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Fujii J, Osaki T, Bo T. Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals. Molecules 2022; 27:6187. [PMID: 36234722 PMCID: PMC9572970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C in primates) functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymatic reactions represented by prolyl hydroxylases and as an antioxidant due to its ability to donate electrons, which is mostly accomplished through non-enzymatic reaction in mammals. Ascorbate directly reacts with radical species and is converted to ascorbyl radical followed by dehydroascorbate. Ambiguities in physiological relevance of ascorbate observed during in vivo situations could be attributed in part to presence of other redox systems and the pro-oxidant properties of ascorbate. Most mammals are able to synthesize ascorbate from glucose, which is also considered to be an obstacle to verify its action. In addition to animals with natural deficiency in the ascorbate synthesis, such as guinea pigs and ODS rats, three strains of mice with genetic removal of the responsive genes (GULO, RGN, or AKR1A) for the ascorbate synthesis have been established and are being used to investigate the physiological roles of ascorbate. Studies using these mice, along with ascorbate transporter (SVCT)-deficient mice, largely support its ability in protection against oxidative insults. While combined actions of ascorbate in regulating epigenetics and antioxidation appear to effectively prevent cancer development, pharmacological doses of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate may exert tumoricidal activity through redox-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Osaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tomoki Bo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Fujii J. Ascorbate is a multifunctional micronutrient whose synthesis is lacking in primates. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:1-15. [PMID: 34376908 PMCID: PMC8325764 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential micronutrient in primates, and exhibits multiple physiological functions. In addition to antioxidative action, ascorbate provides reducing power to α-ketoglutarate-dependent non-heme iron dioxygenases, such as prolyl hydroxylases. Demethylation of histones and DNA with the aid of ascorbate results in the reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. Ascorbate and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate, have attracted interest in terms of their roles in cancer therapy. The last step in the biosynthesis of ascorbate is catalyzed by l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase whose gene Gulo is commonly mutated in all animals that do not synthesize ascorbate. One common explanation for this deficiency is based on the increased availability of ascorbate from foods. In fact, pathways for ascorbate synthesis and the detoxification of xenobiotics by glucuronate conjugation share the metabolic processes up to UDP-glucuronate, which prompts another hypothesis, namely, that ascorbate-incompetent animals might have developed stronger detoxification systems in return for their lack of ability to produce ascorbate, which would allow them to cope with their situation. Here, we overview recent advances in ascorbate research and propose that an enhanced glucuronate conjugation reaction may have applied positive selection pressure on ascorbate-incompetent animals, thus allowing them to dominate the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Wakame K, Komatsu KI, Nakata A, Sato K, Takaguri A, Masutomi H, Nagashima T, Uchiyama H. Transcriptome Analysis of Skin from SMP30/GNL Knockout Mice Reveals the Effect of Ascorbic Acid Deficiency on Skin and Hair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:599-607. [PMID: 28652426 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase knockout mice (SMP-30/GNL-KO) are a very useful model for clarifying the involvement of vitamin C (VC) in aging-related diseases. In this study, the effects of VC deficiency on skin and hair growth were investigated using SMP-30/GNL-KO mice by RNA sequencing. MATERIALS AND METHODS SMP-30/GNL-KO mice were given water containing 1.5 g/l VC until up to 8 weeks after birth to maintain a VC concentration in their organs and plasma equivalent to that in wild-type mice. The mice were then divided into two groups: a VC(+) group, where VC was administered, and a VC(-) group, where VC was not administered. Skin samples were collected at 4 and 8 weeks after the treatment. RNA was extracted from each skin sample, followed by cDNA synthesis and RNA-seq. In addition, hair growth was compared between the VC(-) and VC(+) groups after shaving. Skin samples were collected from the shaved area for histological examination by hematoxylin & eosin (HE) staining. RESULTS RNA-seq revealed that there were 1,736 (FDR<0.001) differentially expressed genes in the VC(-) and VC(+) groups. From the functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes in the VC(-) and VC(+) groups, predicted functionalities