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Lima TS. Beyond an inflammatory mediator: Interleukin-1 in neurophysiology. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:917-924. [PMID: 37031383 PMCID: PMC10988528 DOI: 10.1113/ep090780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review focuses on the physiological role of the cytokine interleukin-1β in the CNS. What advances does it highlight? Traditionally, interleukin-1β is known as a key mediator of inflammation and immunity. This review highlights the more recent findings describing how interleukin-1β signalling is required to maintain homeostasis in the CNS. ABSTRACT Since its discovery in the early 1940s, the interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine family has been associated primarily with acute and chronic inflammation. The family member IL-1β is produced by different leucocytes, endothelial cells and epithelial cells. This cytokine has been characterized as a key modulator of inflammation and innate immunity because it induces the transcription of several downstream inflammatory genes. More recently, several groups have demonstrated that IL-1β production is also required to maintain homeostasis in several organ systems. This review focuses on providing an overview of the more recently characterized role of IL-1β in the physiology of the CNS. So far, IL-1β signalling has been implicated in neuronal survival, neurite growth, synaptic pruning, synaptic transmission, neuroplasticity and neuroendocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane S. Lima
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State Polytechnic UniversityPomonaCaliforniaUSA
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Lilienberg J, Apáti Á, Réthelyi JM, Homolya L. Microglia modulate proliferation, neurite generation and differentiation of human neural progenitor cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:997028. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.997028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain, significantly influence the fate of neurons after neural damage. Depending on the local environment, they exhibit a wide range of phenotypes, including patrolling (naïve), proinflammatory, and anti-inflammatory characteristics, which greatly affects neurotoxicity. Despite the fact that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and hippocampal neurons represent cell populations, which play pivotal role in neural regeneration, interaction between microglia and these cell types is poorly studied. In the present work, we investigated how microglial cells affect the proliferation and neurite outgrowth of human stem cell-derived NPCs, and how microglia stimulation with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory agents modulates this interaction. We found that naïve microglia slightly diminish NPC proliferation and have no effect on neurite outgrowth. In contrast, proinflammatory stimulated microglia promote both proliferation and neurite generation, whereas microglia stimulated with anti-inflammatory cytokines augment neurite outgrowth leaving NPC proliferation unaffected. We also studied how microglia influence neurite development and differentiation of hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells differentiated from NPCs. We found that proinflammatory stimulated microglia inhibit axonal development but facilitate dendrite generation in these differentiating neurons. Our results elucidate a fine-tuned modulatory effect of microglial cells on cell types crucial for neural regeneration, opening perspectives for novel regenerative therapeutic interventions.
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Ma JQ, Li LS, Li YH, Hu YZ. PLCε1 mediates one-lung ventilation injury by regulating the p38/RhoA/NFκB activation loop. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:135-145. [PMID: 33662817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase C epsilon-1 (PLCε1) might be a novel and potential target in treating inflammatory conditions. In the present study, we aimed to clarify whether PLCε1 is involved in lung injury caused by one-lung ventilation (OLV) and to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of PLCε1-mediated signaling pathway on OLV induced inflammatory response and injury. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into wide-type (PLCε1-WT) group and PLCε1-KO group, and were treated with OLV for 0.5 h, 1 h, and 2 h respectively. Observation of lung tissue injury in rats was performed by Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Wet/dry (W/D) radios. In addition, pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) transfected with PLCε1-si RNA, were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To explore the possible roles of PLCε1 in the OLV induced inflammatory injury and the involved pathway underlying, the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of OLV rats, as well as the PMVECs were prepared for further analysis. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. The activities of related pathway proteins (NF-κB, phospho-p38, p38, phospho-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, RhoA and ROCK) were also detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. RESULTS Compared to the PLCε1-WT rats, PLCε1-KOrats exhibited marked alleviation of lung inflammation as shown by great reduction in lung wet/dry weight ratios, decreases in the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators, and declines in the number of neutrophils and the protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, the increased expressions of RhoA and NF-κB p65 mRNA induced by OLV were significantly inhibited in PLCε1-KO rats. In LPS treated PMVECs, PLCε1-si RNA transfection ones also showed the decrease expression of proinflammatory mediators, reduction in p38 phosphorylation levels and downregulation of RhoA/ROCK signaling activation. Co-cultured with PLCε1-si RNA and BTRB796 (p38 inhibitors) in LPS-stimulated PMVECs resulted in a significant reduction in RhoA and NF-κB activity. In addition, treatment with either ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632) or dominant negative mutant of RhoA (RhoT19 N) significantly reduced the expression of NF-κB in PLCε1-si RNA treated PMVECs. CONCLUSION The results indicated that PLCε1 played an important role in the inflammatory response induced by OLV. Moreover, through promoting p38/RhoA/ROCK activation loop, PLCε1 promoted NF-κB activation and thereby increased the expressions of inflammatory mediators, which induced the PMVECs inflammation and subsequent injury. The results of this study provide a potential therapeutic target for the reduction of inflammatory response in patients with OLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qin Ma
- Experimental Center of Medical Function, Kunming Medical University, No 1168 West Chunrong Rd, Kunming,650500, China
| | - Li-Sha Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, No 157 Jinbi Rd, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yan-Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, No 157 Jinbi Rd, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, No 157 Jinbi Rd, Kunming, 650032, China
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Genomic approach to explore altered signaling networks of olfaction in response to diesel exhaust particles in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16972. [PMID: 33046809 PMCID: PMC7550584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne pollutants have detrimental effect on the human body and the environment. Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are known to be major component of particulate matter (PM) and cause respiratory diseases and neurotoxicity. However, the effects of air pollutants on the sensory nervous system, especially on the olfactory sense, have not been well studied. Herein, we aimed to explore DEP-induced changes in the olfactory perception process. Olfactory sensitivity test was performed after DEP inhalation in mice. Microarray was conducted to determine the differentially expressed genes, which were then utilized to build a network focused on neurotoxicity. Exposure to DEPs significantly reduced sniffing in mice, indicating a disturbance in the olfactory perception process. Through network analysis, we proposed five genes (Cfap69, Cyp26b1, Il1b, Il6, and Synpr) as biomarker candidates for DEP-mediated olfactory dysfunction. Changes in their expression might provoke malfunction of sensory transduction by inhibiting olfactory receptors, neurite outgrowth, and axonal guidance as well as lead to failure of recovery from neuroinflammatory damage through inhibition of nerve regeneration. Thus, we suggest the potential mechanism underlying DEPs-mediated olfactory disorders using genomic approach. Our study will be helpful to future researchers to assess an individual’s olfactory vulnerability following exposure to inhalational environmental hazards.
