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Wang W, Ma L, Liu M, Zhao Y, Ye W, Li X. Assessing the impact of circulating inflammatory cytokines and proteins as drivers and therapeutic targets in epilepsy: A Mendelian randomization study. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 157:109868. [PMID: 38823075 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated that neuroinflammation is a key element in the progress of epilepsy. Nevertheless, it is currently unidentified which inflammatory factors and proteins increase or decrease the risk of epilepsy. METHODS We adopted Mendelian randomization techniques to explore the causal relationship between circulating inflammatory factors and proteins and various epilepsy. Our principal approach was inverse variance weighting, supplemented by several sensitivity analyses to guarantee the robustness of our findings. RESULTS Studies have identified associations between epilepsy and specific inflammatory factors and proteins: three inflammatory factors and six proteins are linked to epilepsy in general; one inflammatory factor and four proteins are associated with focal epilepsy with no documented lesions; two inflammatory factors and three proteins are related to focal epilepsy, excluding cases with hippocampal sclerosis; two inflammatory factors and two proteins are connected to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; two inflammatory factors and five proteins are linked to juvenile absence epilepsy; four inflammatory proteins are associated with childhood absence epilepsy; two inflammatory factors are related to focal epilepsy overall; two inflammatory factors and two proteins are connected to generalized epilepsy; and two inflammatory proteins are linked to generalized epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures. Additionally, six inflammatory factors may play a downstream role in focal epilepsy. CONCLUSION Our study uncovers various inflammatory factors and proteins that influence the risk of epilepsy, offering instructive insights to the diagnosis and therapy of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Luyao Ma
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Menghao Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Wei Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Xianfeng Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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Zhang L, Zhang N, Su M, Wang L, Liu S, Fu Q, Su Q. Concentration of IL-1β, IL-7, IL-12, IL-17, CX3CL1, ITAC and relation with the seizure severity and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patient. Seizure 2024; 121:70-77. [PMID: 39096615 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation plays an important role in epilepsy. There is evidence for the relationship between proinflammatory cytokines and epilepsy. We aimed to detect the serum levels of multiple cytokines in epilepsy patients, looking for biological indicators, and providing a theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 30 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), 30 patients with well-controlled epilepsy (WCE), and 29 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Multi-proinflammatory cytokines were measured by LUMINX multi-factor detection. RESULTS The levels of IL-1β, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-17 were significantly elevated, and the levels of CX3CL1 and ITAC were significantly decreased in epilepsy patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, the level of IL-17 was significantly higher in the DRE group compared to WCE. We also found the ratio of IL-7/CX3CL discriminates accurately between patients and controls, with a ROC Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.963 (P<0.001). The levels of IL-1β, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-17 in the DRE group were positively correlated with the National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale (NHS3) scores (IL-1β, P = 0.029; IL-12, P = 0.039; IL-17, P = 0.004). IL-17 was positively correlated with seizure frequency (P = 0.050), while ITAC was negatively correlated with seizure frequency (P = 0.012) and Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy-3 (SUDEP-3) scores (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-17 may be used to predict seizure severity and the IL-7/CX3CL1 ratio may be a candidate biomarker for predicting epileptic seizures. While CX3CL1 and ITAC play anti-epileptic effects, ITAC may be used to assess the risk of SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Graduate School of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, PR China; Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Mingzhao Su
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Health Commission of Shandong Province, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China; Linyi Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Lifen Wang
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Shu Liu
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qingxi Fu
- Department of Epilepsy and Sleep, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Quanping Su
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Health Commission of Shandong Province, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China; Linyi Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Translational Oncology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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3
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Wang J, Wu T, Zhao Y, Mao L, Ding J, Wang X. IL-17A Aggravated Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via Activating Src Signaling in Epilepsy Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04203-7. [PMID: 38819634 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important pathogenic driving force in the genesis and development of epilepsy. The latest researches demonstrated that IL-17A mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction through disruption of tight junction protein expression. To investigate whether IL-17A is involved in BBB disruption after acute seizure attack, the pilocarpine model was established with C57BL/6 J (wild type, WT) and IL-17R-deficient mice in vivo and with primary cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. The mortality rate and brain water content were evaluated at 24 h after status epilepticus, and IL-17A concentration, endothelial tight junction, adherens junction proteins, and albumin leakage were assessed at 0 h, 4 h, 12 h, and 24 h after status epilepticus (SE). IL-17R-deficient mice showed lessen severity of epilepsy than WT mice, accompanied by less albumin leakage, reduced brain water content, decreased IL-17A, and upregulated expression of target proteins (ZO-1, Occludin and VE-cadherin). IL-17R knockout abrogated abnormal upregulation of Src kinase and phosphorylated Src kinase in the setting of SE, and Src kinase inhibitor PP1 abrogated IL-17A-induced SE related endothelial injury in vitro. In conclusion, IL-17A inhibition might be a promising therapeutic option to attenuate endothelial cell injury and further BBB disruption by reducing Src kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Mao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
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4
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Dong Y, Zhang X, Wang Y. Interleukins in Epilepsy: Friend or Foe. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:635-657. [PMID: 38265567 PMCID: PMC11127910 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder with recurrent unprovoked seizures, affecting ~ 65 million worldwide. Evidence in patients with epilepsy and animal models suggests a contribution of neuroinflammation to epileptogenesis and the development of epilepsy. Interleukins (ILs), as one of the major contributors to neuroinflammation, are intensively studied for their association and modulatory effects on ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. ILs are commonly divided into pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and therefore are expected to be pathogenic or neuroprotective in epilepsy. However, both protective and destructive effects have been reported for many ILs. This may be due to the complex nature of ILs, and also possibly due to the different disease courses that those ILs are involved in. In this review, we summarize the contributions of different ILs in those processes and provide a current overview of recent research advances, as well as preclinical and clinical studies targeting ILs in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Xia Zhang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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5
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Soto-Dávila M, Langlois Fiorotto L, Heath JW, Lumsden JS, Reid G, Dixon B. The effects of Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M on growth performance, gut integrity, and immune response using in vitro and in vivo Pacific salmonid models. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1306458. [PMID: 38601152 PMCID: PMC11006089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1306458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial management is central to aquaculture's efficiency. Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M has shown promising results promoting growth, modulation of the immune response, and disease resistance in many fishes. However, the mechanisms through which this strain confers health benefits in fish are poorly understood, particularly in Pacific salmonid models. Briefly, the aims of this study were to i) assess the protective effects of P. acidilactici MA18/5M by examining gut barrier function and the expression of tight junction (TJ) and immune genes in vitro and in vivo, and ii) to determine the protective effects of this strain against a common saltwater pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum J382. An in vitro model of the salmonid gut was employed utilizing the cell line RTgutGC. Barrier formation and integrity assessed by TEER measurements in RTgutGC, showed a significant decrease in resistance in cells exposed only to V. anguillarum J382 for 24 h, but pre-treatment with P. acidilactici MA18/5M for 48 h mitigated these effects. While P. acidilactici MA18/5M did not significantly upregulate tight junction and immune molecules, pre-treatment with this strain protected against pathogen-induced insults to the gut barrier. In particular, the expression of ocldn was significantly induced by V. anguillarum J382, suggesting that this molecule might play a role in the host response against this pathogen. To corroborate these observations in live fish, the effects of P. acidilactici MA18/5M was evaluated in Chinook salmon reared in real aquaculture conditions. Supplementation with P. acidilactici MA18/5M had no effect on Chinook salmon growth parameters after 10 weeks. Interestingly, histopathological results did not show alterations associated with P. acidilactici MA18/5M supplementation, indicating that this strain is safe to be used in the industry. Finally, the expression pattern of transcripts encoding TJ and immune genes in all the treatments suggest that variation in expression is more likely to be due to developmental processes rather than P. acidilactici MA18/5M supplementation. Overall, our results showed that P. acidilactici MA18/5M is a safe strain for use in fish production, however, to assess the effects on growth and immune response previously observed in other salmonid species, an assessment in adult fish is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Langlois Fiorotto
- Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, St. Joseph’s Health Care London, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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6
