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Cheng PP, Wang XT, Liu Q, Hu YR, Dai ER, Zhang MH, Yang TS, Qu HY, Zhou H. Nrf2 mediated signaling axis in heart failure: Potential pharmacological receptor. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107268. [PMID: 38908614 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) has emerged as the most pressing health concerns globally, and extant clinical therapies are accompanied by side effects and patients have a high burden of financial. The protein products of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) target genes have a variety of cardioprotective effects, including antioxidant, metabolic functions and anti-inflammatory. By evaluating established preclinical and clinical research in HF to date, we explored the potential of Nrf2 to exert unique cardioprotective functions as a novel therapeutic receptor for HF. In this review, we generalize the progression, structure, and function of Nrf2 research in the cardiovascular system. The mechanism of action of Nrf2 involved in HF as well as agonists of Nrf2 in natural compounds are summarized. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and implications for future clinical translation and application of pharmacology targeting Nrf2. It's critical to developing new drugs for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin-Ting Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Ran Hu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - En-Rui Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ming-Hao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tian-Shu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Hui-Yan Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Feng F, Ko HA, Truong TMT, Song WJ, Ko EJ, Kang I. Ginsenoside Rg3, enriched in red ginseng extract, improves lipopolysaccharides-induced suppression of brown and beige adipose thermogenesis with mitochondrial activation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9157. [PMID: 38644456 PMCID: PMC11033271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) which is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, and its activity is inhibited by obesity and low-grade chronic inflammation. Ginsenoside Rg3, the primary constituent of Korean red ginseng (steamed Panax ginseng CA Meyer), has shown therapeutic potential in combating inflammatory and metabolic diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Rg3 can protect against the suppression of browning or activation of BAT induced by inflammation. In this study, we conducted a screening of ginsenoside composition in red ginseng extract (RGE) and explored the anti-adipogenic effects of both RGE and Rg3. We observed that RGE (exist 0.25 mg/mL of Rg3) exhibited significant lipid-lowering effects in adipocytes during adipogenesis. Moreover, treatment with Rg3 (60 μM) led to the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation, subsequently promoting enhanced fatty acid oxidation, as evidenced by the conversion of radiolabeled 3H-fatty acids into 3H-H2O with mitochondrial activation. Rg3 alleviated the attenuation of browning in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated beige adipocytes and primary brown adipocytes by recovered by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and the oxygen consumption rate compared to the LPS-treated group. These protective effects of Rg3 on inflammation-induced inhibition of beige and BAT-derived thermogenesis were confirmed in vivo by treating with CL316,243 (a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist) and LPS to induce browning and inflammation, respectively. Consistent with the in vitro data, treatment with Rg3 (2.5 mg/kg, 8 weeks) effectively reversed the LPS-induced inhibition of brown adipocyte features in C57BL/6 mice. Our findings confirm that Rg3-rich foods are potential browning agents that counteract chronic inflammation and metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Hyun-A Ko
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Thi My Tien Truong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Inhae Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea.
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Chen H, Li X, Chi H, Li Z, Wang C, Wang Q, Feng H, Li P. A Qualitative Analysis of Cultured Adventitious Ginseng Root's Chemical Composition and Immunomodulatory Effects. Molecules 2023; 29:111. [PMID: 38202694 PMCID: PMC10780104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of ginseng in fields is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Thus, culturing adventitious ginseng root in vitro constitutes an effective approach to accumulating ginsenosides. In this study, we employed UPLC-QTOF-MS to analyze the composition of the cultured adventitious root (cAR) of ginseng, identifying 60 chemical ingredients. We also investigated the immunomodulatory effect of cAR extract using various mouse models. The results demonstrated that the cAR extract showed significant activity in enhancing the immune response in mice. The mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effect of cAR was analyzed through network pharmacology analysis, revealing potential 'key protein targets', namely TNF, AKT1, IL-6, VEGFA, and IL-1β, affected by potential 'key components', namely the ginsenosides PPT, F1, Rh2, CK, and 20(S)-Rg3. The signaling pathways PI3K-Akt, AGE-RAGE, and MAPK may play a vital role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Tonghua 134123, China; (X.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Xiangzhu Li
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Tonghua 134123, China; (X.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Hang Chi
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Tonghua 134123, China; (X.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qianyun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Hao Feng
- College of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Q.W.)
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Dai G, Li M, Xu H, Quan N. Status of Research on Sestrin2 and Prospects for its Application in Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Myocardial Aging. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101910. [PMID: 37422038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac aging is accompanied by changes in the heart at the cellular and molecular levels, leading to alterations in cardiac structure and function. Given today's increasingly aging population, the decline in cardiac function caused by cardiac aging has a significant impact on quality of life. Antiaging therapies to slow the aging process and attenuate changes in cardiac structure and function have become an important research topic. Treatment with drugs, including metformin, spermidine, rapamycin, resveratrol, astaxanthin, Huolisu oral liquid, and sulforaphane, has been demonstrated be effective in delaying cardiac aging by stimulating autophagy, delaying ventricular remodeling, and reducing oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. Furthermore, caloric restriction has been shown to play an important role in delaying aging of the heart. Many studies in cardiac aging and cardiac aging-related models have demonstrated that Sestrin2 has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, stimulates autophagy, delays aging, regulates mitochondrial function, and inhibits myocardial remodeling by regulation of relevant signaling pathways. Therefore, Sestrin2 is likely to become an important target for antimyocardial aging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoying Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meina Li
- Department of Infection Control, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Lequn Branch, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nanhu Quan
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Packer M. Qiliqiangxin: A multifaceted holistic treatment for heart failure or a pharmacological probe for the identification of cardioprotective mechanisms? Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:2130-2143. [PMID: 37877337 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The active ingredients in many traditional Chinese medicines are isoprene oligomers with a diterpenoid or triterpenoid structure, which exert cardiovascular effects by signalling through nutrient surplus and nutrient deprivation pathways. Qiliqiangxin (QLQX) is a commercial formulation of 11 different plant ingredients, whose active compounds include astragaloside IV, tanshione IIA, ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1 and Re) and periplocymarin. In the QUEST trial, QLQX reduced the combined risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.90), based on 859 events in 3119 patients over a median of 18.2 months; the benefits were seen in patients taking foundational drugs except for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Numerous experimental studies of QLQX in diverse cardiac injuries have yielded highly consistent findings. In marked abrupt cardiac injury, QLQX mitigated cardiac injury by upregulating nutrient surplus signalling through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α/NRF2 pathway; the benefits of QLQX were abrogated by suppression of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, HIF-1α or NRF2. In contrast, in prolonged measured cardiac stress (as in chronic heart failure), QLQX ameliorated oxidative stress, maladaptive hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways, while enhancing mitochondrial health and promoting glucose and fatty acid oxidation and ATP production. These effects are achieved by an action of QLQX to upregulate nutrient deprivation signalling through SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1α and enhanced autophagic flux. In particular, QLQX appears to enhance the interaction of PGC-1α with PPARα, possibly by direct binding to RXRα; silencing of SIRT1, PGC-1α and RXRα abrogated the favourable effects of QLQX in the heart. Since PGC-1α/RXRα is also a downstream effector of Akt/mTOR signalling, the actions of QLQX on PGC-1α/RXRα may explain its favourable effects in both acute and chronic stress. Intriguingly, the individual ingredients in QLQX - astragaloside IV, ginsenosides, and tanshione IIA - share QLQX's effects on PGC-1α/RXRα/PPARα signalling. QXQL also contains periplocymarin, a cardiac glycoside that inhibits Na+ -K+ -ATPase. Taken collectively, these observations support a conceptual framework for understanding the mechanism of action for QLQX in heart failure. The high likelihood of overlap in the mechanism of action of QLQX and SGLT2 inhibitors requires additional experimental studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Imperial College, London, UK
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Zhou X, Xia X. Ginsenoside Rg3 improves microcystin-induced cardiotoxicity through the miR-128-3p/MDM4 axis. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37990515 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2251716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) is the byproduct of cyanobacteria metabolism that is associated with oxidative stress and heart damage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on MC-induced cardiotoxicity. A mouse model of myocardial infarction was constructed by oral MC administration. H9C2 cells were used for in vitro analysis. Cellular oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the relationship between miR-128-3p and double minute 4 protein (MDM4) were analyzed. MiR-128-3p expression was upregulated in vitro and in vivo after MC treatment, which was downregulated after Rg3 treatment. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) were increased and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was decreased after Rg3 treatment. Moreover, Rg3 alleviated MC-induced pathological changes and apoptosis in myocardial tissues. Meanwhile, Rg3 treatment decreased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and inhabited cell apoptosis and oxidative stress in MC-treated myocardial cells. MiR-128-3p overexpression attenuated the protective effect of Rg3 on MC-induced cardiotoxicity. MiR-128-3p negatively regulated MDM4 expression. This study revealed that Rg3 alleviated MC-induced cardiotoxicity through the miR-128-3p/MDM4 axis, which emphasized the potential of Rg3 as a therapeutic agent for MC-induced cardiotoxicity, and miR-128-3p as a target for the Rg3 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xia
