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Shen W, Shao W, Wang Q, Wang B, Zhao G, Gu A, Jiang Z, Hu H. Dietary diosgenin transcriptionally down-regulated intestinal NPC1L1 expression to prevent cholesterol gallstone formation in mice. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:44. [PMID: 37370162 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol gallstone disease is a common disease. Reducing cholesterol burden is important to prevent/treat gallstone. In this study, we investigated the application of diosgenin (DG) to prevent the formation of gallstone in mice. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6J mice were fed with the lithogenic diet (LD) only or LD supplemented with DG or ezetimibe for 8 weeks. Incidences of gallstone formation were documented. Intestine and liver tissues were collected to measure the lipid contents and expression of genes in cholesterol metabolism. Caco2 cells were treated with DG to monitor the regulation on cholesterol absorption and the transcriptional regulation of Npc1l1 gene. Changes of gut microbiota by DG was analyzed. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS on mice was performed to verify its effects on STAT3 activation and Npc1l1 expression in the small intestine. RESULTS LD led to 100% formation of gallstones in mice. In comparison, dietary DG or ezetimibe supplementary completely prevents gallstones formation. DG inhibited intestinal cholesterol absorption in mice as well as in Caco2 cells by down-regulation of Npc1l1 expression. DG could directly inhibit phosphorylation of STAT3 and its transcriptional regulation of Npc1l1 expression. Furthermore, DG could modulate gut microbiota profiles and LPS mediated STAT3 activation and Npc1l1 expression. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that dietary DG could inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption through decreasing NPC1L1 expression to prevent cholesterol gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Shen
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qihan Wang
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hai Hu
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, and Institution of Gallstone Disease, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Effect of Linoleic Acid on Cholesterol Levels in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia Rat Model. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010053. [PMID: 36676979 PMCID: PMC9864559 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for almost one-third of all deaths. The risk factors for developing this disease include high levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alongside low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Dietary linoleic acid has been suggested to reduce these risk factors. This study aims to determine the effects of linoleic acid on cholesterol levels, liver function tests, and structural changes in liver tissue in comparison with fenofibrate in a hypercholesterolemic rat model. Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats (150-180 g) were divided into non-hypercholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic groups. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in the rats by feeding them with a high-fat diet for two weeks. After two weeks, the non-hypercholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic rats were equally divided into six groups (n = 6): control non-hypercholesterolemic rats, non-hypercholesterolemic rats treated with fenofibrate (60 mg/kg), non-hypercholesterolemic rats treated with linoleic acid (5 mg/kg), control hypercholesterolemic rats, hypercholesterolemic rats treated with fenofibrate (60 mg/kg), and hypercholesterolemic rats treated with linoleic acid (5 mg/kg). The changes in the rats' body weight, serum lipid profiles, atherogenic indices, and liver function test results were obtained. The rats' liver tissues were stained for histopathological analysis. The linoleic acid-treated hypercholesterolemic rats exhibited significantly reduced serum TC, TG, LDL, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels, as well as increased HDL levels compared with the control hypercholesterolemic rats. These linoleic acid effects were comparable to those in the fenofibrate-treated hypercholesterolemic rats. In conclusion, linoleic acid possesses early anti-hypercholesterolemic properties, which may be due to the reductions in serum cholesterol levels and mild early structural changes in the liver tissues of hypercholesterolemic rats. Therefore, continued studies on linoleic acid in atherosclerotic and/or obese animal models are suggested.