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Zißler J, Rothhammer V, Linnerbauer M. Gut-Brain Interactions and Their Impact on Astrocytes in the Context of Multiple Sclerosis and Beyond. Cells 2024; 13:497. [PMID: 38534341 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to physical and cognitive impairment in young adults. The increasing prevalence of MS underscores the critical need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent advances in neuroimmunology have highlighted the significant role of the gut microbiome in MS pathology, unveiling distinct alterations in patients' gut microbiota. Dysbiosis not only impacts gut-intrinsic processes but also influences the production of bacterial metabolites and hormones, which can regulate processes in remote tissues, such as the CNS. Central to this paradigm is the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network linking the gastrointestinal tract to the brain and spinal cord. Via specific routes, bacterial metabolites and hormones can influence CNS-resident cells and processes both directly and indirectly. Exploiting this axis, novel therapeutic interventions, including pro- and prebiotic treatments, have emerged as promising avenues with the aim of mitigating the severity of MS. This review delves into the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and the brain in the context of MS, summarizing current knowledge on the key signals of cross-organ crosstalk, routes of communication, and potential therapeutic relevance of the gut microbiome. Moreover, this review places particular emphasis on elucidating the influence of these interactions on astrocyte functions within the CNS, offering insights into their role in MS pathophysiology and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zißler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Tomkins-Netzer O, Niederer R, Greenwood J, Fabian ID, Serlin Y, Friedman A, Lightman S. Mechanisms of blood-retinal barrier disruption related to intraocular inflammation and malignancy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 99:101245. [PMID: 38242492 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) disruption is a common accompaniment of intermediate, posterior and panuveitis causing leakage into the retina and macular oedema resulting in vision loss. It is much less common in anterior uveitis or in patients with intraocular lymphoma who may have marked signs of intraocular inflammation. New drugs used for chemotherapy (cytarabine, immune checkpoint inhibitors, BRAF inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, bispecific anti-EGFR inhibitors, MET receptor inhibitors and Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors) can also cause different types of uveitis and BRB disruption. As malignant disease itself can cause uveitis, particularly from breast, lung and gastrointestinal tract cancers, it can be clinically difficult to sort out the cause of BRB disruption. Immunosuppression due to malignant disease and/or chemotherapy can lead to infection which can also cause BRB disruption and intraocular infection. In this paper we address the pathophysiology of BRB disruption related to intraocular inflammation and malignancy, methods for estimating the extent and effect of the disruption and examine why some types of intraocular inflammation and malignancy cause BRB disruption and others do not. Understanding this may help sort and manage these patients, as well as devise future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Tomkins-Netzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Rachael Niederer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Te Whatu Ora, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ido Didi Fabian
- The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yonatan Serlin
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and the Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and the Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben- Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sue Lightman
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Yu Y, Weiss RM, Wei S. Interleukin 17A Contributes to Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption of Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus in Rats With Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032533. [PMID: 38240234 PMCID: PMC11056165 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated inflammatory cytokines in the periphery have been identified as active contributors to neuroinflammation and sympathetic overactivity in heart failure (HF). Yet, the exact mechanisms by which these cytokines breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to exert their effects on the brain remain elusive. Interleukin 17A has been linked to BBB disruption in various neurologic disorders, and its levels were significantly augmented in circulation and the brain in HF. The present study aimed to determine whether the BBB integrity was compromised within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and if so, whether interleukin 17A contributes to BBB disruption in myocardial infarction-induced HF. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent coronary artery ligation to induce HF or sham surgery. Some HF rats received bilateral PVN microinjections of an interleukin 17 receptor A small interfering RNA or a scrambled small interfering RNA adeno-associated virus. Four weeks after coronary artery ligation, the permeability of the BBB was evaluated by intracarotid injection of fluorescent dyes (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 10 kDa+rhodamine-dextran 70 kDa). Compared with sham-operated rats, HF rats exhibited an elevated extravasation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 10 kDa within the PVN but not in the brain cortex. The plasma interleukin 17A levels were positively correlated with fluorescein isothiocyanate 10 kDa extravasation in the PVN. The expression of caveolin-1, a transcytosis marker, was augmented, whereas the expression of tight junction proteins was diminished in HF rats. Interleukin 17 receptor A was identified within the endothelium of PVN microvessels. Treatment with interleukin 17 receptor A small interfering RNA led to a significant attenuation of fluorescein isothiocyanate 10 kDa extravasation in the PVN and reversed expression of caveolin-1 and tight junction-associated proteins in the PVN. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data indicate that BBB permeability within the PVN is enhanced in HF and is likely attributable to increased interleukin 17A/interleukin 17 receptor A signaling in the BBB endothelium, by promoting caveolar transcytosis and degradation of tight junction complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
| | - Robert M. Weiss
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Veteran Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIA
| | - Shun‐Guang Wei
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIA
- Veteran Affairs Medical CenterIowa CityIA
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Hoeks C, Puijfelik FV, Koetzier SC, Rip J, Corsten CEA, Wierenga-Wolf AF, Melief MJ, Stinissen P, Smolders J, Hellings N, Broux B, van Luijn MM. Differential Runx3, Eomes, and T-bet expression subdivides MS-associated CD4 + T cells with brain-homing capacity. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350544. [PMID: 38009648 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common and devastating chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS. CD4+ T cells are assumed to be the first to cross the blood-central nervous system (CNS) barrier and trigger local inflammation. Here, we explored how pathogenicity-associated effector programs define CD4+ T cell subsets with brain-homing ability in MS. Runx3- and Eomes-, but not T-bet-expressing CD4+ memory cells were diminished in the blood of MS patients. This decline reversed following natalizumab treatment and was supported by a Runx3+ Eomes+ T-bet- enrichment in cerebrospinal fluid samples of treatment-naïve MS patients. This transcription factor profile was associated with high granzyme K (GZMK) and CCR5 levels and was most prominent in Th17.1 cells (CCR6+ CXCR3+ CCR4-/dim ). Previously published CD28- CD4 T cells were characterized by a Runx3+ Eomes- T-bet+ phenotype that coincided with intermediate CCR5 and a higher granzyme B (GZMB) and perforin expression, indicating the presence of two separate subsets. Under steady-state conditions, granzyme Khigh Th17.1 cells spontaneously passed the blood-brain barrier in vitro. This was only found for other subsets including CD28- cells when using inflamed barriers. Altogether, CD4+ T cells contain small fractions with separate pathogenic features, of which Th17.1 seems to breach the blood-brain barrier as a possible early event in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Hoeks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Fabiënne van Puijfelik
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven C Koetzier
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Rip
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cato E A Corsten
- Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Melief
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Joost Smolders
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Marvin M van Luijn
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Zhu H, Wang W, Li Y. The interplay between microbiota and brain-gut axis in epilepsy treatment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1276551. [PMID: 38344171 PMCID: PMC10853364 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1276551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain-gut axis plays a vital role in connecting the cognitive and emotional centers of the brain with the intricate workings of the intestines. An imbalance in the microbiota-mediated brain-gut axis extends far beyond conditions like Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and obesity, playing a critical role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders, including epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Epilepsy, a brain disorder characterized by unprovoked seizures, affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that rebuilding the gut microbiota through interventions such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, and ketogenic diets (KD) can benefit drug-resistant epilepsy. The disturbances in the gut microbiota could contribute to the toxic side effects of antiepileptic drugs and the development of drug resistance in epilepsy patients. These findings imply the potential impact of the gut microbiota on epilepsy and suggest that interventions targeting the microbiota, such as the KD, hold promise for managing and treating epilepsy. However, the full extent of the importance of microbiota in epilepsy treatment is not yet fully understood, and many aspects of this field remain unclear. Therefore, this article aims to provide an overview of the clinical and animal evidence supporting the regulatory role of gut microbiota in epilepsy, and of potential pathways within the brain-gut axis that may be influenced by the gut microbiota in epilepsy. Furthermore, we will discuss the recent advancements in epilepsy treatment, including the KD, fecal microbiota transplantation, and antiseizure drugs, all from the perspective of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, China
- Clinical Medical School, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, China
- Clinical Medical School, Dali University, Dali, China
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Repossi R, Martín-Ramírez R, Gómez-Bernal F, Medina L, Fariña-Jerónimo H, González-Fernández R, Martín-Vasallo P, Plata-Bello J. Evaluation of Zonulin Expression and Its Potential Clinical Significance in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:356. [PMID: 38254845 PMCID: PMC10814510 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the deadliest adult brain tumor, poses a significant therapeutic challenge with a dismal prognosis despite current treatments. Zonulin, a protein influencing tight junctions and barrier functions, has gained attention for its diverse roles in various diseases. This study aimed to preliminarily analyze the circulating and tumor zonulin levels, evaluating their impact on disease prognosis and clinical-radiological factors. Additionally, we investigated in vitro zonulin expression in different glioblastoma cell lines under two different conditions. The study comprised 34 newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients, with blood samples collected before treatment for zonulin and haptoglobin analysis. Tumor tissue samples from 21 patients were obtained for zonulin expression. Clinical, molecular, and radiological data were collected, and zonulin protein levels were assessed using ELISA and Western blot techniques. Furthermore, zonulin expression was analyzed in vitro in three glioblastoma cell lines cultured under standard and glioma-stem-cell (GSC)-specific conditions. High zonulin expression in glioblastoma tumors correlated with larger preoperative contrast enhancement and edema volumes. Patients with high zonulin levels showed a poorer prognosis (progression-free survival [PFS]). Similarly, elevated serum levels of zonulin were associated with a trend of shorter PFS. Higher haptoglobin levels correlated with MGMT methylation and longer PFS. In vitro, glioblastoma cell lines expressed zonulin under standard cell culture conditions, with increased expression in tumorsphere-specific conditions. Elevated zonulin levels in both the tumor and serum of glioblastoma patients were linked to a poorer prognosis and radiological signs of increased disruption of the blood-brain barrier. In vitro, zonulin expression exhibited a significant increase in tumorspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Repossi
- Neurogenetics of Rare Disease Group, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Rita Martín-Ramírez
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Fuensanta Gómez-Bernal
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lilian Medina
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Helga Fariña-Jerónimo
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rebeca González-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Julio Plata-Bello
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 S/C de Tenerife, Spain
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12