including cell death and cytotoxicity increased in the VC(+) group. Furthermore, it was predicted that the difference in hair growth between the VC(-) and VC(+) groups was caused by the expression of genes including keratin-related genes and the Sonic hedgehog gene. It was confirmed that hair growth was significantly promoted; hair growth from hair papilla cells was also confirmed by HE staining of the shaved backs of SMP-30/GNL-KO mice in the VC(+) group. CONCLUSION RNA-seq of the skin from VC-deficient mice showed the effects of VC deficiency on the expression of genes involved in cell growth and the hair cycle. Visual inspection suggested that changes in the expression of the genes are involved in delaying hair growth in the VC(-) group. Further research on the relationship among VC deficiency, the hair cycle, and skin cell growth may contribute to research on hair restoration and skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Wakame
- Department of Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akifumi Nakata
- Department of Life Science, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Takaguri
- Department of Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Masutomi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagashima
- Department of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Hironobu Uchiyama
- Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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The influence of cellular senescence on intracellular vitamin C transport, accumulation, and function. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 446:209-219. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kondo Y, Ishigami A. Involvement of senescence marker protein-30 in glucose metabolism disorder and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 16 Suppl 1:4-16. [PMID: 27018279 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) was found to decrease in the liver, kidneys and lungs of mice during aging. SMP30 is a pleiotropic protein that acts to protect cells from apoptosis by enhancing plasma membrane Ca(2+) -pump activity and is bona fide gluconolactonase (EC 3.1.1.17) that participates in the penultimate step of the vitamin C biosynthetic pathway. For the past several years, we have obtained strong evidence showing the close relationship between SMP30, glucose metabolism disorder and non-alchoholic fatty liver disease in experiments with SMP30 knockout mice. Emerging proof links the following abnormalities: (i) the reduction of SMP30 by aging and/or excessive dietary fat or genetic deficiency causes a loss of Ca(2+) pumping activity, which impairs acute insulin release in pancreatic β-cells, initiates inflammatory responses with oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in non-alchoholic steatohepatitis, exacerbates renal tubule damage, and introduces tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy; (ii) vitamin C insufficiency also impairs acute insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells by a mechanism distinct from that of the SMP30 deficiency; and (iii) the increased oxidative stress by concomitant deficiencies of SMP30, superoxide dismutase 1 and vitamin C similarly causes hepatic steatosis. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of SMP30 in glucose metabolism disorder and non-alchoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Nishijima K, Ohno T, Amano A, Kishimoto Y, Kondo Y, Ishigami A, Tanaka S. Bone Degeneration and Its Recovery in SMP30/GNL-Knockout Mice. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:573-578. [PMID: 28448089 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) decreases androgen-independently with aging and is a lactone-hydrolyzing enzyme gluconolactonase (GNL) that is involved in vitamin C biosynthesis. In the present study, bone properties of SMP30/GNL knockout (KO) mice with deficiency in vitamin C synthesis were investigated to reveal the effects of SMP30/GNL and exogenous vitamin C supplementation on bone formation. Mineral content (BMC) and mineral density (BMD) of the mandible and femur of SMP30/GNL KO and wild-type mice at 2 and 3 months of age with or without vitamin C supplementation were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Body and bone weight of both age groups decreased and became significantly lower than those of wild-type mice. The bones of SMP30/GNL KO mice were rough and porous, with BMC and BMD significantly below wild-type. Oral supplementation with vitamin C eliminated differences in body weight, bone weight, BMC, and BMD between SMP30/GNL KO and wild-type mice at each age. These results indicate that bone degeneration in SMP30/GNL KO mice was caused by lack of vitamin C, and that this mouse strain is an appropriate model for bone metabolism in humans, which have no ability to synthesize vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishijima
- Kazutoshi Nishijima, Animal Research Laboratory, Bioscience Education-Research Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 101-8543, Japan, E-mail:
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Ishigami A, Masutomi H, Handa S, Maruyama N. Age-associated decrease of senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase in individual mouse liver cells: Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 15:804-10. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hirofumi Masutomi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Setsuko Handa
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
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Amano A, Sato Y, Kishimoto Y, Takahashi K, Handa S, Aigaki T, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Effects of ascorbic acid deficiency on protein and lipid oxidation in livers from SMP30/GNL knockout mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 59:489-95. [PMID: 24477244 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) functions as an electron donor and scavenges reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals in vitro. However, little is known about the effect of an AA deficiency on protein and lipid oxidation levels in the liver. Therefore, we measured the levels of protein carbonyl and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in livers from senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30)/gluconolactonase (GNL) knockout (KO) mice. These mice are deficient in AA, because they lack the SMP30/GNL gene, which is essential for the biosynthesis of AA in vivo. To track the effect of an AA deficiency, at 30 d of age, mice were divided into the following four groups: AA (-) SMP30/GNL KO, AA (+) SMP30/GNL KO, AA (-) wild type (WT), and AA (+) WT. The AA (+) groups were given water containing 1.5 g/L AA, whereas the AA (-) groups received water without AA for 57 d. All mice were fed an AA-free diet. Subsequently, protein carbonyl levels in livers from AA (-) SMP30/GNL KO mice were significantly higher than those from the other three groups; however, TBARS levels were not significantly different among the four groups. Therefore, AA must act as an anti-oxidant for proteins but might not directly protect lipid oxidation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Amano
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
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Takahashi K, Kishimoto Y, Konishi T, Fujita Y, Ito M, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Ascorbic acid deficiency affects genes for oxidation–reduction and lipid metabolism in livers from SMP30/GNL knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2289-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Kondo Y, Masutomi H, Noda Y, Ozawa Y, Takahashi K, Handa S, Maruyama N, Shimizu T, Ishigami A. Senescence marker protein-30/superoxide dismutase 1 double knockout mice exhibit increased oxidative stress and hepatic steatosis. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:522-32. [PMID: 25003023 PMCID: PMC4081155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated SMP30/SOD1-double knockout (DKO) mice for oxidative stress research. SMP30/SOD1-DKO mice showed low levels of ascorbic acid and premature death. SMP30/SOD1-DKO mice exhibited high levels of oxidative stress and liver injury. SMP30/SOD1-DKO mice manifest hepatic steatosis due to decreased levels of Apolipoprotein B.
Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is an antioxidant enzyme that converts superoxide anion radicals into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. The senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) is a gluconolactonase that functions as an antioxidant protein in mammals due to its involvement in ascorbic acid (AA) biosynthesis. SMP30 also participates in Ca2+ efflux by activating the calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-pump. To reveal the role of oxidative stress in lipid metabolism defects occurring in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis, we generated SMP30/SOD1-double knockout (SMP30/SOD1-DKO) mice and investigated their survival curves, plasma and hepatic lipid profiles, amounts of hepatic oxidative stress, and hepatic protein levels expressed by genes related to lipid metabolism. While SMP30/SOD1-DKO pups had no growth retardation by 14 days of age, they did have low plasma and hepatic AA levels. Thereafter, 39% and 53% of male and female pups died by 15–24 and 89 days of age, respectively. Compared to wild type, SMP30-KO and SOD1-KO mice, by 14 days SMP30/SOD1-DKO mice exhibited: (1) higher plasma levels of triglyceride and aspartate aminotransferase; (2) severe accumulation of hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol; (3) higher levels of superoxide anion radicals and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in livers; and (4) decreased mRNA and protein levels of Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in livers – ApoB is an essential component of VLDL secretion. These results suggest that high levels of oxidative stress due to concomitant deficiency of SMP30 and/or AA, and SOD1 cause abnormal plasma lipid metabolism, hepatic lipid accumulation and premature death resulting from impaired VLDL secretion.
