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Coca-Ruiz V, Suárez I, Aleu J, Cantoral JM, González C, Garrido C, Brito N, Collado IG. Unravelling the Function of the Sesquiterpene Cyclase STC3 in the Lifecycle of Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5125. [PMID: 38791163 PMCID: PMC11120764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The genome sequencing of Botrytis cinerea supplies a general overview of the map of genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis. B. cinerea genomic data reveals that this phytopathogenic fungus has seven sesquiterpene cyclase (Bcstc) genes that encode proteins involved in the farnesyl diphosphate cyclization. Three sesquiterpene cyclases (BcStc1, BcStc5 and BcStc7) are characterized, related to the biosynthesis of botrydial, abscisic acid and (+)-4-epi-eremophilenol, respectively. However, the role of the other four sesquiterpene cyclases (BcStc2, BcStc3, BcStc4 and BcStc6) remains unknown. BcStc3 is a well-conserved protein with homologues in many fungal species, and here, we undertake its functional characterization in the lifecycle of the fungus. A null mutant ΔBcstc3 and an overexpressed-Bcstc3 transformant (OvBcstc3) are generated, and both strains show the deregulation of those other sesquiterpene cyclase-encoding genes (Bcstc1, Bcstc5 and Bcstc7). These results suggest a co-regulation of the expression of the sesquiterpene cyclase gene family in B. cinerea. The phenotypic characterization of both transformants reveals that BcStc3 is involved in oxidative stress tolerance, the production of reactive oxygen species and virulence. The metabolomic analysis allows the isolation of characteristic polyketides and eremophilenols from the secondary metabolism of B. cinerea, although no sesquiterpenes different from those already described are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Coca-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (V.C.-R.); (I.S.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ivonne Suárez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (V.C.-R.); (I.S.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Josefina Aleu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (V.C.-R.); (I.S.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Cantoral
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.C.); (C.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Celedonio González
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.C.); (C.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Nélida Brito
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (V.C.-R.); (I.S.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Lu J, Liu Y, Song M, Xi Y, Yang H, Liu W, Li X, Norvienyeku J, Zhang Y, Miao W, Lin C. The CsPbs2-interacting protein oxalate decarboxylase CsOxdC3 modulates morphosporogenesis, virulence, and fungicide resistance in Colletotrichum siamense. Microbiol Res 2024; 284:127732. [PMID: 38677265 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The HOG MAPK pathway mediates diverse cellular and physiological processes, including osmoregulation and fungicide sensitivity, in phytopathogenic fungi. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HOG MAPK pathway-associated stress homeostasis and pathophysiological developmental events are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the oxalate decarboxylase CsOxdC3 in Colletotrichum siamense interacts with the protein kinase kinase CsPbs2, a component of the HOG MAPK pathway. The expression of the CsOxdC3 gene was significantly suppressed in response to phenylpyrrole and tebuconazole fungicide treatments, while that of CsPbs2 was upregulated by phenylpyrrole and not affected by tebuconazole. We showed that targeted gene deletion of CsOxdC3 suppressed mycelial growth, reduced conidial length, and triggered a marginal reduction in the sporulation characteristics of the ΔCsOxdC3 strains. Interestingly, the ΔCsOxdC3 strain was significantly sensitive to fungicides, including phenylpyrrole and tebuconazole, while the CsPbs2-defective strain was sensitive to tebuconazole but resistant to phenylpyrrole. Additionally, infection assessment revealed a significant reduction in the virulence of the ΔCsOxdC3 strains when inoculated on the leaves of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). From these observations, we inferred that CsOxdC3 crucially modulates HOG MAPK pathway-dependent processes, including morphogenesis, stress homeostasis, fungicide resistance, and virulence, in C. siamense by facilitating direct physical interactions with CsPbs2. This study provides insights into the molecular regulators of the HOG MAPK pathway and underscores the potential of deploying OxdCs as potent targets for developing fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Lu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Miao Song
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yitao Xi
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Niu G, Yang Q, Liao Y, Sun D, Tang Z, Wang G, Xu M, Wang C, Kang J. Advances in Understanding Fusarium graminearum: Genes Involved in the Regulation of Sexual Development, Pathogenesis, and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:475. [PMID: 38674409 PMCID: PMC11050156 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The wheat head blight disease caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major concern for food security and the health of both humans and animals. As a pathogenic microorganism, F. graminearum produces virulence factors during infection to increase pathogenicity, including various macromolecular and small molecular compounds. Among these virulence factors, secreted proteins and deoxynivalenol (DON) are important weapons for the expansion and colonization of F. graminearum. Besides the presence of virulence factors, sexual reproduction is also crucial for the infection process of F. graminearum and is indispensable for the emergence and spread of wheat head blight. Over the last ten years, there have been notable breakthroughs in researching the virulence factors and sexual reproduction of F. graminearum. This review aims to analyze the research progress of sexual reproduction, secreted proteins, and DON of F. graminearum, emphasizing the regulation of sexual reproduction and DON synthesis. We also discuss the application of new gene engineering technologies in the prevention and control of wheat head blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Yihui Liao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Daiyuan Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Zhe Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Guanghui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Ming Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Chenfang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiangang Kang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Jia W, Yu H, Fan J, Zhang J, Pan H, Zhang X. The histidine kinases regulate allyl-isothiocyanate sensitivity in Cochliobolus heterostrophus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:463-472. [PMID: 37743431 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Two-component histidine kinase (HK) phosphorelay signaling systems play important roles in differentiation, virulence, secondary metabolite production and response to environmental signals. Allyl isothiocyanate (A-ITC) is a hydrolysis product of glucosinolates with excellent antifungal activity. Our previous study indicated that the mycelial growth of Cochliobolus heterostrophus was significantly hindered by A-ITC. However, the function of HK in regulating A-ITC sensitivity was not clear in C. heterostrophus, the causal agent of Southern corn leaf blight. RESULTS In this study, the role of HKs was investigated in C. heterostrophus. Deletion of the HK coding gene ChNIK1 resulted in dramatically increased sensitivity of C. heterostrophus to A-ITC. In addition, ΔChnik1 mutant exhibited significantly decreased conidiation and increased sensitivity to NaCl, KCl, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin, but deletion of the other five HK genes did not affect the A-ITC sensitivity of C. heterostrophus. ChSLN1, ChNIK4, ChNIK8 and ChMAK2 are essential for conidiation and response to H2 O2 and sodium dodecyl sulfate. However, deletion of NIKs had on effect on significant virulence. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the HKs play different roles in A-ITC sensitivity in C. heterostrophus. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantong Jia
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huilin Yu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinyu Fan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyue Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Shi D, Wang J, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Li X, Mbadianya JI, Chen C. Overexpression of FgPtp3 Is Involved in Fludioxonil Resistance in Fusarium graminearum by Inhibiting the Phosphorylation of FgHog1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12807-12818. [PMID: 37585613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a destructive disease in cereal crops worldwide. Resistance to fludioxonil has been reported in F. graminearum in the field, but its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, 152 fludioxonil-resistant (FR) mutants of F. graminearum were obtained by selection in vitro. The FR strains exhibited dramatically impaired fitness, but only 7 of the 13 analyzed strains possessed mutations in genes previously reported to underlie fludioxonil resistance. Comparison between the FR-132 strain and its parental strain PH-1 using whole genome sequencing revealed no mutations between them, but transcriptome analysis, after the strains were treated with 0.5 μg/mL fludioxonil, revealed 2778 differently expressed genes (DEGs) mapped to 96 KEGG pathways. Investigation of DEGs in the MAPK pathway showed that overexpression of the tyrosine protein phosphatase FgPtp3, but not FgPtp2, enhanced fludioxonil resistance. Further analysis found that FgPtp3 interacted directly with FgHog1 to regulate the phosphorylation of Hog1, and overexpressed FgPtp3 in PH-1 could significantly suppress the phosphorylation of FgHog1 and hinder signal transmission of the HOG-MAPK pathway. Overall, FgPtp3 plays a significant role in regulating fludioxonil resistance in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongya Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jane Ifunanya Mbadianya
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Shostak K, González-Peña Fundora D, Blackman C, Witte T, Sproule A, Overy D, Eranthodi A, Thakor N, Foroud NA, Subramaniam R. Epistatic Relationship between MGV1 and TRI6 in the Regulation of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:816. [PMID: 37623587 PMCID: PMC10455978 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have shown that the MAP kinase MGV1 and the transcriptional regulator TRI6 regulate many of the same biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in Fusarium graminearum. This study sought to investigate the relationship between MGV1 and TRI6 in the regulatory hierarchy. Transgenic F. graminearum strains constitutively expressing MGV1 and TRI6 were generated to address both independent and epistatic regulation of BGCs by MGV1 and TRI6. We performed a comparative transcriptome analysis between axenic cultures grown in nutrient-rich and secondary metabolite-inducing conditions. The results indicated that BGCs regulated independently by Mgv1 included genes of BGC52, whereas genes uniquely regulated by TRI6 included the gene cluster (BGC49) that produces gramillin. To understand the epistatic relationship between MGV1 and TRI6, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to insert a constitutive promoter to drive TRI6 expression in the Δmgv1 strain. The results indicate that BGCs that produce deoxynivalenol and fusaoctaxin are co-regulated, with TRI6 being partially regulated by MGV1. Overall, the findings from this study indicate that MGV1 provides an articulation point to differentially regulate various BGCs. Moreover, TRI6, embedded in one of the BGCs provides specificity to regulate the expression of the genes in the BGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Shostak
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
| | - Dianevys González-Peña Fundora
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (D.G.-P.F.); (A.E.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 4M4, Canada;
| | - Christopher Blackman
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
- Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Tom Witte
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
| | - David Overy
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
| | - Anas Eranthodi
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (D.G.-P.F.); (A.E.)