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Zhu J, Dai Y, Tang B, Zhang H. The association between serum heat shock protein 72 and intestinal permeability with intestinal microbiota and clinical severity in patients with cerebral infarction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1302460. [PMID: 38264043 PMCID: PMC10803404 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1302460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to compare serum heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) and intestinal permeability in patients with cerebral infarction (CI) and healthy individuals to reveal their correlations and link to gut microbiota alterations and clinical severity of CI. Methods and results Stool samples of 50 patients with CI and 46 healthy volunteers were analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize intestinal flora profiles. Serum HSP72 and zonulin were assayed using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The obtained data were then subjected to comparative and correlative analysis. We found that the levels of zonulin and serum HSP72 were significantly higher in the CI group compared to the healthy group. Serum HSP72 and zonulin levels were positively correlated in the CI group and correlated positively with the clinical severity of CI. β diversity showed significant differences in intestinal microbiota composition between the two groups. In the CI patient group, the abundance of bacteria Eubacterium_fissicatena_group, Eubacterium_eligens_group, and Romboutsia manifested a remarkably positive correlation with serum HSP72. The abundance of bacteria Eubacterium_fissicatena_group and Acetivibrio had a significantly positive correlation with zonulin levels. Conclusion Our findings indicated that an increase in serum HSP72 and zonulin levels was manifested in patients with CI and was related to specific gut microbiota alterations and the clinical severity of CI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bo Tang
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Leonardi L, Lorenzetti G, Carsetti R, Piano Mortari E, Guido CA, Zicari AM, Förster-Waldl E, Loffredo L, Duse M, Spalice A. Immunological characterization of an Italian PANDAS cohort. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1216282. [PMID: 38239595 PMCID: PMC10794562 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1216282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to contribute to the definition of Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) pathophysiology. An extensive immunological assessment has been conducted to investigate both immune defects, potentially leading to recurrent Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) infections, and immune dysregulation responsible for a systemic inflammatory state. Twenty-six PANDAS patients with relapsing-remitting course of disease and 11 controls with recurrent pharyngotonsillitis were enrolled. Each subject underwent a detailed phenotypic and immunological assessment including cytokine profile. A possible correlation of immunological parameters with clinical-anamnestic data was analyzed. No inborn errors of immunity were detected in either group, using first level immunological assessments. However, a trend toward higher TNF-alpha and IL-17 levels, and lower C3 levels, was detected in the PANDAS patients compared to the control group. Maternal autoimmune diseases were described in 53.3% of PANDAS patients and neuropsychiatric symptoms other than OCD and tics were detected in 76.9% patients. ASO titer did not differ significantly between the two groups. A possible correlation between enduring inflammation (elevated serum TNF-α and IL-17) and the persistence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in PANDAS patients beyond infectious episodes needs to be addressed. Further studies with larger cohorts would be pivotal to better define the role of TNF-α and IL-17 in PANDAS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Leonardi
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Lorenzetti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Alessia Guido
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zicari
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Förster-Waldl
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Center for Congenital Immunodeficiencies, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Loffredo
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Duse
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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14
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Bonaz B. The gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:65-78. [PMID: 38129277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a bi-directional communication between the gut, including the microbiota, and the brain through the autonomic nervous system. Accumulating evidence has suggested a bidirectional link between gastrointestinal inflammation and neurodegeneration, in accordance with the concept of the gut-rain axis. An abnormal microbiota-gut-brain interaction contributes to the pathogeny of Parkinson's disease. This supports the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease originates in the gut to spread to the central nervous system, in particular through the vagus nerve. Targeting the gut-to-brain axis with vagus nerve stimulation, fecal microbiota transplantation, gut-selective antibiotics, as well as drugs targeting the leaky gut might be of interest in the management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bonaz
- Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, Grenoble institut neurosciences, université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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15
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VanElzakker MB, Tillman EM, Yonker LM, Ratai EM, Georgiopoulos AM. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects from CFTR modulators deserve a serious research effort. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2023; 29:603-609. [PMID: 37655981 PMCID: PMC10552811 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000001014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights the problem of neuropsychiatric adverse effects (AEs) associated with elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI), current suboptimal mitigation approaches, a novel testable mechanistic hypothesis, and potential solutions requiring further research. RECENT FINDINGS Studies show that a minority of persons with cystic fibrosis (PwCF) initiating cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators experience neuropsychiatric AEs including worsening mood, cognition, anxiety, sleep, and suicidality. The GABA-A receptor is a ligand-gated chloride channel, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy neuroimaging studies have shown that reduced GABA expression in rostral anterior cingulate cortex is associated with anxiety and depression. Recent research details the impact of peripheral inflammation and the gut-brain axis on central neuroinflammation. Plasma ETI concentrations and sweat chloride have been evaluated in small studies of neuropsychiatric AEs but not validated to guide dose titration or correlated with pharmacogenomic variants or safety/efficacy. SUMMARY Although ETI is well tolerated by most PwCF, some experience debilitating neuropsychiatric AEs. In some cases, these AEs may be driven by modulation of CFTR and chloride transport within the brain. Understanding biological mechanisms is a critical next step in identifying which PwCF are likely to experience AEs, and in developing evidence-based strategies to mitigate them, while retaining modulator efficacy.
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16
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Pat Y, Ogulur I, Yazici D, Mitamura Y, Cevhertas L, Küçükkase OC, Mesisser SS, Akdis M, Nadeau K, Akdis CA. Effect of altered human exposome on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier integrity. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2133877. [PMID: 36262078 PMCID: PMC10606824 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2133877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution in the world and exposure of humans and nature to toxic substances is continuously worsening at a rapid pace. In the last 60 years, human and domestic animal health has been challenged by continuous exposure to toxic substances and pollutants because of uncontrolled growth, modernization, and industrialization. More than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced to our lives, mostly without any reasonable control of their health effects and toxicity. A plethora of studies show exposure to these harmful substances during this period with their implications on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier and increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in the context of the "epithelial barrier hypothesis". Exposure to these substances causes an epithelial injury with peri-epithelial inflammation, microbial dysbiosis and bacterial translocation to sub-epithelial areas, and immune response to dysbiotic bacteria. Here, we provide scientific evidence on the altered human exposome and its impact on epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagiz Pat
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ogulur
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Duygu Yazici
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Yasutaka Mitamura
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lacin Cevhertas
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Turkey
| | - Ozan C Küçükkase
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Sanne S Mesisser
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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17
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Boschetti E, Caio G, Cervellati C, Costanzini A, Rosta V, Caputo F, De Giorgio R, Zuliani G. Serum zonulin levels are increased in Alzheimer's disease but not in vascular dementia. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:1835-1843. [PMID: 37337075 PMCID: PMC10460299 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zonulin is involved in the integrity and functioning of both intestinal-epithelial barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB) by regulating tight junction molecular assembly. AIM Since changes in microbiota and BBB may play a role in neurodegenerative disorders, we aimed to determine whether serum zonulin levels change in older patients affected by different types of dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS We evaluated serum zonulin levels in patients with late-onset AD (LOAD), vascular dementia (VAD), MIXED (AD + VAD) dementia, amnestic MCI, and in healthy controls. RESULTS Compared with controls, serum zonulin increased in LOAD, MIXED dementia, and aMCI but not in VAD, independent of potential confounders (ANCOVA p = 0.01; LOAD vs controls, p = 0.01; MIXED vs. controls, p = 0.003; aMCI vs. controls, p = 0.04). Notably, aMCI converting to dementia showed significantly higher levels of zonulin compared with stable aMCI (p = 0.04). Serum zonulin inversely correlated with the standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score (p < 0.05), regardless of potential confounders. DISCUSSION We found increased serum zonulin levels in patients with aMCI, LOAD and MIXED dementia, but not in VAD; moreover, zonulin levels were higher in aMCI converting to AD compared with stable ones. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a dysregulation of intestinal-epithelial barrier and/or BBB may be an early specific event in AD-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Boschetti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuro Motor Sciences (DIBINEM), Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Caio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Costanzini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosta
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Caputo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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18
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Sun L, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Zhang B. T cells in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:235. [PMID: 37332039 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve T cells differentiate into CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic effector and memory cells, mediating direct killing, diverse immune regulatory function, and long-term protection. In response to acute and chronic infections and tumors, T cells adopt distinct differentiation trajectories and develop into a range of heterogeneous populations with various phenotype, differentiation potential, and functionality under precise and elaborate regulations of transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Abnormal T-cell immunity can initiate and promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of T cell development, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell classification, and differentiation in physiological settings. We further elaborate the heterogeneity, differentiation, functionality, and regulation network of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in infectious disease, chronic infection and tumor, and autoimmune disease, highlighting the exhausted CD8+ T cell differentiation trajectory, CD4+ T cell helper function, T cell contributions to immunotherapy and autoimmune pathogenesis. We also discuss the development and function of γδ T cells in tissue surveillance, infection, and tumor immunity. Finally, we summarized current T-cell-based immunotherapies in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on their clinical applications. A better understanding of T cell immunity provides insight into developing novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China.