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Key Words
- AA, l-ascorbic acid
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ApoB, Apolipoprotein B
- Ascorbic acid
- DHA, dehydroascorbic acid
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- DKO, double knockout
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- FFA, free fatty acid
- Grp78, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa
- KO, knockout
- MTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PL, phospholipid
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α
- Reactive oxygen species
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SMP30
- SMP30, senescence marker protein-30
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SOD1
- SREBP, sterol regulatory element binding protein
- T-cho, total cholesterol
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TG, triglyceride
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Masutomi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ozawa
- Department of Advanced Aging Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Keita Takahashi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Setsuko Handa
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Department of Advanced Aging Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Arai KY, Sugimoto M, Ito K, Ogura Y, Akutsu N, Amano S, Adachi E, Nishiyama T. Repeated folding stress-induced morphological changes in the dermal equivalent. Skin Res Technol 2014; 20:399-408. [PMID: 24506301 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Repeated mechanical stresses applied to the same region of the skin are thought to induce morphological changes known as wrinkle. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To study the mechanisms, we examined effects of repeated mechanical stress on the dermal equivalent. METHODS We developed a novel device to apply repeated folding stress to the dermal equivalent. After applying the mechanical stress, morphological changes of the dermal equivalent and expression of several genes related to extracellular matrix turn over and cell contraction were examined. RESULTS The repeated folding stress induced a noticeable decrease in the width of the dermal equivalent. The mechanical stress altered orientations of collagen fibrils. Hydroxyproline contents, dry weights and cell viability of the dermal equivalents were not affected by the mechanical stress. On the other hand, Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinase (ROCK) specific inhibitor Y27632 completely suppressed the decrease in the width of the dermal equivalent. CONCLUSION The present results revealed that either degradation of collagen or changes in the number of cells were not responsible for the decrease in the width of the dermal equivalent and indicate that the repeated mechanical stress induces unidirectional contraction in the dermal equivalent through the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Y Arai
- Scleroprotein Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Sato Y, Amano A, Kishimoto Y, Takahashi K, Handa S, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Ascorbic acid prevents protein oxidation in livers of senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase knockout mice. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 14:989-95. [PMID: 24118935 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30)/gluconolactonase (GNL) knockout (KO) mice are incapable of synthesizing L-ascorbic acid (AA) in vivo. As AA is known to be a water-soluble anti-oxidant, we assessed protein oxidation levels in livers from SMP30/GNL KO mice maintained in an AA-insufficient condition. METHODS Livers were collected from male SMP30/GNL KO mice at the ages of 3, 6 and 12 months, and wild-type (WT) mice at the ages of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. To assess protein oxidation, we measured the content of protein carbonyl, which is a major protein oxidation marker. AA levels were measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Livers of SMP30/GNL KO mice had just ∼5% as much AA as those of WT mice from 3 to 12 months-of-age. Protein carbonyl levels in livers from SMP30/GNL KO mice were a significant 1.8- to 2.3-fold higher than those from age-atched WT mice. To establish that the AA-insufficiency caused this difference, we added AA to some drinking water, and examined the effect on AA and protein carbonyl levels in livers from SMP30/GNL KO and WT mice. Livers from SMP30/GNL KO mice given extra AA had a significantly higher content than those from their deprived counterparts. Furthermore, protein carbonyl levels in livers from AA-supplemented SMP30/GNL KO mice were significantly lower than those from the SMP30/GNL KO mice without AA supplementation. However, added AA did not affect the protein carbonyl levels in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that AA plays an important role in preventing protein oxidation in vivo, thus enhancing overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Sato