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 4M4, Canada;
| | - Nora A. Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (D.G.-P.F.); (A.E.)
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
- Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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Huang W, Zhou P, Shen G, Gao T, Liu X, Shi J, Xu J, Qiu J. Relationship Between Mycotoxin Production and Gene Expression in Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Strains Under Various Environmental Conditions. J Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s12275-023-00046-4. [PMID: 37129765 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) can produce various mycotoxins and is a major concern for food quantity and quality worldwide. In this study, we determined the effects of water activity (aw), temperature, incubation time and their interactions on mycotoxin accumulation and the expression levels of biosynthetic genes in FGSC strains from maize samples in China. The highest deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol(3ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON) levels of the F. boothii and F. graminearum strains were observed at 0.98 aw/30 °C or 0.99 aw/25 °C. F. asiaticum and F. meridionale reached maximum nivalenol (NIV) and 4-acetylnivalenol (4ANIV) contents at 0.99 aw and 30 °C. With the extension of the incubation time, the concentrations of DON and NIV gradually increased, while those of their derivatives decreased. F. boothii, F. meridionale and one F. asiaticum strain had the highest zearalenone (ZEN) values at 0.95 aw and 25 °C, while the optimum conditions for the other F. asiaticum strain and F. graminearum were 0.99 aw and 30 °C. Four genes associated with trichothecene and zearalenone synthesis were significantly induced under higher water stress in the early stage of production. The results indicated independence of mycotoxin production and gene expression, as maximum amounts of these toxic metabolites were observed at higher aw in most cases. This study provides useful information for the monitoring and prevention of such toxins entering the maize production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Qiu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Si P, Wang G, Wu W, Hussain S, Guo L, Wu W, Yang Q, Xing F. SakA Regulates Morphological Development, Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity of Aspergillus westerdijkiae and the Response to Different Environmental Stresses. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040292. [PMID: 37104230 PMCID: PMC10141874 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), as a common mycotoxin, has seriously harmful effects on agricultural products, livestock and humans. There are reports on the regulation of SakA in the MAPK pathway, which regulates the production of mycotoxins. However, the role of SakA in the regulation of Aspergillus westerdijkiae and OTA production is not clear. In this study, a SakA deletion mutant (ΔAwSakA) was constructed. The effects of different concentrations of D-sorbitol, NaCl, Congo red and H2O2 on the mycelia growth, conidia production and biosynthesis of OTA were investigated in A. westerdijkiae WT and ΔAwSakA. The results showed that 100 g/L NaCl and 3.6 M D-sorbitol significantly inhibited mycelium growth and that a concentration of 0.1% Congo red was sufficient to inhibit the mycelium growth. A reduction in mycelium development was observed in ΔAwSakA, especially in high concentrations of osmotic stress. A lack of AwSakA dramatically reduced OTA production by downregulating the expression of the biosynthetic genes otaA, otaY, otaB and otaD. However, otaC and the transcription factor otaR1 were slightly upregulated by 80 g/L NaCl and 2.4 M D-sorbitol, whereas they were downregulated by 0.1% Congo red and 2 mM H2O2. Furthermore, ΔAwSakA showed degenerative infection ability toward pears and grapes. These results suggest that AwSakA is involved in the regulation of fungal growth, OTA biosynthesis and the pathogenicity of A. westerdijkiae and could be influenced by specific environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidong Si
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qingli Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Dong T, Qiao S, Xu J, Shi J, Qiu J, Ma G. Effect of Abiotic Conditions on Growth, Mycotoxin Production, and Gene Expression by Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Strains from Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040260. [PMID: 37104197 PMCID: PMC10141623 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) strains are a major concern for food quantity and quality due to their strong ability to synthesize mycotoxins. The effects of interacting conditions of water activity, temperature, and incubation time on the growth rate, toxin production, and expression level of biosynthetic genes were examined. High temperature and water availability increased fungal growth. Higher water activity was in favor of toxin accumulation. The maximum amounts of fusaric acid (FA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were usually observed at 20–25 °C. F. andiyazi could produce a higher content of moniliformin (MON) in the cool environment than F. fujikuroi. The expression profile of biosynthetic genes under environmental conditions varied wildly; it was suggested that these genes might be expressed in a strain-dependent manner. FB1 concentration was positively related to the expression of FUM1, while a similar correlation of FUB8 and FUB12 with FA production could be observed in F. andiyazi, F. fujikuroi, and F. subglutinans. This study provides useful information in the monitoring and prevention of such toxins entering the maize production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shouning Qiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianbo Qiu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guizhen Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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10
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Anand G, Gupta R, Marash I, Leibman-Markus M, Bar M. Cytokinin production and sensing in fungi. Microbiol Res 2022; 262:127103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Wen Z, Wang J, Jiao C, Shao W, Ma Z. Biological and molecular characterizations of field fludioxonil-resistant isolates of Fusarium graminearum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105101. [PMID: 35715040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) predominately caused by F. graminearum, is an economical devastating disease for grain cereal crops especially on wheat. The phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil exhibits excellent activity against F. graminearum and has been registered to control FHB in China. In this study, 6 fludioxonil-resistant (FludR) isolates of F. graminearum were identified from 2910 isolates collected from wheat cultivated field in Jiang Su, An Hui and Henan province of China in 2020. The sensitivity assay showed that resistance factor (RF) of FludR isolates ranges from 170.73 to >1000. In comparison with fludioxonil-sensitive (FludS) isolates, all of FludR isolates showed fitness defects in terms of mycelial growth, conidiation and virulence. Under fludioxonil treatment condition, the glycerol accumulation was obviously increased in FludS isolates, but was slightly increased in FludR isolates. Four FludR isolates exhibited increased sensitivity to osmotic stresses. Moreover, there is no positive cross-resistance between fludioxonil and other fungicides including phenamacril, carbendazim and tebuconazole. When treated with fludioxonil, the phosphorylation level of Hog1 was significantly decreased in the four FludR isolates, which was in contrast to the observation in the FludS and two FludR isolates where phosphorylation level of Hog1 was increased. Sequencing assay showed that the mutations were identified in different domains in FgOS1, FgOS2 or FgOS4 in FludR isolates. This was first reported that biological and molecular characterizations of field isolates of F. graminearum resistant to fludioxonil. The results can provide scientific directions for controlling FHB using fludioxonil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Franzino T, Boubakri H, Cernava T, Abrouk D, Achouak W, Reverchon S, Nasser W, Haichar FEZ. Implications of carbon catabolite repression for plant-microbe interactions. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100272. [PMID: 35529946 PMCID: PMC9073323 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) plays a key role in many physiological and adaptive responses in a broad range of microorganisms that are commonly associated with eukaryotic hosts. When a mixture of different carbon sources is available, CCR, a global regulatory mechanism, inhibits the expression and activity of cellular processes associated with utilization of secondary carbon sources in the presence of the preferred carbon source. CCR is known to be executed by completely different mechanisms in different bacteria, yeast, and fungi. In addition to regulating catabolic genes, CCR also appears to play a key role in the expression of genes involved in plant-microbe interactions. Here, we present a detailed overview of CCR mechanisms in various bacteria. We highlight the role of CCR in beneficial as well as deleterious plant-microbe interactions based on the available literature. In addition, we explore the global distribution of known regulatory mechanisms within bacterial genomes retrieved from public repositories and within metatranscriptomes obtained from different plant rhizospheres. By integrating the available literature and performing targeted meta-analyses, we argue that CCR-regulated substrate use preferences of microorganisms should be considered an important trait involved in prevailing plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophile Franzino
- INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, Université Lyon, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hasna Boubakri
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Écologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Danis Abrouk
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Écologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Wafa Achouak
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Lab Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), 13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Sylvie Reverchon
- INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, Université Lyon, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - William Nasser
- INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, Université Lyon, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Feth el Zahar Haichar
- INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, Université Lyon, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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13