- Dean's Office, Changsha Health Vocational College, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang JF, Wen DT, Wang SJ, Gao YH, Yin XY. Muscle-specific overexpression of Atg2 gene and endurance exercise delay age-related deteriorations of skeletal muscle and heart function via activating the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway in male Drosophila. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23214. [PMID: 37773768 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301312r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Atg2 is a key gene in autophagy formation and plays an important role in regulating aging progress. Exercise is an important tool to resist oxidative stress in cells and delay muscle aging. However, the relationship between exercise and the muscle Atg2 gene in regulating skeletal muscle aging remains unclear. Here, overexpression or knockdown of muscle Atg2 gene was achieved by constructing the AtgUAS/MhcGal4 system in Drosophila, and these flies were also subjected to an exercise intervention for 2 weeks. The results showed that both overexpression of Atg2 and exercise significantly increased the climbing speed, climbing endurance, cardiac function, and lifespan of aging flies. They also significantly up-regulated the expression of muscle Atg2, AMPK, Sirt1, and PGC-1α genes, and they significantly reduced muscle malondialdehyde and triglyceride. These positive benefits were even more pronounced when the two were combined. However, the effects of Atg2 knockdown on skeletal muscle, heart, and lifespan were reversed compared to its overexpression. Importantly, exercise ameliorated age-related changes induced by Atg2 knockdown. Therefore, current results confirmed that both overexpression of muscle Atg2 and exercise delayed age-related deteriorations of skeletal muscle, the heart function, and lifespan, and exercise could also reverse age-related changes induced by Atg2 knockdown. The molecular mechanism is related to the overexpression of the Atg2 gene and exercise, which increase the activity of the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway, oxidation and antioxidant balance, and lipid metabolism in aging muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Wang
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Deng-Tai Wen
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Wang
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui Gao
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yuan Yin
- School of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. China
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Yoon E, Jeong J, Yoon E, Park D. The effects of treadmill exercise on brain angiogenesis in ovariectomized rats. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:10.14814/phy2.15864. [PMID: 37962017 PMCID: PMC10644280 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopause is associated with vascular dysfunction attributed to reduced estrogen levels. Exercise has been proposed to promote angiogenesis and vascular dysfunction. However, studies of brain angiogenesis during menopause are limited. We analyzed the effects of exercise on angiogenesis-related factors in menopausal rat model. Twenty-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 18) were randomly divided into a normal control group (N, n = 6), an ovariectomized control group (OVX, n = 6), and an ovariectomy + exercise group (OVX-EX, n = 6). Treadmill exercises were conducted in the OVX-EX group for 8 weeks (15-60 m/min, 1 h/day, and 5 days/week). The current study showed that the expression of angiogenesis-related factors (platelet-derived growth factor subunit A, B, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin 1, and angiopoietin 2) significantly decreased in the cortex of the OVX group. However, these factors were significantly restored in the cortex of the OVX-EX group after 8 weeks of treadmill exercise. In summary, estrogen deficiency causes vascular dysfunction by inhibiting the expression of angiogenesis-related factors. However, exercise can restore angiogenesis-related factors in OVX rats. Exercise eventually prevents vascular dysfunction in the brain and may help prevent cognitive dysfunction in menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Jung Yoon
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology EducationKorea National University of EducationCheongjuKorea
| | - Jiwon Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology EducationKorea National University of EducationCheongjuKorea
| | - Eunji Yoon
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology EducationKorea National University of EducationCheongjuKorea
| | - Dongsun Park
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology EducationKorea National University of EducationCheongjuKorea
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Macrophage Polarization Mediated by Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induces Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169252. [PMID: 36012516 PMCID: PMC9409464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the prominent global health issues, contributing to the growing prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is considered as a key risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in adipose tissue and play an important role in adipose tissue inflammation. Mitochondria are critical for regulating macrophage polarization, differentiation, and survival. Changes to mitochondrial metabolism and physiology induced by extracellular signals may underlie the corresponding state of macrophage activation. Macrophage mitochondrial dysfunction is a key mediator of obesity-induced macrophage inflammatory response and subsequent systemic insulin resistance. Mitochondrial dysfunction drives the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which induces the release of IL-1β. IL-1β leads to decreased insulin sensitivity of insulin target cells via paracrine signaling or infiltration into the systemic circulation. In this review, we discuss the new findings on how obesity induces macrophage mitochondrial dysfunction and how mitochondrial dysfunction induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We also summarize therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondria for the treatment of diabetes.
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Chen C, Yu LT, Cheng BR, Xu JL, Cai Y, Jin JL, Feng RL, Xie L, Qu XY, Li D, Liu J, Li Y, Cui XY, Lu JJ, Zhou K, Lin Q, Wan J. Promising Therapeutic Candidate for Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: What Are the Possible Mechanisms and Roles of Phytochemicals? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:792592. [PMID: 35252368 PMCID: PMC8893235 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.792592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is one of the most effective reperfusion strategies for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) despite myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, causing one of the causes of most cardiomyocyte injuries and deaths. The pathological processes of myocardial I/R injury include apoptosis, autophagy, and irreversible cell death caused by calcium overload, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Eventually, myocardial I/R injury causes a spike of further cardiomyocyte injury that contributes to final infarct size (IS) and bound with hospitalization of heart failure as well as all-cause mortality within the following 12 months. Therefore, the addition of adjuvant intervention to improve myocardial salvage and cardiac function calls for further investigation. Phytochemicals are non-nutritive bioactive secondary compounds abundantly found in Chinese herbal medicine. Great effort has been put into phytochemicals because they are often in line with the expectations to improve myocardial I/R injury without compromising the clinical efficacy or to even produce synergy. We summarized the previous efforts, briefly outlined the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury, and focused on exploring the cardioprotective effects and potential mechanisms of all phytochemical types that have been investigated under myocardial I/R injury. Phytochemicals deserve to be utilized as promising therapeutic candidates for further development and research on combating myocardial I/R injury. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury treatment using phytochemicals and possible side effects associated with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Ru Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Li Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yan Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Lin
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Jie Wan
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Sohroforouzani AM, Shakerian S, Ghanbarzadeh M, Alaei H. Effect of forced treadmill exercise on stimulation of BDNF expression, depression symptoms, tactile memory and working memory in LPS-treated rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 418:113645. [PMID: 34743949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been implicated in cognitive dysfunction and the occurrence of depression in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is believed to be involved with the benefits of exercise training in boosting memory and learning processes and antidepressant therapies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of forced treadmill exercise on hippocampal BDNF expression levels, depression symptoms, tactile memory and working memory in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats. For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats received 0.25 mg/kg of LPS or saline intraperitoneally for 9 consecutive days before exercise. They again received a single injection of 0.5 mg/kg of LPS or saline on days 20 and 41 after exercise. Exercise groups had to run on a motorized treadmill 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Following the last exercise training session, forced swim test (FST), Y maze and novel object recognition (NOR) task were performed. Finally, the hippocampus of rats was removed and used for determination of BDNF expression levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). The data showed that LPS decreased BDNF expression levels, Y maze score, and recognition index in NOR and increased immobility time in FST (p < 0.05). In contrast, forced treadmill exercise increased BDNF expression levels and improved the percentage of spontaneous alternation, recognition index, and immobility time in LPS-treated rats (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between BDNF expression levels with immobility time and recognition index (p < 0.05) but not with the percentage of spontaneous alternation (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that forced treadmill exercise may protect the brain of LPS-treated rats by improving the symptoms of depression and cognitive function through its effect on BDNF expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Shakerian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Sciences Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Sciences Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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12
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Huang Q, Lou T, Lu J, Wang M, Chen X, Xue L, Tang X, Qi W, Zhang Z, Su H, Jin W, Jing C, Zhao D, Sun L, Li X. Major ginsenosides from Panax ginseng promote aerobic cellular respiration and SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biosynthesis in cardiomyocytes and neurons. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:759-770. [PMID: 36312736 PMCID: PMC9597436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aerobic cellular respiration provides chemical energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to maintain multiple cellular functions. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) can deacetylate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) to promote mitochondrial biosynthesis. Targeting energy metabolism is a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as cardiac and neurological disorders. Ginsenosides, one of the major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng, have been extensively used due to their diverse beneficial effects on healthy subjects and patients with different diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of total ginsenosides (GS) on energy metabolism remain unclear. Methods In this study, oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, mitochondrial biosynthesis, glucose metabolism, and SIRT1-PGC-1α pathways in untreated and GS-treated different cells, fly, and mouse models were investigated. Results GS pretreatment enhanced mitochondrial respiration capacity and ATP production in aerobic respiration-dominated cardiomyocytes and neurons, and promoted tricarboxylic acid metabolism in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, GS clearly enhanced NAD+-dependent SIRT1 activation to increase mitochondrial biosynthesis in cardiomyocytes and neurons, which was completely abrogated by nicotinamide. Importantly, ginsenoside monomers, such as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rh1, Rb2, and Rb3, were found to activate SIRT1 and promote energy metabolism. Conclusion This study may provide new insights into the extensive application of ginseng for cardiac and neurological protection in healthy subjects and patients.