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Chen G, Luo X, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhu F, Wang W. Interleukin-1β Promotes Schwann Cells De-Differentiation in Wallerian Degeneration via the c-JUN/AP-1 Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:304. [PMID: 31338026 PMCID: PMC6629865 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) de-differentiate in Wallerian degeneration (WD) following nerve injury and, by doing so, can actively promote nerve repair and functional recovery. An innate-immune response is an important component of the complex of events referred to as WD. Damaged peripheral nervous system SCs produce IL-1β and other inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that, in addition to a role in immune responses, IL-1β participates in de-differentiation and proliferation of SCs. qPCR and ELISA demonstrated that expression of IL-1β mRNAs and protein increased after nerve injury. Immunofluorescent staining and western blotting demonstrated that expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was significantly increased and levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) were significantly decreased after IL-1β exposure compared with control groups in vitro WD. Additionally, qPCR demonstrated that IL-1β elevated expression of the de-differentiation gene p75NTR and decreased expression of myelination locus MPZ and promoted SCs de-differentiation. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining, western blotting, qPCR and ELISA revealed that IL-1β promoted c-JUN expression and activation of AP-1 activity of SCs in an in vitro WD model. Finally, Immunofluorescent staining illustrated that IL-1β elevated expression of Ki67 in SCs nuclei, the apoptosis of SCs were detected by TUNEL. SCs of WD produce IL-1β which promotes SCs de-differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Effects of a combinatorial treatment with gene and cell therapy on retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal outgrowth after optic nerve injury. Gene Ther 2019; 27:27-39. [PMID: 31243393 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After an injury, axons in the central nervous system do not regenerate over large distances and permanently lose their connections to the brain. Two promising approaches to correct this condition are cell and gene therapies. In the present work, we evaluated the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) gene therapy alone and combined with human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) therapy after optic nerve injury by analysis of retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal outgrowth. Overexpression of PEDF by intravitreal delivery of AAV2 vector significantly increased Tuj1-positive cells survival and modulated FGF-2, IL-1ß, Iba-1, and GFAP immunostaining in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) at 4 weeks after optic nerve crush, although it could not promote axonal outgrowth. The combination of AAV2.PEDF and hMSC therapy showed a higher number of Tuj1-positive cells and a pronounced axonal outgrowth than unimodal therapy after optic nerve crush. In summary, our results highlight a synergistic effect of combined gene and cell therapy relevant for future therapeutic interventions regarding optic nerve injury.
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Sarhane KA, Ibrahim Z, Martin R, Krick K, Cashman CR, Tuffaha SH, Broyles JM, Prasad N, Yao ZC, Cooney DS, Mi R, Lee WPA, Hoke A, Mao HQ, Brandacher G. Macroporous nanofiber wraps promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery in nerve repair by limiting fibrosis. Acta Biomater 2019; 88:332-345. [PMID: 30807875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional outcomes following nerve repair remain suboptimal. Scarring at the repair site is a major impediment to regeneration. A biomaterial scaffold applied around the coaptation site that decreases inflammation holds great potential in reducing scarring, enhancing axonal growth, and improving functional recovery. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a macroporous nanofiber wrap, comprised of nonwoven electrospun poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), in improving axonal regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve cut and direct repair model. Controls consisted of conventional epineurial repair. We also evaluated our wrap against the commercially available AxoGuard wrap. At five weeks following repair, the nanofiber wrap group showed a significantly decreased intraneural macrophage invasion and collagen deposition at the repair site. This was associated with increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), decreased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α), and a decrease in the M1:M2 macrophage phenotype ratio. These findings suggest that this nanofiber wrap, with its unique macroporosity, is modulating the inflammatory response at the repair site by polarizing macrophages towards a pro-regenerative M2 phenotype. Concomitantly, a higher number of regenerated axons was noted. At sixteen weeks, the nanofiber wrap resulted in enhanced functional recovery as demonstrated by electrophysiology, neuromuscular re-innervation, and muscle histology. When compared to the AxoGuard wrap, the nanofiber wrap showed similar inflammation at the repair site and similar nerve morphometric findings, but there was a trend towards a lower overall number of macrophages invading the wrap wall. These results demonstrate favorable outcomes of the macroporous nanofiber wrap in promoting neuroregeneration and functional recovery following nerve repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds, with specific fiber and pore sizes, were shown to modulate the immune response and create a regenerative environment. In this paper, we present a macroporous nanofiber wrap, made of poly-ε-caprolactone, to be applied at the coaptation site in primary nerve repair. We show that it regulates the inflammatory response at the repair site and decreases scarring/fibrosis. This results in enhanced axonal regeneration, allowing a higher number of axons to cross the suture line and reach the target muscle in a timely fashion. Functional outcomes are thus improved.
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Electrical stimulation induces neurite outgrowth in PC12m3 cells via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Neurosci Lett 2019; 698:81-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dubový P, Klusáková I, Hradilová-Svíženská I, Brázda V, Kohoutková M, Joukal M. A Conditioning Sciatic Nerve Lesion Triggers a Pro-regenerative State in Primary Sensory Neurons Also of Dorsal Root Ganglia Non-associated With the Damaged Nerve. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:11. [PMID: 30778286 PMCID: PMC6369159 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are a very useful model to study the neuronal regenerative program that is a prerequisite for successful axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Seven days after a unilateral sciatic nerve injury by compression or transection, we detected a bilateral increase in growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and superior cervical ganglion-10 (SCG-10) mRNA and protein levels not only in DRG neurons of lumbar spinal cord segments (L4-L5) associated with injured nerve, but also in remote cervical segments (C6-C8). The increase in regeneration-associated proteins in the cervical DRG neurons was associated with the greater length of regenerated axons 1 day after ulnar nerve crush following prior sciatic nerve injury as compared to controls with only ulnar nerve crush. The increased axonal regeneration capacity of cervical DRG neurons after a prior conditioning sciatic nerve lesion was confirmed by neurite outgrowth assay of in vitro cultivated DRG neurons. Intrathecal injection of IL-6 or a JAK2 inhibitor (AG490) revealed a role for the IL-6 signaling pathway in activating the pro-regenerative state in remote DRG neurons. Our results suggest that the pro-regenerative state induced in the DRG neurons non-associated with the injured nerve reflects a systemic reaction of these neurons to unilateral sciatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ilona Klusáková
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivana Hradilová-Svíženská
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Václav Brázda
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marcela Kohoutková
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Wu R, Chen B, Jia X, Qiu Y, Liu M, Huang C, Feng J, Wu Q. Interleukin-1β influences functional regeneration following nerve injury in mice through nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Immunology 2019; 156:235-248. [PMID: 30418673 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on investigating the role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in functional regeneration following nerve injury in mice. A microarray-based mRNA profiling study was used to analyze the expression level of IL-1β in peripheral nerve regeneration. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were applied to assess the IL-1β expressions of C57BL/6J-crush and C57BL/6J-crush+IL-1β mice at different post-injury time-points after the standard sciatic nerve crush injury. The outcomes of nerve regeneration were evaluated by behavioral tests. IL-1β was found to be up-regulated in peripheral nerve regeneration and significantly raised on the 3rd day and returned to normal levels on the 14th day after nerve injury. Compared with C57BL/6J-crush+IL-1β mice, the nerve regeneration of C57BL/6J-crush mice was worse after nerve crush injury. IL-1β increased mechanical sensitivity and stimulated amplitude. IL-1β could benefit the recovery of sciatic nerve crush injury by facilitating nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengsheng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingkai Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Tsarouchas TM, Wehner D, Cavone L, Munir T, Keatinge M, Lambertus M, Underhill A, Barrett T, Kassapis E, Ogryzko N, Feng Y, van Ham TJ, Becker T, Becker CG. Dynamic control of proinflammatory cytokines Il-1β and Tnf-α by macrophages in zebrafish spinal cord regeneration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4670. [PMID: 30405119 PMCID: PMC6220182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07036-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury leads to a massive response of innate immune cells in non-regenerating mammals, but also in successfully regenerating zebrafish. However, the role of the immune response in successful regeneration is poorly defined. Here we show that inhibiting inflammation reduces and promoting it accelerates axonal regeneration in spinal-lesioned zebrafish larvae. Mutant analyses show that peripheral macrophages, but not neutrophils or microglia, are necessary for repair. Macrophage-less irf8 mutants show prolonged inflammation with elevated levels of Tnf-α and Il-1β. Inhibiting Tnf-α does not rescue axonal growth in irf8 mutants, but impairs it in wildtype animals, indicating a pro-regenerative role of Tnf-α. In contrast, decreasing Il-1β levels or number of Il-1β+ neutrophils rescue functional regeneration in irf8 mutants. However, during early regeneration, interference with Il-1β function impairs regeneration in irf8 and wildtype animals. Hence, inflammation is dynamically controlled by macrophages to promote functional spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish. While proinflammatory signalling is preventive to axon regrowth, activated macrophages can be beneficial, for example by limiting the inflammation. This study uses mutant zebrafish lines that lack macrophages and/or microglia to show that peripheral macrophages are necessary in axon regrowth following complete transection of spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themistoklis M Tsarouchas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Daniel Wehner
