S)-fluoxetine in elevated plus maze, forced-swim and tail-suspension tests. These results suggest that (R)-fluoxetine, which has been reported to have a shorter half-life than (S)-fluoxetine, has superior antidepressant effects and more consistently improves spatial learning and memory. This profile offers advantages in depression treatment and may also aid management of the neurocognitive impairments associated with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhi Marwari
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gavin S Dawe
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,2 Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, University of Singapore, Singapore
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Lei Y, Chen CJ, Yan XX, Li Z, Deng XH. Early-life lipopolysaccharide exposure potentiates forebrain expression of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins and anxiety-like behavior in adolescent rats. Brain Res 2017; 1671:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Wang Q, Dong X, Wang Y, Liu M, Sun A, Li N, lin Y, Geng Z, Jin Y, Li X. Adolescent escitalopram prevents the effects of maternal separation on depression‐ and anxiety‐like behaviours and regulates the levels of inflammatory cytokines in adult male mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 62:37-45. [PMID: 28778811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaomei Dong
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Mengxi Liu
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Anji Sun
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Nannan Li
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Yiwei lin
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Zhongli Geng
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaobai Li
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning ProvinceChina
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15
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Neonatal blockade of GABA‐A receptors alters behavioral and physiological phenotypes in adult mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 57:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Nelson LH, Lenz KM. Microglia depletion in early life programs persistent changes in social, mood-related, and locomotor behavior in male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:279-293. [PMID: 27613230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, regulate brain development by promoting cell genesis, pruning synapses, and removing dying, newly-born or progenitor cells. However, the role of microglia in the early life programming of behavior under normal conditions is not well characterized. We used central infusion of liposomal clodronate to selectively deplete microglia from the neonatal rat brain and subsequently assessed the impact of microglial depletion on programming of juvenile and adult motivated behaviors. Liposomal clodronate treatment on postnatal days one and four led to greater than 70% loss of forebrain microglia by postnatal day 6 that lasted for approximately ten days. Neonatal microglia depletion led to reduced juvenile and adult anxiety behavior on the elevated plus maze and open field test, and increased locomotor activity. On a test of juvenile social play, microglial depletion led to decreased chase behaviors relative to control animals. There was no change in active social behavior in adults on a reciprocal social interaction test, but there was decreased passive interaction time and an increased number of social avoidance behaviors in clodronate treated rats relative to controls. There was an overall decrease in behavioral despair on the forced swim test in adult rats treated neonatally with clodronate. Females, but not males, treated neonatally with clodronate showed a blunted corticosterone response after acute stress in adulthood. These results show that microglia are important for the early life programming of juvenile and adult motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA.
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Salari AA, Fatehi-Gharehlar L, Motayagheni N, Homberg JR. Fluoxetine normalizes the effects of prenatal maternal stress on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mouse dams and male offspring. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:354-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Majidi J, Kosari-Nasab M, Salari AA. Developmental minocycline treatment reverses the effects of neonatal immune activation on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, hippocampal inflammation, and HPA axis activity in adult mice. Brain Res Bull 2016; 120:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Amodeo LR, Greenfield VY, Humphrey DE, Varela V, Pipkin JA, Eaton SE, Johnson JD, Plant CP, Harmony ZR, Wang L, Crawford CA. Effects of acute or repeated paroxetine and fluoxetine treatment on affective behavior in male and female adolescent rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3515-28. [PMID: 26141193 PMCID: PMC4561584 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine is one of the few drugs that is effective at treating depression in adolescent humans. In contrast, the SSRI paroxetine has limited efficacy and is more at risk for inducing suicidal behavior. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to more fully characterize the differential actions of paroxetine and fluoxetine. METHODS In experiment 1, male and female rats were injected with paroxetine (2.5 or 10 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), or vehicle for 10 days starting on postnatal day (PD) 35, and affective behaviors were assessed using sucrose preference and elevated plus maze tasks. A separate set of rats were used to examine monoamine levels. In experiment 2, rats were injected with paroxetine (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg), fluoxetine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg), or vehicle during the same time frame as experiment 1, and anxiety-like behaviors were measured using elevated plus maze, light/dark box, and acoustic startle. RESULTS Repeated SSRI treatment failed to alter sucrose preference, although both paroxetine and fluoxetine reduced time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and light compartment of the light/dark box. Paroxetine, but not fluoxetine, enhanced acoustic startle and interfered with habituation. Serotonin turnover was decreased by both acute and repeated fluoxetine treatment but unaltered by paroxetine administration. DISCUSSION These results show that repeated treatment with paroxetine and fluoxetine has dissociable actions in adolescent rats. In particular, paroxetine, but not fluoxetine, increases acoustic startle at low doses and may increase sensitivity to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Amodeo
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