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13
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Gu C, Yan J, Zhao L, Wu G, Wang YL. Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics by Aerobic Exercise in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:788505. [PMID: 35097008 PMCID: PMC8793839 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.788505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics, including continuous biogenesis, fusion, fission, and autophagy, are crucial to maintain mitochondrial integrity, distribution, size, and function, and play an important role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Cardiovascular health improves with aerobic exercise, a well-recognized non-pharmaceutical intervention for both healthy and ill individuals that reduces overall cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Increasing evidence shows that aerobic exercise can effectively regulate the coordinated circulation of mitochondrial dynamics, thus inhibiting CVD development. This review aims to illustrate the benefits of aerobic exercise in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease by modulating mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Anesthesia and Respiratory Critical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guanghan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yue-lan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Anesthesia and Respiratory Critical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yue-lan Wang
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14
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Zhu Z, Li R, Qin W, Zhang H, Cheng Y, Chen F, Chen C, Chen L, Zhao Y. Target engagement of ginsenosides in mild cognitive impairment using mass spectrometry-based drug affinity responsive target stability. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:750-758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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15
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Bae JH, Seo DY, Lee SH, Shin C, Jamrasi P, Han J, Song W. Effects of exercise on AKT/PGC1-α/FOXO3a pathway and muscle atrophy in cisplatin-administered rat skeletal muscle. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:585-592. [PMID: 34697269 PMCID: PMC8552830 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.6.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin has been reported to cause side effects such as muscle wasting in
humans and rodents. The physiological mechanisms involved in preventing muscle
wasting, such as the regulation of AKT, PGC1-α, and autophagy-related
factor FOXO3a by MuRF 1 and Atrogin-1, remain unclear following different types
of exercise and in various skeletal muscle types. Eight-week-old male Wistar
rats (n = 34) were assigned to one of four groups: control (CON, n = 6),
cisplatin injection (1 mg/kg) without exercise (CC, n = 8), cisplatin (1 mg/kg)
+ resistance exercise (CRE, n = 9) group, and cisplatin (1 mg/kg) + aerobic
exercise (CAE, n = 11). The CRE group performed progressive ladder exercise
(starting with 10% of body weight on a 1-m ladder with 2-cm-interval grids, at
85°) for 8 weeks. The CAE group exercised by treadmill running (20 m/min
for 60 min daily, 4 times/week) for 8 weeks. Compared with the CC group, the
levels of the autophagy-related factors BNIP3, Beclin 1, LC3-II/I ratio, p62,
and FOXO3a in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were significantly decreased
in the CRE and CAE groups. The CRE and CAE groups further showed significantly
decreased MuRF 1 and Atrogin-1 levels and increased phosphorylation of AKT,
FOXO3a, and PGC1-α. These results suggest that both ladder and aerobic
exercise directly affected muscle wasting by modulating the
AKT/PGC1-α/FOXO3a signaling pathways regardless of the skeletal muscle
type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyun Bae
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dae Yun Seo
- National ResearchLaboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Taekwondo, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Chaeyoung Shin
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Parivash Jamrasi
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National ResearchLaboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University
| | - Wook Song
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institute of Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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16
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Han X, Zhang Y, Qiao O, Ji H, Zhang X, Wang W, Li X, Wang J, Li D, Ju A, Liu C, Gao W. Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Protective Effects of Yiqi Fumai Lyophilized Injection on Chronic Heart Failure by Improving Myocardial Energy Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719532. [PMID: 34630097 PMCID: PMC8494180 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Yiqi Fumai lyophilized injection (YQFM) is the recombination of Sheng mai san (SMS).YQFM has been applied clinically to efficaciously and safely treat chronic heart failure (CHF). However, the mechanism of YQFM is still not fully elucidated. The purpose of our study was to investigate the protective mechanism of YQFM against abdominal aortic coarctation (AAC) in rats by proteomic methods. After YQFM treatment, the cardiac function were obviously meliorated. One hundred and fifty-seven important differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 109 in model rat compared with that in control rat (M:C) and 48 in YQFM-treated rat compared with that in model rat (T:M) by iTRAQ technology to analyze the proteomic characteristics of heart tissue. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DEPs was mainly involved in the body’s energy metabolism and was closely related to oxidative phosphorylation. YQFM had also displayed efficient mitochondrial dysfunction alleviation properties in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cardiomyocyte damage by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Metabolic assay, and Mitotracker staining. What’s more, the levels of total cardiomyocyte apoptosis were markedly reduced following YQFM treatment. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor co-activator-1α(PGC-1α) (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001), perixisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) (p < 0.001)and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-α) were upregulated (p < 0.001), PGC-1α as well as its downstream effectors were also found to be upregulated in cardiomyocytes after YQFM treatment(p < 0.001).These results provided evidence that YQFM could enhance mitochondrial function of cardiomyocytes to play a role in the treatment of CHF by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ou Qiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haixia Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhe Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dekun Li
- Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tianjin, China
| | - Aichun Ju
- Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Tianjin Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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17
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Paving the Road Toward Exploiting the Therapeutic Effects of Ginsenosides: An Emphasis on Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:137-160. [PMID: 33861443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death processes such as apoptosis and autophagy strongly contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. Along with these lines, modulation of cell death mechanisms to combat cancer cells and elimination of resistance to apoptosis is of great interest. It appears that modulation of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with specific agents would be beneficial in the treatment of several disorders. Interestingly, it has been suggested that herbal natural products may be suitable candidates for the modulation of these processes due to few side effects and significant therapeutic potential. Ginsenosides are derivatives of ginseng and exert modulatory effects on the molecular mechanisms associated with autophagy and ER stress. Ginsenosides act as smart phytochemicals that confer their effects by up-regulating ATG proteins and converting LC3-I to -II, which results in maturation of autophagosomes. Not only do ginsenosides promote autophagy but they also possess protective and therapeutic properties due to their capacity to modulate ER stress and up- and down-regulate and/or dephosphorylate UPR transducers such as IRE1, PERK, and ATF6. Thus, it would appear that ginsenosides are promising agents to potentially restore tissue malfunction and possibly eliminate cancer.
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18
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Sarhene M, Ni JY, Duncan ES, Liu Z, Li S, Zhang J, Guo R, Gao S, Gao X, Fan G. Ginsenosides for cardiovascular diseases; update on pre-clinical and clinical evidence, pharmacological effects and the mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105481. [PMID: 33549726 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of death worldwide, accounting for almost 31% of the global mortality annually. Several preclinical studies have indicated that ginseng and the major bioactive ingredient (ginsenosides) can modulate several CVDs through diverse mechanisms. However, there is paucity in the translation of such experiments into clinical arena for cardiovascular ailments due to lack of conclusive specific pathways through which these activities are initiated and lack of larger, long-term well-structured clinical trials. Therefore, this review elaborates on current pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in the cardiovascular system and provides some insights into the safety, toxicity, and synergistic effects in human trials. The review concludes that before ginseng, ginsenosides and their preparations could be utilized in the clinical treatment of CVDs, there should be more preclinical studies in larger animals (like the guinea pig, rabbit, dog, and monkey) to find the specific dosages, address the toxicity, safety and synergistic effects with other conventional drugs. This could lead to the initiation of large-scale, long-term well-structured randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trials to test whether treatment is effective for a longer period and test the efficacy against other conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sarhene
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jing Yu Ni
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Esi Sophia Duncan
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Sheng Li
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Rui Guo
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shan Gao
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- First teaching hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China.