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Technische Universität Dresden, DFG-Center of Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Leonardo Cavone
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tahimina Munir
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marcus Keatinge
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marvin Lambertus
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Underhill
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Thomas Barrett
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Elias Kassapis
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nikolay Ogryzko
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yi Feng
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Becker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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Interleukin-1β Protects Neurons against Oxidant-Induced Injury via the Promotion of Astrocyte Glutathione Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7080100. [PMID: 30044427 PMCID: PMC6115796 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a key cytokine that drives neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System (CNS), is enhanced in many neurological diseases/disorders. Although IL-1β contributes to and/or sustains pathophysiological processes in the CNS, we recently demonstrated that IL-1β can protect cortical astrocytes from oxidant injury in a glutathione (GSH)-dependent manner. To test whether IL-1β could similarly protect neurons against oxidant stress, near pure neuronal cultures or mixed cortical cell cultures containing neurons and astrocytes were exposed to the organic peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH), following treatment with IL-1β or its vehicle. Neurons and astrocytes in mixed cultures, but not pure neurons, were significantly protected from the toxicity of t-BOOH following treatment with IL-1β in association with enhanced GSH production/release. IL-1β failed to increase the GSH levels or to provide protection against t-BOOH toxicity in chimeric mixed cultures consisting of IL-1R1+/+ neurons plated on top of IL-1R1−/− astrocytes. The attenuation of GSH release via block of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) transport also abrogated the protective effect of IL-1β. These protective effects were not strictly an in vitro phenomenon as we found an increased striatal vulnerability to 3-nitropropionic acid-mediated oxidative stress in IL-1R1 null mice. Overall, our data indicate that IL-1β protects neurons against oxidant injury and that this likely occurs in a non-cell-autonomous manner that relies on an increase in astrocyte GSH production and release.
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Joo MC, Jang CH, Park JT, Choi SW, Ro S, Kim MS, Lee MY. Effect of electrical stimulation on neural regeneration via the p38-RhoA and ERK1/2-Bcl-2 pathways in spinal cord-injured rats. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:340-346. [PMID: 29557386 PMCID: PMC5879908 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although electrical stimulation is therapeutically applied for neural regeneration in patients, it remains unclear how electrical stimulation exerts its effects at the molecular level on spinal cord injury (SCI). To identify the signaling pathway involved in electrical stimulation improving the function of injured spinal cord, 21 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control (no surgical intervention, n = 6), SCI (SCI only, n = 5), and electrical simulation (ES; SCI induction followed by ES treatment, n = 10). A complete spinal cord transection was performed at the 10th thoracic level. Electrical stimulation of the injured spinal cord region was applied for 4 hours per day for 7 days. On days 2 and 7 post SCI, the Touch-Test Sensory Evaluators and the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor scale were used to evaluate rat sensory and motor function. Somatosensory-evoked potentials of the tibial nerve of a hind paw of the rat were measured to evaluate the electrophysiological function of injured spinal cord. Western blot analysis was performed to measure p38-RhoA and ERK1/2-Bcl-2 pathways related protein levels in the injured spinal cord. Rat sensory and motor functions were similar between SCI and ES groups. Compared with the SCI group, in the ES group, the latencies of the somatosensory-evoked potential of the tibial nerve of rats were significantly shortened, the amplitudes were significantly increased, RhoA protein level was significantly decreased, protein gene product 9.5 expression, ERK1/2, p38, and Bcl-2 protein levels in the spinal cord were significantly increased. These data suggest that ES can promote the recovery of electrophysiological function of the injured spinal cord through regulating p38-RhoA and ERK1/2-Bcl-2 pathway-related protein levels in the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheol Joo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Chul Hwan Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jong Tae Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Min Seob Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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Xu S, Ao J, Gu H, Wang X, Xie C, Meng D, Wang L, Liu M. IL-22 Impedes the Proliferation of Schwann cells: Transcriptome Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2395-2405. [PMID: 26960328 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) proliferation is crucial for nerve regeneration following nerve injury. This study aims to investigate effects of interleukin-22 (IL-22) on SCs proliferation in vitro, as well as the corresponding mechanism. Rat SCs were treated with 100 ng/ml rat IL-22 for 48 h, and cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected using fluorescent staining and flow cytometry. After transcriptome sequencing, raw reads were filtered and mapped to reference genome rn5. Then, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs) between IL-22 and control groups were identified (tool: Cuffdiff). Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed (tool: GOFunction), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed (tool: STRING and Cytoscape). Furthermore, Pearson's correlations between DEGs and DElncRNAs were analyzed, and regulatory network of DEGs, DElncRNAs, and transcription factors (TFs) was constructed. IL-22 significantly inhibited proliferation (p value < 0.05) and promoted apoptosis of Schwann cells. Totally, 932 DEGs and 118 DElncRNAs were identified, among which Ccl2 and Ccna2 were hub genes in PPI network. Up-regulated DEGs were enriched in apoptosis related terms, whereas down-regulated DEGs were enriched in proliferation related terms. DElncRNAs like NONRATT023505, NONRATG020400, and NONRATT022748 were correlated with multiple DEGs enriched in cell cycle and division. Moreover, up-regulated TFs Egr1, Cebpd, and Atf4 play crucial roles in regulatory network, and NONRATG020400-Cebpd-Ccl2, NONRATT023505/NONRATT022748-Atf4-Ccna2, and NONRATT022748-Egr1-Id1/Aldoc/Eno2/F3/Serpine1 regulatory pathways were identified in SCs after IL-22 treatment. IL-22 might influence SCs proliferation and apoptosis via regulating lncRNA-TF-gene pathways in SCs. However, more studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junping Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haihui Gu
- Department of Transfusion, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Depeng Meng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lishan Wang
- Med-X Research Insitute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Choi K, Komurov K, Fletcher JS, Jousma E, Cancelas JA, Wu J, Ratner N. An inflammatory gene signature distinguishes neurofibroma Schwann cells and macrophages from cells in the normal peripheral nervous system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43315. [PMID: 28256556 PMCID: PMC5335359 DOI: 10.1038/srep43315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromas are benign peripheral nerve tumors driven by NF1 loss in Schwann cells (SCs). Macrophages are abundant in neurofibromas, and macrophage targeted interventions may have therapeutic potential in these tumors. We generated gene expression data from fluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) SCs and macrophages from wild-type and mutant nerve and neurofibroma to identify candidate pathways involved in SC-macrophage cross-talk. While in 1-month-old Nf1 mutant nerve neither SCs nor macrophages significantly differed from their normal counterparts, both macrophages and SCs showed significantly altered cytokine gene expression in neurofibromas. Computationally reconstructed SC-macrophage molecular networks were enriched for inflammation-associated pathways. We verified that neurofibroma SC conditioned medium contains macrophage chemo-attractants including colony stimulation factor 1 (CSF1). Network analysis confirmed previously implicated pathways and predict novel paracrine and autocrine loops involving cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Network analysis also predicted a central role for decreased type-I interferon signaling. We validated type-I interferon expression in neurofibroma by protein profiling, and show that treatment of neurofibroma-bearing mice with polyethylene glycolyated (PEGylated) type-I interferon-α2b reduces the expression of many cytokines overexpressed in neurofibroma. These studies reveal numerous potential targetable interactions between Nf1 mutant SCs and macrophages for further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangmin Choi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kakajan Komurov
