1
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Virk RK, Garla R, Kaushal N, Bansal MP, Garg ML, Mohanty BP. The relevance of arsenic speciation analysis in health & medicine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137735. [PMID: 36603678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Long term exposure to arsenic through consumption of contaminated groundwater has been a global issue since the last five decades; while from an alternate standpoint, arsenic compounds have emerged as unparallel chemotherapeutic drugs. This review highlights the contribution from arsenic speciation studies that have played a pivotal role in the progression of our understanding of the biological behaviour of arsenic in humans. We also discuss the limitations of the speciation studies and their association with the interpretation of arsenic metabolism. Chromatographic separation followed by spectroscopic detection as well as the utilization of biotinylated pull-down assays, protein microarray and radiolabelled arsenic have been instrumental in identifying hundreds of metabolic arsenic conjugates, while, computational modelling has predicted thousands of them. However, these species exhibit a variegated pattern, which supports more than one hypothesis for the metabolic pathway of arsenic. Thus, the arsenic species are yet to be integrated into a coherent mechanistic pathway depicting its chemicobiological fate. Novel biorelevant arsenic species have been identified due to significant evolution in experimental methodologies. However, these methods are specific for the identification of only a group of arsenicals sharing similar physiochemical properties; and may not be applicable to other constituents of the vast spectrum of arsenic species. Consequently, the identity of arsenic binding partners in vivo and the sequence of events in arsenic metabolism are still elusive. This resonates the need for additional focus on the extraction and characterization of both low and high molecular weight arsenicals in a combinative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajbinder K Virk
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Roobee Garla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Naveen Kaushal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Mohinder P Bansal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Mohan L Garg
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Biraja P Mohanty
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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2
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Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Karmegam N, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Awasthi MK, Kannan S. Activation of biochar through exoenzymes prompted by earthworms for vermibiochar production: A viable resource recovery option for heavy metal contaminated soils and water. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130458. [PMID: 34126688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The industrial revolution and indiscriminate usage of a wide spectrum of agrochemicals account for the dumping of heavy metals in the environment. In-situ/ex-situ physical, chemical, and bioremediation strategies with pros and cons have been adopted for recovering metal contaminated soils and water. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for a cost-effective and environment-friendly technique to combat metal pollution. Biochar combined with earthworms and vermifiltration is a suitable emerging technique for the remediation of metal-polluted soils and water. The chemical substances (e.g., sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, and phosphoric acid) have been used to activate biochar, which also faces several shortcomings. Studies reveal that extracellular enzymes have been used to activate biochar which is produced by earthworms and microbes that can alter the surface of the biochar. The present review focuses on the global scenario of metal pollution and its remediation through biochar activation using earthworms. The earthworms and biochar can produce "vermibiochar" which is capable of reducing the metal ions from contaminated water and soils. The vermifiltration can be a suitable technology for metal removal from wastewater/effluent. Thus, the biochar has a trick of producing entirely new options at a time when vermifiltration and other technologies are least expected. Further attention to the biochar-assisted vermifiltration of different sources of wastewater is required to be explored for the large-scale utilization of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea; Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Yuvaraj A, Govarthanan M, Karmegam N, Biruntha M, Kumar DS, Arthanari M, Govindarajan RK, Tripathi S, Ghosh S, Kumar P, Kannan S, Thangaraj R. Metallothionein dependent-detoxification of heavy metals in the agricultural field soil