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Hohmann N, Friedrichs AS, Burhenne J, Blank A, Mikus G, Haefeli WE. Dose-dependent induction of CYP3A activity by St. John's wort alone and in combination with rifampin. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e70007. [PMID: 39152679 PMCID: PMC11329750 DOI: 10.1111/cts.70007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The dose dependence of the effect of enzyme inducers and the effect of the combined administration of two inducers that exert their effect via the same induction pathway (pregnane X receptor) have not been well studied. Using oral midazolam microdoses (30 μg), we have investigated CYP3A4 induction by St. John's wort (SJW) in 11 healthy volunteers using low (300 mg/day containing 7.48 mg hyperforin), therapeutic (900 mg/day), and supratherapeutic doses of SJW (1800 mg/day) for 14 days. SJW was then co-administered with rifampin (600 mg/day) for a further 7 days to evaluate the effect of the combined administration of two inducers. In addition, intravenous midazolam microdoses (10 μg) were administered before SJW, at SJW 1800 mg/day, and during administration of the two inducers to assess the hepatic contribution to total induction (semi-simultaneous administration). Administration of SJW increased oral midazolam clearance 1.96-fold (300 mg/day), 3.86-fold (900 mg/day), and 5.62-fold (1800 mg/day), and 17.5-fold after the addition of rifampin. Concurrently, the clearance of intravenous midazolam increased 2.05-fold (1800 mg/day) and 2.93-fold (SJW + rifampin). These results show that rifampin significantly enhances the induction of the highest SJW doses both hepatically and overall and suggest that these metabolic effects occur predominantly in the gut. These findings also suggest that in drug interactions involving strong and moderate enzyme inducers, the perpetrator effects of the strong inducer are decisive for the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hohmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Internal Medicine IX, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Heidelberg University HospitalUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Anna S. Friedrichs
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Internal Medicine IX, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Heidelberg University HospitalUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Internal Medicine IX, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Heidelberg University HospitalUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Antje Blank
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Internal Medicine IX, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Heidelberg University HospitalUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Gerd Mikus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Internal Medicine IX, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Heidelberg University HospitalUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Walter E. Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Internal Medicine IX, Medical Faculty of Heidelberg, Heidelberg University HospitalUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
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2
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Quercia R, Di Perri G, Pein C, Bodie J, Singh RSP, Hendrick V, Boffito M. Ritonavir: 25 Years' Experience of Concomitant Medication Management. A Narrative Review. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:1005-1017. [PMID: 38609668 PMCID: PMC11098990 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme and is commonly used as a pharmacokinetic (PK) enhancer in antiviral therapies because it increases bioavailability of concomitantly administered antivirals. Decades of experience with ritonavir-enhanced HIV therapies and, more recently, COVID-19 therapies demonstrate that boosting doses of ritonavir are well tolerated, with an established safety profile. The mechanisms of PK enhancement by ritonavir result in the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with several classes of drugs, thus making co-medication management an important consideration with enhanced antiviral therapies. However, rates of DDIs with contraindicated medications are low, suggesting these risks are manageable by infectious disease specialists who have experience with the use of PK enhancers. In this review, we provide an overview of ritonavir's mechanisms of action and describe approaches and resources available to mitigate adverse events and manage concomitant medication in both chronic and short-term settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Quercia
- Chief Medical Affairs Office, Pfizer Inc, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Carolina Pein
- Chief Medical Affairs Office, Pfizer Inc, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Jennifer Bodie
- Chief Medical Affairs Office, Pfizer Inc, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Marta Boffito
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
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3
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Kurosawa K, Nakano M, Yokoseki I, Nagaoka M, Takemoto S, Sakai Y, Kobayashi K, Kazuki Y, Fukami T, Nakajima M. ncBAF enhances PXR-mediated transcriptional activation in the human and mouse liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115733. [PMID: 37543347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is one of the key regulators of drug metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and lipid synthesis in the human liver. Activation of PXR by drugs such as rifampicin, simvastatin, and efavirenz causes adverse reactions such as drug-drug interaction, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The inhibition of PXR activation has merit in preventing such adverse events. Here, we demonstrated that bromodomain containing protein 9 (BRD9), a component of non-canonical brahma-related gene 1-associated factor (ncBAF), one of the chromatin remodelers, interacts with PXR. Rifampicin-mediated induction of CYP3A4 expression was attenuated by iBRD9, an inhibitor of BRD9, in human primary hepatocytes and CYP3A/PXR-humanized mice, indicating that BRD9 enhances the transcriptional activation of PXR in vitro and in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay reveled that iBRD9 treatment resulted in attenuation of the rifampicin-mediated binding of PXR to the CYP3A4 promoter region, suggesting that ncBAF functions to facilitate the binding of PXR to its response elements. Efavirenz-induced hepatic lipid accumulation was attenuated by iBRD9 in C57BL/6J mice, suggesting that the inhibition of BRD9 would be useful to reduce the risk of efavirenz-induced hepatic steatosis. Collectively, we found that inhibitors of BRD9, a component of ncBAF that plays a role in assisting transactivation by PXR, would be useful to reduce the risk of PXR-mediated adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiamu Kurosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Itsuki Yokoseki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Seiya Takemoto