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Wang P, Guo R, Bai X, Cui W, Zhang Y, Li H, Shang J, Zhao Z. Sacubitril/Valsartan contributes to improving the diabetic kidney disease and regulating the gut microbiota in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1034818. [PMID: 36589853 PMCID: PMC9802116 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1034818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as a serious microvascular complication of diabetes, has limted treatment options. It is reported that the Sacubitril/Valsartan (Sac/Val) can improve kidney function, and the disordered gut microbiota and part of its metabolites are related to the development of DKD. Therefore, we aim to explore whether the effect of Sac/Val on DKD is associated with the gut microbiota and related plasma metabolic profiles. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: Con group (n = 5), DKD group (n = 6), and Sac/Val group (n = 6) . Sac/Val group was treated with Sac/Val solution. The intervention was given once every 2 days for 6 weeks. We measured the blood glucose and urine protein level of mice at different times. We then collected samples at the end of experiment for the 16s rRNA gene sequencing analysis and the untargeted plasma metabonomic analysis. Results We found that the plasma creatinine concentration of DKD-group mice was significantly higher than that of Con-group mice, whereas it was reduced after the Sac/Val treatment. Compared with DKD mice, Sac/Val treatment could decrease the expression of indicators related to EndMT and renal fibrosis like vimentin, collagen IV and fibronectin in kidney. According to the criteria of LDA ≥ 2.5 and p<0.05, LefSe analysis of gut microbiota identified 13 biomarkers in Con group, and 33 biomarkers in DKD group, mainly including Prevotella, Escherichia_Shigella and Christensenellaceae_R_7_group, etc. For the Sac/Val group, there were 21 biomarkers, such as Bacteroides, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Parabacteroides, Lactobacillus, etc. Plasma metabolomics analysis identified a total of 648 metabolites, and 167 important differential metabolites were screened among groups. KEGG pathway of tryptophan metabolism: M and bile secretion: OS had the highest significance of enrichment. Conclusions Sac/Val improves the renal function of DKD mice by inhibiting renal fibrosis. This drug can also regulate gut microbiota in DKD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Bai
- Nanchang University Queen Mary School, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Cui
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huangmin Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Laboratory Animal Platform of Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Nephropathy Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhanzheng Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Laboratory Animal Platform of Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Nephropathy Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Gaillard D, Masson D, Garo E, Souidi M, Pais de Barros JP, Schoonjans K, Grober J, Besnard P, Thomas C. Muricholic Acids Promote Resistance to Hypercholesterolemia in Cholesterol-Fed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7163. [PMID: 34281217 PMCID: PMC8269105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Although resistant to hypercholesterolemia, the mouse is a prominent model in cardiovascular research. To assess the contribution of bile acids to this protective phenotype, we explored the impact of a 2-week-long dietary cholesterol overload on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in mice. METHODS Bile acid, oxysterol, and cholesterol metabolism and transport were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, GC-MS/MS, or enzymatic assays in the liver, the gut, the kidney, as well as in the feces, the blood, and the urine. RESULTS Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels were unchanged in mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet that contained 100-fold more cholesterol than the standard diet. In the liver, oxysterol-mediated LXR activation stimulated the synthesis of bile acids and in particular increased the levels of hydrophilic muricholic acids, which in turn reduced FXR signaling, as assessed in vivo with Fxr reporter mice. Consequently, biliary and basolateral excretions of bile acids and cholesterol were increased, whereas portal uptake was reduced. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in intestinal and renal bile acid absorption. CONCLUSIONS These coordinated events are mediated by increased muricholic acid levels which inhibit FXR signaling in favor of LXR and SREBP2 signaling to promote efficient fecal and urinary elimination of cholesterol and neo-synthesized bile acids. Therefore, our data suggest that enhancement of the hydrophilic bile acid pool following a cholesterol overload may contribute to the resistance to hypercholesterolemia in mice. This work paves the way for new therapeutic opportunities using hydrophilic bile acid supplementation to mitigate hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Gaillard
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and The Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Masson
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
- Biochemistry Department, University Hospital François Mitterrand, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Erwan Garo
- IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Maamar Souidi
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France;
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
- Lipidomic Facility, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Life Science Faculty, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jacques Grober
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Besnard
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
- Physiologie de la Nutrition, AgroSup Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Charles Thomas
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
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Li M, Hu X, Xu Y, Hu X, Zhang C, Pang S. A Possible Mechanism of Metformin in Improving Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Rat Models. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:3248527. [PMID: 31737069 PMCID: PMC6815615 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3248527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes has become one of the most common diseases worldwide, causing a serious social burden. As a first-line treatment for diabetes, metformin can effectively improve insulin resistance. It has been reported that 12α-hydroxylated BA (mainly CA) is associated with insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in CA and possible signaling mechanisms in diabetic rats after metformin intervention. METHODS HepG2 cells were cultured after adding different concentrations of metformin. The cell viability was measured using CCK8 kit, and the expression of FXR, MAFG, and CYP8B1 in cells was detected by WB. The rat models of type 2 diabetes were induced by low-dose streptozotocin by feeding a high-fat diet, and the control rats (CON) were fed on normal food; the diabetic rats (DM) were given a high-fat diet without supplementation with metformin, while the metformin-treated diabetic rats (DM + MET) were given a high-fat diet and supplemented with metformin. Biochemical parameters were detected at the end of the test. Expression levels of FXR, CYP8B1, and MAFG were assessed by WB. Serum CA were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In HepG2 cells, metformin dose-dependently enhanced the transcriptional activity of FXR and MAFG and inhibited the expression of CYP8B1. Metformin-treated DM rats showed improved glucose and bile acid metabolism. In addition, significantly increased FXR and MAFG and decreased CYP8B1 were observed in DM + MET rats. At the same time, the CA content of metformin-treated rats was lower than that of diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Changes in CA synthesis after metformin treatment may be associated with inhibition of CYP8B1. These results may play an important role in improving insulin sensitivity after metformin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsiyu Li