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Goo MJ, Park JK, Hong IH, Kim AY, Lee EM, Lee EJ, Hwang M, Jeong KS. Increased susceptibility of radiation-induced intestinal apoptosis in SMP30 KO mice. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11084-95. [PMID: 23708106 PMCID: PMC3709720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) knockout (KO) mice have been reported to be susceptible to apoptosis, however, the role of SMP30 has not been characterized in the small intestine. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of SMP30 in the process of spontaneous and γ-radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse small intestine. Eight-week-old male wild-type (WT) mice and SMP30 KO mice were examined after exposure to 0, 1, 3, 5, and 9 Gy of γ-radiation. Apoptosis in the crypts of the small intestine increased in the 0 to 5 Gy radiated SMP30 KO and WT mice. Radiation-induced apoptosis and the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio in the SMP30 KO mice were significantly increased in comparison to each identically treated group of WT mice (p < 0.05). The levels of spontaneous apoptosis in both WT and KO mice were similar (p > 0.05), indicating that increased apoptosis of crypt cells of SMP30 KO by irradiation can be associated with SMP30 depletion. These results suggested that SMP30 might be involved in overriding the apoptotic homeostatic mechanism in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Jung Goo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (J.-K.P.); (I.-H.H.); (A.-Y.K.); (E.-M.L.); (E.-J.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (J.-K.P.); (I.-H.H.); (A.-Y.K.); (E.-M.L.); (E.-J.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Il-Hwa Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (J.-K.P.); (I.-H.H.); (A.-Y.K.); (E.-M.L.); (E.-J.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Ah-Young Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (J.-K.P.); (I.-H.H.); (A.-Y.K.); (E.-M.L.); (E.-J.L.); (M.H.)
- Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (J.-K.P.); (I.-H.H.); (A.-Y.K.); (E.-M.L.); (E.-J.L.); (M.H.)
- Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (J.-K.P.); (I.-H.H.); (A.-Y.K.); (E.-M.L.); (E.-J.L.); (M.H.)
- Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Meeyul Hwang
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (J.-K.P.); (I.-H.H.); (A.-Y.K.); (E.-M.L.); (E.-J.L.); (M.H.)
- Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (J.-K.P.); (I.-H.H.); (A.-Y.K.); (E.-M.L.); (E.-J.L.); (M.H.)
- Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-5975; Fax: +82-53-950-5955
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Senescence-induced increases in intracellular oxidative stress and enhancement of the need for ascorbic acid in human fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:129-41. [PMID: 23613229 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that there is a close correlation among declines in internal ascorbic acid (AsA) levels, various disorders, and senescence. To clarify the relationships between age-associated changes in intracellular AsA levels and the effects of AsA administration on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, we investigated aging-related changes in AsA uptake, ROS levels, and the effects of AsA administration on intracellular ROS levels in young and old (senescent) human fibroblasts. Our results demonstrated that AsA uptake was increased in old cells compared with young cells, although mRNA and protein expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 was barely altered between the young and old cells. We also demonstrated that the intracellular superoxide anion level was higher in young cells, whereas the level of intracellular peroxides was significantly increased in old cells under both normal and oxidative stress conditions. Moreover, AsA administration markedly decreased the augmentation of intracellular peroxides in old cells, whereas there was no effect of AsA treatment in young cells under both normal and oxidative stress conditions. Therefore, our results also indicate that AsA could play an important role in regulating the intracellular ROS levels in senescent cells and that the need for AsA is enhanced by cellular senescence.