of industrial area: Earthworm as field experimental model system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129240. [PMID: 33341732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are known to reclaim soil contamination and maintain soil health. In the present study, the concentration of DTPA extractable heavy metals, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn in vermicasts and tissues of the earthworms (anecic: Lampito mauritii; epigeic: Drawida sulcata) collected from the soils of four different industrial sites, Site-I (Sago industry), Site-II (Chemplast industry), Site-III (Dairy industry) and Site-IV (Dye industry) have been studied. The heavy metals in industrial soils recorded were 0.01-326.42 mg kg-1 with higher Cu, Cr, and Zn contents while the vermicasts showed lower heavy metal loads with improved physicochemical properties and elevated humic substances. The higher humic substances dramatically decreased the heavy metals in the soil. The bioaccumulation factors of heavy metals (mg kg-1) are in the order: Zn (54.50) > Cu (17.43) > Cr (4.54) > Pb (2.24) > Cd (2.12). The greatest amount of metallothionein protein (nmol g-1) was recorded in earthworms from Site-IV (386.76) followed by Site-III (322.14), Site-II (245.82), and Site-I (232.21). Drawida sulcata can produce a considerable amount of metallothionein protein than Lampito mauritii as the metallothionein production is dependent upon the presence of pollutants. The molecular docking analysis indicates a binding score of 980 for Cd, Cr and Cu, and 372 for Zn. Pb may bind with a non-metallothionein protein of earthworms and bio-accumulated in the internal chloragogenous tissues. Metallothionein neutralizes the metal toxicity and controls the ingestion of essential elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 007, India
| | - Muniyandi Biruntha
- Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | | | - Mohan Arthanari
- Department of Zoology, Kandaswami Kandar's College, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, 638 182, India
| | - Rasiravathanahalli Kaveriyappan Govindarajan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta Baruipur, Kolkata, 700 144, India
| | - Swayambhu Ghosh
- Soils Department, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association, Jorhat, Assam, 785 008, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India.
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4
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Yuvaraj A, Karmegam N, Tripathi S, Kannan S, Thangaraj R. Environment-friendly management of textile mill wastewater sludge using epigeic earthworms: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and metallothionein production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109813. [PMID: 31739094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus were used for vermistabilization of textile mill sludge in different combinations with cowdung for 60 days. A higher percentage of metal removal was observed in earthworm treated mixtures for cadmium (54.5%) followed by copper (36.0%), chromium (37.0%) and zinc (35.9%). Vermistabilized textile mill sludge + cowdung (1:1) showed a maximum percentage increase in total NPK, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes with a better earthworm survival rate. A higher amount of metallothionein protein was produced by E. eugeniae than P. excavatus. Further, 100% textile mill sludge showed a number of histological abnormalities like degeneration of cells, cellular debris, and uneven cellular compartmentation while textile mill sludge with cowdung showed normal earthworm histology. Results suggest that textile mill sludge + cowdung (1:1) combination is suitable for vermistabilization of textile mill sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta, Baruipur, Kolkata, 700 144, West Bengal, India
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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5
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Wong DL, Korkola NC, Stillman MJ. Kinetics of competitive Cd2+ binding pathways: the realistic structure of intrinsically disordered, partially metallated metallothioneins. Metallomics 2019; 11:894-905. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00347e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The metallation of metallothionein can proceed via two different intermediate structures: a beaded structure that forms quickly (top) and a slow-forming cluster structure (bottom) before forming the fully metallated two-domain protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry
- the University of Western Ontario
- Ontario
- Canada
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6