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19
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Marr EE, Mulhern TJ, Welch M, Keegan P, Caballero-Franco C, Johnson BG, Kasaian M, Azizgolshani H, Petrie T, Charest J, Wiellette E. A platform to reproducibly evaluate human colon permeability and damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8922. [PMID: 37264117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium comprises diverse cell types and executes many specialized functions as the primary interface between luminal contents and internal organs. A key function provided by the epithelium is maintenance of a barrier that protects the individual from pathogens, irritating luminal contents, and the microbiota. Disruption of this barrier can lead to inflammatory disease within the intestinal mucosa, and, in more severe cases, to sepsis. Animal models to study intestinal permeability are costly and not entirely predictive of human biology. Here we present a model of human colon barrier function that integrates primary human colon stem cells into Draper's PREDICT96 microfluidic organ-on-chip platform to yield a high-throughput system appropriate to predict damage and healing of the human colon epithelial barrier. We have demonstrated pharmacologically induced barrier damage measured by both a high throughput molecular permeability assay and transepithelial resistance. Using these assays, we developed an Inflammatory Bowel Disease-relevant model through cytokine induced damage that can support studies of disease mechanisms and putative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philip Keegan
- Draper, 555 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Bryce G Johnson
- Pfizer Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marion Kasaian
- Pfizer Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland St., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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20
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Heidt C, Kämmerer U, Fobker M, Rüffer A, Marquardt T, Reuss-Borst M. Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Inflammation Bio-Markers in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102386. [PMID: 37242269 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased intestinal permeability and inflammation, both fueled by dysbiosis, appear to contribute to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. This single-center pilot study aimed to investigate zonulin, a marker of intestinal permeability, and calprotectin, a marker of intestinal inflammation, measured in serum and fecal samples of RA patients using commercially available kits. We also analyzed plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, a marker of intestinal permeability and inflammation. Furthermore, univariate, and multivariate regression analyses were carried out to determine whether or not there were associations of zonulin and calprotectin with LPS, BMI, gender, age, RA-specific parameters, fiber intake, and short-chain fatty acids in the gut. Serum zonulin levels were more likely to be abnormal with a longer disease duration and fecal zonulin levels were inversely associated with age. A strong association between fecal and serum calprotectin and between fecal calprotectin and LPS were found in males, but not in females, independent of other biomarkers, suggesting that fecal calprotectin may be a more specific biomarker than serum calprotectin is of intestinal inflammation in RA. Since this was a proof-of-principle study without a healthy control group, further research is needed to validate fecal and serum zonulin as valid biomarkers of RA in comparison with other promising biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Heidt
- University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
- Department of General Pediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kämmerer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Fobker
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Department of General Pediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Monika Reuss-Borst
- Hescuro Center for Rehabilitation and Prevention Bad Bocklet, D-97708 Bad Bocklet, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August University of Goettingen, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
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21
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Wu D, Wang J, Huang C, Zhao J, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. Interleukin-1β suppresses rabies virus infection by activating cGAS-STING pathway and compromising the blood-brain barrier integrity in mice. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109708. [PMID: 36857805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is an ancient zoonotic disease that severely threatens the public health throughout the world. Previous study indicated that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays an important role in RABV infection. However, the mechanism how IL-1β affects RABV pathogenicity is still unknown yet. In this study, we confirmed that IL-1β was able to reduce viral titers of RABV in different cells, and the recombinant RABV expressing IL-1β, designated as rCVS-IL1β, could be suppressed in different cells due to the expression of IL-1β. Furthermore, the survival rates of mice infected with rCVS-IL1β by intramuscular route was significantly higher than those of mice infected with parent virus rCVS, which is associated with the less viral loads for entry into the central nervous system (CNS). We further characterized that the cGAS-STING pathway was activated in rCVS-IL1β infected bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), which could contribute to the decreased viral loads of RABV after intramuscular infection. Moreover, we also observed that the expression of IL-1β by rCVS-IL1β could compromise the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity by degrading the tight junction proteins, which allowing peripheral inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CD4+T cells to enter into the brain for the clearance of RABV in the CNS. Together, our study suggests that IL-1β could attenuate RABV pathogenicity through activating cGAS-STING pathway in to decrease the viral entry into the CNS and enhance the BBB permeability to promote RABV clearance in the CNS as well, which provides new insight into developing effective therapeutics for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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22
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Budamagunta V, Kumar A, Rani A, Bean L, Manohar‐Sindhu S, Yang Y, Zhou D, Foster TC. Effect of peripheral cellular senescence on brain aging and cognitive decline. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13817. [PMID: 36959691 PMCID: PMC10186609 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We examine similar and differential effects of two senolytic treatments, ABT-263 and dasatinib + quercetin (D + Q), in preserving cognition, markers of peripheral senescence, and markers of brain aging thought to underlie cognitive decline. Male F344 rats were treated from 12 to 18 months of age with D + Q, ABT-263, or vehicle, and were compared to young (6 months). Both senolytic treatments rescued memory, preserved the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and prevented the age-related decline in hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function associated with impaired cognition. Senolytic treatments decreased senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in the plasma (IL-1β, IP-10, and RANTES), with some markers more responsive to D + Q (TNFα) or ABT-263 (IFNγ, leptin, EGF). ABT-263 was more effective in decreasing senescence genes in the spleen. Both senolytic treatments decreased the expression of immune response and oxidative stress genes and increased the expression of synaptic genes in the dentate gyrus (DG). However, D + Q influenced twice as many genes as ABT-263. Relative to D + Q, the ABT-263 group exhibited increased expression of DG genes linked to cell death and negative regulation of apoptosis and microglial cell activation. Furthermore, D + Q was more effective at decreasing morphological markers of microglial activation. The results indicate that preserved cognition was associated with the removal of peripheral senescent cells, decreasing systemic inflammation that normally drives neuroinflammation, BBB breakdown, and impaired synaptic function. Dissimilarities associated with brain transcription indicate divergence in central mechanisms, possibly due to differential access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekananda Budamagunta
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Linda Bean
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Sahana Manohar‐Sindhu
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of PharmacyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Thomas C. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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23
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Öz Tunçer G, Akbaş Y, Köker A, Aydın Köker S, Tural Kara T, Çoban Y, Kömüroğlu AU. Serum Zonulin Levels in Pediatric Migraine. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 144:80-83. [PMID: 37196600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a complex neurogenic inflammatory disorder. There are strong neuronal, endocrine, and immunologic connections between the brain and gastrointestinal system. Damage to the intestinal barrier is thought to cause systemic immune dysregulation. Zonulin is a protein produced by the small intestine epithelium in humans that regulates intestinal permeability through intracellular tight junctions and is a potential marker for inflammation. Zonulin increases in positive correlation with permeability. In our study, we aimed to research the correlation between serum zonulin levels in the period between attacks in pediatric patients with migraine. METHODS The study included 30 patients with migraine and 24 healthy controls, matched in terms of sex and age. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Serum zonulin levels were studied with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS Patients had a mean of 5.6 ± 3.5 attacks per month. The mean serum zonulin was 5.68 ± 1.21 ng/mL in the migraine group and 5.72 ± 2.1 ng/mL in the control group with no significant difference found (P = 0.084). In the migraine group, no correlations were identified between serum zonulin levels and age, body mass index, pain frequency, pain duration, onset time, visual analog scale score, and presence of gastrointestinal systems apart from nausea-vomiting. CONCLUSIONS More than 50 proteins were identified to affect the intestinal permeability apart from zonulin. There is a need for prospective studies encompassing the time of attack, but our study is important as it is the first study about zonulin levels in pediatric migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçen Öz Tunçer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hatay State Hospital, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Yılmaz Akbaş
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hatay State Hospital, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Alper Köker
- Department of Pediatrics, Hatay State Hospital, Hatay, Turkey
| | | | | | - Yasemin Çoban
- Department of Pediatrics, Hatay State Hospital, Hatay, Turkey
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24
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Ng CT, Fong LY, Abdullah MNH. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Reviewing its mechanisms and signaling pathways on the regulation of endothelial barrier function. Cytokine 2023; 166:156208. [PMID: 37088004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a critical role in mediating an array of immune responses including promotes antiviral activity, facilitates macrophage activation, controls Th1/Th2 balance, and regulates cellular apoptosis and proliferation. A few articles have previously reviewed the effects of IFN-γ in the regulation of barrier permeability, but none of these articles focuses on barrier function of endothelial cells. This review aims to discuss the regulatory mechanisms of IFN-γ on endothelial barrier function and its underlying signaling pathways. Articles were retrieved from electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords "Interferon-gamma", "endothelial cells", "barrier function", and "signaling pathway". The articles published between 2000 and 2022 that are related to the aforementioned topics were selected. A few journals published beyond this period were also included due to limited information available. The results showed that IFN-γ modulates endothelial barrier function, mainly involves small GTPases, STAT1-dependent pathway, p38 MAPK and nitric oxide. In conclusion, more in depth cellular and molecular studies are needed to elucidate the pathways of IFN-γ in the regulation of endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Theng Ng
- Unit of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Bedong, 08100 Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Lai Yen Fong
- Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, 43000 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nazrul Hakim Abdullah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
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25
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Veres-Székely A, Szász C, Pap D, Szebeni B, Bokrossy P, Vannay Á. Zonulin as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Disorders: Encouraging Results and Emerging Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087548. [PMID: 37108711 PMCID: PMC10139156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between dysbiosis and central nervous diseases has been proved in the last 10 years. Microbial alterations cause increased intestinal permeability, and the penetration of bacterial fragment and toxins induces local and systemic inflammatory processes, affecting distant organs, including the brain. Therefore, the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier plays a central role in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this review, we discuss recent findings on zonulin, an important tight junction regulator of intestinal epithelial cells, which is assumed to play a key role in maintaining of the blood-brain barrier function. In addition to focusing on the effect of microbiome on intestinal zonulin release, we also summarize potential pharmaceutical approaches to modulate zonulin-associated pathways with larazotide acetate and other zonulin receptor agonists or antagonists. The present review also addresses the emerging issues, including the use of misleading nomenclature or the unsolved questions about the exact protein sequence of zonulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apor Veres-Székely
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge Szász
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domonkos Pap
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szebeni
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Bokrossy
