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Markus RP, Sousa KS, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Fernandes PA, Ferreira ZS. Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12143. [PMID: 34830026 PMCID: PMC8620487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly conserved molecule found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that acts as the darkness hormone, translating environmental lighting to the whole body, and as a moderator of innate and acquired defense, migration, and cell proliferation processes. This review evaluates the importance of pineal activity in monitoring PAMPs and DAMPs and in mounting an inflammatory response or innate immune response. Activation of the immune-pineal axis, which coordinates the pro-and anti-inflammatory phases of an innate immune response, is described. PAMPs and DAMPs promote the immediate suppression of melatonin production by the pineal gland, which allows leukocyte migration. Monocyte-derived macrophages, important phagocytes of microbes, and cellular debris produce melatonin locally and thereby initiate the anti-inflammatory phase of the acute inflammatory response. The role of locally produced melatonin in organs that directly contact the external environment, such as the skin and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is also discussed. In this context, as resident macrophages are self-renewing cells, we explore evidence indicating that, besides avoiding overreaction of the immune system, extra-pineal melatonin has a fundamental role in the homeostasis of organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina P. Markus
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
| | - Kassiano S. Sousa
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
| | - Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado
- Laboratory of Molecular, Endocrine and Reproductive Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil;
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
| | - Zulma S. Ferreira
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
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2
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Barenkamp SJ, Chonmaitree T, Hakansson AP, Heikkinen T, King S, Nokso-Koivisto J, Novotny LA, Patel JA, Pettigrew M, Swords WE. Panel 4: Report of the Microbiology Panel. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 156:S51-S62. [PMID: 28372529 PMCID: PMC5490388 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816639028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective To perform a comprehensive review of the literature from July 2011 until June 2015 on the virology and bacteriology of otitis media in children. Data Sources PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. Review Methods Two subpanels comprising experts in the virology and bacteriology of otitis media were created. Each panel reviewed the relevant literature in the fields of virology and bacteriology and generated draft reviews. These initial reviews were distributed to all panel members prior to meeting together at the Post-symposium Research Conference of the 18th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media, National Harbor, Maryland, in June 2015. A final draft was created, circulated, and approved by all panel members. Conclusions Excellent progress has been made in the past 4 years in advancing our understanding of the microbiology of otitis media. Numerous advances were made in basic laboratory studies, in animal models of otitis media, in better understanding the epidemiology of disease, and in clinical practice. Implications for Practice (1) Many viruses cause acute otitis media without bacterial coinfection, and such cases do not require antibiotic treatment. (2) When respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, and influenza virus peak in the community, practitioners can expect to see an increase in clinical otitis media cases. (3) Biomarkers that predict which children with upper respiratory tract infections will develop otitis media may be available in the future. (4) Compounds that target newly identified bacterial virulence determinants may be available as future treatment options for children with otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Barenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tasnee Chonmaitree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Terho Heikkinen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Samantha King
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Johanna Nokso-Koivisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura A. Novotny
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Janak A. Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Melinda Pettigrew
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - W. Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Castañeda-Delgado JE, Frausto-Lujan I, González-Curiel I, Montoya-Rosales A, Serrano CJ, Torres-Juarez F, Enciso-Moreno JA, Rivas-Santiago B. Differences in Cytokine Production during Aging and Its Relationship with Antimicrobial Peptides Production. Immunol Invest 2016; 46:48-58. [PMID: 27618158 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1212873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a major health issue due to the increased susceptibility of elderly people to infectious, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases. Innate immunity is an important mechanism to avoid primary infections; therefore, decreasing of its activity may lead to development of infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effector molecules of innate immunity that can eliminate microbial invaders. The role that cytokines play in the regulation of these innate immune mechanisms needs to be explored. Serum determinations of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines were performed in order to evaluate their association with AMPs human beta-defensin (HBD)-2 and LL-37 in young adults, elder adults, and elder adults with recurrent infections. Our results showed differences in interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 among the different groups. Inverse correlations in serum cytokine levels and HBD-2 production were identified for IL-10, IL-2, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6. Also inverse correlations were identified for IL-10, IL-4, and cathelicidin (LL-37). Such results could impact the development of immunomodulators that promote AMP production to prevent and/or contain infectious diseases in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E Castañeda-Delgado
- a Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas , Mexican Institute for Social Security , Zacatecas , Mexico.,b National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) , Catedras-CONACyT , Mexico
| | - Isabel Frausto-Lujan
- a Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas , Mexican Institute for Social Security , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Irma González-Curiel
- c Chemical Sciences School , University Autonomous of Zacatecas, Zacatecas , Mexico
| | | | - Carmen J Serrano
- a Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas , Mexican Institute for Social Security , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Flor Torres-Juarez
- a Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas , Mexican Institute for Social Security , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Jose A Enciso-Moreno
- a Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas , Mexican Institute for Social Security , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- a Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas , Mexican Institute for Social Security , Zacatecas , Mexico
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4
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Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016. [PMID: 27199985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as "resolution pharmacology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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5