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19
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Mallard AR, Spathis JG, Coombes JS. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:471-479. [PMID: 32871230 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic metabolic health diseases are increasing worldwide placing strain on healthcare systems and importantly, impacting individuals' quality of life. It is well established that many chronic diseases are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Exercise is a known strategy to manage and treat inflammation in animals and humans. Understanding the mechanisms which cause acute and chronic changes to systems via various exercise protocols may provide insights into how we can better clinically manage patients with inflammatory and oxidative stress associated diseases. Nrf2 is a basic leucine transcription factor which regulates the expression of antioxidant proteins to protect against damage caused by electrophilic or oxidative stress. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the literature which has investigated the relationship between acute and chronic exercise training and Nrf2 protein, mRNA and Nrf2-ARE binding activity. This narrative review presents analysis of twenty-nine articles presenting studies using animals and humans. Findings from animal models suggest that exercise increases all molecular aspects of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in all tissues studied. It was noted that there seems to be an age-related decline in Nrf2 protein upregulation with exercise training. In humans, however, there is a lack of evidence to support this claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R Mallard
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jemima G Spathis
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Hong T, Kim MY, Da Ly D, Park SJ, Eom YW, Park KS, Baik SK. Ca 2+-activated mitochondrial biogenesis and functions improve stem cell fate in Rg3-treated human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:467. [PMID: 33148318 PMCID: PMC7640456 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondrial functions are essential for cell survival, their critical roles in stem cell fate, including proliferation, differentiation, and senescence, remain elusive. Ginsenoside Rg3 exhibits various biological activities and reportedly increases mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration. Herein, we observed that Rg3 increased proliferation and suppressed senescence of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Osteogenic, but not adipogenic, differentiation was facilitated by Rg3 treatment. Rg3 suppressed reactive oxygen species production and upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase. Consistently, Rg3 strongly augmented basal and ATP synthesis-linked respiration with high spare respiratory capacity. Rg3 treatment elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration contributing to mitochondrial activation. Reduction of intracellular or extracellular Ca2+ levels strongly inhibited Rg3-induced activation of mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis. Taken together, Rg3 enhances capabilities of mitochondrial and antioxidant functions mainly through a Ca2+-dependent pathway, which improves the proliferation and differentiation potentials and prevents the senescence of human mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeui Hong
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Ilsan-ro 20, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea.,Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dat Da Ly
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Park
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Ilsan-ro 20, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea.,Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea. .,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Ilsan-ro 20, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea. .,Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea.
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21
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姚 玉, 曾 智, 赵 艳, 黎 土, 刘 育, 陈 荣. [Effect of Shexiang Tongxin dripping pills on coronary microcirculation disorder and cardiac dysfunction in a porcine model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:899-906. [PMID: 32895211 PMCID: PMC7321270 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.06.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism by which Shexiang Tongxin dripping pills (STDP) improves coronary microcirculation disorder (CMD) and cardiac dysfunction in a porcine model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Fourteen minipigs were randomly selected for interventional balloon occlusion of the middle left anterior descending branch to induce CMD, and another 7 pigs received sham operation. The pig models of CMD were randomized equally into the model group and STDP-treated group. All the animals were fed with common feed for 8 weeks, and in STDP-treated group, the pigs were given STDP at the daily dose of 3 mg/kg (mixed with feed) for 8 weeks. Before and at the 8th week after the operation, the pigs underwent coronary angiography and echocardiography to determine the vessel lumen diameter and TIMI frame count (CTFC). The pathologies of the myocardium and the microvessels were examined with HE staining at the 8th week. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of silencing information regulator (Sirt1), peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERKI/2), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in myocardial tissue. RESULTS Before and at the 8th week after the operation, the diameter of the anterior descending vessel in the 3 groups did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). At the 8th week, the number of CTFC frames in the model group increased significantly compared with that in the sham-operated group, but was obviously lowered by treatment with STDP (P < 0.05). Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury significantly increased the interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole, left ventricular end-diastole dimension, end-diastole volume, interventricular septal thickness at end-systole and left ventricular mass at 8 weeks after the modeling (P < 0.05), but such changes were significantly alleviated by treatment with STDP (P < 0.05). STDP treatment markedly alleviated myocardial microvascular congestion, thrombosis and peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, but atrophy of the myocardial muscle fiber remained distinct. STDP obviously suppressed the down-regulation of Sirt1, PGC-1α, and PPARα and the up-regulation of ERK1/ 2, TLR4, and UCP2 in the myocardial tissues induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS STDP has anti-inflammatory effects and regulates energy metabolism in the myocardium through modulating Sirt1, PGC-1α, PPARα, ERKI/2, TLR4, and UCP2 to improve CMD and cardiac dysfunction after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- 玉斯 姚
- />广东药科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510000First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 智桓 曾
- />广东药科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510000First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 艳群 赵
- />广东药科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510000First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 土娣 黎
- />广东药科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510000First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 育宏 刘
- />广东药科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510000First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 荣 陈
- />广东药科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,广东 广州 510000First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Red Ginseng Inhibits Tau Aggregation and Promotes Tau Dissociation In Vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7829842. [PMID: 32685100 PMCID: PMC7350179 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7829842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tau, a microtubule-associated protein expressed in mature neurons, interacts with tubulin to promote the assembly and stabilization of microtubules. However, abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau dissociates from microtubules and self-aggregates. Tau aggregates, including paired helical filaments and neurofibrillary tangles, promote neuronal dysfunction and death and are the defining neuropathological feature of tauopathies. Therefore, suppressing tau aggregation or stimulating the dissociation of tau aggregates has been proposed as an effective strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases associated with tau pathology such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia. Interestingly, ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng reduced the hippocampal and cortical expression of phosphorylated tau in a rat model of AD. However, no studies have been conducted into the effect of red ginseng (RG) and its components on tau pathology. Here, we evaluated the effect of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) and its components on the aggregation and disassociation of tau. Using the thioflavin T assay, we monitored the change in fluorescence produced by the aggregation or disassociation of tau K18, an aggregation-prone fragment of tau441 containing the microtubule-binding domain. Our analysis revealed that KRGE not only inhibited tau aggregation but also promoted the dissociation of tau aggregates. In addition, the KRGE fractions, such as saponin, nonsaponin, and nonsaponin fraction with rich polysaccharide, also inhibited tau aggregation and promoted the dissociation of tau aggregates. Our observations suggest that RG could be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with tauopathy.