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Vannay
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
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26
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Meyer F, Wendling D, Demougeot C, Prati C, Verhoeven F. Cytokines and intestinal epithelial permeability: A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103331. [PMID: 37030338 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal mucosa is composed of a well-organized epithelium, acting as a physical barrier to harmful luminal contents, while simultaneously ensuring absorption of physiological nutrients and solutes. Increased intestinal permeability has been described in various chronic diseases, leading to abnormal activation of subepithelial immune cells and overproduction of inflammatory mediators. This review aimed to summarize and evaluate the effects of cytokines on intestinal permeability. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed in the Medline, Cochrane and Embase databases, up to 01/04/2022, to identify published studies assessing the direct effect of cytokines on intestinal permeability. We collected data on the study design, the method of assessment of intestinal permeability, the type of intervention and the subsequent effect on gut permeability. RESULTS A total of 120 publications were included, describing a total of 89 in vitro and 44 in vivo studies. TNFα, IFNγ or IL-1β were the most frequently studied cytokines, inducing an increase in intestinal permeability through a myosin light-chain-mediated mechanism. In situations associated with intestinal barrier disruption, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, in vivo studies showed that anti-TNFα treatment decreased intestinal permeability while achieving clinical recovery. In contrast to TNFα, IL-10 decreased permeability in conditions associated with intestinal hyperpermeability. For some cytokines (e.g. IL-17, IL-23), results are conflicting, with both an increase and a decrease in gut permeability reported, depending on the study model, methodology, or the studied conditions (e.g. burn injury, colitis, ischemia, sepsis). CONCLUSION This systematic review provides evidence that intestinal permeability can be directly influenced by cytokines in numerous conditions. The immune environment probably plays an important role, given the variability of their effect, according to different conditions. A better understanding of these mechanisms could open new therapeutic perspectives for disorders associated with gut barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Meyer
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of rheumatology, University Hospital Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Daniel Wendling
- Department of rheumatology, University Hospital Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France; EA 4266, EPILAB, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Céline Demougeot
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Clément Prati
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of rheumatology, University Hospital Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Frank Verhoeven
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France; Department of rheumatology, University Hospital Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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27
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Sulimai N, Brown J, Lominadze D. Vascular Effects on Cerebrovascular Permeability and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040648. [PMID: 37189395 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glial cells in the brain are protected by the blood brain barrier (BBB). The local regulation of blood flow is determined by neurons and signal conducting cells called astrocytes. Although alterations in neurons and glial cells affect the function of neurons, the majority of effects are coming from other cells and organs of the body. Although it seems obvious that effects beginning in brain vasculature would play an important role in the development of various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathologies, significant interest has only been directed to the possible mechanisms involved in the development of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) for the last decade. Presently, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke applies considerable attention toward research related to VCID and vascular impairments during Alzheimer's disease. Thus, any changes in cerebral vessels, such as in blood flow, thrombogenesis, permeability, or others, which affect the proper vasculo-neuronal connection and interaction and result in neuronal degeneration that leads to memory decline should be considered as a subject of investigation under the VCID category. Out of several vascular effects that can trigger neurodegeneration, changes in cerebrovascular permeability seem to result in the most devastating effects. The present review emphasizes the importance of changes in the BBB and possible mechanisms primarily involving fibrinogen in the development and/or progression of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases resulting in memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Sulimai
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jason Brown
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - David Lominadze
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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28
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Birmann PT, Casaril AM, Pesarico AP, Rodrigues RR, Conceição FR, Sousa FSS, Collares T, Seixas FK, Savegnago L. Komagataella pastoris KM71H Mitigates Depressive-Like Phenotype, Preserving Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Modulating the Gut Microbiota in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4017-4029. [PMID: 37016046 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of intestinal microbiota in the genesis of mental health has received considerable attention in recent years, given that probiotics are considered promising therapeutic agents against major depressive disorder. Komagataella pastoris KM71H is a yeast with probiotic properties and antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression. Hence, we evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of K. pastoris KM71H in a model of antibiotic-induced intestinal dysbiosis in male Swiss mice. The mice received clindamycin (200 μg, intraperitoneal) and, after 24 h, were treated with K. pastoris KM71H at a dose of 8 log CFU/animal by intragastric administration (ig) or PBS (vehicle, ig) for 14 consecutive days. Afterward, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests and biochemical analyses. Our results showed that K. pastoris KM71H administration decreased the immobility time in the tail suspension test and increased grooming activity duration in the splash test in antibiotic-treated mice, thereby characterizing its antidepressant-like effect. We observed that these effects of K. pastoris KM71H were accompanied by the modulation of the intestinal microbiota, preservation of intestinal barrier integrity, and restoration of the mRNA levels of occludin, zonula occludens-1, zonula occludens-2, and toll-like receptor-4 in the small intestine, and interleukin-1β in the hippocampi of mice. Our findings provide solid evidence to support the development of K. pastoris KM71H as a new probiotic with antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma T Birmann
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Technologic Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Angela M Casaril
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Technologic Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pesarico
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Technologic Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Rodrigues
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Severo Sabedra Sousa
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K Seixas
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Technologic Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
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29
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Liang L, Saunders C, Sanossian N. Food, gut barrier dysfunction, and related diseases: A new target for future individualized disease prevention and management. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1671-1704. [PMID: 37051344 PMCID: PMC10084985 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of gut barrier is known as "leaky gut" or increased intestinal permeability. Numerous recent scientific evidences showed the association between gut dysfunction and multiple gastrointestinal tract (GI) and non-GI diseases. Research also demonstrated that food plays a crucial role to cause or remedy gut dysfunction related to diseases. We reviewed recent articles from electronic databases, mainly PubMed. The data were based on animal models, cell models, and human research in vivo and in vitro models. In this comprehensive review, our aim focused on the relationship between dietary factors, intestinal permeability dysfunction, and related diseases. This review synthesizes currently available literature and is discussed in three parts: (a) the mechanism of gut barrier and function, (b) food and dietary supplements that may promote gut health, and food or medication that may alter gut function, and (c) a table that organizes the synthesized information by general mechanisms for diseases related to leaky gut/intestinal permeability and associated dietary influences. With future research, dietary intervention could be a new target for individualized disease prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Liang
- University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Nerses Sanossian
- Department of NeurologyMedical School of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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30
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Choi BJ, Park MH, Park KH, Han WH, Yoon HJ, Jung HY, Hong JY, Chowdhury MR, Kim KY, Lee J, Song IS, Pang M, Choi MK, Gulbins E, Reichel M, Kornhuber J, Hong CW, Kim C, Kim SH, Schuchman EH, Jin HK, Bae JS. Immunotherapy targeting plasma ASM is protective in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1631. [PMID: 36959217 PMCID: PMC10036484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) has been implicated in neurodegenerative disease pathology, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific role of plasma ASM in promoting these pathologies is poorly understood. Herein, we explore plasma ASM as a circulating factor that accelerates neuropathological features in AD by exposing young APP/PS1 mice to the blood of mice overexpressing ASM, through parabiotic surgery. Elevated plasma ASM was found to enhance several neuropathological features in the young APP/PS1 mice by mediating the differentiation of blood-derived, pathogenic Th17 cells. Antibody-based immunotherapy targeting plasma ASM showed efficient inhibition of ASM activity in the blood of APP/PS1 mice and, interestingly, led to prophylactic effects on neuropathological features by suppressing pathogenic Th17 cells. Our data reveals insights into the potential pathogenic mechanisms underlying AD and highlights ASM-targeting immunotherapy as a potential strategy for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Jo Choi
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Min Hee Park
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kang Ho Park
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wan Hui Han
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hee Ji Yoon
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Jung
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Hong
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Md Riad Chowdhury
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyung Yeol Kim
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Minyeong Pang
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an, South Korea
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an, South Korea
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Reichel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chang-Won Hong
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Changho Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hee Kyung Jin
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Sung Bae
- KNU Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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31
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Wang YL, Meng LL, Chen YL, OuYang L, Wu BF, Peng R, Lu SF, Liu Q, Zhang T, Li XX, Jing XY, Fu SP, Xu B. Electro-acupuncture treatment ameliorates intestinal inflammatory injury in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats via regulating the balance of Treg / γδ T cells. Brain Res 2023; 1803:148233. [PMID: 36623758 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electro-acupuncture (EA) has an anti-inflammatory role in ischemic stroke, but whether the protective effect of EA involves the regulation of the intestine barrier and Treg/ γδ T cells is unclear. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. The rats have treated with EA at the "Baihui" acupoint(GV20). Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Longa neurologic score were performed to evaluate the outcomes after ischemic stroke. Inflammatory factor expression levels in the serum, ischemic hemisphere brain, and small intestine were detected by ELISA or RT-qPCR. Additionally, the morphology change of the small intestine was evaluated by analyzing villus height and smooth muscle thickness. Meanwhile, the expression of tight-junction proteins, including Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1, were detected to evaluate the impact of EA on mucosal permeability in the small intestine. The percentages of regulatory T cells (Tregs) (CD45+CD4+Foxp3+) and γδ T cells (CD45+CD4-γδ T+) were measured to assess the effect of EA on intestinal T cells. EA decreased the brain infarction volume and intestine barrier injury in ischemic stroke rats. At the same time, it effectively suppressed the post-stroke inflammation in the brain and small intestine. More importantly, EA treatment increased the percentage of Tregs in the small intestine while reducing the rate of γδ T cells, and ultimately increased the ratio of Treg/ γδ T cells. These results demonstrated that EA ameliorated intestinal inflammation damage by regulating the Treg/ γδ T cell polarity shift and improving the intestine barrier integrity in rats with I/R injury. This may be one of the mechanisms underlying the anti-ischemic injury effects of acupuncture on stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Meng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Ling OuYang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Bu-Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Rou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 215600 Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Li
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yue Jing
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China.