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Muxel SM, Laranjeira-Silva MF, Carvalho-Sousa CE, Floeter-Winter LM, Markus RP. The RelA/cRel nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) dimer, crucial for inflammation resolution, mediates the transcription of the key enzyme in melatonin synthesis in RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Pineal Res 2016; 60:394-404. [PMID: 26887983 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modulates the transcription of the gene that codifies the enzyme arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) through nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). AA-NAT converts serotonin to N-acetylserotonin, the ultimate precursor of melatonin. Activation of kappa B elements (aa-nat-κB), localized in the promoter (nat-κB1 and nat-κB2), leads to Aa-nat transcription in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) with oligonucleotide probes corresponding to each of the two elements, as well as a NF-κB consensus corresponding probe, revealed different specificities for each κB element. In addition, activator protein-1 (AP-1) as well as signal transducers and activator of transcription-1 and 3 (STAT-1; STAT-3) competed with NF-κB for binding to nat-κB1, while only STAT-3 competed with NF-κB for binding to nat-κB2. According to co-immunoprecipitation (ChiP) assays, these two sites are able to distinguish NF-κB subunits. The sequence nat-κB1 bound dimers containing p52, RelA, and cRel, while nat-κB2 bound preferentially p50, p52, and RelA, and did not bind cRel. The expression of RelA and cRel is essential for the induction of Aa-nat expression and melatonin synthesis. Considering that the expression of cRel is induced by the earlier expressed p50/RelA, the differential effects of NF-κB dimers may be intimately associated with the temporal regulation of inflammatory responses, with the resolution phase being associated with paracrine and autocrine melatonin effects. Such data suggest that the proven effects of exogenous melatonin in the resolution phase of inflammation are paralleled by the effects of locally synthesized melatonin in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marcia Muxel
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Regina P Markus
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016; 7:160. [PMID: 27199985 PMCID: PMC4845539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as “resolution pharmacology.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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7
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Breitenbach JS, Rinnerthaler M, Trost A, Weber M, Klausegger A, Gruber C, Bruckner D, Reitsamer HA, Bauer JW, Breitenbach M. Transcriptome and ultrastructural changes in dystrophic Epidermolysis bullosa resemble skin aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:389-411. [PMID: 26143532 PMCID: PMC4505166 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aging process of skin has been investigated recently with respect to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. We have here observed striking phenotypic and clinical similarity between skin aging and recessive dystrophic Epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), which is caused by recessive mutations in the gene coding for collagen VII, COL7A1. Ultrastructural changes, defects in wound healing, and inflammation markers are in part shared with aged skin. We have here compared the skin transcriptomes of young adults suffering from RDEB with that of sex‐ and age‐matched healthy probands. In parallel we have compared the skin transcriptome of healthy young adults with that of elderly healthy donors. Quite surprisingly, there was a large overlap of the two gene lists that concerned a limited number of functional protein families. Most prominent among the proteins found are a number of proteins of the cornified envelope or proteins mechanistically involved in cornification and other skin proteins. Further, the overlap list contains a large number of genes with a known role in inflammation. We are documenting some of the most prominent ultrastructural and protein changes by immunofluorescence analysis of skin sections from patients, old individuals, and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny S Breitenbach
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Fachbereich Zellbiologie der Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuela Weber
- Fachbereich Zellbiologie der Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alfred Klausegger
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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8
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Mittal R, Grati M, Yan D, Liu XZ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Activates PKC-Alpha to Invade Middle Ear Epithelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:255. [PMID: 26973629 PMCID: PMC4777741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a group of complex inflammatory disorders affecting the middle ear which can be acute or chronic. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a form of chronic OM characterized by tympanic membrane perforation and discharge. Despite the significant impact of CSOM on human population, it is still an understudied and unexplored research area. CSOM is a leading cause of hearing loss and life-threatening central nervous system complications. Bacterial exposure especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common cause of CSOM. Our previous studies have demonstrated that P. aeruginosa invades human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEECs). However, molecular mechanisms leading to bacterial invasion of HMEECs are not known. The aim of this study is to characterize the role of PKC pathway in the ability of P. aeruginosa to colonize HMEECs. We observed that otopathogenic P. aeruginosa activates the PKC pathway, specifically phosphorylation of PKC-alpha (PKC-α) in HMEECs. The ability of otopathogenic P. aeruginosa to phosphorylate PKC-α depends on bacterial OprF expression. The activation of PKC-α was associated with actin condensation. Blocking the PKC pathway attenuated the ability of bacteria to invade HMEECs and subsequent actin condensation. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that the host PKC-α pathway is involved in invasion of HMEECs by P. aeruginosa and subsequently to cause OM. Characterizing the role of the host signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of CSOM will provide novel avenues to design effective treatment modalities against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Florida, USA
| | - M'hamed Grati
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Florida, USA
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Florida, USA
| | - Xue Z Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, MiamiFlorida, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, MiamiFL, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, MiamiFL, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
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Ma L, Pan Q, Sun F, Yu Y, Wang J. Cluster of differentiation 166 (CD166) regulates cluster of differentiation (CD44) via NF-κB in liver cancer cell line Bel-7402. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:334-8. [PMID: 25094049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 166 (CD166) is critical for liver cancer cell survival. Our previously study demonstrated that CD166 exerts its anti-apoptotic role through interaction with YAP in liver cancer. However, the interaction between CD166 and other cell surface molecules remains unclear in liver cancer cells. In the current study, we found that both mRNA and protein of CD44 expression was significantly inhibited by knocking-down CD166. Moreover, CD166 affected-CD44 expression is dependent of transcription via blocking NF-κB pathway. On the contrary, CD44 promoted up-regulation of CD166 mRNA and protein. And it may be through E3 ubiquitin ligases COP1 and UBC3 to regulate CD166 protein degradation. Collectively, these results suggest that CD166 and CD44 play important roles in liver cancer development. Therefore, CD166 may develop as a potential therapeutic molecule target for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
| | - Qiuhui Pan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
| | - Fenyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
| | - Yongchun Yu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai TCM University, Shanghai 200071, PR China.
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
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