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Fletcher
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Edwin Jousma
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jose A. Cancelas
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Hoxworth Blood Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nancy Ratner
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Ydens E, Demon D, Lornet G, De Winter V, Timmerman V, Lamkanfi M, Janssens S. Nlrp6 promotes recovery after peripheral nerve injury independently of inflammasomes. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:143. [PMID: 26253422 PMCID: PMC4528710 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NOD-like receptors (Nlrs) are key regulators of immune responses during infection and autoimmunity. A subset of Nlrs assembles inflammasomes, molecular platforms that are activated in response to endogenous danger and microbial ligands and that control release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. However, their role in response to injury in the nervous system is less understood. Methods In this study, we investigated the expression profile of major inflammasome components in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and explored the physiological role of different Nlrs upon acute nerve injury in mice. Results While in basal conditions, predominantly members of NOD-like receptor B (Nlrb) subfamily (NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs)) and Nlrc subfamily (ICE-protease activating factor (IPAF)/NOD) are detected in the sciatic nerve, injury causes a shift towards expression of the Nlrp family. Sterile nerve injury also leads to an increase in expression of the Nlrb subfamily, while bacteria trigger expression of the Nlrc subfamily. Interestingly, loss of Nlrp6 led to strongly impaired nerve function upon nerve crush. Loss of the inflammasome adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and effector caspase-1 and caspase-11 did not affect sciatic nerve function, suggesting that Nlrp6 contributed to recovery after peripheral nerve injury independently of inflammasomes. In line with this, we did not detect release of mature IL-1β upon acute nerve injury despite potent induction of pro-IL-1β and inflammasome components Nlrp3 and Nlrp1. However, Nlrp6 deficiency was associated with increased pro-inflammatory extracellular regulated MAP kinase (ERK) signaling, suggesting that hyperinflammation in the absence of Nlrp6 exacerbated peripheral nerve injury. Conclusions Together, our observations suggest that Nlrp6 contributes to recovery from peripheral nerve injury by dampening inflammatory responses independently of IL-1β and inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Ydens
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium. .,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge and University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Dieter Demon
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Gent, Belgium. .,Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Guillaume Lornet
- Unit Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, GROUP-ID Consortium, VIB Inflammation Research Centre, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Vicky De Winter
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium. .,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge and University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium. .,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge and University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Gent, Belgium. .,Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Unit Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, GROUP-ID Consortium, VIB Inflammation Research Centre, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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Kim H, W Caspar T, Shah SB, Hsieh AH. Effects of proinflammatory cytokines on axonal outgrowth from adult rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia using a novel three-dimensional culture system. Spine J 2015; 15:1823-31. [PMID: 25797812 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is often associated with low back pain and increased infiltration of nerve fibers originating from dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The degenerated disc is also characterized by the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, which may influence axonal outgrowth. Toward an improved understanding of the growth of DRG neurons into compliant extracellular matrices, we developed a novel experimental system to measure axonal outgrowth of adult rat lumbar DRG neurons within three-dimensional (3D) collagen hydrogels and used this system to examine the effects of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α treatment. PURPOSE The aim was to investigate the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on 3D neuronal growth into collagen matrices. STUDY DESIGN This was an in vitro study of neurite outgrowth from adult rat lumbar DRG into collagen gels in response to IL-1β and TNF-α. METHODS Lumbar DRG were obtained from adult Sprague Dawley rats, bisected to expose cell bodies and placed onto collagen gel constructs prepared in 24-well Transwell inserts. Dorsal root ganglia were then treated with nerve growth factor (NGF)-free Neurobasal media (negative control) or NGF-supplemented media containing 0, 1, and 10 ng/mL of IL-1β and TNF-α. After 7 days, collagen gel-DRG constructs were immunostained for phosphorylated neurofilament, an axonal marker. Simple Neurite Tracer (Fiji/ImageJ) was used to quantify 3D axonal outgrowth from confocal image stacks. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, with Tukey HSD post hoc correction at a level of p<.05. RESULTS Immunostaining showed robust axonal outgrowth into collagen gels from all NGF-treated DRG. The negative control demonstrated very few and short neurites. Tumor necrosis factor-α (1 and 10 ng/mL) significantly inhibited axonal outgrowth compared with NGF-only media (p<.026 and p<.02, respectively). After IL-1β treatment, average axon length was 10% lower at 1 ng/mL and 7.5% higher at 10 ng/mL, but these differences were not statistically significant. Among cytokine treatments, however, average axon length in the IL-1β (10 ng/mL) group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS A novel 3D collagen gel culture system was used to investigate factors modulating neuronal ingrowth. Our results showed that NGF was necessary to promote neurite growth into collagen gels. In the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, high concentrations of IL-1β induced significantly higher axonal outgrowth than TNF-α and low levels of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunchul Kim
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tyler W Caspar
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sameer B Shah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam H Hsieh
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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18
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He Y, Jackman NA, Thorn TL, Vought VE, Hewett SJ. Interleukin-1β protects astrocytes against oxidant-induced injury via an NF-κB-dependent upregulation of glutathione synthesis. Glia 2015; 63:1568-80. [PMID: 25880604 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes produce and export the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Previously, we found that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) enhanced the expression of astrocyte system xc (-) , the transporter that delivers the rate-limiting substrate for GSH synthesis-cyst(e)ine. Herein, we demonstrate directly that IL-1β mediates a time-dependent increase in extracellular GSH levels in cortical astrocyte cultures, suggesting both enhanced synthesis and export. This increased GSH production was blocked by inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity but not by inhibition of p38 MAPK. To determine whether this increase could provide protection against oxidative stress, the oxidants tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 ) were employed. IL-1β treatment prevented the increase in reactive oxygen species produced in astrocytes following tBOOH exposure. Additionally, the toxicity induced by tBOOH or FeSO4 exposure was significantly attenuated following treatment with IL-1β, an effect reversed by concomitant exposure to l-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO), which prevented the IL-1β-mediated rise in GSH production. IL-1β failed to increase GSH or to provide protection against t-BOOH toxicity in astrocyte cultures derived from IL-1R1 null mutant mice. Overall, our data indicate that under certain conditions IL-1β may be an important stimulus for increasing astrocyte GSH production, and potentially, total antioxidant capacity in brain, via an NF-κB-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Nicole A Jackman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Trista L Thorn
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Valarie E Vought
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Sandra J Hewett
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain often fails to respond to conventional pain management procedures. here we review the aetiology of neuropathic pain as would result from peripheral neuropathy or injury. We show that inflammatory mediators released from damaged nerves and tissue are responsible for triggering ectopic activity in primary afferents and that this, in turn, provokes increased spinal cord activity and the development of ‘central sensitization’. Although evidence is mounting to support the role of interleukin-1β, prostaglandins and other cytokines in the onset of neuropathic pain, the clinical efficacy of drugs which antagonize or prevent the actions of these mediators is yet to be determined. basic science findings do, however, support the use of pre-emptive analgesia during procedures which involve nerve manipulation and the use of anti-inflammatory steroids as soon as possible following traumatic nerve injury.