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Mechanisms of Neuroinvasion and Neuropathogenesis by Pathologic Flaviviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020261. [PMID: 36851477 PMCID: PMC9965671 DOI: 10.3390/v15020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are present on every continent and cause significant morbidity and mortality. In many instances, severe cases of infection with flaviviruses involve the invasion of and damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, there are several mechanisms by which it has been hypothesized flaviviruses reach the brain, including the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which acts as a first line of defense by blocking the entry of many pathogens into the brain, passing through the BBB without disruption, as well as travelling into the CNS through axonal transport from peripheral nerves. After flaviviruses have entered the CNS, they cause different neurological symptoms, leading to years of neurological sequelae or even death. Similar to neuroinvasion, there are several identified mechanisms of neuropathology, including direct cell lysis, blockage of the cell cycle, indication of apoptosis, as well as immune induced pathologies. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge in the field of mechanisms of both neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis during infection with a variety of flaviviruses and examine the potential contributions and timing of each discussed pathway.
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Angelini G, Bani A, Constantin G, Rossi B. The interplay between T helper cells and brain barriers in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1101379. [PMID: 36874213 PMCID: PMC9975172 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) represent two complex structures protecting the central nervous system (CNS) against potentially harmful agents and circulating immune cells. The immunosurveillance of the CNS is governed by immune cells that constantly patrol the BCSFB, whereas during neuroinflammatory disorders, both BBB and BCSFB undergo morphological and functional alterations, promoting leukocyte intravascular adhesion and transmigration from the blood circulation into the CNS. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototype of neuroinflammatory disorders in which peripheral T helper (Th) lymphocytes, particularly Th1 and Th17 cells, infiltrate the CNS and contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Th1 and Th17 cells are considered key players in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. They can actively interact with CNS borders by complex adhesion mechanisms and secretion of a variety of molecules contributing to barrier dysfunction. In this review, we describe the molecular basis involved in the interactions between Th cells and CNS barriers and discuss the emerging roles of dura mater and arachnoid layer as neuroimmune interfaces contributing to the development of CNS inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Angelini
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bani
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Mazzei A, Pagliara P, Del Vecchio G, Giampetruzzi L, Croce F, Schiavone R, Verri T, Barca A. Cytoskeletal Responses and Aif-1 Expression in Caco-2 Monolayers Exposed to Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate and Carnosine. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010036. [PMID: 36671729 PMCID: PMC9855102 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The dis(re)organization of the cytoskeletal actin in enterocytes mediates epithelial barrier dys(re)function, playing a key role in modulating epithelial monolayer's integrity and remodeling under transition from physiological to pathological states. Here, by fluorescence-based morphological and morphometric analyses, we detected differential responses of cytoskeletal actin in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers at two different stages of their spontaneous differentiation, i.e., undifferentiated cells at 7 days post-seeding (dps) and differentiated enterocyte-like cells at 21 dps, upon challenge in vitro with the inflammation-mimicking stimulus of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). In addition, specific responses were found in the presence of the natural dipeptide carnosine detecting its potential counteraction against PMA-induced cytoskeletal alterations and remodeling in differentiated Caco-2 monolayers. In such an experimental context, by both immunocytochemistry and Western blot assays in Caco-2 monolayers, we identified the expression of the allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1) as protein functionally related to both inflammatory and cytoskeletal pathways. In 21 dps monolayers, particularly, we detected variations of its intracellular localization associated with the inflammatory stimulus and its mRNA/protein increase associated with the differentiated 21 dps enterocyte-like monolayer compared to the undifferentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Mazzei
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pagliara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-0832-298662 (A.B.)
| | - Gianmarco Del Vecchio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lucia Giampetruzzi
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems IMM-CNR, Via per Monteroni “Campus Ecotekne”, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Croce
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Roberta Schiavone
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DeBEST), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-0832-298662 (A.B.)
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Cytokines/chemokines and soluble immune checkpoint molecules in anti-GABA B receptor encephalitis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 68:104234. [PMID: 36270252 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-gamma-aminobutyric-acid B receptor (anti-GABABR) encephalitis is a rare form of autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) that is closely associated with tumor comorbidity. The purpose of this study is to identify the expressive pattern of cytokines/ chemokines and soluble immune checkpoint molecules (sICMs) in anti-GABABR encephalitis in order to evaluate the clinical condition and provide new treatment options. METHODS A total of 40 cytokines/chemokines and 10 sICMs in the serum of 10 patients with anti-GABABR encephalitis and eight controls were measured. The differentially expressed cytokines/chemokines and sICMs were selected to explore the correlations with disease prognosis, CSF routine and antibody titers. RESULTS Eight cytokines/chemokines were found to be more abundant in patients than in healthy donors (HDs), while 14 were found to be less abundant in patients. In terms of sICMs, patients' serum contained higher level of soluble ICOS and ICOSL but lower level of soluble CD86. Unfavorable prognosis was associated with high serum level of PDGFB, IL-17A, and soluble ICOSL but not with low levels of IL-4. Increased levels of IL-17A, CCL15, and soluble ICOS were found frequently in the patients with CSF-exclusive OCBs, while soluble ICOSL and CCL24 expression was lower in these patients. High levels of IL-1 F2 and TCA-3 were correlated with the presence of tumors in patients. CONCLUSION The majority of patients with anti- GABABR encephalitis had an unfavorable prognosis in one year of follow-up. Serum PDGFB, IL-17A, IL-4 and soluble ICOSL level were associated with the poor clinical outcomes in one-year follow up.
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Deng Z, Ding W, Li F, Shen S, Huang C, Lai K. Pulmonary IFN-γ Causes Lymphocytic Inflammation and Cough Hypersensitivity by Increasing the Number of IFN-γ-Secreting T Lymphocytes. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022; 14:653-673. [PMID: 36426396 PMCID: PMC9709684 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2022.14.6.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Respiratory viral infection increases the number of lung-resident T lymphocytes, which enhance cough sensitivity by producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ). It is poorly understood why IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes persist for a long time when the respiratory viruses have been removed. METHODS Repeated pulmonary administration of IFN-γ and intraperitoneal injection with different inhibitors were used to study the effects of pulmonary IFN-γ in mice and guinea pigs. RESULTS IFN-γ administration caused the increasing of IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes in both lung and blood, followed by the elevated physiological level of IFN-γ in the lung, the airway inflammation and the airway epithelial damage. IFN-γ administration also enhanced the cough sensitivity of guinea pigs. IFN-γ activated the STAT1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways in lung tissues, released IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and resulted in F-actin accumulation in lung-resident lymphocytes. The CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) inhibitor potently suppressed all the IFN-γ-induced inflammatory changes. The STAT1 inhibitor mitigated IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes infiltration by inhibiting T lymphocytes proliferation. F-actin accumulation and the ERK1/2 pathway contributed to pulmonary IFN-γ-induced augmentation of the airway inflammation and increasing of IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes in blood. CONCLUSIONS High physiological levels of IFN-γ in the lung may cause pulmonary lymphocytic inflammation and cough hypersensitivity by increasing the number of IFN-γ-secreting T lymphocytes through the IP-10 and CXCR3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuirong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Naryzhny S, Legina O. Zonulin — regulation of tight contacts in the brain and intestine — facts and hypotheses. BIOMEDITSINSKAYA KHIMIYA 2022; 68:309-320. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226805309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the interrelationship between the brain and the gut has become an area of high scientific interest. The intestine is responsible not only for digestion, as it contains millions of neurons, its own immune system, and affects the emotional and cognitive processes. The relationship between the gut and the brain suggests that the processes carried out by the gut microbiota play a significant role in the regulation of brain function, and vice versa. A special role here is played by intercellular tight junctions (TJ), where the zonulin protein holds an important place. Zonulin, an unprocessed precursor of mature haptoglobin, is the only physiological modulator of intercellular TJ that can reversibly regulate the permeability of the intestinal (IB) and blood-brain (BBB) barriers in the human body. BBB disruption and altered microbiota composition are associated with many diseases, including neurological disorders and neuroinflammation. That is, there is a gut-brain axis (GBA) — a communication system through which the brain modulates the functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and vice versa. GBA is based on neuronal, endocrine, and immunological mechanisms that are interconnected at the organismal, organ, cellular, and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.N. Naryzhny
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics B.P. Konstantinova National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
| | - O.K. Legina
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics B.P. Konstantinova National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
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Zhang Y, Song H, Wang J, Xi X, Cefalo P, Wood LJ, Luo X, Wang QM. Multiplex array analysis of serum cytokines offers minimal predictive value for cognitive function in the subacute phase after stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:886018. [PMID: 36330425 PMCID: PMC9622930 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.886018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of inflammation on post-stroke cognitive function are still unclear. This study investigated the correlation between the Th17-related cytokines in peripheral blood and post-stroke cognitive function after ischemic stroke in the subacute phase. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. SETTING Academic acute inpatient rehabilitation facility. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and fourteen patients with first ischemic stroke were categorized as the poor cognitive recovery group (n = 58) or good cognitive recovery group (n = 56) based on their cognitive MRFS efficiency. INTERVENTIONS All subjects received routine physical, occupational, and speech-language pathology therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum cytokines/chemokine (IL-1 β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-27, IL-28A, IL-31, IL-33, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, MIP-3 α, TNF-α, and TNF-β) levels were measured in duplicate using Human Th17 magnetic bead panel and multiplex array analysis (Luminex-200 system). The primary functional outcome was a gain in functional independence measure (FIM) cognitive subscore at discharge. The secondary outcome measures were FIM total score at discharge, length of stay in the hospital, and discharge destination. Cognitive Montebello Rehabilitation Factor Score (MRFS) and cognitive MRFS efficiency were calculated. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from the medical record. RESULTS The good cognitive recovery group had an interesting trend of higher IL-13 than the poor cognitive recovery group (good cognitive recovery group 257.82 ± 268.76 vs. poor cognitive recovery group 191.67 ± 201.82, p = 0.049, unit: pg/ml). However, Pearson's correlation analysis showed no significant correlation between cytokine levels and gain of cognition, cognitive MRFS, or cognitive MRFS efficiency. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of cytokines also suggested a low accuracy of prediction as a predictor for post-stroke cognitive recovery improvement. CONCLUSION Our preliminary findings suggested that the level of serum cytokines had minimal predictive value for the recovery of cognitive function during the subacute inpatient rehabilitation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhang
- Stroke Biological Recovery Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, The Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixin Song
- Stroke Biological Recovery Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, The Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Rehabilitation Department, Sir Run Run Show Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Xi
- Stroke Biological Recovery Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, The Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Philip Cefalo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, The Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Lisa J. Wood
- William F. Connell School of Nursing at Boston College, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xun Luo
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Kerry Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Mei Wang
- Stroke Biological Recovery Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, The Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, The Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
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Application of the Clustering Technique to Multiple Nutritional Factors Related to Inflammation and Disease Progression in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193960. [PMID: 36235613 PMCID: PMC9572297 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and nutritional status affect intestinal inflammation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to use a cluster analysis to assess structural similarity between different groups of parameters including short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in stool as well as hematological and inflammatory parameters (such as serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines). We also assessed similarity between IBD patients in terms of various biochemical features of disease activity and nutritional status. A total of 48 participants were enrolled, including 36 patients with IBD and 12 controls. We identified four main meaningful clusters of parameters. The first cluster included all SCFAs with strong mutual correlations. The second cluster contained red blood cell parameters and albumin levels. The third cluster included proinflammatory parameters such as tumor necrosis factor-α, CRP, platelets, and phosphoric, succinic, and lactic acids. The final cluster revealed an association between zonulin and interleukins IL-10, IL-17, and IL-22. Moreover, we observed an inverse correlation between IL-6 and body mass index. Our findings suggest a link between nutritional status, diet, and inflammatory parameters in patients with IBD, which contribute to a better adjustment of the nutritional treatment.