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Wong DL, Stillman MJ. Metallothionein: An Aggressive Scavenger-The Metabolism of Rhodium(II) Tetraacetate (Rh 2(CH 3CO 2) 4). ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16314-16327. [PMID: 31458267 PMCID: PMC6643557 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic sources of xenobiotic metals with no physiological benefit are increasingly prevalent in the environment. The platinum group metals (Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Os, and Ir) are found in marine and plant species near urban sources, and are known to bioaccumulate, introducing these metals into the human food chain. Many of these metals are also being used in innovative cancer therapy, which leads to a direct source of exposure for humans. This paper aims to further our understanding of nontraditional metal metabolism via metallothionein, a protein involved in physiologically important metal homeostasis. The aggressive reaction of metallothionein and dirhodium(II) tetraacetate, a common synthetic catalyst known for its cytotoxicity, was studied in detail in vitro. Optical spectroscopic and equilibrium and time-dependent mass spectral data were used to define binding constants for this robust reaction, and molecular dynamics calculations were conducted to explain the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, N6A 5B7 London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin J. Stillman
- Department of Chemistry, The
University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, N6A 5B7 London, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Goswami L, Mukhopadhyay R, Bhattacharya SS, Das P, Goswami R. Detoxification of chromium-rich tannery industry sludge by Eudrillus eugeniae: Insight on compost quality fortification and microbial enrichment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 266:472-481. [PMID: 29990763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chromium-rich tannery sludge (TS) is a hazardous industrial waste. Although vermicomposting can be an effective remediation pathway; but, the unique waste degrading efficiency of Eudrillus eugeniae is least explored. The present work showcases an efficient earthworm-mediated protocol for TS sanitization deploying E. eugeniae. Changes in pH, TOC (%), nutrients (NPK), metals (Cr, Cd etc.) and microbial diversity were monitored in various E. eugeniae mediated TS based vermibed. Total N, P, and K availability increased by 2-5 folds upon vermicomposting with 3-4 folds reduction in C/N ratio. Moreover, substantial removal of Cr (89%), Cd (88%), and Zn (79%) was recorded in the substrate. Bioaccumulation of these metals in the gut significantly reduced the pollution load in the finished products. The corresponding augmentation of microbial density and low respiratory CO2 release from the vermibeds substantiated the environmental proficiency of vermitechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linee Goswami
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam, India.
| | - Rupak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam, India
| | | | - Pallabi Das
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam, India
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8
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Isolated domains of recombinant human apo-metallothionein 1A are folded at neutral pH: a denaturant and heat-induced unfolding study using ESI-MS. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180592. [PMID: 29858425 PMCID: PMC6050192 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are characterized by their high metal loading capacity, small molecular weight, and abundant cysteine residues. It has long been thought that metal-free, or apo-MT peptides were unstructured and only adopted as a distinct conformation upon forming the metal clusters, described as metal-induced folding. More recent studies have suggested that the presence of a globular, yet loosely defined structure actually exists that can be disrupted or unfolded. Residue modification and ion-mobility ESI (IM-ESI)-MS have been used to examine this unusual unfolding process. The structure of apo-MT plays a critical role as the starting point in the flexible metalation pathways that can accommodate numerous soft metals. ESI-MS measurements of the product species formed following the cysteine alkylation of the isolated domain fragments of recombinant human apo-MT 1A with n-ethylmaleimide (NEM) were used in the present study to monitor the denaturant- and heat-induced unfolding at physiological pH. The results indicate that these apo-MT fragments adopt distinct structures at neutral pH that react co-operatively with NEM when folded and non-cooperatively when heated or exposed to high concentrations of the denaturant guanidinium chloride (GdmCl). From these studies, we can conclude that at neutral pH, the domain fragments are folded into globular structures where some of the free cysteine residues are buried within the core and are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Metalation therefore, must take place from the folded conformation.