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Sun GZ, Meng FJ, Cai HQ, Diao XB, Zhang B, Bai XP. Ginsenoside Rg3 protects heart against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by activating AMPK mediated autophagy. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020; 10:153-160. [PMID: 32420095 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2020.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng is a well-known medicinal herb that is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various diseases. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) is thought to be one of the most important active ingredients of Panax ginseng. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of Rg3 has been elusive. Methods In the mouse heart injury model induced by isoproterenol (ISO), we used brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and caspase-3 ELISA kits to test myocardium injury. To test whether Rg3 protects myocardial injury through AMPK mediated autophagy, we used specific AMPK inhibitor in combination with Rg3. NLRP3 inflammasome related molecules such as NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 were measured by western-blot following Rg3 treatment. Results We found that Rg3 significantly reduced ISO induced myocardial injury indicated by the downregulation of serum BNP and LDH. In addition, we showed that the improvement of myocardial injury by Rg3 was associated with enhanced expression of autophagy related protein and activation of AMPK downstream signaling pathway. Conclusions We observed that inhibition of AMPK significantly reversed the myocardial protective effect of Rg3, which is associated with a decrease of Rg3 induced autophagy. These together suggested that Rg3 may improve myocardial injury during MI through AMPK mediated autophagy. Our study also provides important translational evidence for using Rg3 in treating myocardial infarction (MI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Zhi Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Fan-Ji Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Huai-Qiu Cai
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xue-Bo Diao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Moosavi Sohroforouzani A, Shakerian S, Ghanbarzadeh M, Alaei H. Treadmill exercise improves LPS-induced memory impairments via endocannabinoid receptors and cyclooxygenase enzymes. Behav Brain Res 2020; 380:112440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gholamnezhad Z, Mégarbane B, Rezaee R. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Exercise. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:45-61. [PMID: 32342449 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several experimental and human studies documented the preventive and therapeutic effects of exercise on the normal physiological function of different body systems during aging as well as various diseases. Recent studies using cellular and molecular (biochemical, proteomics, and genomics) techniques indicated that exercise modifies intracellular and extracellular signaling and pathways. In addition, in vivo or in vitro experiments, particularly, using knockout and transgenic animals, helped to mimic physiological conditions during and after exercise. According to the findings of these studies, some important signaling pathways modulated by exercise are Ca2+-dependent calcineurin/activated nuclear factor of activated T-cells, mammalian target of rapamycin, myostatin/Smad, and AMP-activated protein kinase regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha. Such modulations contribute to cell adaptation and remodeling of muscle fiber type in response to exercise. Despite great improvement in this field, there are still several unanswered questions as well as unfixed issues concerning clinical trials' biases and limitations. Nevertheless, designing multicenter standard clinical trials while considering individual variability and the exercise modality and duration will improve the perspective we have on the mechanisms mediating adaptation to exercise and final outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gholamnezhad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Lee SJ, Bae JH, Lee H, Lee H, Park J, Kang JS, Bae GU. Ginsenoside Rg3 upregulates myotube formation and mitochondrial function, thereby protecting myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 242:112054. [PMID: 31271820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside Rg3 from Panax ginseng has reported to have multiple pharmacological activities including anti-diabetics, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer. However, the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on myogenic differentiation and muscle atrophy is unknown. AIM TO THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the myogenic effect and underlying molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg3 on myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). MATERIALS AND METHODS C2C12 myoblasts were induced to differentiate for one day followed by the treatment of TNF-α along with vehicle or ginsenoside Rg3 for additional 2 days and subjected to immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR and biochemical analysis for mitochondrial function. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes myogenic differentiation and multinucleated myotube formation through Akt activation in a dose-dependent manner, without any cytotoxicity. Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment restores myotube formation and increases myotube diameters under TNF-α-treated conditions. Ginsenoside Rg3 enhances Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling that in turn stimulates muscle-specific gene expression such as myosin heavy chain (MHC) and Myogenin, and suppresses the expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases. In addition, ginsenoside Rg3 in TNF-α-treated myotubes significantly inhibits the production of mitochondrial ROS and restores mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP contents. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg3 upregulates the activities and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and the mitochondrial biogenetic transcription factors, nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in TNF-α-induced myotube atrophy. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a mechanistic insight into the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on myogenic differentiation and myotube atrophy, suggesting that ginsenoside Rg3 has a promising potential as a therapeutic or neutraceutical remedy to intervene muscle weakness and atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hyun Bae
- Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hani Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
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Nakhjavani M, Palethorpe HM, Tomita Y, Smith E, Price TJ, Yool AJ, Pei JV, Townsend AR, Hardingham JE. Stereoselective Anti-Cancer Activities of Ginsenoside Rg3 on Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E117. [PMID: 31374984 PMCID: PMC6789838 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) has two epimers, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (SRg3) and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (RRg3), and while Rg3 itself has been reported to have anti-cancer properties, few studies have been reported on the anti-cancer effects of the different epimers. The aim was to investigate the stereoselective effects of the Rg3 epimers on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, tested using cell-based assays for proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, migration and invasion. Molecular docking showed that Rg3 interacted with the aquaporin 1 (AQP1) water channel (binding score -9.4 kJ mol-1). The Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system was used to study the effect of Rg3 epimers on the AQP1 water permeability. The AQP1 expression in TNBC cell lines was compared with quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that only SRg3 inhibited the AQP1 water flux and inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 (100 μM), due to cell cycle arrest at G0/G1. SRg3 inhibited the chemoattractant-induced migration of MDA-MB-231. The AQP1 expression in MDA-MB-231 was higher than in HCC1143 or DU4475 cell lines. These results suggest a role for AQP1 in the proliferation and chemoattractant-induced migration of this cell line. Compared to SRg3, RRg3 had more potency and efficacy, inhibiting the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231. Rg3 has stereoselective anti-cancer effects in the AQP1 high-expressing cell line MDA-MB-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nakhjavani
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Helen M Palethorpe
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Yoko Tomita
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Oncology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Timothy J Price
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Oncology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Andrea J Yool
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jinxin V Pei
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Amanda R Townsend
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Oncology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Jennifer E Hardingham
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Shin SJ, Jeon SG, Kim JI, Jeong YO, Kim S, Park YH, Lee SK, Park HH, Hong SB, Oh S, Hwang JY, Kim HS, Park H, Nam Y, Lee YY, Kim JJ, Park SH, Kim JS, Moon M. Red Ginseng Attenuates Aβ-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aβ-mediated Pathology in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3030. [PMID: 31234321 PMCID: PMC6627470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is known to be a major cause of AD pathogenesis. However, recent studies have clarified that mitochondrial deficiency is also a mediator or trigger for AD development. Interestingly, red ginseng (RG) has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on AD pathology. However, there is no evidence showing whether RG extract (RGE) can inhibit the mitochondrial deficit-mediated pathology in the experimental models of AD. The effects of RGE on Aβ-mediated mitochondrial deficiency were investigated in both HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and the brains of 5XFAD Aβ-overexpressing transgenic mice. To examine whether RGE can affect mitochondria-related pathology, we used immunohistostaining to study the effects of RGE on Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis in hippocampal formation of 5XFAD mice. In vitro and in vivo findings indicated that RGE significantly improves Aβ-induced mitochondrial pathology. In addition, RGE significantly ameliorated AD-related pathology, such as Aβ deposition, gliosis, and neuronal loss, and deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in brains with AD. Our results suggest that RGE may be a mitochondria-targeting agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea.
| | - Yu-On Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Seong-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ha Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Sang Bum Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Sua Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - HyunHee Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34128, Korea.
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Sun-Hyun Park
- R&D center for Advanced Pharmaceuticals & Evaluation, Korea Institute of toxicology, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
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Aerobic Exercise Training Decreases Hepatic Asprosin in Diabetic Rats. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050666. [PMID: 31083617 PMCID: PMC6572469 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asprosin, a novel hormone released from white adipose tissue, regulates hepatic glucose metabolism and is pathologically elevated in the presence of insulin resistance. It is unknown whether aerobic exercise training affects asprosin levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aim of this study was to determine whether (1) aerobic exercise training could decrease asprosin levels in the liver of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and (2) the reduction in asprosin levels could induce asprosin-dependent downstream pathways. Five-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, STZ-induced diabetes (STZ), and STZ with aerobic exercise training groups (n = 6/group). T1DM was induced by a single dose of STZ (65 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)). The exercise group was made to run on a treadmill for 60 min at a speed of 20 m/min, 4 days per week for 8 weeks. Aerobic exercise training reduced the protein levels of asprosin, PKA, and TGF-β but increased those of AMPK, Akt, PGC-1β, and MnSOD. These results suggest that aerobic exercise training affects hepatic asprosin-dependent PKA/TGF-β and AMPK downstream pathways in T1DM.