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Accumulation of 4-Deoxy-7-hydroxytrichothecenes, but Not 4,7-Dihydroxytrichothecenes, in Axenic Culture of a Transgenic Nivalenol Chemotype Expressing the NX-Type FgTri1 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111428. [PMID: 34768859 PMCID: PMC8583793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum species complex produces type B trichothecenes oxygenated at C-7. In axenic liquid culture, F. graminearum mainly accumulates one of the three types of trichothecenes, namely 3-acetyldeoxyinvalenol, 15-acetyldeoxyinvalenol, or mixtures of 4,15-diacetylnivalenol/4-acetylnivalenol, depending on each strain's genetic background. The acetyl groups of these trichothecenes are slowly deacetylated to give deoxynivalenol (DON) or nivalenol (NIV) on solid medium culture. Due to the evolution of F. graminearum FgTri1, encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for hydroxylation at both C-7 and C-8, new derivatives of DON, designated as NX-type trichothecenes, have recently emerged. To assess the risks of emergence of new NX-type trichothecenes, we examined the effects of replacing FgTri1 in the three chemotypes with FgTri1_NX chemotype, which encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that can only hydroxylate C-7 of trichothecenes. Similar to the transgenic DON chemotypes, the transgenic NIV chemotype strain accumulated NX-type 4-deoxytrichothecenes in axenic liquid culture. C-4 oxygenated trichothecenes were marginal, despite the presence of a functional FgTri13 encoding a C-4 hydroxylase. At present, outcrossing of the currently occurring NX chemotype with NIV chemotype strains of F. graminearum in the natural environment likely will not yield a new strain that produces a C-4 oxygenated NX-type trichothecene.
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14
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Yu C, Li X, Han B, Zhao Y, Geng S, Ning D, Ma T, Yu X. Simultaneous improvement of astaxanthin and lipid production of Haematococcus pluvialis by using walnut shell extracts. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Stępień Ł, Lalak-Kańczugowska J. Signaling pathways involved in virulence and stress response of plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Li T, Xiu Q, Wang J, Duan Y, Zhou M. A Putative MAPK Kinase Kinase Gene Ssos4 is Involved in Mycelial Growth, Virulence, Osmotic Adaptation, and Sensitivity to Fludioxonil and is Essential for SsHog1 Phosphorylation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:521-530. [PMID: 33044134 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-20-0292-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, comprising a two-component system and the Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, plays a pivotal role in eukaryotic organisms. Previous studies suggested that the biological functions of some key genes in the HOG pathway varied in filamentous fungi. In this study, we characterized a putative MAPK kinase kinase gene, Ssos4, in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which encoded a phosphotransferase in the MAPK cascade. Compared with the wild-type progenitor HA61, the deletion mutant ∆Ssos4-63 exhibited impaired mycelial growth, sclerotia formation, increased hyphal branches, and decreased virulence. The deficiencies of the deletion mutant ∆Ssos4-63 were recovered when the full-length Ssos4 gene was complemented. Deletion of Ssos4 increased the sensitivity to osmotic stresses and cell wall agents and the resistance to fludioxonil and dimethachlon. Intracellular glycerol accumulation was not induced in the deletion mutant ∆Ssos4-63 when treated with fludioxonil and NaCl and the phosphorylation of SsHog1 was also cancelled by the deletion of Ssos4. Consistent with the glycerol accumulation and increased expression levels of SsglpA and Ssfps1, controlling glycerol synthesis and close of glycerol channel under hyperosmotic stress, respectively, were detected in the wild-type strain HA61 but not in the deletion mutant ∆Ssos4-63. Moreover, the relative expression level of Sshog1 significantly decreased, whereas the expression level of Ssos5 increased in the deletion mutant ∆Ssos4-63. These results indicated that Ssos4 played important roles in mycelial growth and differentiation, sclerotia formation, virulence, hyperosmotic adaptation, fungicide sensitivity, and the phosphorylation of SsHog1 in S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qian Xiu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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17
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Taiwo AO, Harper LA, Derbyshire MC. Impacts of fludioxonil resistance on global gene expression in the necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:91. [PMID: 33516198 PMCID: PMC7847169 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fungicide fludioxonil over-stimulates the fungal response to osmotic stress, leading to over-accumulation of glycerol and hyphal swelling and bursting. Fludioxonil-resistant fungal strains that are null-mutants for osmotic stress response genes are easily generated through continual sub-culturing on sub-lethal fungicide doses. Using this approach combined with RNA sequencing, we aimed to characterise the effects of mutations in osmotic stress response genes on the transcriptional profile of the important agricultural pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under standard laboratory conditions. Our objective was to understand the impact of disruption of the osmotic stress response on the global transcriptional regulatory network in an important agricultural pathogen. Results We generated two fludioxonil-resistant S. sclerotiorum strains, which exhibited growth defects and hypersensitivity to osmotic stressors. Both had missense mutations in the homologue of the Neurospora crassa osmosensing two component histidine kinase gene OS1, and one had a disruptive in-frame deletion in a non-associated gene. RNA sequencing showed that both strains together differentially expressed 269 genes relative to the parent during growth in liquid broth. Of these, 185 (69%) were differentially expressed in both strains in the same direction, indicating similar effects of the different point mutations in OS1 on the transcriptome. Among these genes were numerous transmembrane transporters and secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes. Conclusions Our study is an initial investigation into the kinds of processes regulated through the osmotic stress pathway in S. sclerotiorum. It highlights a possible link between secondary metabolism and osmotic stress signalling, which could be followed up in future studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07402-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem O Taiwo
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Lincoln A Harper
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark C Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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18
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Teli B, Purohit J, Rashid MM, Jailani AAK, Chattopadhyay A. Omics Insight on Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat for Translational Research Perspective. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:411-428. [PMID: 33093804 PMCID: PMC7536796 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200620222631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the scenario of global warming and climate change, an outbreak of new pests and pathogens has become a serious concern owing to the rapid emergence of arms races, their epidemic infection, and the ability to break down host resistance, etc. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one such evidence that depredates major cereals throughout the world. The symptomatological perplexity and aetiological complexity make this disease very severe, engendering significant losses in the yield. Apart from qualitative and quantitative losses, mycotoxin production solemnly deteriorates the grain quality in addition to life endangerment of humans and animals after consumption of toxified grains above the permissible limit. To minimize this risk, we must be very strategic in designing sustainable management practices constituting cultural, biological, chemical, and host resistance approaches. Even though genetic resistance is the most effective and environmentally safe strategy, a huge genetic variation and unstable resistance response limit the holistic deployment of resistance genes in FHB management. Thus, the focus must shift towards the editing of susceptible (S) host proteins that are soft targets of newly evolving effector molecules, which ultimately could be exploited to repress the disease development process. Hence, we must understand the pathological, biochemical, and molecular insight of disease development in a nutshell. In the present time, the availability of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics information on host-pathogen interaction in FHB have constructed various networks which helped in understanding the pathogenesis and coherent host response(s). So now translation of this information for designing of host defense in the form of desirable resistant variety/genotype is the next step. The insights collected and presented in this review will be aiding in the understanding of the disease and apprise a solution to the multi-faceted problems which are related to FHB resistance in wheat and other cereals to ensure global food safety and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Teli
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotika Purohit
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Mahtab Rashid
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - A Abdul Kader Jailani
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anirudha Chattopadhyay
- 1Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 2Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, S.K. Nagar, India; 3Plant RNAi Biology Group, I.C.G.E.B., New Delhi, India; 4Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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19
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Gao S, Zeng R, Xu L, Song Z, Gao P, Dai F. Genome sequence and spore germination-associated transcriptome analysis of Corynespora cassiicola from cucumber. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:199. [PMID: 32641051 PMCID: PMC7346487 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corynespora cassiicola, as a necrotrophic phytopathogenic ascomycetous fungus, can infect hundreds of species of plants and rarely causes human diseases. This pathogen infects cucumber species and causes cucumber target spot, which has recently caused large cucumber yield losses in China. Genome sequence and spore germination-associated transcriptome analysis will contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of pathogenicity and spore germination of C. cassiicola. RESULTS First, we reported the draft genome sequences of the cucumber-sampled C. cassiicola isolate HGCC with high virulence. Although conspecific, HGCC exhibited distinct genome sequence differences from a rubber tree-sampled isolate (CCP) and a human-sampled isolate (UM591). The proportion of secreted proteins was 7.2% in HGCC. A total of 28.9% (4232) of HGCC genes, 29.5% (4298) of CCP genes and 28.6% (4214) of UM591 genes were highly homologous to experimentally proven virulence-associated genes, respectively, which were not significantly different (P = 0.866) from the average (29.7%) of 10 other phytopathogenic fungi. Thousands of putative virulence-associated genes in various pathways or families were identified in C. cassiicola. Second, a global view of the transcriptome of C. cassiicola spores during germination was evaluated using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). A total of 3288 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The majority of KEGG-annotated DEGs were involved in metabolism, genetic information processing, cellular processes, the organismal system, human diseases and environmental information processing. CONCLUSIONS These results facilitate the exploration of the molecular pathogenic mechanism of C. cassiicola in cucumbers and the understanding of molecular and cellular processes during spore germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Gao