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Behavioral improvement and regulation of molecules related to neuroplasticity in ischemic rat spinal cord treated with PEDF. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:451639. [PMID: 25110592 PMCID: PMC4106224 DOI: 10.1155/2014/451639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) exerts trophic actions to motoneurons and modulates nonneuronal restorative events, but its effects on neuroplasticity responses after spinal cord (SC) injury are unknown. Rats received a low thoracic SC photothrombotic ischemia and local injection of PEDF and were evaluated behaviorally six weeks later. PEDF actions were detailed in SC ventral horn (motor) in the levels of the lumbar central pattern generator (CPG), far from the injury site. Molecules related to neuroplasticity (MAP-2), those that are able to modulate such event, for instance, neurotrophic factors (NT-3, GDNF, BDNF, and FGF-2), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG), and those associated with angiogenesis and antiapoptosis (laminin and Bcl-2) and Eph (receptor)/ephrin system were evaluated at cellular or molecular levels. PEDF injection improved motor behavioral performance and increased MAP-2 levels and dendritic processes in the region of lumbar CPG. Treatment also elevated GDNF and decreased NT-3, laminin, and CSPG. Injury elevated EphA4 and ephrin-B1 levels, and PEDF treatment increased ephrin A2 and ephrins B1, B2, and B3. Eph receptors and ephrins were found in specific populations of neurons and astrocytes. PEDF treatment to SC injury triggered neuroplasticity in lumbar CPG and regulation of neurotrophic factors, extracellular matrix molecules, and ephrins.
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Inflammatory profiling of Schwann cells in contact with growing axons distal to nerve injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:691041. [PMID: 24877128 PMCID: PMC4022316 DOI: 10.1155/2014/691041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated Schwann cells distal to nerve injury upregulate inflammatory mediators, including cytokines. The goal of the present study was to investigate expression of proinflammatory (IL-1β, TNFα) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) in activated Schwann cells in relation to growing axons distal to crush injury of rat sciatic nerves. Seven days from sciatic nerve crush, transverse cryostat sections were cut 5 mm distal to lesion and incubated for double immunostaining to indicate Schwann cells (GFAP or S100b) and individual investigated cytokines or to demonstrate growing axons (GAP43). The Schwann cells of naïve sciatic nerves and those removed from sham-operated rats displayed similar weak immunoreactivity for the investigated cytokines. In contrast, increased intensity of cytokine immunofluorescence was found in Schwann cells distal to crush lesion. The cytokine-positive Schwann cells were found in close contact with growing axons detected by immunostaining for GAP43. The results of immunohistochemical analysis distal to nerve crush injury suggest that inflammatory profiling of Schwann cells including upregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines does not prevent growth of axons distal to nerve crush injury.
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Tominaga M, Takamori K. Recent advances in pathophysiological mechanisms of itch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Saleh A, Chowdhury SKR, Smith DR, Balakrishnan S, Tessler L, Schartner E, Bilodeau A, Van Der Ploeg R, Fernyhough P. Diabetes impairs an interleukin-1β-dependent pathway that enhances neurite outgrowth through JAK/STAT3 modulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics in adult sensory neurons. Mol Brain 2013; 6:45. [PMID: 24152426 PMCID: PMC4016027 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A luminex-based screen of cytokine expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and nerve of type 1 diabetic rodents revealed interleukin-1 (IL-1α) and IL-1β to be significantly depressed. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that impaired IL-1α and IL-1β expression in DRG may contribute to aberrant axon regeneration and plasticity seen in diabetic sensory neuropathy. In addition, we determined if these cytokines could optimize mitochondrial bioenergetics since mitochondrial dysfunction is a key etiological factor in diabetic neuropathy. Results Cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β were reduced 2-fold (p<0.05) in DRG and/or nerve of 2 and 5 month streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. IL-2 and IL-10 were unchanged. IL-1α and IL-1β induced similar 2 to 3-fold increases in neurite outgrowth in cultures derived from control or diabetic rats (p<0.05). STAT3 phosphorylation on Tyr705 or Ser727 was depressed in DRG from STZ-diabetic mice and treatment of cultures derived from STZ-diabetic rats with IL-1β for 30 min raised phosphorylation of STAT3 on Tyr705 and Ser727 by 1.5 to 2-fold (p<0.05). shRNA-based or AG490 inhibition of STAT3 activity or shRNA blockade of endogenous IL-1β expression completely blocked neurite outgrowth. Cultured neurons derived from STZ-diabetic mice were treated for 24 hr with IL-1β and maximal oxygen consumption rate and spare respiratory capacity, both key measures of bioenergetic fidelity that were depressed in diabetic compared with control neurons, were enhanced 2-fold. This effect was blocked by AG490. Conclusions Endogenous synthesis of IL-1β is diminished in nerve tissue in type 1 diabetes and we propose this defect triggers reduced STAT3 signaling and mitochondrial function leading to sup-optimal axonal regeneration and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saleh
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St, Boniface Hospital Research Centre, R4048 - 351 Tache Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