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Salari AA, Bakhtiari A, Homberg JR. Activation of GABA-A receptors during postnatal brain development increases anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a time- and dose-dependent manner in adult mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1260-74. [PMID: 25983020 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of the gamma-amino butyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) system during postnatal development can have long-lasting consequences for later life behavior, like the individual's response to stress. However, it is unclear which postnatal windows of sensitivity to GABA-ergic modulations are associated with what later-life behavioral outcomes. Therefore, we sought to determine whether neonatal activation of the GABA-A receptor during two postnatal periods, an early window (postnatal day 3-5) and a late window (postnatal day 14-16), can affect anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in male mice in later life. To this end, mice were treated with either saline or muscimol (50, 100, 200, 300 and 500μg/kg) during the early and late postnatal periods. An additional group of mice was treated with the GABA-A receptor antagonist bicuculline+muscimol. When grown to adulthood male mice were exposed to behavioral tests to measure anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. Baseline and stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) levels were also measured. The results indicate that early postnatal and to a lesser extent later postnatal exposure to the GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol increased anxiety-like behavior and stress-induced CORT levels in adults. Moreover, the early postnatal treatment with muscimol increased depression-like behavior with increasing baseline CORT levels. The anxiogenic and depression-like later-life consequences could be antagonized by bicuculline. Our findings suggest that GABA-A receptor signaling during early-life can influence anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a time- and dose-dependent manner in later life. Our findings help to increase insight in the developmental mechanisms contributing to stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Akbar Salari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychoneuroimmunology, Hayyan Research Institute, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Amir Bakhtiari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Majidi-Zolbanin J, Doosti MH, Kosari-Nasab M, Salari AA. Prenatal maternal immune activation increases anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in offspring with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2015; 294:69-81. [PMID: 25779966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to result from a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Several lines of evidence indicate that significant prevalence of anxiety and depression-related disorders in MS patients can influence the progression of the disease. Although we and others have already reported the consequences of prenatal maternal immune activation on anxiety and depression, less is known about the interplay between maternal inflammation, MS and gender. We here investigated the effects of maternal immune activation with Poly I:C during mid-gestation on the progression of clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; a mouse model of MS), and then anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in non-EAE and EAE-induced offspring were evaluated. Stress-induced corticosterone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in EAE-induced offspring were also measured. Maternal immune activation increased anxiety and depression in male offspring, but not in females. This immune challenge also resulted in an earlier onset of the EAE clinical signs in male offspring and enhanced the severity of the disease in both male and female offspring. Interestingly, the severity of the disease was associated with increased anxiety/depressive-like behaviors and elevated corticosterone or TNF-α levels in both sexes. Overall, these data suggest that maternal immune activation with Poly I:C during mid-pregnancy increases anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, and the clinical symptoms of EAE in a sex-dependent manner in non-EAE or EAE-induced offspring. Finally, the progression of EAE in offspring seems to be linked to maternal immune activation-induced dysregulation in neuro-immune-endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Majidi-Zolbanin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M-H Doosti
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Kosari-Nasab
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A-A Salari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychoneuroimmunology, Hayyan Research Institute, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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Babri S, Doosti MH, Salari AA. Strain-dependent effects of prenatal maternal immune activation on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:164-76. [PMID: 24326014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is converging evidence that prenatal maternal infection can increase the risk of occurrence of neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, autism, anxiety and depression in later life. Experimental studies have shown conflicting effects of prenatal maternal immune activation on anxiety-like behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis development in offspring. We investigated the effects of maternal immune activation during pregnancy on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in pregnant mice and their offspring to determine whether these effects are dependent on strain. NMRI and C57BL/6 pregnant mice were treated with either saline or lipopolysaccharide on gestational day 17 and then interleukin (IL)-6 and corticosterone (COR) levels; anxiety or depression in the pregnant mice and their offspring were evaluated. The results indicate that maternal inflammation increased the levels of COR and anxiety-like behavior in NMRI pregnant mice, but not in C57BL/6 dams. Our data also demonstrate that maternal inflammation elevated the levels of anxiety-and depression-like behaviors in NMRI offspring on the elevated plus-maze, elevated zero-maze, tail suspension test and forced swimming test respectively, but not in the open field and light-dark box. In addition, we did not find any significant change in anxiety- and depression-like behaviors of adult C57BL/6 offspring. Our findings suggest that prenatal maternal immune activation can alter the HPA axis activity, anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in a strain- and task-dependent manner in offspring and further comprehensive studies are needed to prove the causal relationship between the findings found here and to validate their relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Babri
- Laboratory of Physiology, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Doosti
- Laboratory of Immunology, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Salari
- Laboratory of Physiology, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Laboratory of Immunology, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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