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Lihui Xu
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Zhiwei Song
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Ping Gao
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Fuming Dai
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
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20
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Guo J, Du M, Lu C, Wang B. NaCl improves reproduction by enhancing starch accumulation in the ovules of the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:262. [PMID: 32513114 PMCID: PMC7282069 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halophytes show optimal reproduction under high-salinity conditions. However, the role of NaCl in reproduction and its possible mechanisms in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa remain to be elucidated. RESULTS We performed transcript profiling of S. salsa flowers and measured starch accumulation in ovules, sugar contents in flowers, and photosynthetic parameters in the leaves of plants supplied with 0 and 200 mM NaCl. Starch accumulation in ovules, sugar contents in flowers and ovules, and net photosynthetic rate and photochemical efficiency in leaves were significantly higher in NaCl-treated plants vs. the control. We identified 14,348 differentially expressed genes in flowers of NaCl-treated vs. control plants. Many of these genes were predicted to be associated with photosynthesis, carbon utilization, and sugar and starch metabolism. These genes are crucial for maintaining photosystem structure, regulating electron transport, and improving photosynthetic efficiency in NaCl-treated plants. In addition, genes encoding fructokinase and sucrose phosphate synthase were upregulated in flowers of NaCl-treated plants. CONCLUSIONS The higher starch and sugar contents in the ovules and flowers of S. salsa in response to NaCl treatment are likely due to the upregulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, which increase photosynthetic efficiency and accumulation of photosynthetic products under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoxia Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong 250014 People’s Republic of China
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21
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Maeda K, Tanaka Y, Matsuyama M, Sato M, Sadamatsu K, Suzuki T, Matsui K, Nakajima Y, Tokai T, Kanamaru K, Ohsato S, Kobayashi T, Fujimura M, Nishiuchi T, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M. Substrate specificities of Fusarium biosynthetic enzymes explain the genetic basis of a mixed chemotype producing both deoxynivalenol and nivalenol-type trichothecenes. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 320:108532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Pathogenicity and Virulence Factors of Fusarium graminearum Including Factors Discovered Using Next Generation Sequencing Technologies and Proteomics. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020305. [PMID: 32098375 PMCID: PMC7075021 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a devasting mycotoxin-producing pathogen of grain crops. F. graminearum has been extensively studied to understand its pathogenicity and virulence factors. These studies gained momentum with the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and proteomics. NGS and proteomics have enabled the discovery of a multitude of pathogenicity and virulence factors of F. graminearum. This current review aimed to trace progress made in discovering F. graminearum pathogenicity and virulence factors in general, as well as pathogenicity and virulence factors discovered using NGS, and to some extent, using proteomics. We present more than 100 discovered pathogenicity or virulence factors and conclude that although a multitude of pathogenicity and virulence factors have already been discovered, more work needs to be done to take advantage of NGS and its companion applications of proteomics.
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23
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Yang Q, Song L, Miao Z, Su M, Liang W, He Y. Acetylation of BcHpt Lysine 161 Regulates Botrytis cinerea Sensitivity to Fungicides, Multistress Adaptation and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2965. [PMID: 31969871 PMCID: PMC6960119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BcHpt is a core element of the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) transduction pathway in Botrytis cinerea. In contrast to other elements of the pathway, which have been characterized and proven to play important roles in vegetative differentiation, fungicide resistance, the multistress response, and virulence in B. cinerea, BcHpt (Histidine-containing phosphotransfer) is essential but uncharacterized in B. cinerea. Our previous study reported the first lysine acetylation site (Lys161) in BcHpt. In this study, the functions of this lysine acetylation site in BcHpt were characterized using site-directed mutagenesis. To mimic Lys161 acetylation, we generated the mutant strain ΔBcHPt + BcHptK161Q-GFP, which exhibited a slower growth rate; lower pathogenicity; higher sensitivity to multiple stresses, including osmotic and oxidative stresses, dicarboximides, and demethylation inhibitors (DMIs); and lower BcSak1 phosphorylation levels than wild-type B. cinerea. Constitutive acetylation of BcHpt Ly161 apparently inhibits hyphal growth, the multistress response, and sensitivity to fungicides in B. cinerea. Moreover, the lysine acetylation site affected phosphorylation of the MAPK BcSak1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limin Song
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhengang Miao
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meiling Su
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yawen He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Chen Y, Kistler HC, Ma Z. Fusarium graminearum Trichothecene Mycotoxins: Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:15-39. [PMID: 30893009 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of small grain cereals caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species is an economically important plant disease worldwide. Fusarium infections not only result in severe yield losses but also contaminate grain with various mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON). With the complete genome sequencing of F. graminearum, tremendous progress has been made during the past two decades toward understanding the basis for DON biosynthesis and its regulation. Here, we summarize the current understanding of DON biosynthesis and the effect of regulators, signal transduction pathways, and epigenetic modifications on DON production and the expression of biosynthetic TRI genes. In addition, strategies for controlling FHB and DON contamination are reviewed. Further studies on these biosynthetic and regulatory systems will provide useful knowledge for developing novel management strategies to prevent FHB incidence and mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - H Corby Kistler
- Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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25
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Ren J, Li C, Gao C, Xu JR, Jiang C, Wang G. Deletion of FgHOG1 Is Suppressive to the mgv1 Mutant by Stimulating Gpmk1 Activation and Avoiding Intracellular Turgor Elevation in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1073. [PMID: 31178834 PMCID: PMC6538775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. Previous studies have showed that all three MAP kinase genes, MGV1, FgHOG1, and GPMK1, are involved in regulating hyphal growth, sexual reproduction, plant infection, and stress responses in this pathogen. To determine the relationship between the Mgv1 and FgHog1 pathways, in this study, we generated and characterized the mgv1 Fghog1 double mutant. Deletion of FgHOG1 partially rescued the defects of the mgv1 mutant in vegetative growth and cell wall integrity but had no effects on its defects in plant infection and DON production. The mgv1 Fghog1 mutant grew faster and was more tolerant to cell wall stressors than the mgv1 mutant. Swollen compartments and cell burst were observed frequently in the mgv1 mutant but rarely in the mgv1 Fghog1 mutant when treated with fungicide fludioxonil or cell wall stressor Congo red. Conversely, the deletion of MGV1 also alleviated the hyperosmotic sensitivity of the Fghog1 mutant in vegetative growth. TGY assays indicated increased phosphorylation of FgHog1 in the mgv1 mutant, and TEY assays further revealed elevated activation of Gpmk1 in the mgv1 Fghog1 double mutant, particularly under cell wall stress conditions. Overall, our data showed that deletion of FgHOG1 partially suppressed the defects of the mgv1 mutant, possibly by affecting genes related to cell wall integrity and osmoregulation via the over-activation of Gpmk1 MAP kinase and avoiding intracellular turgor elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ren
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chengliang Li
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chengyu Gao
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Cong Jiang
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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26