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Boato F, Rosenberger K, Nelissen S, Geboes L, Peters EM, Nitsch R, Hendrix S. Absence of IL-1β positively affects neurological outcome, lesion development and axonal plasticity after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:6. [PMID: 23317037 PMCID: PMC3585738 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems is important for neuroprotection and axon plasticity after injury. Recently, we demonstrated that IL-1β acts as a potent inducer of neurite outgrowth from organotypic brain slices in vitro, suggesting a potential function of IL-1β in axonal plasticity. Here, we have investigated the effects of IL-1β on axon plasticity during glial scar formation and on functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord compression injury (SCI). We used an IL-1β deficiency model (IL-1βKO mice) and administered recombinant IL-1β. In contrast to our hypothesis, the histological analysis revealed a significantly increased lesion width and a reduced number of corticospinal tract fibers caudal to the lesion center after local application of recombinant IL-1β. Consistently, the treatment significantly worsened the neurological outcome after SCI in mice compared with PBS controls. In contrast, the absence of IL-1β in IL-1βKO mice significantly improved recovery from SCI compared with wildtype mice. Histological analysis revealed a smaller lesion size, reduced lesion width and greatly decreased astrogliosis in the white matter, while the number of corticospinal tract fibers increased significantly 5 mm caudal to the lesion in IL-1βKO mice relative to controls. Our study for the first time characterizes the detrimental effects of IL-1β not only on lesion development (in terms of size and glia activation), but also on the plasticity of central nervous system axons after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boato
- Department of Morphology & BIOMED Institute, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw C, Diepenbeek, BE 3590, Belgium
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Role of inflammation and cytokines in peripheral nerve regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 108:173-206. [PMID: 24083435 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410499-0.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a review of immune reactions involved in classic as well as alternative methods of peripheral nerve regeneration, and mainly with a view to understanding their beneficial effects. Axonal degeneration distal to nerve damage triggers a cascade of inflammatory events alongside injured nerve fibers known as Wallerian degeneration (WD). The early inflammatory reactions of WD comprise the complement system, arachidonic acid metabolites, and inflammatory mediators that are related to myelin fragmentation and activation of Schwann cells. Fine-tuned upregulation of the cytokine/chemokine network by Schwann cells activates resident and hematogenous macrophages to complete the clearance of axonal and myelin debris and stimulate regrowth of axonal sprouts. In addition to local effects, immune reactions of neuronal bodies and glial cells are also implicated in the survival and conditioning of neurons to regenerate severed nerves. Understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions between the immune system and peripheral nerve injury opens new possibilities for targeting inflammatory mediators to improve functional reinnervation.
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Klimaschewski L, Hausott B, Angelov DN. The pros and cons of growth factors and cytokines in peripheral axon regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 108:137-71. [PMID: 24083434 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410499-0.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Injury to a peripheral nerve induces a complex cellular and molecular response required for successful axon regeneration. Proliferating Schwann cells organize into chains of cells bridging the lesion site, which is invaded by macrophages. Approximately half of the injured neuron population sends out axons that enter the glial guidance channels in response to secreted neurotrophic factors and neuropoietic cytokines. These lesion-associated polypeptides create an environment that is highly supportive for axon regrowth, particularly after acute injury, and ensure that the vast majority of regenerating axons are directed toward the distal nerve stump. Unfortunately, most neurotrophic factors and neuropoietic cytokines are also strong stimulators of axonal sprouting. Although some of the axonal branches will withdraw at later stages, the sprouting effect contributes to the misdirection of reinnervation that results in the lack of functional recovery observed in many patients with peripheral nerve injuries. Here, we critically review the role of neuronal growth factors and cytokines during axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Their differential effects on axon elongation and sprouting were elucidated in various studies on intraneuronal signaling mechanisms following nerve lesion. The present data define a goal for future therapeutic strategies, namely, to selectively stimulate a Ras/Raf/ERK-mediated axon elongation program over an intrinsic PI3K-dependent axonal sprouting program in lesioned motor and sensory neurons. Instead of modulating growth factor or cytokine levels at the lesion site, targeting specific intraneuronal molecules, such as the negative feedback inhibitors of ERK signaling, has been shown to promote long-distance regeneration while avoiding sprouting of regenerating axons until they have reached their target areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Agthong S, Kaewsema A, Chentanez V. Inhibition of p38 MAPK reduces loss of primary sensory neurons after nerve transection. Neurol Res 2012; 34:714-20. [PMID: 22776617 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE p38 member of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family has been shown to participate in neuropathic pain and axonal regeneration after nerve injury. However, its role in axotomy-induced neuronal apoptosis remains unclear. This study was aimed to examine p38 phosphorylation in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and its role in DRG neuronal loss after axotomy. METHODS Left sciatic nerve transection was performed in all rats. For the temporal study of p38 phosphorylation, the rats were sacrificed at 1 day, 2 weeks, and 2 months after injury. In the second experiment, the rats were divided into control and inhibitor groups receiving vehicle and p38 inhibitor (SB203580, 200 μg/kg/day intraperitoneally once daily), respectively, for 2 weeks. RESULTS The p38 phosphorylation was increased in L4/5 DRG at 2 weeks after transection. Immunoreactivity of phospho-p38 was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of small neurons with additional nuclear localization in the axotomized neurons at 2 weeks. SB203580 could reduce the phosphorylation of p38 and its substrate, ATF2, including the upregulation of total caspase-3 expression in the DRG. Moreover, count of L4/5 DRG neurons revealed significantly decreased cell loss in the inhibitor than control groups (17·4% versus 32·5%). CONCLUSION These data suggest the role of p38 in sensory neuronal loss after nerve transection. Future studies should be done to confirm the apoptotic role of p38 in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sithiporn Agthong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand.