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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4
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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5
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Mito A, Hirono K, Ide H, Ozawa S, Ichida F, Taguchi M. Effects of Concomitant Administration of PXR Ligand Drugs on the Anticoagulant Effects of Warfarin. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:703-708. [PMID: 35370222 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We encountered cases in which the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (CYP2C9 substrate) were reversibly attenuated by the concomitant administration of rifampicin or bosentan, which are potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) ligands. The purpose of the present study is to report the previous case with rifampicin, and to evaluate the changes in the warfarin anticoagulant effects when withdrawing or switching bosentan treatment. The former is a case study of a 4-year-old girl undergoing warfarin treatment. The latter is a longitudinal study of 20 pediatric patients receiving stable warfarin treatment. The prothrombin time and international normalized ratio (PT-INR) values were extracted from the medical records and normalized by the daily-dose per body size as an index for the warfarin anticoagulant effects. Rifampicin treatment resulted in a 52.0% decrease in the anticoagulant index. On the other hand, 10 of 20 patients started bosentan and their anticoagulant index was reduced by a median of 2.00. Bosentan was withdrawn in 4 of 20 patients and their anticoagulant index increased by a median of 3.67. Six of 20 patients switched from bosentan to macitentan, which is considered not to activate PXR in clinical settings. However, switching from bosentan to macitentan resulted in a median of 2.25 reduction of the anticoagulant index rather than recovery of the response to warfarin. This study suggests not only the possibility of heterogeneity in the response to PXR activation and deactivation, but also the importance of long-term monitoring of drug-drug interactions when switching from bosentan to macitentan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayane Mito
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Keiichi Hirono
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama
| | - Haruka Ide
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Sayaka Ozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama
| | - Fukiko Ichida
- Department of Pediatrics, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Masato Taguchi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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6
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Daujat-Chavanieu M, Gerbal-Chaloin S. Regulation of CAR and PXR Expression in Health and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E2395. [PMID: 33142929 PMCID: PMC7692647 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that mainly act as ligand-activated transcription factors. Their functions have long been associated with the regulation of drug metabolism and disposition, and it is now well established that they are implicated in physiological and pathological conditions. Considerable efforts have been made to understand the regulation of their activity by their cognate ligand; however, additional regulatory mechanisms, among which the regulation of their expression, modulate their pleiotropic effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge on CAR and PXR expression during development and adult life; tissue distribution; spatial, temporal, and metabolic regulations; as well as in pathological situations, including chronic diseases and cancers. The expression of CAR and PXR is modulated by complex regulatory mechanisms that involve the interplay of transcription factors and also post-transcriptional and epigenetic modifications. Moreover, many environmental stimuli affect CAR and PXR expression through mechanisms that have not been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France;
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Zhang YM, Wang T, Yang XS. An in vitro and in silico investigation of human pregnane X receptor agonistic activity of poly- and perfluorinated compounds using the heuristic method-best subset and comparative similarity indices analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124789. [PMID: 31561157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) may induce potential endocrine-disrupting hormonal effects. However, the molecular mechanism of the toxicology of PFCs remains unclear, and the insufficient information is available on the biological activities of PFCs at present. In this study, the cell-based reporter gene assays were used to determine the agonistic activity of PFCs on the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). The heuristic method combined with best subset modeling (HM-BSM) based on Dragon descriptors and comparative similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were employed to build classical quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and three-dimensional QSAR models, respectively. The applicability domain (AD) of the classical QSAR model was assessed. Both the HM-BSM and CoMSIA approaches demonstrated good robustness, predictive ability, and mechanistic interpretability. The r2 and leave-one-out cross-validation squared correlated coefficient (q2LOO) values were 0.872 and 0.759 for the HM-BSM, and 0.976 and 0.751 for the CoMSIA model, respectively. The hPXR agonistic activity of the PFCs predicted by the built HM-BSM and CoMSIA agreed well with experimental activity, with root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.0803 and 0.117, respectively, and external validation squared correlated coefficients (q2EXT) of 0.972 and 0.932, respectively. The hPXR agonistic activity of PFCs was related to their molecular polarizability, charge and atomic mass. Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions constituted the primary intermolecular forces between PFCs and the hPXR. The developed models were used to screen the PFCs with high hPXR agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xu-Shu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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8