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Sensing and transduction of nutritional and chemical signals in filamentous fungi: Impact on cell development and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107392. [PMID: 31034961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi respond to hundreds of nutritional, chemical and environmental signals that affect expression of primary metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. These signals are sensed at the membrane level by G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs contain usually seven transmembrane domains, an external amino terminal fragment that interacts with the ligand, and an internal carboxy terminal end interacting with the intracellular G protein. There is a great variety of GPCRs in filamentous fungi involved in sensing of sugars, amino acids, cellulose, cell-wall components, sex pheromones, oxylipins, calcium ions and other ligands. Mechanisms of signal transduction at the membrane level by GPCRs are discussed, including the internalization and compartmentalisation of these sensor proteins. We have identified and analysed the GPCRs in the genome of Penicillium chrysogenum and compared them with GPCRs of several other filamentous fungi. We have found 66 GPCRs classified into 14 classes, depending on the ligand recognized by these proteins, including most previously proposed classes of GPCRs. We have found 66 putative GPCRs, representatives of twelve of the fourteen previously proposed classes of GPCRs, depending on the ligand recognized by these proteins. A staggering fortytwo putative members of the new GPCR class XIV, the so-called Pth11 sensors of cellulosic material as reported for Neurospora crassa and some other fungi, were identified. Several GPCRs sensing sex pheromones, known in yeast and in several fungi, were also identified in P. chrysogenum, confirming the recent unravelling of the hidden sexual capacity of this species. Other sensing mechanisms do not involve GPCRs, including the two-component systems (HKRR), the HOG signalling system and the PalH mediated pH transduction sensor. GPCR sensor proteins transmit their signals by interacting with intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins, that are well known in several fungi, including P. chrysogenum. These G proteins are inactive in the GDP containing heterotrimeric state, and become active by nucleotide exchange, allowing the separation of the heterotrimeric protein in active Gα and Gβγ dimer subunits. The conversion of GTP in GDP is mediated by the endogenous GTPase activity of the G proteins. Downstream of the ligand interaction, the activated Gα protein and also the Gβ/Gγ dimer, transduce the signals through at least three different cascades: adenylate cyclase/cAMP, MAPK kinase, and phospholipase C mediated pathways.
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27
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Liang Q, Li B, Wang J, Ren P, Yao L, Meng Y, Si E, Shang X, Wang H. PGPBS, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, is required for vegetative differentiation, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity of the barley leaf stripe fungus Pyrenophora graminea. Gene 2019; 696:95-104. [PMID: 30779945 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway regulates the adaptation of fungi to environmental stressors. The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) PBS2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae serves as a scaffold protein in the HOG pathway. We characterized the pgpbs gene of Pyrenophora graminea, which encodes a MAPKK that is 56% orthologous to PBS2 of S. cerevisiae. A cloning technique based on homology was applied to amplify the pgpbs gene. Specific silent mutations then were generated in pgpbs. We evaluated the potential roles of PGPBS in the osmotic response, vegetative differentiation, cell wall integrity, drug resistance, and pathogenicity. Our findings indicated that the pgpbs coding region comprises 2075 base pairs and encodes a protein of 676 amino acids. Mutants deficient in pgpbs expression had significant reductions in vegetative growth and were sensitive to calcofluor white (CFW), an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis. Mutants also lost pathogenicity and were sensitive to an osmotic stress-inducing medium containing NaCl and sorbitol. Moreover, mutants had increased resistance to the dicarboximide fungicide iprodione and the triazole fungicide tebuconazole. These findings suggest that pgpbs is involved in the osmotic and ionic stress responses, vegetative differentiation, cell wall integrity, virulence, and tolerance to iprodione and tebuconazole. We expect that our findings will help elucidate the pathogenesis of barley leaf stripe and will inform strategies for breeding resistance to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Engeering Laboratory of Application Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Baochun Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; College of Life Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junchen Wang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panrong Ren
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lirong Yao
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaxiong Meng
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
| | - Erjing Si
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xunwu Shang
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huajun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China.
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28
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Zhen Z, Xiong X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Wang S, Li L, Gao M. NaCl Inhibits Citrinin and Stimulates Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K Production. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020118. [PMID: 30769930 PMCID: PMC6409629 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Applications of beneficial secondary metabolites produced by Monascus purpureus (M. purpureus) could be greatly limited for citrinin, a kidney toxin. The link of NaCl with cell growth and secondary metabolites in M. purpureus was analyzed with supplementations of different concentrations of NaCl in medium. The content of citrinin was reduced by 48.0% but the yellow, orange, red pigments and monacolin K productions were enhanced by 1.7, 1.4, 1.4 and 1.4 times, respectively, compared with those in the control using NaCl at 0.02 M at the 10th day of cultivation. NaCl didn’t affect the cell growth of M. purpureus. This was verified through the transcriptional up-regulation of citrinin synthesis genes (pksCT and ctnA) and the down-regulation of the Monascus pigments (MPs) synthesis genes (pksPT and pigR). Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were promoted by NaCl at the 2nd day of cultivation, and then inhibited remarkably with the extension of fermentation time. Meanwhile, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the contents of total glutathione (T-GSH) were significantly enhanced in the middle and late stages of cultivation. The inhibition effect on colony size and the growth of aerial mycelia was more obvious with an increased NaCl concentration. Acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and AKP) activities dramatically increased in NaCl treatments. NaCl could participate in secondary metabolites synthesis and cell growth in M. purpureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Zhen
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Xiong
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Yingbao Liu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Jialan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Shaojin Wang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Mengxiang Gao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
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29
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Motoyama T, Nogawa T, Hayashi T, Hirota H, Osada H. Induction of Nectriapyrone Biosynthesis in the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae
by Disturbance of the Two-Component Signal Transduction System. Chembiochem 2019; 20:693-700. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Hirota
- CSRS; RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- CSRS; RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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30
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Qiu JB, Yu MZ, Yin Q, Xu JH, Shi JR. Molecular Characterization, Fitness, and Mycotoxin Production of Fusarium asiaticum Strains Resistant to Fludioxonil. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1759-1765. [PMID: 30125190 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-17-1772-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fludioxonil is used in seedborne disease management of various fungal pathogens, including Fusarium asiaticum, the predominant causal agent of Fusarium head blight in China. In this study, we screened resistant strains from a large number of F. asiaticum strains collected from 2012 to 2016 and found that 4 of 1,000 field strains were highly resistant to fludioxonil. The 50% effective concentration values of the resistant strains and induced mutants ranged from 80 to >400 μg/ml. Compared with field-sensitive strains, all field-collected and laboratory-induced resistant strains exhibited fitness defects in traits including mycelial growth, conidial production, pathogenicity, and sensitivity to osmotic conditions. In the presence of fludioxonil, significantly higher glycerol accumulation was found in sensitive strains but not in resistant individuals. The fludioxonil-resistant strains produced lower amounts of glycerol in liquid culture and lower amounts of trichothecene mycotoxins in rice culture and inoculated wheat spikelets than the fludioxonil-sensitive strains. Sequence analyses of the key genes of the two-component histidine kinase signaling pathway showed various amino acid substitutions in the Os1, Os4, and Os5 genes between field-sensitive and resistant strains or mutants. The results of this study suggest a potential risk of fludioxonil resistance development and a possible influence of resistance mutations on fitness parameters and toxin production in F. asiaticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Qiu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base; Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - M Z Yu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base; Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Q Yin