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yeqiu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunxue Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuguang Pang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Herein, we review the role of FXR and TGR5 in the regulation of hepatic bile acid metabolism, with a focus on how our understanding of bile acid metabolic regulation by these receptors has evolved in recent years and how this improved understanding may facilitate targeting bile acids for type 2 diabetes treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Bile acid profile is a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Inhibition of expression of the enzyme that is required for cholic acid synthesis and thus determines bile acid profile, Cyp8b1, may be an effective target for type 2 diabetes treatment. FXR and, more recently, TGR5 have been shown to regulate bile acid metabolism and Cyp8b1 expression and, therefore, may provide a mechanism with which to target bile acid profile for type 2 diabetes treatment. Inhibition of Cyp8b1 expression is a promising therapeutic modality for type 2 diabetes; however, further work is needed to fully understand the pathways regulating Cyp8b1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina E Zaborska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, T3 014A Veterinary Research Tower, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Bethany P Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, T3 014A Veterinary Research Tower, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Bertaggia E, Jensen KK, Castro-Perez J, Xu Y, Di Paolo G, Chan RB, Wang L, Haeusler RA. Cyp8b1 ablation prevents Western diet-induced weight gain and hepatic steatosis because of impaired fat absorption. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E121-E133. [PMID: 28377401 PMCID: PMC5582885 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00409.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol derivatives that regulate lipid metabolism, through their dual abilities to promote lipid absorption and activate BA receptors. However, different BA species have varying abilities to perform these functions. Eliminating 12α-hydroxy BAs in mice via Cyp8b1 knockout causes low body weight and improved glucose tolerance. The goal of this study was to determine mechanisms of low body weight in Cyp8b1-/- mice. We challenged Cyp8b1-/- mice with a Western-type diet and assessed body weight and composition. We measured energy expenditure, fecal calories, and lipid absorption and performed lipidomic studies on feces and intestine. We investigated the requirement for dietary fat in the phenotype using a fat-free diet. Cyp8b1-/- mice were resistant to Western diet-induced body weight gain, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. These changes were associated with increased fecal calories, due to malabsorption of hydrolyzed dietary triglycerides. This was reversed by treating the mice with taurocholic acid, the major 12α-hydroxylated BA species. The improvements in body weight and steatosis were normalized by feeding mice a fat-free diet. The effects of BA composition on intestinal lipid handling are important for whole body energy homeostasis. Thus modulating BA composition is a potential tool for obesity or diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bertaggia
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kristian K Jensen
- Diabetes Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey; and
| | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Diabetes Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey; and
| | - Yimeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Denali Therapeutics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California
| | - Robin B Chan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Diabetes Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey; and
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York;
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Mörk LM, Strom SC, Mode A, Ellis EC. Addition of Dexamethasone Alters the Bile Acid Composition by Inducing CYP8B1 in Primary Cultures of Human Hepatocytes. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2016; 6:87-93. [PMID: 27493455 PMCID: PMC4963319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary human hepatocytes offer the best human in vitro model for studies on human liver cell metabolism. Investigators use a variety of different media supplements and matrix biocoatings and the type of culture system used may influence the outcome. OBJECTIVES To optimize in vitro conditions for primary human hepatocytes with regard to bile acid synthesis. METHODS Human hepatocytes were isolated and cultured on collagen type I or EHS matrigel in cell media with or without dexamethasone. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486 was used to elucidate the involvement of GR. RESULTS Hepatocytes cultured on EHS matrigel produced more bile acids and expressed higher levels of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) than cells cultured on rat tail collagen. Supplementation with dexamethasone increased the formation of cholic acid (CA) and decreased chenodeoxycholic acid formation. In line with these results, the mRNA expression of sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) increased following dexamethasone treatment. Surprisingly, the mRNA expression of CYP7A1 and CYP27A1 was not increased to the same extent. By using the GR antagonist RU486, we concluded that CYP8B1 induction is mediated via a GR-independent pathway. An altered expression of retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR) α and ROR α target gene Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) suggests that ROR α signaling may regulate CYP8B1 expression. CONCLUSION Primary human hepatocytes have an increased bile acid synthesis rate when cultured on matrigel as compared to collagen. Exposure to glucocorticoid hormones stimulates the expression of CYP8B1, leading to an increased formation of CA and alteration of the bile acid composition. The effect is most likely mediated through a GR-independent pathway, possibly through ROR α.