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Wais T, Hasan M, Rai V, Agrawal DK. Gut-brain communication in COVID-19: molecular mechanisms, mediators, biomarkers, and therapeutics. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:947-960. [PMID: 35868344 PMCID: PMC9388545 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infection with COVID-19 results in acute respiratory symptoms followed by long COVID multi-organ effects presenting with neurological, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations. Temporal relationship between gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms is unclear but warranted for exploring better clinical care for COVID-19 patients. AREAS COVERED We critically reviewed the temporal relationship between gut-brain axis after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroinvasion following GI infection. Mediators are identified that could serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in SARS-CoV-2. We discussed the potential therapeutic approaches to mitigate the effects of GI infection with SARS-CoV-2. EXPERT OPINION Altered gut microbiota cause increased expression of various mediators, including zonulin causing disruption of tight junction. This stimulates enteric nervous system and signals to CNS precipitating neurological sequalae. Published reports suggest potential role of cytokines, immune cells, B(0)AT1 (SLC6A19), ACE2, TMRSS2, TMPRSS4, IFN-γ, IL-17A, zonulin, and altered gut microbiome in gut-brain axis and associated neurological sequalae. Targeting these mediators and gut microbiome to improve immunity will be of therapeutic significance. In-depth research and well-designed large-scale population-based clinical trials with multidisciplinary and collaborative approaches are warranted. Investigating the temporal relationship between organs involved in long-term sequalae is critical due to evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tameena Wais
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences. Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Mehde Hasan
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences. Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences. Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences. Pomona, CA 91766
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An J, Li H, Xia D, Xu B, Wang J, Qiu H, He J. The role of interleukin-17 in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2022; 186:107001. [PMID: 35994860 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that seriously affects human health. It is a chronic central nervous system dysfunction caused by abnormal discharges of neurons. About 50 million patients worldwide are affected by epilepsy. Although epileptic symptoms of most patients are controllable, some patients with refractory epilepsy have no response to antiseizure medications. It is necessary to investigate the pathogenesis of epilepsy and identify new therapeutic targets for refractory epilepsy. Epileptic disorders often accompany cerebral inflammatory reactions. Recently, the role of inflammation in the onset of epilepsy has increasingly attracted attention. The activation of both innate and adaptive immunity plays a significant role in refractory epilepsy. According to several clinical studies, interleukin-17, an essential inflammatory mediator linking innate and adaptive immunity, increased significantly in the body liquid and epileptic focus of patients with epilepsy. Experimental studies also indicated that interleukin-17 participated in epileptogenesis through various mechanisms. This review summarized the current studies about interleukin-17 in epilepsy and aimed at finding new therapeutic targets for refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin An
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China.
| | - He Li
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Demeng Xia
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China; Luodian Clinical Drug Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Emergency Department, Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Huahui Qiu
- Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiaojiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
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Sušjan-Leite P, Ramuta TŽ, Boršić E, Orehek S, Hafner-Bratkovič I. Supramolecular organizing centers at the interface of inflammation and neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940969. [PMID: 35979366 PMCID: PMC9377691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involves the accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. These deposits are both directly toxic to neurons, invoking loss of cell connectivity and cell death, and recognized by innate sensors that upon activation release neurotoxic cytokines, chemokines, and various reactive species. This neuroinflammation is propagated through signaling cascades where activated sensors/receptors, adaptors, and effectors associate into multiprotein complexes known as supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the SMOCs, involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, such as myddosomes, inflammasomes, and necrosomes, their assembly, and evidence for their involvement in common neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the multifaceted role of neuroinflammation in the progression of neurodegeneration. Recent progress in the understanding of particular SMOC participation in common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease offers novel therapeutic strategies for currently absent disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sušjan-Leite
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Taja Železnik Ramuta
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elvira Boršić
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Orehek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Xie N, Fan F, Jiang S, Hou Y, Zhang Y, Cairang N, Wang X, Meng X. Rhodiola crenulate alleviates hypobaric hypoxia-induced brain injury via adjusting NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154240. [PMID: 35691080 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodiola crenulate (R. crenulate), a famous Tibetan medicine, has been demonstrated to possess superiorly protective effects in high-altitude hypoxic brain injury (HHBI). However, its mechanisms on HHBI are still largely unknown. METHODS Herein, the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of R. crenulate on HHBI of BABL/c mice were explored through in vivo experiments. The mice model of HHBI was established using an animal hypobaric and hypoxic chamber. R. crenulate extract (RCE) (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg) was given by gavage for 7 days. Pathological changes and neuronal viability of mice hippocampus and cortex were evaluated using H&E and Nissl staining, respectively. The brain water content (BWC) in mice was determined by calculating the ratio of dry to wet weight of brain tissue. And serum of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH-Px) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were detected via commercial biochemical kits. Synchronously, the contents of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), lactic acid (LA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPcase, Na+-K+-ATPcase, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in brain tissue were quantitative analysis by corresponding ELISA assay. Subsequently, NLRP3, ZO-1, claudin-5, occluding, p-p65, p65, ASC, cleaved-caspase-1, caspase-1 and IL-18 were determined by immunofluorescent and western blot analyses. RESULTS The results demonstrated that RCE remarkably alleviated pathological damage, BWC, as well enhanced neuronal viability. Furthermore, the oxidative stress injuries were reversely abrogated after RCE treatment, evidenced by the increases of SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC, while the decreases of MDA and LDH contents. Marvelously, the administration of RCE rectified and balanced the abnormal energy metabolism via elevating the levels of ATP, SDH, PK, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPcase and Na+-K+-ATPcase, and lowering LA. Simultaneously, the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-5 and occludin) was enhanced, illustrating RCE treatment might maintain the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, RCE treatment confined the contents of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, and attenuated fluorescent signal of NLRP3 protein. Concurrently, the results of western blot indicated that RCE treatment dramatically restrained p-p65/p65, ASC, NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1/caspase-1 and IL-18 protein expressions in brain tissues of mice. CONCLUSION RCE may afford a protectively intervention in HHBI of mice through suppressing the oxidative stress, improving energy metabolism and the integrity of BBB, and subsiding inflammatory responses via the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. As a promising agent for the treatment of mice HHBI, the deep-crossing molecular mechanisms of R. crenulate still needs to be further elucidated to identify novel core hub targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xie
- School of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Fangfang Fan
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shengnan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ya Hou
- School of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | | | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xianli Meng
- School of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Pain and Opioid-Induced Gut Microbial Dysbiosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081815. [PMID: 36009361 PMCID: PMC9404803 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid-induced dysbiosis (OID) is a specific condition describing the consequences of opioid use on the bacterial composition of the gut. Opioids have been shown to affect the epithelial barrier in the gut and modulate inflammatory pathways, possibly mediating opioid tolerance or opioid-induced hyperalgesia; in combination, these allow the invasion and proliferation of non-native bacterial colonies. There is also evidence that the gut-brain axis is linked to the emotional and cognitive aspects of the brain with intestinal function, which can be a factor that affects mental health. For example, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile are linked to Irritable Bowel Disease; Lactobacillaceae and Enterococcacae have associations with Parkinson’s disease, and Alistipes has increased prevalence in depression. However, changes to the gut microbiome can be therapeutically influenced with treatments such as faecal microbiota transplantation, targeted antibiotic therapy and probiotics. There is also evidence of emerging therapies to combat OID. This review has collated evidence that shows that there are correlations between OID and depression, Parkinson’s Disease, infection, and more. Specifically, in pain management, targeting OID deserves specific investigations.