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-sen, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - J H Xu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base; Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - J R Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base; Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Maeda K, Ichikawa H, Nakajima Y, Motoyama T, Ohsato S, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Osada H, Kimura M. Identification and Characterization of Small Molecule Compounds That Modulate Trichothecene Production by Fusarium graminearum. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1260-1269. [PMID: 29565558 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From the RIKEN Natural Products Depository (NPDepo) chemical library, we identified small molecules that alter trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) production by Fusarium graminearum. Among trichothecene production activators, a furanocoumarin NPD12671 showed the strongest stimulatory activity on 15-ADON production by the fungus cultured in a 24-well plate. NPD12671 significantly increased the transcription of Tri6, a transcription factor gene necessary for trichothecene biosynthesis, in both trichothecene-inducing and noninducing culture conditions. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was identified as the most effective inhibitor of trichothecene production in 24-well plate culture; DHA inhibited trichothecene production (>50% inhibition at 1 μM) without affecting fungal mass by suppressing Tri6 expression. To determine the effect of DHA on trichothecene pathway Tri gene expression, we generated a constitutively Tri6-overexpressing strain that produced 15-ADON in YG_60 medium in Erlenmeyer flasks, conditions under which no trichothecenes are produced by the wild-type. While 5 μM DHA failed to inhibit trichothecene biosynthesis by the overexpressor in trichothecene-inducing YS_60 culture, trichothecene production was suppressed in the YG_60 culture. Regardless of a high Tri6 transcript level in the constitutive overexpressor, the YG_60 culture showed reduced accumulation of Tri5 and Tri4 mRNA upon treatment with 5 μM DHA. Deletion mutants of FgOs2 were also generated and examined; both NPD12671 and DHA modulated trichothecene production as they did in the wild-type strain. These results are discussed in light of the mode of actions of these chemicals on trichothecene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hinayo Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohsato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Kong X, van Diepeningen AD, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, Xu J, Xu J, Zhang H, Chen W, Feng J. The Fusarium graminearum Histone Acetyltransferases Are Important for Morphogenesis, DON Biosynthesis, and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:654. [PMID: 29755419 PMCID: PMC5932188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin structure by histone acetyltransferase (HATs) play a central role in the regulation of gene expression and various biological processes in eukaryotes. Although HAT genes have been studied in many fungi, few of them have been functionally characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized four putative HATs (FgGCN5, FgRTT109, FgSAS2, FgSAS3) in the plant pathogenic ascomycete Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley. We replaced the genes and all mutant strains showed reduced growth of F. graminearum. The ΔFgSAS3 and ΔFgGCN5 mutant increased sensitivity to oxidative and osmotic stresses. Additionally, ΔFgSAS3 showed reduced conidia sporulation and perithecium formation. Mutant ΔFgGCN5 was unable to generate any conidia and lost its ability to form perithecia. Our data showed also that FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 are pathogenicity factors required for infecting wheat heads as well as tomato fruits. Importantly, almost no Deoxynivalenol (DON) was produced either in ΔFgSAS3 or ΔFgGCN5 mutants, which was consistent with a significant downregulation of TRI genes expression. Furthermore, we discovered for the first time that FgSAS3 is indispensable for the acetylation of histone site H3K4, while FgGCN5 is essential for the acetylation of H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27. H3K14 can be completely acetylated when FgSAS3 and FgGCN5 were both present. The RNA-seq analyses of the two mutant strains provide insight into their functions in development and metabolism. Results from this study clarify the functional divergence of HATs in F. graminearum, and may provide novel targeted strategies to control secondary metabolite expression and infections of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjiu Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Gardiner DM, Kazan K. Selection is required for efficient Cas9-mediated genome editing in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:131-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Yang J, Yin ZQ, Kang ZT, Liu CJ, Yang JK, Yao JH, Luo YY. Transcriptomic profiling of Alternaria longipes invasion in tobacco reveals pathogenesis regulated by AlHK1, a group III histidine kinase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16083. [PMID: 29167535 PMCID: PMC5700128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco brown spot, caused by Alternaria species, is a devastating tobacco disease. To explore the role of a group III histidine kinase (AlHK1) on A. longipes pathogenesis, the invasion progress of A. longipes was monitored. We found that the wild-type strain C-00 invaded faster than the AlHK1-disrupted strain HK∆4 in the early and middle infection stages and the reverse trend occurred in the late infection stage. Then, eight invasion transcriptomes were performed using RNA-Seq and 205 shared, 505 C-00 and 222 HK∆4 specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The annotation results showed seven antioxidant activity genes were specifically identified in the HKΔ4 DEGs. A subsequent experiment confirmed that HKΔ4 was more resistant to low concentrations oxidative stress than C-00. In addition, the results from 1) statistics for the number of DEGs, GO enriched terms, DEGs in clusters with rising trends, and 2) analyses of the expression patterns of some DEGs relevant for osmoadaptation and virulence showed that changes in C-00 infection existed mainly in the early and middle stages, while HKΔ4 infection arose mainly in the late stage. Our results reveal firstly the pathogenesis of A. longipes regulated by AlHK1 and provide useful insights into the fungal-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhi-Qun Yin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zi-Teng Kang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chen-Jian Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jian-Hua Yao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, 650106, China
| | - Yi-Yong Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Yun CS, Motoyama T, Osada H. Regulatory Mechanism of Mycotoxin Tenuazonic Acid Production in Pyricularia oryzae. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2270-2274. [PMID: 28820236 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is a mycotoxin produced by the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae and some plant pathogenic fungi. We previously demonstrated that TeA is biosynthesized in P. oryzae by TeA synthetase 1 (TAS1) and that its production is induced by osmo-sensory MAPK-encoding gene (OSM1) deletion or the addition of 1% DMSO to cultures; however, the regulatory mechanisms of TeA production were unknown. Here, we identify a Zn(II)2-Cys6-type transcription factor in the upstream region of TAS1, which is encoded by TAS2 and regulates TeA production. We also find PoLAE1, which is a homologue of LaeA, a regulator of fungal secondary metabolism. Analysis of PoLAE1 deletion and overexpression strains indicate that PoLAE1 drives TeA production. We also demonstrate that two TeA-inducing signals, 1% DMSO addition and OSM1 deletion, were transmitted through PoLAE1. Our results indicate that TeA production is regulated by two specific regulators, TAS2 and PoLAE1, in P. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Soo Yun
- Chemical Biology Research
Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research
Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research
Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Zheng X, Zhang X, Zhao L, Apaliya MT, Yang Q, Sun W, Zhang X, Zhang H. Screening of Deoxynivalenol Producing Strains and Elucidation of Possible Toxigenic Molecular Mechanism. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060184. [PMID: 28587179 PMCID: PMC5488034 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, seven strains of Fusarium graminearum were isolated from wheat, of which six were identified to produce deoxynivalenol and the production of deoxynivalenol was assessed. F. graminearum strain Fg1 was noted to produce 1.0 μg/g deoxynivalenol during the incubation period in the Czapek yeast broth, while none was detected in F. graminearum strain Fg2. Hence, the differences in proteomes and transcriptomes of Fg1 and Fg2 were compared to analyze the mechanism underlying deoxynivalenol production. Among the 66 significantly differentially expressed proteins in Fg1, 39 and 27 were more or less abundant expressed. Functional analysis suggested that the enzymes involved in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate and mevalonate pathways, which provide a substrate for biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate, a precursor of DON, were activated in Fg1. The transcriptomics data demonstrated that the expression level of a majority of genes, including trichothecene biosynthetic genes, protein kinases, and transcription factors, involved in trichothecene biosynthesis was higher in Fg1 than in Fg2. The results also revealed differential expression profiles of deoxynivalenol biosynthesis genes in strains Fg1 and Fg2, which emphasized their deoxynivalenol producing ability and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lina Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Maurice T Apaliya
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Zhen Jiang Grain and Oil Quality Testing Center, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Mohanan VC, Chandarana PM, Chattoo BB, Patkar RN, Manjrekar J. Fungal Histidine Phosphotransferase Plays a Crucial Role in Photomorphogenesis and Pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Chem 2017; 5:31. [PMID: 28580356 PMCID: PMC5437211 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component signal transduction (TCST) pathways play crucial roles in many cellular functions such as stress responses, biofilm formation, and sporulation. The histidine phosphotransferase (HPt), which is an intermediate phosphotransfer protein in a two-component system, transfers a phosphate group to a phosphorylatable aspartate residue in the target protein(s), and up-regulates stress-activated MAP kinase cascades. Most fungal genomes carry a single copy of the gene coding for HPt, which are potential antifungal targets. However, unlike the histidine kinases (HK) or the downstream response regulators (RR) in two-component system, the HPts have not been well-studied in phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, we investigated the role of HPt in the model rice-blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. We found that in M. oryzae an additional isoform of the HPT gene YPD1 was expressed specifically in response to light. Further, the expression of light-regulated genes such as those encoding envoy and blue-light-harvesting protein, and PAS domain containing HKs was significantly reduced upon down-regulation of YPD1 in M. oryzae. Importantly, down-regulation of YPD1 led to a significant decrease in the ability to penetrate the host cuticle and in light-dependent conidiation in M. oryzae. Thus, our results indicate that Ypd1 plays an important role in asexual development and host invasion, and suggest that YPD1 isoforms likely have distinct roles to play in the rice-blast pathogen M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha C Mohanan
- Bharat Chattoo Genome Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaVadodara, India
| | - Pinal M Chandarana
- Bharat Chattoo Genome Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaVadodara, India
| | - Bharat B Chattoo
- Bharat Chattoo Genome Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaVadodara, India
| | - Rajesh N Patkar
- Bharat Chattoo Genome Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaVadodara, India
| | - Johannes Manjrekar
- Bharat Chattoo Genome Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaVadodara, India.,Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University of BarodaVadodara, India