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Sato A, Ohtaki H, Tsumuraya T, Song D, Ohara K, Asano M, Iwakura Y, Atsumi T, Shioda S. Interleukin-1 participates in the classical and alternative activation of microglia/macrophages after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:65. [PMID: 22483094 PMCID: PMC3353190 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia and macrophages (MG/MΦ) have a diverse range of functions depending on unique cytokine stimuli, and contribute to neural cell death, repair, and remodeling during central nervous system diseases. While IL-1 has been shown to exacerbate inflammation, it has also been recognized to enhance neuroregeneration. We determined the activating phenotype of MG/MΦ and the impact of IL-1 in an in vivo spinal cord injury (SCI) model of IL-1 knock-out (KO) mice. Moreover, we demonstrated the contribution of IL-1 to both the classical and alternative activation of MG in vitro using an adult MG primary culture. Methods SCI was induced by transection of the spinal cord between the T9 and T10 vertebra in wild-type and IL-1 KO mice. Locomotor activity was monitored and lesion size was determined for 14 days. TNFα and Ym1 levels were monitored to determine the MG/MΦ activating phenotype. Primary cultures of MG were produced from adult mice, and were exposed to IFNγ or IL-4 with and without IL-1β. Moreover, cultures were exposed to IL-4 and/or IL-13 in the presence and absence of IL-1β. Results The locomotor activity and lesion area of IL-1 KO mice improved significantly after SCI compared with wild-type mice. TNFα production was significantly suppressed in IL-1 KO mice. Also, Ym1, an alternative activating MG/MΦ marker, did not increase in IL-1 KO mice, suggesting that IL-1 contributes to both the classical and alternative activation of MG/MΦ. We treated primary MG cultures with IFNγ or IL-4 in the presence and absence of IL-1β. Increased nitric oxide and TNFα was present in the culture media and increased inducible NO synthase was detected in cell suspensions following co-treatment with IFNγ and IL-1β. Expression of the alternative activation markers Ym1 and arginase-1 was increased after exposure to IL-4 and further increased after co-treatment with IL-4 and IL-1β. The phenotype was not observed after exposure of cells to IL-13. Conclusions We demonstrate here in in vivo experiments that IL-1 suppressed SCI in a process mediated by the reduction of inflammatory responses. Moreover, we suggest that IL-1 participates in both the classical and alternative activation of MG in in vivo and in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 15-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Boato F, Hechler D, Rosenberger K, Lüdecke D, Peters EM, Nitsch R, Hendrix S. Interleukin-1 beta and neurotrophin-3 synergistically promote neurite growth in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:183. [PMID: 22200088 PMCID: PMC3275552 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) are considered to exert detrimental effects during brain trauma and in neurodegenerative disorders. Consistently, it has been demonstrated that IL-1β suppresses neurotrophin-mediated neuronal cell survival rendering neurons vulnerable to degeneration. Since neurotrophins are also well known to strongly influence axonal plasticity, we investigated here whether IL-1β has a similar negative impact on neurite growth. We analyzed neurite density and length of organotypic brain and spinal cord slice cultures under the influence of the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4. In brain slices, only NT-3 significantly promoted neurite density and length. Surprisingly, a similar increase of neurite growth was induced by IL-1β. Additionally, both factors increased the number of brain slices displaying maximal neurite growth. Furthermore, the co-administration of IL-1β and NT-3 significantly increased the number of brain slices displaying maximal neurite growth compared to single treatments. These data indicate that these two factors synergistically stimulate two distinct aspects of neurite outgrowth, namely neurite density and neurite length from acute organotypic brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boato
- Dept. of Functional Morphology & BIOMED Institute, Hasselt University, Belgium
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IL-1β inhibits axonal growth of developing sympathetic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kim D, You B, Lim H, Lee SJ. Toll-like receptor 2 contributes to chemokine gene expression and macrophage infiltration in the dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury. Mol Pain 2011; 7:74. [PMID: 21951975 PMCID: PMC3192680 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported that nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain is attenuated in toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) knock-out mice. In these mice, inflammatory gene expression and spinal cord microglia actvation is compromised, whereas the effects in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) have not been tested. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR2 in inflammatory responses in the DRG after peripheral nerve injury. Results L5 spinal nerve transection injury induced the expression of macrophage-attracting chemokines such as CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL3/MIP-1 and subsequent macrophage infiltration in the DRG of wild-type mice. In TLR2 knock-out mice, however, the induction of chemokine expression and macrophage infiltration following nerve injury were markedly reduced. Similarly, the induction of IL-1β and TNF-α expression in the DRG by spinal nerve injury was ameliorated in TLR2 knock-out mice. The reduced inflammatory response in the DRG was accompanied by attenuation of nerve injury-induced spontaneous pain hypersensitivity in TLR2 knock-out mice. Conclusions Our data show that TLR2 contributes to nerve injury-induced proinflammatory chemokine/cytokine gene expression and macrophage infiltration in the DRG, which may have relevance in the reduced pain hypersensitivity in TLR2 knock-out mice after spinal nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongun-dong Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-749, Republic of Korea
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Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H. Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin. Neurosci Lett 2011; 495:201-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sbai O, Devi TS, Melone MAB, Feron F, Khrestchatisky M, Singh LP, Perrone L. RAGE-TXNIP axis is required for S100B-promoted Schwann cell migration, fibronectin expression and cytokine secretion. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:4332-9. [PMID: 21098642 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.074674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells (SCs) adopt a migratory phenotype and remodel the extracellular matrix and provide a supportive activity for neuron regeneration. SCs synthesize neurotrophic factors and cytokines that are crucial for the repair of the injured nerve. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its ligand S100B, which are secreted by SCs, are required for the repair of the injured peripheral nerve in vivo. However, the precise intracellular pathways involved have not been completely elucidated. Here, we show that RAGE-induced S100B secretion involves the recruitment of S100B in lipid rafts and caveolae. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that RAGE induces the expression of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) in SCs and the injured sciatic nerve in vivo. TXNIP is involved in the activation of p38 MAPK, CREB and NFκB in SCs. TXNIP silencing partially inhibits RAGE-induced SC migration and completely abolishes RAGE-induced fibronectin and IL-1β expression. Our results support a model in which TXNIP mediates in part RAGE-induced SC migration and is required for the expression of provisional ECM and pro-inflammatory IL-1β. We provide new insight on the role of the SC RAGE-TXNIP axis in the repair of injured peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Sbai
- NICN, CNRS UMR 6184, Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France
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Dächsel JC, Behrouz B, Yue M, Beevers JE, Melrose HL, Farrer MJ. A comparative study of Lrrk2 function in primary neuronal cultures. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:650-5. [PMID: 20850369 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the contribution of wild-type, mutant and loss of leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2; Lrrk2) on dendritic neuronal arborization. BACKGROUND LRRK2 mutations are recognized as the major genetic determinant of susceptibility to Parkinson's disease for which a cellular assay of Lrrk2 mutant function would facilitate the development of targeted molecular therapeutics. METHODS Dendritic neuronal arborization (neurite length, branching and the number of processes per cell) was quantified in primary hippocampal and midbrain cultures derived from five lines of recombinant LRRK2 mice, including human BAC wild-type and mutant overexpressors (Y1699C and G2019S), murine knock-out and G2019S knock-in animals. RESULTS Neuronal arborization in cultures from BAC Lrrk2 wild-type animals is comparable to non-transgenic littermate controls, despite high levels of human transgene expression. In contrast, primary neurons from both BAC mutant overexpressors presented with significantly reduced neuritic outgrowth and branching, although the total number of processes per cell remained comparable. The mutant-specific toxic gain-of-function observed in cultures from BAC mutant mice may be partially rescued by staurosporine treatment, a non-specific kinase inhibitor. In contrast, neuronal arborization is far more extensive in neuronal cultures derived from murine knock-out mice that lack endogenous Lrrk2 expression. In Lrrk2 G2019S knock-in mice, arguably the most physiologically relevant system, neuritic arborization is not impaired. CONCLUSIONS Impairment of neuritic arborization is an exaggerated, albeit mutant specific, consequence of Lrrk2 over-expression in primary cultures. The phenotype and assay described provides a means to develop therapeutic agents that modulate the toxic gain-of-function conferred by mutant Lrrk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus C Dächsel