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9
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Zhou H, Xu J, Wang W. Functional analysis of metallothionein MTT5 from
Tetrahymena thermophila. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3257-3266. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationInstitute of BiotechnologyShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
- School of Environment and SafetyTaiyuan University of Science and TechnologyTaiyuanChina
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationInstitute of BiotechnologyShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationInstitute of BiotechnologyShanxi UniversityTaiyuanChina
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10
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Irvine GW, Stillman MJ. Residue Modification and Mass Spectrometry for the Investigation of Structural and Metalation Properties of Metallothionein and Cysteine-Rich Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050913. [PMID: 28445428 PMCID: PMC5454826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural information regarding metallothioneins (MTs) has been hard to come by due to its highly dynamic nature in the absence of metal-thiolate cluster formation and crystallization difficulties. Thus, typical spectroscopic methods for structural determination are limited in their usefulness when applied to MTs. Mass spectrometric methods have revolutionized our understanding of protein dynamics, structure, and folding. Recently, advances have been made in residue modification mass spectrometry in order to probe the hard-to-characterize structure of apo- and partially metalated MTs. By using different cysteine specific alkylation reagents, time dependent electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and step-wise “snapshot” ESI-MS, we are beginning to understand the dynamics of the conformers of apo-MT and related species. In this review we highlight recent papers that use these and similar techniques for structure elucidation and attempt to explain in a concise manner the data interpretations of these complex methods. We expect increasing resolution in our picture of the structural conformations of metal-free MTs as these techniques are more widely adopted and combined with other promising tools for structural elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Irvine
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Martin J Stillman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
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11
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Irvine GW, Santolini M, Stillman MJ. Selective cysteine modification of metal-free human metallothionein 1a and its isolated domain fragments: Solution structural properties revealed via ESI-MS. Protein Sci 2017; 26:960-971. [PMID: 28187517 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human metallothionein 1a, a protein with two cysteine-rich metal-binding domains (α with 11 Cys and β with 9), was analyzed in its metal-free form by selective, covalent Cys modification coupled with ESI-MS. The modification profiles of the isolated β- and α-fragments reacted with p-benzoquinone (Bq), N-ethylmalemide (NEM) and iodoacetamide (IAM) were compared with the full length protein using ESI-mass spectral data to follow the reaction pathway. Under denaturing conditions at low pH, the reaction profile with each modifier followed pathways that resulted in stochastic, Normal distributions of species whose maxima was equal to the mol. eq. of modifier added. Our interpretation of modification at this pH is that reaction with the cysteines is unimpeded when the full protein or those of its isolated domains are denatured. At neutral pH, where the protein is expected to be folded in a more compact structure, there is a difference in the larger Bq and NEM modification, whose reaction profiles indicate a cooperative pattern. The reaction profile with IAM under native conditions follows a similar stochastic distribution as at low pH, suggesting that this modifier is small enough to access the cysteines unimpeded by the compact structure. The data emphasize the utility of residue modification coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the study of protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Irvine
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Santolini
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Martin J Stillman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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12
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Rahman MT, Haque N, Abu Kasim NH, De Ley M. Origin, Function, and Fate of Metallothionein in Human Blood. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 173:41-62. [PMID: 28417197 DOI: 10.1007/112_2017_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toxic heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, reactive oxygen species (ROS), infections, and temperature are well-known metallothionein (MT) inducers in human blood. The current review aims to summarize synthesis, function, and fate of human blood MT in response to the known MT inducers. Part of the MTs that are synthesized in different organs such as the liver, kidney, and spleen is transported and stored in different blood cells and in plasma. Cells of the circulatory system also synthesize MT. From the circulation, MT returns to the kidney where the metal-bound MTs are degraded to release the metal ion that in turn induces MT expression therein. The blood MTs play important roles in metal detoxification, transportation, and storage. By neutralizing ROS, MTs protect blood cells from oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Arguably, MTs are also involved in immune suppression. Given the permeating distribution of blood MT throughout the body as well as its diverse role in the protection against harmful environmental factors and in metal homeostasis, MT could be better recognized as a major public health protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazmul Haque
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Regenerative Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Regenerative Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marc De Ley
- Laboratorium voor Biochemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, Postbus 2413, Heverlee, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Scheller JS, Irvine GW, Wong DL, Hartwig A, Stillman MJ. Stepwise copper(i) binding to metallothionein: a mixed cooperative and non-cooperative mechanism for all 20 copper ions. Metallomics 2017; 9:447-462. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00041c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Usmani Z, Kumar V, Mritunjay SK. Vermicomposting of coal fly ash using epigeic and epi-endogeic earthworm species: nutrient dynamics and metal remediation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27329g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Study highlights the metal removal efficiency and nutrient dynamics of three potent earthworm species from coal fly ash with a comparative aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Usmani
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Center of Mining Environment
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
- Dhanbad
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Center of Mining Environment
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
- Dhanbad
| | - Sujeet Kumar Mritunjay
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Center of Mining Environment
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
- Dhanbad
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15
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Metallothionein does not sequester arsenic(III) ions in condition of acute arsenic toxicity. Toxicology 2016; 366-367:68-73. [PMID: 27523482 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The major cause of toxicity of trivalent arsenicals is due to their interaction with the sulfhydryl groups in proteins. Because of its high content, Metallothionein (MT) provides one of the most favorable conditions for the binding of As(III) ions to it. MT has long been anticipated for providing resistance in case of arsenic (As) toxicity with similar mechanism as in case of cadmium toxicity. The present study investigates whether the sequestration of As ions by MT is one of the mechanisms in providing protection against acute arsenic toxicity. A rat model study on the metal stoichiometric analysis of MT1 isoform isolated from the liver of arsenic treated, untreated and zinc treated animals has been carried out using the combination of particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The results revealed the absence of arsenic bound MT1 in the samples isolated from arsenic treated animals. Although, both Cu and Zn ions were present in MT1 samples isolated from all the treatment groups. Moreover, only partially metallated MT1 with varying number of Zn ions were observed in all the groups. These results suggest that the role of MT during acute arsenic toxicity is different from its already established role in case of cadmium toxicity.