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Proteomics analysis of Fusarium proliferatum under various initial pH during fumonisin production. J Proteomics 2017; 164:59-72. [PMID: 28522339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum as a fungal pathogen can produce fumonisin which causes a great threat to animal and human health. Proteomic approach was a useful tool for investigation into mycotoxin biosynthesis in fungal pathogens. In this study, we analyzed the fumonisin content and mycelium proteins of Fusarium proliferatum cultivated under the initial pH5 and 10. Fumonisin production after 10days was significantly induced in culture condition at pH10 than pH5. Ninety nine significantly differently accumulated protein spots under the two pH conditions were detected using two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 89 of these proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF and LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Among these 89 proteins, 45 were up-regulated at pH10 while 44 were up-accumulated at pH5. At pH10, these proteins were found to involve in the modification of fumonisin backbone including up-regulated polyketide synthase, cytochrome P450, S-adenosylmethionine synthase and O-methyltransferase, which might contribute to the induction of fumonisin production. At pH5, these up-regulated proteins such as l-amino-acid oxidase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and citrate lyase might inhibit the condensation of fumonisin backbone, resulting in reduced production of fumonisins. These results may help us to understand the molecular mechanism of the fumonisin synthesis in F. proliferatum. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE To extend our understanding of the mechanism of the fumonisin biosynthesis of F. proliferatum, we reported the fumonisin production in relation to the differential proteins of F. proliferatum mycelium under two pH culture conditions. Among these 89 identified spots, 45 were up-accumulated at pH10 while 44 were up-accumulated at pH5. Our results revealed that increased fumonisin production at pH10 might be related to the induction of fumonisin biosynthesis caused by up-regulation of polyketide synthase, cytochrome P450, S-adenosylmethionine synthase and O-methyltransferase. Meanwhile, the up-regulation of l-amino-acid oxidase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and citrate lyase at pH5 might be related to the inhibition of the condensation of fumonisin backbone, resulting in reduced production of fumonisin. These results may help us to understand better the molecular mechanism of the fumonisin synthesis in F. proliferatum and then broaden the current knowledge of the mechanism of the fumonisin biosynthesis.
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Penicillium citrinum Cultured with Different Carbon Sources Identifies Genes Involved in Citrinin Biosynthesis. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020069. [PMID: 28230802 PMCID: PMC5331448 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin is a toxic secondary metabolite of Penicillium citrinum and its contamination in many food items has been widely reported. However, research on the citrinin biosynthesis pathway and its regulation mechanism in P. citrinum is rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of different carbon sources on citrinin production by P. citrinum and used transcriptome analysis to study the underlying molecular mechanism. Our results indicated that glucose, used as the sole carbon source, could significantly promote citrinin production by P. citrinum in Czapek’s broth medium compared with sucrose. A total of 19,967 unigenes were annotated by BLAST in Nr, Nt, Swiss-Prot and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Transcriptome comparison between P. citrinum cultured with sucrose and glucose revealed 1085 differentially expressed unigenes. Among them, 610 were upregulated while 475 were downregulated under glucose as compared to sucrose. KEGG pathway and Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that many metabolic processes (e.g., carbohydrate, secondary metabolism, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism) were affected, and potentially interesting genes that encoded putative components of signal transduction, stress response and transcription factor were identified. These genes obviously had important impacts on their regulation in citrinin biosynthesis, which provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of citrinin biosynthesis by P. citrinum.
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Macheleidt J, Mattern DJ, Fischer J, Netzker T, Weber J, Schroeckh V, Valiante V, Brakhage AA. Regulation and Role of Fungal Secondary Metabolites. Annu Rev Genet 2016; 50:371-392. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Macheleidt
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Derek J. Mattern
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Fischer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Tina Netzker
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob Weber
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Schroeckh
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Vito Valiante
- Research Group Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
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Huang R, Ding Q, Xiang Y, Gu T, Li Y. Comparative Analysis of DNA Methyltransferase Gene Family in Fungi: A Focus on Basidiomycota. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1556. [PMID: 27818666 PMCID: PMC5073141 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Mushrooms belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota are highly valued for both nutritional and pharmaceutical uses. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the significance of DNA methylation in the development of plants and animals. However, our understanding of DNA methylation in mushrooms is limited. In this study, we identified and conducted comprehensive analyses on DNA methyltransferases (DNMtases) in representative species from Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and obtained new insights into their classification and characterization in fungi. Our results revealed that DNMtases in basidiomycetes can be divided into two classes, the Dnmt1 class and the newly defined Rad8 class. We also demonstrated that the fusion event between the characteristic domains of the DNMtases family and Snf2 family in the Rad8 class is fungi-specific, possibly indicating a functional novelty of Rad8 DNMtases in fungi. Additionally, expression profiles of DNMtases in the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus revealed diverse expression patterns in various organs and developmental stages. For example, DNMtase genes displayed higher expression levels in dikaryons than in monokaryons. Consistent with the expression profiles, we found that dikaryons are more susceptible to the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine. Taken together, our findings pinpoint an important role of DNA methylation during the growth of mushrooms and provide a foundation for understanding of DNMtases in basidiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qiangqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yanan Xiang
- Laboratory of Plant Hormone, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of ConnecticutStorrs, CT, USA
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Martínez-Villarreal R, Garza-Romero TS, Moreno-Medina VR, Hernández-Delgado S, Mayek-Pérez N. [Biochemical basis of tolerance to osmotic stress in phytopathogenic fungus: The case of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016; 48:347-357. [PMID: 28341024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is the causative agent of charcoal rot disease which causes significant yield losses in major crops such as maize, sorghum, soybean and common beans in Mexico. This fungus is a facultative parasite which shows broad ability to adapt itself to stressed environments where water deficits and/or high temperature stresses commonly occur. These environmental conditions are common for most cultivable lands throughout Mexico. Here we describe some basic facts related to the etiology and epidemiology of the fungus as well as to the importance of responses to stressed environments, particularly to water deficits, based on morphology and growth traits, as well as on physiology, biochemistry and pathogenicity of fungus M. phaseolina. To conclude, we show some perspectives related to future research into the genus, which emphasize the increasing need to improve the knowledge based on the application of both traditional and biotechnological tools in order to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to environmental stress which can be extrapolated to other useful organisms to man.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamar S Garza-Romero
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México
| | - Víctor R Moreno-Medina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México
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Wichadakul D, Kobmoo N, Ingsriswang S, Tangphatsornruang S, Chantasingh D, Luangsa-ard JJ, Eurwilaichitr L. Insights from the genome of Ophiocordyceps polyrhachis-furcata to pathogenicity and host specificity in insect fungi. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:881. [PMID: 26511477 PMCID: PMC4625970 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ophiocordyceps unilateralis is an outstanding insect fungus for its biology to manipulate host ants’ behavior and for its extreme host-specificity. Through the sequencing and annotation of Ophiocordyceps polyrhachis-furcata, a species in the O. unilateralis species complex specific to the ant Polyrhachis furcata, comparative analyses on genes involved in pathogenicity and virulence between this fungus and other fungi were undertaken in order to gain insights into its biology and the emergence of host specificity. Results O. polyrhachis-furcata possesses various genes implicated in pathogenicity and virulence common with other fungi. Overall, this fungus possesses protein-coding genes similar to those found on other insect fungi with available genomic resources (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium robertsii (formerly classified as M. anisopliae s.l.), Metarhizium acridum, Cordyceps militaris, Ophiocordyceps sinensis). Comparative analyses in regard of the host ranges of insect fungi showed a tendency toward contractions of various gene families for narrow host-range species, including cuticle-degrading genes (proteases, carbohydrate esterases) and some families of pathogen-host interaction (PHI) genes. For many families of genes, O. polyrhachis-furcata had the least number of genes found; some genes commonly found in other insect fungi are even absent (e.g. Class 1 hydrophobin). However, there are expansions of genes involved in 1) the production of bacterial-like toxins in O. polyrhachis-furcata, compared with other entomopathogenic fungi, and 2) retrotransposable elements. Conclusions The gain and loss of gene families helps us understand how fungal pathogenicity in insect hosts evolved. The loss of various genes involved throughout the pathogenesis for O. unilateralis would result in a reduced capacity to exploit larger ranges of hosts and therefore in the different level of host specificity, while the expansions of other gene families suggest an adaptation to particular environments with unexpected strategies like oral toxicity, through the production of bacterial-like toxins, or sophisticated mechanisms underlying pathogenicity through retrotransposons. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2101-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangdao Wichadakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand. .,Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Floor 17th, Building 4, Payathai Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Noppol Kobmoo