- Division of Neurogenetics, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Deren KE, Packer M, Forsyth J, Milash B, Abdullah OM, Hsu EW, McAllister JP. Reactive astrocytosis, microgliosis and inflammation in rats with neonatal hydrocephalus. Exp Neurol 2010; 226:110-9. [PMID: 20713048 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of hydrocephalus, a disorder that primarily affects children, include reactive astrocytosis, microgliosis and inflammatory responses; however, the roles that these mechanisms play in the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus are still not clear in terms of cytopathology and gene expression. Therefore we have examined neuroinflammation at both the cellular and the molecular levels in an experimental model of neonatal obstructive hydrocephalus. On post-natal day 1, rats received an intracisternal injection of kaolin to induce hydrocephalus; control animals received saline injections. Prior to sacrifice on post-natal day 22, animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging to quantify ventricular enlargement, and the parietal cortex was harvested for analysis. Immunohistochemistry and light microscopy were performed on 5 hydrocephalic and 5 control animals; another set of 5 hydrocephalic and 5 control animals underwent molecular testing with Western blots and a gene microarray. Scoring of immunoreactivity on a 4-point ranking scale for GFAP and Iba-1 demonstrated an increase in reactive astrocytes and reactive microglia respectively in the hydrocephalic animals compared to controls (2.90±0.11 vs. 0.28±0.26; 2.91±0.11 vs. 0.58±0.23, respectively). Western blots confirmed these results. Microarray analysis identified significant (1.5-fold) changes in 1729 of 33,951 genes, including 26 genes out of 185 genes (26/185) in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway, antigen processing and presentation pathways (15/66), and the apoptosis pathway (10/69). Collectively, these results demonstrate alterations in normal physiology and an up-regulation of the inflammatory response. These findings lead to a better understanding of neonatal hydrocephalus and begin to form a baseline for future treatments that may reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley E Deren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Medical Center, and The University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Repeated mesenchymal stem cell treatment after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia has distinct effects on formation and maturation of new neurons and oligodendrocytes leading to restoration of damage, corticospinal motor tract activity, and sensorimotor function. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9603-11. [PMID: 20631189 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1835-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth asphyxia is a frequent cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality with limited therapeutic options. We show that a single mesenchymal stem cell treatment at 3 d (MSC-3) after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in postnatal day 9 mice improved sensorimotor function and reduced lesion size. A second MSC treatment at 10 d after HI (MSC-3+10) further enhanced sensorimotor improvement and recovery of MAP2 and MBP (myelin basic protein) staining. Ipsilateral anterograde corticospinal tract tracing with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) showed that HI reduced BDA labeling of the contralateral spinal cord. Only MSC-3+10 treatment partially restored contralateral spinal cord BDA staining, indicating enhanced axonal remodeling. MSC-3 enhanced formation of bromodeoxyuridine-positive neurons and oligodendrocytes. Interestingly, the second gift at day 10 did not further increase new cell formation, whereas only MSC-10 did. These findings indicate that increased positive effect of MSC-3+10 compared with MSC-3 alone is mediated via distinct pathways. We hypothesize that MSCs adapt their growth and differentiation factor production to the needs of the environment at the time of intracranial injection. Comparing the response of MSCs to in vitro culture with HI brain extracts obtained at day 10 from MSC-3- or vehicle-treated animals by pathway-focused PCR array analysis revealed that 29 genes encoding secreted factors were indeed differentially regulated. We propose that the function of MSCs is dictated by adaptive specific signals provided by the damaged and regenerating brain.
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Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H. Methylcobalamin increases Erk1/2 and Akt activities through the methylation cycle and promotes nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. Exp Neurol 2010; 222:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang X, Yao H, Huang X, Lu B, Xu H, Zhou C. Nerve fibres in ovarian endometriotic lesions in women with ovarian endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2009; 25:392-7. [PMID: 19955103 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nerve fibres are present in eutopic and ectopic endometrium, it is unclear whether they appear in ovarian endometriotic lesions. We investigated the presence of nerve fibres in ovarian endometriotic lesions and its correlation with clinical parameters in women with ovarian endometriosis. METHODS Histological sections of ovarian endometriotic lesions from 61 women with ovarian endometriosis (Stages II-IV) who underwent laparoscopic endometrioma cystectomy were stained immunohistochemically using a specific polyclonal rabbit anti-protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) antibody to demonstrate myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. RESULTS Nerve fibres stained with PGP9.5 were detected in ovarian endometriotic lesions in 31.1% of women, and most appeared in fibrotic interstitium of ovarian endometriotic lesions. The density of PGP9.5-immunoactive fibres in ovarian endometriotic lesions in women with pain symptoms (n = 35) was higher than in women with no pain symptoms (n = 26, P = 0.039), although the percentage (positive cases/total) of PGP9.5-positive fibres did not differ. In women with pain symptoms, PGP9.5-positive fibres appeared in 40.0% of cases and the density of PGP9.5-immunoactive fibres in ovarian endometriotic lesions was correlated with severity of pain symptoms (r = 0.466, P = 0.005). In women with no pain, PGP9.5-positive fibres were detected in only 5 (19.2%) women. Both the percentage and the density of PGP9.5-positive fibres in ovarian endometriotic lesions were associated with pelvic adhesions (chi2 = 6.833, P = 0.009; Z = 2.442, P = 0.015, respectively) but not with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS PGP9.5-immunoactive nerve fibres in ovarian endometriotic lesions may be involved in the pathophysiology of pain generation and pelvic adhesion formation in women with ovarian endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China.
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Nash M, Pribiag H, Fournier AE, Jacobson C. Central nervous system regeneration inhibitors and their intracellular substrates. Mol Neurobiol 2009; 40:224-35. [PMID: 19763907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) initiates a cascade of responses that is inhibitory to the regeneration of neurons and full recovery. At the site of injury, glial cells conspire with an inhibitory biochemical milieu to construct both physical and chemical barriers that prevent the outgrowth of axons to or beyond the lesion site. These inhibitors include factors derived from myelin, repulsive guidance cues, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Each bind receptors on the axon surface to initiating intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately result in cytoskeletal reorganization and growth cone collapse. Here, we present an overview of the molecules, receptors, and signaling pathways that inhibit CNS regeneration, with a particular focus on the intracellular signaling machinery that may function as convergent targets for multiple inhibitory ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nash
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Alexander JK, Popovich PG. Neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury: therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and regeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 175:125-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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del Zoppo GJ. Inflammation and the neurovascular unit in the setting of focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2008; 158:972-82. [PMID: 18824084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Responses to focal cerebral ischemia by neurons and adjacent microvessels are rapid, simultaneous, and topographically related. Recent observations indicate the simultaneous appearance of proteases by components of nearby microvessels that are also expressed by neurons in the ischemic territory, implying that the events could be coordinated. The structural relationship of neurons to their microvascular supply, the direct functional participation of glial cells, and the observation of a highly ordered microvessel-neuron response to ischemia suggest that these elements are arranged in and behave in a unitary fashion, the neurovascular unit. Their roles as a unit in the stimulation of cellular inflammation and the generation of inflammatory mediators during focal cerebral ischemia have not been explored yet. However, components of the neurovascular unit both generate and respond to these influences under the conditions of ischemia. Here we briefly explore the potential inter-relationships of the components of the neurovascular unit with respect to their potential roles in ischemia-induced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J del Zoppo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 359756, Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Interleukin-1 beta promotes sensory nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440:130-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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