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Li FH, Li T, Su YM, Ai JY, Duan R, Liu TCY. Cardiac basal autophagic activity and increased exercise capacity. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:729-742. [PMID: 29344913 PMCID: PMC10717958 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous moderate-intensity training (CMT) have different impacts on exercise performance and cardiac function and to determine the influence of these exercise protocols on modulating basal autophagy in the cardiac muscle of rats. Rats were assigned to three groups: sedentary control (SC), CMT, and HIIT. Total exercise volume and mean intensity were matched between the two protocols. After a 10-week training program, rats were evaluated for exercise performance, including exercise tolerance and grip strength. Blood lactate levels were measured after an incremental exercise test. Cardiac function and morphology were assessed by echocardiography. Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of autophagy and mitochondrial markers. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate mitochondrial content. The results showed that time to exhaustion and grip strength increased significantly in the HIIT group compared with the SC and CMT groups. Both training interventions significantly increased time to exhaustion, reduced blood lactate level (after an incremental exercise test) and induced adaptive changes in cardiac morphology, but without altering cardiac systolic function. The greater improvements in exercise performance with the HIIT than with the CMT protocol were related to improvement in basal autophagic adaptation and mitochondria function in cardiac muscle. Mitochondria markers were positively correlated with autophagy makers. This study shows that HIIT is more effective for improving exercise performance than CMT and this improvement is related to mitochondrial function and basal autophagic adaptation in cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hui Li
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Min Su
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Yi Ai
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Hasenan SM, Karsani SA, Jubri Z. Modulation of age related protein expression changes by gelam honey in cardiac mitochondrial rats. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113:1-9. [PMID: 30248357 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by progressive decline in biochemical and physiological functions. According to the free radical theory of aging, aging results from oxidative damage due to the accumulation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria are the main source of ROS production and are also the main target for ROS. Therefore, a diet high in antioxidant such as honey is potentially able to protect the body from ROS and oxidative damage. Gelam honey is higher in flavonoid content and phenolic compounds compared to other local honey. This study was conducted to determine the effects of gelam honey on age related protein expression changes in cardiac mitochondrial rat. A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into two groups: the young group (2 months old), and aged group (19 months old). Each group were then subdivided into two groups: control group (force-fed with distilled water), and treatment group (force-fed with gelam honey, 2.5 g/kg), and were treated for 8 months. Comparative proteomic analysis of mitochondria from cardiac tissue was then performed by high performance mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LCMS/MS) followed by validation of selected proteins by Western blotting. Proteins were identified using Spectrum Mill software and were subjected to stringent statistical analysis. A total of 286 proteins were identified in the young control group (YC) and 241 proteins were identified in the young gelam group (YG). In the aged group, a total of 243 proteins were identified in control group (OC), and 271 proteins in gelam group (OG). Comparative proteome profiling identified 69 proteins with different abundance (p < 0.05) in OC when compared to YC, and also in YG when compared to YC. On the other hand, 55 proteins were found to be different in abundance when comparing OG with OC. In the aged group, gelam honey supplementation affected the relative abundance of 52 proteins with most of these proteins showing a decrease in the control group. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the majority of the affected proteins were involved in the respiratory chain (OXPHOS) which play an important role in maintaining mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Maisarah Hasenan
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Centre of National University of Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya and University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zakiah Jubri
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Centre of National University of Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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32
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Li F, Guo S, Wang C, Huang X, Wang H, Tan X, Cai Q, Wu J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Lin W, Zhang B. Yiqihuoxue decoction protects against post-myocardial infarction injury via activation of cardiomyocytes PGC-1α expression. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:253. [PMID: 30223807 PMCID: PMC6142634 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, exacerbating cardiomyocytes injury in myocardial infarction (MI). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator (PGC-1α) has been recognized as the key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. Yiqihuoxue decoction (YQHX), a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription, can prevent and treat ischemic heart disease. However, the mechanisms of YQHX on PGC-1α expression in the ischemic heart have remained unclear. METHODS Myocardial ischemia rat model and ischemia/hypoxia injury model in the cardiomyocytes were used to minic human cardiovascular disease. Rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: Sham, Model, YQHX (8.2 g/kg) and Trimetazidine (10 mg/kg) group. 28 days after MI, cardiac functions and morphology were detected by echocardiography and HE staining, respectively. In vitro, the effects of YQHX on H9c2 cell viability, LDH and ROS were detected, respectively. PGC-1α relevant proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS In vivo, echocardiography and HE staining results showed that YQHX improved cardiac functions and modified pathological changes. YQHX enhanced PGC-1α expression and improved the mitochondrial ultrastructure and functions in rats MI model for 4 weeks. Further, we explored its potential mechanisms in cardiomyocytes. In vitro, YQHX significantly enhanced cell viability and reduced LDH release and ROS production induced by hypoxia in cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, exposure of cardiomyocytes to hypoxic conditions for 12 h induced the downregulation of PGC-1α expression, but the expression levels nearly returned to the normal state after hypoxia for 24 h. YQHX significantly enhanced PGC-1α expression between 12 h and 24 h induced by hypoxia through a mechanism associated with the activation of AMPK phosphorylation in H9c2 cells. In addition, YQHX upregulated the expression of Tfam and NRF-1, while NRF-1 expression was completely blocked by an AMPK inhibitor. YQHX largely restored the mitochondrial morphology and increased mitochondrial membrane potential in hypoxia-induced injury. Furthermore, the UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MSn analysis found that there were 87 chemical constituents in YQHX. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the protective effect of YQHX on cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced injury may be attributed to activation of PGC-1α and maintenance of mitochondrial functions through a mechanism involving the activation of AMPK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghe Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Shuwen Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xiaolou Huang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xiaobo Tan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Qian Cai
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Jiani Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xi Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Wangou Lin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Binyue Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 China
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Li FH, Li T, Ai JY, Sun L, Min Z, Duan R, Zhu L, Liu YY, Liu TCY. Beneficial Autophagic Activities, Mitochondrial Function, and Metabolic Phenotype Adaptations Promoted by High-Intensity Interval Training in a Rat Model. Front Physiol 2018; 9:571. [PMID: 29875683 PMCID: PMC5974531 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of high-intensity interval (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on basal autophagy and mitochondrial function in cardiac and skeletal muscle and plasma metabolic phenotypes have not been clearly characterized. Here, we investigated how 10-weeks HIIT and MICT differentially modify basal autophagy and mitochondrial markers in cardiac and skeletal muscle and conducted an untargeted metabolomics study with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis of plasma metabolic phenotypes. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were separated into three groups: sedentary control (SED), MICT, and HIIT. Rats underwent evaluation of exercise performance, including exercise tolerance and grip strength, and blood lactate levels were measured immediately after an incremental exercise test. Plasma samples were analyzed by 1H NMR. The expression of autophagy and mitochondrial markers and autophagic flux (LC3II/LC3-I ratio) in cardiac, rectus femoris, and soleus muscle were analyzed by western blotting. Time to exhaustion and grip strength increased significantly following HIIT compared with that in both SED and MICT groups. Compared with those in the SED group, blood lactate level, and the expression of SDH, COX-IV, and SIRT3 significantly increased in rectus femoris and soleus muscle of both HIIT and MICT groups. Meanwhile, SDH and COX-IV content of cardiac muscle and COX-IV and SIRT3 content of rectus femoris and soleus muscle increased significantly following HIIT compared with that following MICT. The expression of LC3-II, ATG-3, and Beclin-1 and LC3II/LC3-I ratio were significantly increased only in soleus and cardiac muscle following HIIT. These data indicate that HIIT was more effective for improving physical performance and facilitating cardiac and skeletal muscle adaptations that increase mitochondrial function and basal autophagic activities. Moreover, 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis identified 11 metabolites in plasma, among which fine significantly and similarly changed after both HIIT and MICT, while BCAAs isoleucine, leucine, and valine and glutamine were changed only after HIIT. Together, these data indicate distinct differences in specific metabolites and autophagy and mitochondrial markers following HIIT vs. MICT and highlight the value of metabolomic analysis in providing more detailed insight into the metabolic adaptations to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hui Li
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yi Ai
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Min
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ying Liu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Ko JR, Seo DY, Park SH, Kwak HB, Kim M, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Aerobic exercise training decreases cereblon and increases AMPK signaling in the skeletal muscle of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:448-453. [PMID: 29730289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) has been reported as a negative regulator of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Aerobic exercise training has been shown to increase AMPK, which resulted in glucose regulation in skeletal muscle. However, the expression level of CRBN and its association with the physiological modulation of glucose are still unclear. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5-week-old, n = 18) were assigned to control, streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg)-induced diabetic group, and STZ + exercise (STZ + EXE) group with six rats in each group. Rats in the STZ + EXE group exercised by treadmill running (20 m/min, 60 min, 4 times/week) for 8 weeks. Compared with the STZ group, blood glucose was significantly decreased in the STZ + EXE group. The skeletal muscle of rats in the STZ + EXE group showed a significant decrease in CRBN levels and an increase in AMPK, protein kinase B, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, glucose transporter type 4, superoxide dismutase 1, and uncoupling protein 3 levels. These results suggest that CRBN is a potential regulator of glucose homeostasis in the skeletal muscle. Moreover, our results suggest that aerobic exercise training may provide an important physiological treatment for type 1 diabetes by decreasing CRBN and increasing AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Rim Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hwan Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Marques-Aleixo I, Santos-Alves E, Oliveira PJ, Moreira PI, Magalhães J, Ascensão A. The beneficial role of exercise in mitigating doxorubicin-induced Mitochondrionopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:189-199. [PMID: 29408395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used antineoplastic agent for a wide range of cancers, including hematological malignancies, soft tissue sarcomas and solid tumors. However, DOX exhibits a dose-related toxicity that results in life-threatening cardiomyopathy. In addition to the heart, there is evidence that DOX toxicity extends to other organs. This general toxicity seems to be related to mitochondrial network structural, molecular and functional impairments. Several countermeasures for these negative effects have been proposed, being physical exercise, not only one of the most effective non-pharmacologic strategy but also widely recommended as booster against cancer-related fatigue. It is widely accepted that mitochondria are critical sensors of tissue functionality, both modulated by DOX and exercise. Therefore, this review focuses on the current understanding of the mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms underlying the protective effect of exercise against DOX-induced toxicity, not only limited to the cardiac tissue, but also in other tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and brain. We here analyze recent developments regarding the beneficial effects of exercise targeting mitochondrial responsive phenotypes against redox changes, mitochondrial bioenergetics, apoptotic, dynamics and quality control signalling affected by DOX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Marques-Aleixo
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Portugal; LAMETEX - Laboratory of Exercise and Metabolism; Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport, University Lusófona of Porto, Portugal.