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Putting the pieces into place: Properties of intact zinc metallothionein 1A determined from interaction of its isolated domains with carbonic anhydrase. Biochem J 2015; 471:347-56. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20150676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Competitive metallation reactions between the isolated domain fragments and apo-carbonic anhydrase [CA; metal-free CA (apo-CA)] provided the binding affinities for each of the eight sites and showed that CA competed more efficiently for added zinc with the β-domain fragment. The combined effects of the number of sites, chain length and cysteine accessibility modulate the zinc-binding properties of mammalian metallothionein (MT).
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17
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Person RJ, Ngalame NNO, Makia NL, Bell MW, Waalkes MP, Tokar EJ. Chronic inorganic arsenic exposure in vitro induces a cancer cell phenotype in human peripheral lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 286:36-43. [PMID: 25804888 PMCID: PMC4444387 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a human lung carcinogen. We studied the ability of chronic inorganic arsenic (2 μM; as sodium arsenite) exposure to induce a cancer phenotype in the immortalized, non-tumorigenic human lung peripheral epithelial cell line, HPL-1D. After 38 weeks of continuous arsenic exposure, secreted matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) activity increased to over 200% of control, levels linked to arsenic-induced cancer phenotypes in other cell lines. The invasive capacity of these chronic arsenic-treated lung epithelial (CATLE) cells increased to 320% of control and colony formation increased to 280% of control. CATLE cells showed enhanced proliferation in serum-free media indicative of autonomous growth. Compared to control cells, CATLE cells showed reduced protein expression of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (decreased to 26% of control) and the putative tumor suppressor gene SLC38A3 (14% of control). Morphological evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurred in CATLE cells together with appropriate changes in expression of the EMT markers vimentin (VIM; increased to 300% of control) and e-cadherin (CDH1; decreased to 16% of control). EMT is common in carcinogenic transformation of epithelial cells. CATLE cells showed increased KRAS (291%), ERK1/2 (274%), phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK; 152%), and phosphorylated AKT1 (p-AKT1; 170%) protein expression. Increased transcript expression of metallothioneins, MT1A and MT2A and the stress response genes HMOX1 (690%) and HIF1A (247%) occurred in CATLE cells possibly in adaptation to chronic arsenic exposure. Thus, arsenic induced multiple cancer cell characteristics in human peripheral lung epithelial cells. This model may be useful to assess mechanisms of arsenic-induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Person
- Stem Cell Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ntube N Olive Ngalame
- Stem Cell Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ngome L Makia
- Stem Cell Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew W Bell
- Stem Cell Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael P Waalkes
- Stem Cell Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Erik J Tokar
- Stem Cell Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Qu W, Waalkes MP. Metallothionein blocks oxidative DNA damage induced by acute inorganic arsenic exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 282:267-74. [PMID: 25485709 PMCID: PMC4315697 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied how protein metallothionein (MT) impacts arsenic-induced oxidative DNA damage (ODD) using cells that poorly express MT (MT-I/II double knockout embryonic cells; called MT-null cells) and wild-type (WT) MT competent cells. Arsenic (as NaAsO2) was less cytolethal over 24h in WT cells (LC50=11.0±1.3μM; mean±SEM) than in MT-null cells (LC50=5.6±1.2μM). ODD was measured by the immuno-spin trapping method. Arsenic (1 or 5μM; 24h) induced much less ODD in WT cells (121% and 141% of control, respectively) than in MT-null cells (202% and 260%). In WT cells arsenic caused concentration-dependent increases in MT expression (transcript and protein), and in the metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1), which is required to induce the MT gene. In contrast, basal MT levels were not detectable in MT-null cells and unaltered by arsenic exposure. Transfection of MT-I gene into the MT-null cells markedly reduced arsenic-induced ODD levels. The transport genes, Abcc1 and Abcc2 were increased by arsenic in WT cells but either showed no or very limited increases in MT-null cells. Arsenic caused increases in oxidant stress defense genes HO-1 and GSTα2 in both WT and MT-null cells, but to much higher levels in WT cells. WT cells appear more adept at activating metal transport systems and oxidant response genes, although the role of MT in these responses is unclear. Overall, MT protects against arsenic-induced ODD in MT competent cells by potential sequestration of scavenging oxidant radicals and/or arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Michael P Waalkes