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Key Words
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- CA, cholic acid
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CYP27A1, sterol 27α-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- NTCP, Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- ROR, retinoid-related orphan receptor
- chenodeoxycholic acid
- cholic acid
- dexamethasone
- matrigel
- primary hepatocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Mari Mörk
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Address for correspondence: Lisa-Mari Mörk, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, F82, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46 8 585 83062; fax: +46 8 585 82912.
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Agneta Mode
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa C.S. Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chiu CC, Lee KJ, Weng SF, Yang YM, Lin YS. Gallstone is correlated with an increased risk of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e009018. [PMID: 26419682 PMCID: PMC4593166 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to test the hypothesis that gallstone disease (GSD) is a risk factor for the development of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL). Research has shown risks of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with GSD; however, well-conducted English studies on the association between GSD and the development of ISSNHL are lacking. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. PARTICIPANTS We compared 26,449 patients diagnosed with GSD between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2007, with 52,898 age-matched, gender-matched and comorbidities propensity scores-matched controls. OUTCOME MEASURED We followed each patient until the end of 2011 and evaluated the incidence of ISSNHL for at least 4 years after the initial GSD diagnosis. RESULTS The incidence of ISSNHL was 1.42 times higher in the GS cohort than in the non-GS cohort (9.27 vs 6.52/10,000 person-years). Using Cox proportional hazard regressions, the adjusted HR was 1.44 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.74). In the cohort of patients with GSD who needed a cholecystectomy, 37 patients suffered from ISSNHL. Among those patients, 31 (83.7%) patients sustained ISSNHL before cholecystectomy and 6 (16.2%) patients sustained ISSNHL after cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS A diagnosis of GSD may be an independent risk for ISSNHL. This finding suggests that an underlying vascular and inflammatory mechanism may contribute to the development of ISSNHL. Physicians may want to counsel patients with GSD to seek medical attention if they have hearing impairments, because patients may be at an increased risk of developing ISSNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Chi Chiu
- Department of General Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan and Liouying, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ji Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Weng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Song Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Center of General education, Southern Taiwan University of Technology, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kaur A, Patankar JV, de Haan W, Ruddle P, Wijesekara N, Groen AK, Verchere CB, Singaraja RR, Hayden MR. Loss of Cyp8b1 improves glucose homeostasis by increasing GLP-1. Diabetes 2015; 64:1168-79. [PMID: 25338812 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Besides their role in facilitating lipid absorption, bile acids are increasingly being recognized as signaling molecules that activate cell-signaling receptors. Targeted disruption of the sterol 12α-hydroxylase gene (Cyp8b1) results in complete absence of cholic acid (CA) and its derivatives. Here we investigate the effect of Cyp8b1 deletion on glucose homeostasis. Absence of Cyp8b1 results in improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function, mediated by absence of CA in Cyp8b1(-/-) mice. In addition, we show that reduced intestinal fat absorption in the absence of biliary CA leads to increased free fatty acids reaching the ileal L cells. This correlates with increased secretion of the incretin hormone GLP-1. GLP-1, in turn, increases the biosynthesis and secretion of insulin from β-cells, leading to the improved glucose tolerance observed in the Cyp8b1(-/-) mice. Thus, our data elucidate the importance of Cyp8b1 inhibition on the regulation of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achint Kaur
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jay V Patankar
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Willeke de Haan
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Piers Ruddle
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nadeeja Wijesekara
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Albert K Groen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roshni R Singaraja
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism. Hepatic bile acid synthesis accounts for a major fraction of daily cholesterol turnover in humans. Biliary secretion of bile acids generates bile flow and facilitates hepatobiliary secretion of lipids, lipophilic metabolites, and xenobiotics. In the intestine, bile acids are essential for the absorption, transport, and metabolism of dietary fats and lipid-soluble vitamins. Extensive research in the last 2 decades has unveiled new functions of bile acids as signaling molecules and metabolic integrators. The bile acid-activated nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor play critical roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, inflammation, and drug metabolism and detoxification. Bile acid synthesis exhibits a strong diurnal rhythm, which is entrained by fasting and refeeding as well as nutrient status and plays an important role for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Recent research revealed an interaction of liver bile acids and gut microbiota in the regulation of liver metabolism. Circadian disturbance and altered gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of liver diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity. Bile acids and their derivatives are potential therapeutic agents for treating metabolic diseases of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
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12
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Abstract
Bile acids are important physiological agents for intestinal nutrient absorption and biliary secretion of lipids, toxic metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids also are signaling molecules and metabolic regulators that activate nuclear receptors and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling to regulate hepatic lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis and maintain metabolic homeostasis. Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids is critical for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and preventing accumulation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and toxic metabolites, and injury in the liver and other organs. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids from the liver to intestine and back to the liver plays a central role in nutrient absorption and distribution, and metabolic regulation and homeostasis. This physiological process is regulated by a complex membrane transport system in the liver and intestine regulated by nuclear receptors. Toxic bile acids may cause inflammation, apoptosis, and cell death. On the other hand, bile acid-activated nuclear and GPCR signaling protects against inflammation in liver, intestine, and macrophages. Disorders in bile acid metabolism cause cholestatic liver diseases, dyslipidemia, fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Bile acids, bile acid derivatives, and bile acid sequestrants are therapeutic agents for treating chronic liver diseases, obesity, and diabetes in humans.