| | - E Santos-Alves
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Portugal; LAMETEX - Laboratory of Exercise and Metabolism; Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - P J Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - P I Moreira
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Magalhães
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Portugal; LAMETEX - Laboratory of Exercise and Metabolism; Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - A Ascensão
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Portugal; LAMETEX - Laboratory of Exercise and Metabolism; Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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Kim SJ, Jang JY, Kim EJ, Cho EK, Ahn DG, Kim C, Park HS, Jeong SW, Lee SH, Kim SG, Kim YS, Kim HS, Kim BS, Lee JH, Siddiqui A. Ginsenoside Rg3 restores hepatitis C virus-induced aberrant mitochondrial dynamics and inhibits virus propagation. Hepatology 2017; 66:758-771. [PMID: 28329914 PMCID: PMC5755973 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) alters mitochondrial dynamics associated with persistent viral infection and suppression of innate immunity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also a pathologic feature of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment. Despite the high efficacy of DAAs, their use in treating patients with chronic hepatitis C in interferon-sparing regimens occasionally produces undesirable side effects such as fatigue, migraine, and other conditions, which may be linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we show that clinically prescribed DAAs, including sofosbuvir, affect mitochondrial dynamics. To counter these adverse effects, we examined HCV-induced and DAA-induced aberrant mitochondrial dynamics modulated by ginsenoside, which is known to support healthy mitochondrial physiology and the innate immune system. We screened several ginsenoside compounds showing antiviral activity using a robust HCV cell culture system. We investigated the role of ginsenosides in antiviral efficacy, alteration of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, abnormal mitochondrial fission, its upstream signaling, and mitophagic process caused by HCV infection or DAA treatment. Only one of the compounds, ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3), exhibited notable and promising anti-HCV potential. Treatment of HCV-infected cells with G-Rg3 increased HCV core protein-mediated reduction in the expression level of cytosolic p21, required for increasing cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activity, which catalyzes Ser616 phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1. The HCV-induced mitophagy, which follows mitochondrial fission, was also rescued by G-Rg3 treatment. CONCLUSION G-Rg3 inhibits HCV propagation. Its antiviral mechanism involves restoring the HCV-induced dynamin-related protein 1-mediated aberrant mitochondrial fission process, thereby resulting in suppression of persistent HCV infection. (Hepatology 2017;66:758-771).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, South Korea,Corresponding authors: Jae Young Jang, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-7099863; Fax: +82-2-7099696; ; Seong-Jun Kim, PhD, Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, South Korea, Phone: +82-42-860-7477; Fax: +82-42-861-4246;
| | - Jae Young Jang
- Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 04401, South Korea,Corresponding authors: Jae Young Jang, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-7099863; Fax: +82-2-7099696; ; Seong-Jun Kim, PhD, Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, South Korea, Phone: +82-42-860-7477; Fax: +82-42-861-4246;
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Cho
- Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 04401, South Korea
| | - Dae Gyun Ahn
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Han Seul Park
- Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 04401, South Korea
| | - Soung Won Jeong
- Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 04401, South Korea
| | - Sae Hwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, South Korea
| | - Sang Gyune Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon 14584, South Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon 14584, South Korea
| | - Hong Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, South Korea
| | - Boo Sung Kim
- Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 04401, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aleem Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Li YY, Zhao YH. Efficacy and Mechanisms of Chinese Medicine on the Modulation of Myocardial Autophagy in Cardiovascular Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:917-932. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy refers to the process in which the cellular lysosome degrades the cell’s own damaged organelles and related macromolecule substances. It plays important roles in the homeostasis of organs, cell survival, and stable development. Previous studies indicate that the process of cardiopathology is closely associated with autophagy and some of Chinese medicines (active compounds and formulae) are found to have beneficial effects on injured cardiomyocytes via the modulation of autophagy. This review highlights the efficacy of the action of Chinese medicine on the regulation of myocardial autophagy and summarizes the related molecular and signal mechanisms. Our study discovers that some active compounds and formulae of Chinese medicines react on the specific targets of autophagy in related signal pathways to exert protective effects in the processes of ischemia and reperfusion, as well as, in other cardiopathological models. Parts of these compounds even have the characteristics of multiple targets in autophagic signal pathways and dual-directional regulated actions on autophagy, suggesting that Chinese medicines, which possess the ability to modulate autophagy, might improve effective cardio protection in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, Macao SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, Macao SAR, P. R. China
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38
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Qi HY, Li L, Ma H. Cellular stress response mechanisms as therapeutic targets of ginsenosides. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:625-654. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-yi Qi
- College of Chinese Medicine; Southwest University; Chongqing P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- College of Chinese Medicine; Southwest University; Chongqing P.R. China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Chinese Medicine; Southwest University; Chongqing P.R. China
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Effect of high-dose ginsenoside complex (UG0712) supplementation on physical performance of healthy adults during a 12-week supervised exercise program: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:192-198. [PMID: 29719466 PMCID: PMC5925617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been used as an ergogenic agent, although evidence for its effectiveness is weak. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a ginsenoside complex (UG0712) on changes in exercise performance. Methods Sedentary individuals (n = 117) were randomly assigned into one of three groups: low-dose ginsenoside supplementation (100 mg/d, n = 39), high-dose ginsenoside supplementation (500 mg/d, n = 39), or a placebo group (500 mg/d, n = 39). All participants underwent a supervised 12-wk aerobic and resistance exercise training course. To assess the effects of supplementation on physical performance, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), anaerobic threshold (AT), lactic acid, and muscle strength of the dominant knee were measured at baseline, every visit, and after the training program. Results Both ginsenoside groups showed significant increases in VO2max and muscular strength during exercise training. There were no definite changes in AT and lactic acid levels over time. After exercise training, there were definite differences in the VO2max (28.64.9 to 33.7 ± 4.9 ml/kg/min in high-dose group vs. 30.4 ± 6.7 to 32.8 ± 6.6 ml/kg/min in placebo, p = 0.029) and AT (19.3 ± 4.2 to 20.9 ± 3.5 ml/kg/min in high-dose group vs. 20.0 ± 5.1 to 20.0 ± 4.9 ml/kg/min in placebo, p = 0.038) between the high-dose ginsenoside and placebo groups. However, there was no difference in VO2max between the low-dose ginsenoside and placebo groups (p = 0.254). There were no differences in muscular strength during exercise training among the three groups. Conclusion High-dose ginsenoside supplementation (UG0712) augmented the improvement of aerobic capacity by exercise training.
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Zhang M, Qian F, Liu Q, Qian C, Thu PM, Wang Y, Zheng ZG, Yang H, Li P, Xu X. Evaluation of structure–activity relationships of ginsenosides against amyloid β induced pathological behaviours in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05717b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The systematic in vivo study comparing the effects of different ginsenosides on Aβ induced toxicity and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Fei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Qingling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Cheng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Pyone Myat Thu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Zu-Guo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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Ginsenoside Rg3 Improves Cardiac Function after Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion via Attenuating Apoptosis and Inflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:6967853. [PMID: 28105061 PMCID: PMC5220470 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6967853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the ginsenosides which are the main constituents isolated from Panax ginseng. Previous study demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 had a protective effect against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion- (I/R-) induced injury. Objective. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on cardiac function impairment induced by myocardial I/R in rats. Methods. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to myocardial I/R. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters and histopathological examination were carried out. The expressions of P53, Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the left ventricles were measured. Results. Ginsenoside Rg3 increased a left ventricular fractional shortening and left ventricular ejection fraction. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg3 also alleviated increases of left ventricular end diastolic pressure and decreases of left ventricular systolic pressure and ±dp/dt in myocardial I/R-rats. Ginsenoside Rg3 decreased apoptosis cells through inhibiting the activation of caspase-3. Ginsenoside Rg3 also caused significant reductions of the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β in left ventricles of myocardial I/R-rats. Conclusion. The findings suggested that ginsenoside Rg3 possessed the effect of improving myocardial I/R-induced cardiac function impairment and that the mechanism of pharmacological action of ginsenoside Rg3 was related to its properties of antiapoptosis and anti-inflammation.