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Yamauchi T, Yamano Y, Yamanaka K, Hata A, Nakadate T, Kuroda Y, Endo Y, Endo G. Possible production of arsenic hemoglobin adducts via exposure to arsine. J Occup Health 2015; 57:161-8. [PMID: 25735624 DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0148-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arsine is an arsenic compound generated as a by-product in metal refineries. Accidental poisoning occurs sporadically; however, the administrative level for workers has not been established. Thus, it is essential to identify a highly specific biomarker for risk management in the workplace. The aim of this study was to identify an arsenic adduct, a potential biomarker, in the plasma. METHODS Preserved mouse blood was exposed to arsine in vitro, and the plasma was separated. The residual clot of the control sample was hemolyzed using ultrapure water, and the supernatant was collected. Plasma from mice exposed to arsine in vivo was also separated from blood. Immunoprecipitation assays were conducted using all samples after ultrafiltration, and three fractions were collected. The total arsenic concentration in each fraction was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The three in vitro samples and the eluate fraction from immunoprecipitation were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). RESULTS In the exposed samples, the arsenic concentration in the fraction containing immunocomplexes was higher when immunoprecipitation was conducted with an anti-globin antibody. Three peaks were specifically observed in arsine-exposed samples after MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Two of them were around m/z 15,000, and the other was m/z 15,700. The latter peak was confirmed even after immunoprecipitation. CONCLUSIONS Globin forms an adduct with arsenic after both in vitro and in vivo exposure to arsine. This adduct together with hemoglobinuria could be a candidate biomarker of acute arsine poisoning in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Yamauchi
- Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
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20
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Irvine GW, Duncan KER, Gullons M, Stillman MJ. Metalation Kinetics of the Human α-Metallothionein 1a Fragment Is Dependent on the Fluxional Structure of the apo-Protein. Chemistry 2014; 21:1269-79. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Slusser A, Zheng Y, Zhou XD, Somji S, Sens DA, Sens MA, Garrett SH. Metallothionein isoform 3 expression in human skin, related cancers and human skin derived cell cultures. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:141-8. [PMID: 25290577 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human skin is a well known target site of inorganic arsenic with effects ranging from hyperkeratosis to dermal malignancies. The current study characterizes the expression of a protein known to bind inorganic, As(3+), metallothionein 3 (MT-3). Expression of this protein was assessed immunohistochemically with a specific MT-3 antibody on human formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens in normal skin, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and melanoma. Assessment in normal skin using nine normal specimens showed moderate to intense MT-3 staining in epidermal karatinocytes with staining extending into the basal cells and moderate to intense staining in melanocytes of nevi. MT-3 immunoexpression was shown to be moderate to intense in 12 of 13 of SCC, low to moderate in 8 of 10 BCC, and moderate to intense in 12 melanoma samples. MT-3 expression in cell culture models (normal human epidermal keratinocytes, normal human melanocytes, and HaCaT cells) showed only trace expression of MT-3, while exposures to the histone deacytalase inhibitor, MS-275, partially restored expression levels. These results indicate that the epidermis of human skin and resulting malignancies express high level of MT-3 and potentially impact on the known association of arsenic exposure and the development of skin disorders and related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Slusser
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Donald A Sens
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