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15
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Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on catecholamine synthesis in adrenal glands of SMP30/GNL knockout mice. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:177-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Yu R, Schellhorn HE. Recent applications of engineered animal antioxidant deficiency models in human nutrition and chronic disease. J Nutr 2013; 143:1-11. [PMID: 23173175 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.168690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary antioxidants are essential nutrients that inhibit the oxidation of biologically important molecules and suppress the toxicity of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. When the total antioxidant capacity is insufficient to quench these reactive species, oxidative damage occurs and contributes to the onset and progression of chronic diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. However, epidemiological studies that examine the relationship between antioxidants and disease outcome can only identify correlative associations. Additionally, many antioxidants also have prooxidant effects. Thus, clinically relevant animal models of antioxidant function are essential for improving our understanding of the role of antioxidants in the pathogenesis of complex diseases as well as evaluating the therapeutic potential and risks of their supplementation. Recent progress in gene knockout mice and virus-based gene expression has potentiated these areas of study. Here, we review the current genetically modified animal models of dietary antioxidant function and their clinical relevance in chronic diseases. This review focuses on the 3 major antioxidants in the human body: vitamin C, vitamin E, and uric acid. We examine genetic models of vitamin C synthesis (guinea pig, Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi rat, Gulo(-/-) and SMP30(-/-) mouse mutants) and transport (Slc23a1(-/-) and Slc23a2(-/-) mouse mutants), vitamin E transport (Ttpa(-/-) mouse mutant), and uric acid synthesis (Uox(-/-) mouse mutant). The application of these models to current research goals is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Yu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Scott SH, Bahnson BJ. Senescence Marker Protein 30: Functional and Structural Insights to its Unknown Physiological Function. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:469-480. [PMID: 22844387 PMCID: PMC3405729 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30) is a multifunctional protein involved in cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and the biosynthesis of ascorbate in non-primate mammals. The primary structure of the protein is highly conserved among vertebrates, suggesting the existence of a significant physiological function common to all mammals, including primates. Enzymatic activities of SMP30 include aldonolactone and organophosphate hydrolysis. Protective effects against apoptosis and oxidative stress have been reported. X-ray crystallography revealed that SMP30 is a six-bladed β-propeller with structural similarity to paraoxonase 1, another protein with lactonase and organophosphate hydrolase activities. SMP30 has recently been tied to several physiological conditions including osteoporosis, liver fibrosis, diabetes, and cancer. This review aims to describe the recent advances made toward understanding the connection between molecular structure, enzymatic activity and physiological function of this highly conserved, multifaceted protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H. Scott
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Brian J. Bahnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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18
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Koike K, Kondo Y, Sekiya M, Sato Y, Tobino K, Iwakami SI, Goto S, Takahashi K, Maruyama N, Seyama K, Ishigami A. Complete lack of vitamin C intake generates pulmonary emphysema in senescence marker protein-30 knockout mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L784-92. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00256.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC) is a potent antioxidant and plays an essential role in collagen synthesis. As we previously reported, senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) knockout (KO) mice cannot synthesize VC due to the genetic disruption of gluconolactonase (i.e., SMP30). Here, we utilized SMP30 KO mice deprived of VC and found that VC depletion caused pulmonary emphysema due to oxidative stress and a decrease of collagen synthesis by the third month of age. We grew SMP30 KO mice and wild-type (WT) mice on VC-free chow and either VC water [VC(+)] or plain water [VC(−)] after weaning at 4 wk of age. Morphometric findings and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the lungs were evaluated at 3 mo of age. No VC was detected in the lungs of SMP30 KO VC(−) mice, but their ROS increased 50.9% over that of the VC(+) group. Moreover, their collagen content in the lungs markedly decreased, and their collagen I mRNA decreased 82.2% compared with that of the WT VC(−) group. In the SMP30 KO VC(−) mice, emphysema developed [21.6% increase of mean linear intercepts (MLI) and 42.7% increase of destructive index compared with VC(+) groups], and the levels of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) decreased 16.8%. However, VC intake increased the MLI 16.2% and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances 22.2% in WT mice, suggesting that an excess of VC can generate oxidative stress and may be harmful during this period of lung development. These results suggest that VC plays an important role in lung development through affecting oxidant-antioxidant balance and collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Koike
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, and
| | - Yoshitaka Kondo
- Department of Aging Regulation, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo
| | - Mitsuaki Sekiya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, and
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba
| | - Kazunori Tobino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, and
| | - Shin-iciro Iwakami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka; and
| | - Sataro Goto
- Juntendo University Graduate School, Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, and
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Department of Aging Regulation, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo
| | - Kuniaki Seyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, and
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Department of Aging Regulation, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba
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