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Done AJ, Traustadóttir T. Nrf2 mediates redox adaptations to exercise. Redox Biol 2016; 10:191-199. [PMID: 27770706 PMCID: PMC5078682 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on the effects of acute exercise and regular exercise on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity and downstream targets of Nrf2 signaling. Nrf2 (encoded in humans by the NFE2L2 gene) is the master regulator of antioxidant defenses, a transcription factor that regulates expression of more than 200 cytoprotective genes. Increasing evidence indicates that Nrf2 signaling plays a key role in how oxidative stress mediates the beneficial effects of exercise. Episodic increases in oxidative stress induced through bouts of acute exercise stimulate Nrf2 activation and when applied repeatedly, as with regular exercise, leads to upregulation of endogenous antioxidant defenses and overall greater ability to counteract the damaging effects of oxidative stress. The evidence of Nrf2 activation in response to exercise across variety of tissues may be an important mechanism of how exercise exerts its well-known systemic effects that are not limited to skeletal muscle and myocardium. Additionally there are emerging data that results from animal studies translate to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Done
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Tinna Traustadóttir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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Kim MJ, Koo YD, Kim M, Lim S, Park YJ, Chung SS, Jang HC, Park KS. Rg3 Improves Mitochondrial Function and the Expression of Key Genes Involved in Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes. Diabetes Metab J 2016; 40:406-413. [PMID: 27535645 PMCID: PMC5069397 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2016.40.5.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax ginseng has glucose-lowering effects, some of which are associated with the improvement in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Because mitochondria play a pivotal role in the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle, we investigated the effects of the ginsenoside Rg3, one of the active components of P. ginseng, on mitochondrial function and biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes. METHODS C2C12 myotubes were treated with Rg3 for 24 hours. Insulin signaling pathway proteins were examined by Western blot. Cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and the oxygen consumption rate were measured. The protein or mRNA levels of mitochondrial complexes were evaluated by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS Rg3 treatment to C2C12 cells activated the insulin signaling pathway proteins, insulin receptor substrate-1 and Akt. Rg3 increased ATP production and the oxygen consumption rate, suggesting improved mitochondrial function. Rg3 increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor, which are transcription factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Subsequent increased expression of mitochondrial complex IV and V was also observed. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Rg3 improves mitochondrial function and the expression of key genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to an improvement in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Rg3 may have the potential to be developed as an anti-hyperglycemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Do Koo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute and Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak C Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Xie Q, Wei T, Huang C, Liu P, Sun M, Shen W, Gao P. Nebivolol Ameliorates Cardiac NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in a Juvenile-Adolescent Animal Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34326. [PMID: 27686325 PMCID: PMC5043271 DOI: 10.1038/srep34326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 is involved in obesity-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated whether the cardiac protective effects of nebivolol relied on attenuating NLRP3 activation in a juvenile-adolescent animal model of diet-induced obesity. Weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with either a standard chow diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. The obese rats were subsequently subdivided into three groups: 1) HFD control group; 2) HFD with low-dose nebivolol (5 mg/kg/d); 3) HFD with high-dose nebivolol (10 mg/kg/d). Treatment with nebivolol prevented HFD-induced obesity associated excess cardiac lipid accumulation as well as myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction. Nebivolol attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in myocardium of obese rats. In parallel, nebivolol treatment of obese animals increased cardiac β3-AR expression, reversing the reduction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In vitro, nebivolol treatment of palmitate-incubated H9C2 cells suppressed autophagy, restored mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) generation, and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Meanwhile the presence of shRNA against β3-AR or against eNOS deteriorated the protective effects of nebivolol. These data suggest the beneficial effect of nebivolol on myocardial lipotoxicity contributing to inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation possibly via improved mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiading District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Penghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of State General Administration of Sport, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingjin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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The Interaction of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Fission/Fusion Mediated by PGC-1α Regulates Rotenone-Induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3783-3797. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Effects of ginseng on peripheral blood mitochondrial DNA copy number and hormones in men with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical and pilot study. Complement Ther Med 2016; 24:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
Protein quality control (proteostasis) depends on constant protein degradation and resynthesis, and is essential for proper homeostasis in systems from single cells to whole organisms. Cells possess several mechanisms and processes to maintain proteostasis. At one end of the spectrum, the heat shock proteins modulate protein folding and repair. At the other end, the proteasome and autophagy as well as other lysosome-dependent systems, function in the degradation of dysfunctional proteins. In this review, we examine how these systems interact to maintain proteostasis. Both the direct cellular data on heat shock control over autophagy and the time course of exercise-associated changes in humans support the model that heat shock response and autophagy are tightly linked. Studying the links between exercise stress and molecular control of proteostasis provides evidence that the heat shock response and autophagy coordinate and undergo sequential activation and downregulation, and that this is essential for proper proteostasis in eukaryotic systems.
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Key Words
- AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1
- AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- ATG, autophagy-related
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy related
- EIF4EBP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FOXO, forkhead box O
- HSF1, heat shock transcription factor 1
- HSP, heat shock protein
- HSP70
- HSPA8/HSC70, heat shock 70kDa protein 8
- IL, interleukin
- LC3, MAP1LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MTMR14/hJumpy, myotubularin related protein 14
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- NR1D1/Rev-Erb-α, nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PPARGC1A/PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 α
- RHEB, Ras homolog enriched in brain
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- TPR, translocated promoter region, nuclear basket protein
- TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex
- ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1
- autophagy
- exercise
- heat shock response
- humans
- protein breakdown
- protein synthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Dokladny
- a Department of Internal Medicine; Health Sciences Center; Health, Exercise & Sports Science of University of New Mexico ; Albuquerque , NM USA
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Bak DH, Kim HD, Kim YO, Park CG, Han SY, Kim JJ. Neuroprotective effects of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol against glutamate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:378-86. [PMID: 26709399 PMCID: PMC4716797 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) is commonly used in traditional oriental medicine for its wide spectrum of medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, adaptogenic and anti-aging properties. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), the main intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, is one of the active ingredients in ginseng. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of PPD on PC12 cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We examined cell viability by MTT assay and the morphological changes of PC12 cells following glutamate-induced cell damage and evaluated the anti-apoptotic effects of PPD using Hoechst 33258 staining, western blot analysis and Muse™ Cell Analyzer and the antioxidant effects of PPD using FACS analysis and immunofluorescence. Furthermore, PPD exerted protective effects on PC12 cells via the inhibition of mitochondrial damage against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity using immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and FACS analysis. We demonstrate that treatment with PPD suppresses apoptosis, which contributes to the neuroprotective effects of PPD against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in PC12 cells. Treatment with PPD inhibited nuclear condensation and decreased the number of Annexin V-positive cells. In addition, PPD increased antioxidant activity and mitochondrial homeostasis in the glutamate-exposed cells. These antioxidant effects were responsible for the neuroprotection and enhanced mitochondrial function following treatment with PPD. Furthermore, PD inhibited the glutamate-induced morphological changes in the mitochondria and scavenged the mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by glutamate. In addition, mitochondrial function was significantly improved in terms of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and enhanced mitochondrial mass compared with the cells exposed to glutamate and not treated with PPD. Taken together, the findings of our study indicate that the antioxidant effects and the enhanced mitochondrial function triggered by PPD contribute to the inhibition of apoptosis, thus leading to a neuroprotective response, as a novel survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Bak
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Don Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, Chungbuk 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, Chungbuk 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Geun Park
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, Chungbuk 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Han
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
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Li F, Tan YS, Chen HL, Yan Y, Zhai KF, Li DP, Kou JP, Yu BY. Identification of schisandrin as a vascular endothelium protective component in YiQiFuMai Powder Injection using HUVECs binding and HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 129:1-8. [PMID: 26452526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
YiQiFuMai Powder Injection (YQFM) is a re-developed preparation based on the well-known traditional Chinese medicine formula Sheng-mai-san. It has been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease with definite clinical efficacy in China, but its bioactive molecules remain obscure. In this study, an effective method has been employed as a tool for screening active components in YQFM, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS/MS). Nine compounds, which could interact with HUVECs, were identified as ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1/Rg5 and schisandrin by comparing with reference substances or literature. In vitro assays showed that schisandrin at concentrations of 10-100 μM protected HUVECs from hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury, increased cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) content and decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, malonaldehyde (MDA) content and ROS generation. Moreover, schisandrin pretreatment inhibited cell apoptosis, as evidenced by inhibiting activation of caspase-3 and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. These data indicate that HUVECs biospecific extraction coupled with HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis is a reliable method for screening potential bioactive components from traditional Chinese medicines. Meanwhile, the vascular endothelium protective property of schisandrin might be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yi-Sha Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Hong-Lin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yan Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Ke-Feng Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Da-Peng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Jun-Ping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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