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Pinter TBJ, Stillman MJ. The zinc balance: competitive zinc metalation of carbonic anhydrase and metallothionein 1A. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6276-85. [PMID: 25208334 DOI: 10.1021/bi5008673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The small, cysteine-rich metallothionein family of proteins is currently considered to play a critical role in the provision of metals to metalloenzymes. However, there is limited information available on the mechanisms of these fundamentally important interactions. We report on the competitive zinc metalation of apocarbonic anhydrase in the presence of apometallothionein 1A using electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. These experiments revealed the relative affinities of zinc to all species in solution. The carbonic anhydrase is shown to compete efficiently only against Zn5-7MT. The calculated equilibrium zinc binding constants of each of the 7 zinc metallothionein 1A species ranged from a high of (log(KF)) 12.5 to a low of 11.8. The 8 equilibrium constants connecting the 10 active species in competition for the zinc were modeled by fitting the KF values of the 8 competitive bimolecular reactions to the ESI-mass spectral data. These modeled K values are shown to be experimentally connected to the metalation efficiency of the carbonic anhydrase. The series of 7 metallothionein binding affinities for zinc highlight the buffering role of zinc metallothioneins that permit simultaneously zinc storage and zinc sensing. Finally, the significance of the multiple zinc binding affinities of zinc metallothionein is discussed in relation to zinc homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B J Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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23
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Goswami L, Sarkar S, Mukherjee S, Das S, Barman S, Raul P, Bhattacharyya P, Mandal NC, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya SS. Vermicomposting of Tea Factory Coal Ash: metal accumulation and metallothionein response in Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and Lampito mauritii (Kinberg). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 166:96-102. [PMID: 24907568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms can accumulate heavy metals in their intestines to a great extent. Impact of feed materials and duration of metal exposure on natural activity of earthworms are rather unclear; this investigation therefore addresses the impact of metal rich Tea Factory Coal Ash (TFCA) on reproduction, composting and metal accumulation ability of Eisenia fetida and Lampito mauritii. Earthworm count and cocoon production increased significantly during vermicomposting. pH of the vermicomposted mixtures shifted toward neutrality, total organic C decreased substantially and total N enhanced significantly compared to composting. High heavy metal (Mn, Zn, Cu, As) accumulation was recorded in the intestine of both the earthworm species. Moreover, gradual increase in the metal-inducible metallothionein concentration indicated the causal mechanism of metal accumulation in these species. TFCA+cow dung (CD) (1:1) were most favorable feed mixture for E. fetida and TFCA+CD (1:2) were good for L. mauritii in regard to metal accumulation and compost quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goswami
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - S Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - S Das
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - S Barman
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - P Raul
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - P Bhattacharyya
- Indian Statistical Institute, North East Centre, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
| | - N C Mandal
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - S Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - S S Bhattacharya
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India.
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Sutherland DEK, Stillman MJ. Challenging conventional wisdom: single domain metallothioneins. Metallomics 2014; 6:702-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metallation studies of human metallothioneins support the role of single metal-binding-domains as commonplace with the typical two-domain-cluster structure as exceptional.
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25
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Irvine GW, Stillman MJ. Topographical analysis of As-induced folding of α-MT1a. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:208-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Metal stoichiometry of isolated and arsenic substituted metallothionein: PIXE and ESI-MS study. Biometals 2013; 26:887-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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