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Supawadee Ingsriswang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Duriya Chantasingh
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Lily Eurwilaichitr
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Neung, Khlong Luang, 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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Wu J, Liu Y, Lv W, Yue X, Que Y, Yang N, Zhang Z, Ma Z, Talbot NJ, Wang Z. FgRIC8 is involved in regulating vegetative growth, conidiation, deoxynivalenol production and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 83:92-102. [PMID: 26341536 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8 (Ric8) group act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and play important roles in regulating G-protein signaling in animals. In filamentous fungi, putative Ric8 orthologs have so far been identified in Magnaporthe oryzae, Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Here, we report the functional investigation of a potential RIC8 ortholog (FgRIC8) in the wheat head blight pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Targeted gene deletion mutants of FgRIC8 exhibited a significant reduction in vegetative growth, conidiation, pigment production as well as deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis. Pathogenicity assays using a point-inoculated spikelet approach showed that the mutants were severely impaired in virulence on flowering wheat heads. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that genes encoding F. graminearum Gα (FgGpa1 and FgGpa3), Gβ (FgGpb1) and Gγ (FgGpg1) subunits were significantly down-regulated in Fgric8 mutants. Moreover, we showed that FgRic8 physically interacts with both FgGpa1 and FgGpa3, but not FgGpa2, in yeast two-hybrid assays. The intracellular cAMP levels in Fgric8 mutants were significantly decreased compared to the isogenic wild-type strain. Taken together, our results indicate that FgRic8 plays critical roles in fungal development, secondary metabolism and virulence in F. graminearum and may act as a regulator of G protein alpha subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310025, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310025, China
| | - Wuyun Lv
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310025, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310025, China
| | - Yawei Que
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310025, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310025, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310025, China
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310025, China.
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Yu J, Lee KM, Son M, Kim KH. Effects of the deletion and over-expression of Fusarium graminearum gene FgHal2 on host response to mycovirus Fusarium graminearum virus 1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:641-652. [PMID: 25431083 PMCID: PMC6638490 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mycovirus Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) is associated with reduced virulence (hypovirulence) of Fusarium graminearum. Transcriptomic and proteomic expression profiling have shown that many F. graminearum genes are differentially expressed as a consequence of FgV1 infection. Several of these genes may be related to the maintenance of the virus life cycle. The host gene, FgHal2, which has a highly conserved 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphatase (PAP phosphatase-like) domain or inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) superfamily domain, shows reduced expression in response to FgV1 infection. We generated targeted gene deletion and over-expression mutants to clarify the possible function(s) of FgHal2 and its relationship to FgV1. The gene deletion mutant showed retarded growth, reduced aerial mycelia formation and reduced pigmentation, whereas over-expression mutants were morphologically similar to the wild-type (WT). Furthermore, compared with the WT, the gene deletion mutant produced fewer conidia and these showed abnormal morphology. The FgHal2 expression level was decreased by FgV1 infection at 120 h post-inoculation (hpi), whereas the levels were nine-fold greater for both the virus-free and virus-infected over-expression mutant than for the WT. FgV1 RNA accumulation was decreased in the deletion mutant at 48, 72 and 120 hpi. FgV1 RNA accumulation in the over-expression mutant was reduced relative to that of the WT at 48 and 120 hpi, but was similar to that of the WT at 72 hpi. The vertical transmission rate of FgV1 in the gene deletion mutant was low, suggesting that FgHal2 may be required for the maintenance of FgV1 in the host cell. Together, these results indicate that the putative 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase gene, FgHal2, has diverse biological functions in the host fungus and may affect the viral RNA accumulation and transmission of FgV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisuk Yu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Moonil Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
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Yu FW, Zhang XP, Yu MH, Yin YN, Ma ZH. The potential protein kinase A (Pka) phosphorylation site is required for the function of FgSge1 in Fusarium graminearum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1419-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Bogialli S, Bortolini C, Tapparo A, Causin R. In Vitro Production of Fumonisins by Fusarium verticillioides under Oxidative Stress Induced by H2O2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4879-4885. [PMID: 25910187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of oxidative stress induced by H2O2 were tested in liquid cultures in the fumonisin-producing fungus Fusarium verticillioides. The quantitative analysis of fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and B4 was achieved by means of liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Two effects in F. verticillioides, consisting of different abilities to produce fumonisins in response to oxidative stress, were identified. Following H2O2 addition, two F. verticillioides strains produced significantly more fumonisin (>300%) while three other strains produced significantly less (<20%) in comparison to control cultures. Transcriptional studies with seven biosynthetic genes showed a significant increase in transcript levels in the strain that made more fumonisin and either no or minimal changes in the strain that made less fumonisin. Our data indicate the important role of oxidative stress toward the modulation of the fumonisin biosynthesis and suggest the necessity to verify the presence of such divergent behavior in F. verticillioides populations under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- †Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- †Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- ‡Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Claudio Bortolini
- ‡Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- ‡Department of Chemical Science, University of Padua, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Causin
- †Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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Yang Q, Yin D, Yin Y, Cao Y, Ma Z. The response regulator BcSkn7 is required for vegetative differentiation and adaptation to oxidative and osmotic stresses in Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:276-287. [PMID: 25130972 PMCID: PMC6638353 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The high-osmolarity glycerol pathway plays an important role in the responses of fungi to various environmental stresses. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Skn7 is a response regulator in the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway, which regulates the oxidative stress response, cell cycle and cell wall biosynthesis. In this study, we characterized an Skn7 orthologue BcSkn7 in Botrytis cinerea. BcSKN7 can partly restore the growth defects of S. cerevisiae SKN7 mutant and vice versa. The BcSKN7 mutant (ΔBcSkn7-1) revealed increased sensitivity to ionic osmotic and oxidative stresses and to ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. In addition, ΔBcSkn7-1 was also impaired dramatically in conidiation and sclerotial formation. Western blot analysis showed that BcSkn7 positively regulated the phosphorylation of BcSak1 (the orthologue of S. cerevisiae Hog1) under osmotic stress, indicating that BcSkn7 is associated with the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway in B. cinerea. In contrast with BcSak1, BcSkn7 is not involved in the regulation of B. cinerea virulence. All of the phenotypic defects of ΔBcSkn7-1 are restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with the wild-type BcSKN7. The results of this study indicate that BcSkn7 plays an important role in the regulation of vegetative differentiation and in the response to various stresses in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
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50
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Defosse TA, Sharma A, Mondal AK, Dugé de Bernonville T, Latgé JP, Calderone R, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Courdavault V, Clastre M, Papon N. Hybrid histidine kinases in pathogenic fungi. Mol Microbiol 2015; 95:914-24. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A. Defosse
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales; EA 2106; Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Tours France
| | | | - Alok K. Mondal
- Institute of Microbial Technology; Chandigarh India
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | | | | | - Richard Calderone
- Georgetown University Medical Center; Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Washington DC USA
| | | | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales; EA 2106; Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Tours France
| | - Marc Clastre
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales; EA 2106; Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Tours France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales; EA 2106; Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Tours France
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