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Lu T, Ma L, Xu Q, Wang X. Blood Th17 cells and IL-17A as candidate biomarkers estimating the progression of cognitive impairment in stroke patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24581. [PMID: 35808926 PMCID: PMC9396181 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T helper (Th) cells regulate immunity and inflammation to engage in cognitive impairment in several neurological diseases, while their clinical relevance in stroke patients is not clear. The current study intended to assess the relationship of Th1 cells, Th17 cells, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and interleukin (IL)‐17A with cognitive function in stroke patients. Methods One hundred twenty stroke patients and 40 controls were enrolled in this muticenter study. Th1 and Th17 cells in peripheral blood were assessed by flow cytometry; meanwhile, IFN‐γ and IL‐17A in serum were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Cognitive function of stroke patients was evaluated by Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at enrollment (baseline), year 1, year 2, and year 3. Results Th1 cells (p = 0.037) and IFN‐γ (p = 0.048) were slightly increased, while Th17 cells (p < 0.001) and IL‐17A (p < 0.001) were greatly elevated in stroke patients compared with controls. Th17 cells (rs = −0.374, p < 0.001) and IL‐17A (rs = −0.267, p = 0.003) were negatively correlated with MMSE score at baseline, but Th1 cells and IFN‐γ were not. Meanwhile, Th17 cells (p = 0.001) and IL‐17A (p = 0.024) were increased in patients with cognitive impairment compared to those without cognitive impairment. Notably, Th17 cells were positively associated with 1‐year (rs = 0.331, p < 0.001), 2‐year (rs = 0.261, p = 0.006), and 3‐year (rs = 0.256, p = 0.011) MMSE decline; IL‐17A was positively correlated with 1‐year (rs = 0.262, p = 0.005), 2‐year (rs = 0.193, p = 0.045), but not 3‐year MMSE decline. However, both Th1 cells and IFN‐γ were not linked with MMSE decline. Conclusion Th17 cells and IL‐17A estimate the progression of cognitive impairment in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chifeng City Hospital in Inner Mongolia, Chifeng, China
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chifeng City Hospital in Inner Mongolia, Chifeng, China
| | - Qingmei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia Forestry General Hospital, Ya Ke Shi, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chifeng City Tumor Hospital, Chifeng, China
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Stuart CM, Varatharaj A, Winberg ME, Galea P, Larsson HBW, Cramer SP, Fasano A, Maherally Z, Pilkington GJ, Keita ÅV, Galea I. Zonulin and blood-brain barrier permeability are dissociated in humans. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e965. [PMID: 35808833 PMCID: PMC9270641 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Stuart
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Aravinthan Varatharaj
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin E Winberg
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pascale Galea
- Biomarker Discovery Unit, Bio-Rad, Montpellier, France
| | - Henrik B W Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig P Cramer
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Centre for Celiac Research and Treatment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zaynah Maherally
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Group, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Group, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ian Galea
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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An J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Fan R, Hu X, Zhang F, Yang J, Chen J. The Role of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier in Autoimmune Disease: A Potential Target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871713. [PMID: 35844539 PMCID: PMC9284064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are a series of diseases involving multiple tissues and organs, characterized by the over production of abnormal multiple antibodies. Although most studies support that the impaired immune balance participates in the development of autoimmune diseases, the specific pathogenesis of it is not fully understood. Intestinal immunity, especially the intestinal mucosal barrier has become a research hotspot, which is considered to be an upstream mechanism leading to the impaired immune balance. As an important defense barrier, the intestinal mucosal barrier regulates and maintains the homeostasis of internal environment. Once the intestinal barrier function is impaired under the effect of multiple factors, it will destroy the immune homeostasis, trigger inflammatory response, and participate in the development of autoimmune diseases in the final. However, the mechanism of the intestinal mucosal barrier how to regulate the homeostasis and inflammation is not clear. Some studies suggest that it maintains the balance of immune homeostasis through the zonulin pathway, intestinal microbiome, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Our review focused on the composition and the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier to describe the research progress of it in regulating the immune homeostasis and inflammation, and also pointed that the intestinal mucosal barrier was the potential targets in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia An
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ru Fan
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaorong Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Hospital of Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junwei Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Junwei Chen,
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Raja Sharin RNFS, Khan J, Ibahim MJ, Muhamad M, Bowen J, Wan Mohamad Zain WNI. Role of ErbB1 in the Underlying Mechanism of Lapatinib-Induced Diarrhoea: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4165808. [PMID: 35800225 PMCID: PMC9256418 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4165808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lapatinib, an orally administered small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (SM-TKI), is an effective treatment for ErbB2-positive breast cancer. However, its efficacy as one of the targeted cancer therapies has been hampered by several adverse effects, especially gastrointestinal toxicity, commonly manifested as diarrhoea. Although it can be generally tolerated, diarrhoea is reported as the most common and most impactful on a patient's quality of life and associated with treatment interruption. Severe diarrhoea can result in malabsorption, leading to dehydration, fatigue, and even death. ErbB1 is an epidermal growth factor profoundly expressed in normal gut epithelium while lapatinib is a dual ErbB1/ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Thus, ErbB1 inhibition by lapatinib may affect gut homeostasis leading to diarrhoea. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This review article provides evidence of the possible mechanisms of lapatinib-induced diarrhoea that may be related to/or modulated by ErbB1. Insight regarding the involvement of ErbB1 in the pathophysiological changes such as inflammation and intestinal permeability as the underlying cause of diarrhoea is covered in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Nur Firzanah Syaza Raja Sharin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jesmine Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Johari Ibahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mudiana Muhamad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Joanne Bowen
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Wan Nor I'zzah Wan Mohamad Zain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
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Pap D, Veres-Székely A, Szebeni B, Vannay Á. PARK7/DJ-1 as a Therapeutic Target in Gut-Brain Axis Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126626. [PMID: 35743072 PMCID: PMC9223539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly known that Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's (AD) diseases occur more frequently in patients with inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel (IBD) or celiac disease, indicating a pathological link between them. Although epidemiological observations suggest the existence of the gut-brain axis (GBA) involving systemic inflammatory and neural pathways, little is known about the exact molecular mechanisms. Parkinson's disease 7 (PARK7/DJ-1) is a multifunctional protein whose protective role has been widely demonstrated in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, AD, or ischemic stroke. Recent studies also revealed the importance of PARK7/DJ-1 in the maintenance of the gut microbiome and also in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. All these findings suggest that PARK7/DJ-1 may be a link and also a potential therapeutic target in gut and brain diseases. In this review, therefore, we discuss our current knowledge about PARK7/DJ-1 in the context of GBA diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonkos Pap
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (A.V.-S.); (B.S.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Apor Veres-Székely
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (A.V.-S.); (B.S.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szebeni
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (A.V.-S.); (B.S.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Vannay
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (D.P.); (A.V.-S.); (B.S.)
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Mou Y, Du Y, Zhou L, Yue J, Hu X, Liu Y, Chen S, Lin X, Zhang G, Xiao H, Dong B. Gut Microbiota Interact With the Brain Through Systemic Chronic Inflammation: Implications on Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Aging. Front Immunol 2022; 13:796288. [PMID: 35464431 PMCID: PMC9021448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.796288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been noticed in recent years that the unfavorable effects of the gut microbiota could exhaust host vigor and life, yet knowledge and theory are just beginning to be established. Increasing documentation suggests that the microbiota-gut-brain axis not only impacts brain cognition and psychiatric symptoms but also precipitates neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). How the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a machinery protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from the systemic circulation, allows the risky factors derived from the gut to be translocated into the brain seems paradoxical. For the unique anatomical, histological, and immunological properties underpinning its permeable dynamics, the BBB has been regarded as a biomarker associated with neural pathogenesis. The BBB permeability of mice and rats caused by GM dysbiosis raises the question of how the GM and its metabolites change BBB permeability and causes the brain pathophysiology of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration (NF&ND) and brain aging, a pivotal multidisciplinary field tightly associated with immune and chronic systemic inflammation. If not all, gut microbiota-induced systemic chronic inflammation (GM-SCI) mainly refers to excessive gut inflammation caused by gut mucosal immunity dysregulation, which is often influenced by dietary components and age, is produced at the interface of the intestinal barrier (IB) or exacerbated after IB disruption, initiates various common chronic diseases along its dispersal routes, and eventually impairs BBB integrity to cause NF&ND and brain aging. To illustrate the immune roles of the BBB in pathophysiology affected by inflammatory or "leaky" IB resulting from GM and their metabolites, we reviewed the selected publications, including the role of the BBB as the immune barrier, systemic chronic inflammation and inflammation influences on BBB permeability, NF&ND, and brain aging. To add depth to the bridging role of systemic chronic inflammation, a plausible mechanism indispensable for BBB corruption was highlighted; namely, BBB maintenance cues are affected by inflammatory cytokines, which may help to understand how GM and its metabolites play a major role in NF&ND and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mou
- Geroscience and Chronic Disease Department, The Eighth Municipal Hospital for the People, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixing Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jirong Yue
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianliang Hu
- Geroscience and Chronic Disease Department, The Eighth Municipal Hospital for the People, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sao Chen
- Geroscience and Chronic Disease Department, The Eighth Municipal Hospital for the People, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiufang Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gongchang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Birong Dong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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