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13
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Pathak P, Li T, Chiang JYL. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α regulates diurnal rhythm and fasting induction of sterol 12α-hydroxylase in bile acid synthesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37154-65. [PMID: 24226095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.485987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) is required for cholic acid synthesis and plays a critical role in intestinal cholesterol absorption and pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. In this study we investigated the underlying mechanism of fasting induction and circadian rhythm of CYP8B1 by a cholesterol-activated nuclear receptor and core clock gene retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α (RORα). Fasting stimulated, whereas restricted-feeding reduced expression of CYP8B1 mRNA and protein. However, fasting and feeding had little effect on the diurnal rhythm of RORα mRNA expression, but fasting increased RORα protein levels by cAMP-activated protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation and stabilization of the protein. Adenovirus-mediated gene transduction of RORα to mice strongly induced CYP8B1 expression, and increased liver cholesterol and 12α-hydroxylated bile acids in the bile acid pool and serum. A reporter assay identified a functional RORα response element in the CYP8B1 promoter. RORα recruited cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) to stimulate histone acetylation on the CYP8B1 gene promoter. In conclusion, RORα is a key regulator of diurnal rhythm and fasting induction of CYP8B1, which regulates bile acid composition and serum and liver cholesterol levels. Antagonizing RORα activity may be a therapeutic strategy for treating inflammatory diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Pathak
- From the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272 and
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15
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Wang J, Olin M, Rozell B, Björkhem I, Einarsson C, Eggertsen G, Gåfvels M. Differential hepatocellular zonation pattern of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1) in the mouse. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 127:253-61. [PMID: 17237956 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of primary bile acids is confined to the hepatocytes. This study aimed to evaluate the expression pattern within the liver architecture of the rate-limiting enzyme of the neutral pathway, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), and sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1), the enzyme necessary for the synthesis of cholic acid. Specific Cyp8b1 and Cyp7a1 peptide antiserums were used for immunohistochemical staining of livers from wild type and Cyp8b1 null mice, the latter instead expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) as a replacement reporter gene. Cyp8b1 was mainly expressed in the hepatocytes in a zonal pattern surrounding the central vein while the areas surrounding the portal zones showed much lower levels. The zonation was maintained in cholic acid-depleted mice using beta-Gal as a reporter protein. Cyp7a1 expression in wild type mice also showed a zonal distribution pattern, although less distinct, with a maximal expression within a 1-2 cell thick layer of hepatocytes surrounding the central vein. In Cyp8b1 null mice, a more intense staining was obtained, in accordance with the higher expression level of Cyp7a1, although the overall expression pattern was maintained. Our results in mice indicate possible differences in the regulation of the cellular zonation of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1. Also, cholic acid affects the set-point of Cyp7a1 expression but not its zonal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (H3), Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-74, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Abstract
By participating in pathways of cholesterol biosynthesis and elimination, different cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes play an important role in maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis. CYP51 is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, whereas CYP 7A1, 27A1, 46A1, 7B1, 39A1, and 8B1 are the key enzymes in cholesterol catabolism to bile acids, the major route of cholesterol elimination in mammals. Cholesterol transformations to steroid hormones are also initiated by the P450 enzyme CYP11A1. Finally, one of the major drug-metabolizing P450s CYP3A4 seems to contribute to bile acid biosynthesis as well. The 9 P450s will be the focus of this review and assessed as drug targets for cholesterol lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1031, USA.
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17
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Lyons MA, Wittenburg H. Cholesterol gallstone susceptibility loci: a mouse map, candidate gene evaluation, and guide to human LITH genes. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1943-70. [PMID: 17087948 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A Lyons
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Australia.
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