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Abbott KL, Chaudhury CS, Chandran A, Vishveshwara S, Dvorak Z, Jiskrova E, Poulikova K, Vyhlidalova B, Mani S, Pondugula SR. Belinostat, at Its Clinically Relevant Concentrations, Inhibits Rifampicin-Induced CYP3A4 and MDR1 Gene Expression. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:324-334. [PMID: 30622215 PMCID: PMC6362450 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) has been associated with induction of chemoresistance. It has been proposed that such chemoresistance via cytochrome P450/drug transporters can be reversed with the use of antagonists that specifically abrogate agonist-mediated hPXR activation. Unfortunately, proposed antagonists lack the specificity and appropriate pharmacological characteristics that allow these features to be active in the clinic. We propose that, ideally, an hPXR antagonist would be a cancer drug itself that is part of a "cancer drug cocktail" and effective as an hPXR antagonist at therapeutic concentrations. Belinostat (BEL), a histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and often used in combination with chemotherapy, is an attractive candidate based on its hPXR ligand-like features. We sought to determine whether these features of BEL might allow it to behave as an antagonist in combination chemotherapy regimens that include hPXR activators. BEL represses agonist-activated hPXR target gene expression at its therapeutic concentrations in human primary hepatocytes and LS174T human colon cancer cells. BEL repressed rifampicin-induced gene expression of CYP3A4 and multidrug resistance protein 1, as well as their respective protein activities. BEL decreased rifampicin-induced resistance to SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, in LS174T cells. This finding indicates that BEL could suppress hPXR agonist-induced chemoresistance. BEL attenuated the agonist-induced steroid receptor coactivator-1 interaction with hPXR, and, together with molecular docking studies, the study suggests that BEL directly interacts with multiple sites on hPXR. Taken together, our results suggest that BEL, at its clinically relevant therapeutic concentration, can antagonize hPXR agonist-induced gene expression and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodye L Abbott
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
| | - Chloe S Chaudhury
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
| | - Aneesh Chandran
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
| | - Saraswathi Vishveshwara
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
| | - Eva Jiskrova
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
| | - Karolina Poulikova
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
| | - Barbora Vyhlidalova
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
| | - Satyanarayana R Pondugula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.) and Auburn University Research Initiative in Cancer (K.L.A., C.S.C., S.R.P.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India (A.C., S.V.); Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D., E.J., K.P., B.V.); and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.)
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9
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Chai SC, Lin W, Li Y, Chen T. Drug discovery technologies to identify and characterize modulators of the pregnane X receptor and the constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:906-915. [PMID: 30731240 PMCID: PMC6421094 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors (NRs) that are notorious for their role in drug metabolism, causing unintended drug-drug interactions and decreasing drug efficacy. They control the xenobiotic detoxification system by regulating the expression of an array of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters that excrete exogenous chemicals and maintain homeostasis of endogenous metabolites. Much effort has been invested in recognizing potential drugs for clinical use that can activate PXR and CAR to enhance the expression of their target genes, and in identifying PXR and CAR inhibitors that can be used as co-therapeutics to prevent adverse effects. Here, we present current technologies and assays used in the quest to characterize PXR and CAR modulators, which range from biochemical to cell-based and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yongtao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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10
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Narayanan B, Lade JM, Heck CJ, Dietz KD, Wade H, Bumpus NN. Probing Ligand Structure-Activity Relationships in Pregnane X Receptor (PXR): Efavirenz and 8-Hydroxyefavirenz Exhibit Divergence in Activation. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:736-747. [PMID: 29430850 PMCID: PMC6081956 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFV), an antiretroviral that interacts clinically with co-administered drugs via activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR), is extensively metabolized by the cytochromes P450. We tested whether its primary metabolite, 8-hydroxyEFV (8-OHEFV) can activate PXR and potentially contribute to PXR-mediated drug-drug interactions attributed to EFV. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that despite only differing from EFV by an oxygen atom, 8-OHEFV does not activate PXR. Corroborating this, treatment with EFV for 72 h elevated the mRNA abundance of the PXR target gene, Cyp3a11, by approximately 28-fold in primary hepatocytes isolated from PXR-humanized mice, whereas treatment with 8-OHEFV did not result in a change in Cyp3A11 mRNA levels. FRET-based competitive binding assays and isothermal calorimetry demonstrated that even with the lack of ability to activate PXR, 8-OHEFV displays an affinity for PXR (IC50 12.1 μm; KD 7.9 μm) nearly identical to that of EFV (IC50 18.7 μm; KD 12.5 μm). The use of 16 EFV analogues suggest that other discreet changes to the EFV structure beyond the 8-position are well tolerated. Molecular docking simulations implicate an 8-OHEFV binding mode that may underlie its divergence in PXR activation from EFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Narayanan
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe Street Hunterian 709 Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie M. Lade
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St Biophysics 307 Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carley J.S. Heck
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St Biophysics 307 Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin D. Dietz
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe Street Hunterian 709 Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Herschel Wade
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe Street Hunterian 709 Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Namandjé N. Bumpus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St Biophysics 307 Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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In Silico Prediction of hPXR Activators Using Structure-Based Pharmacophore Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1752-1759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Zhang YM, Chang MJ, Yang XS, Han X. In silico investigation of agonist activity of a structurally diverse set of drugs to hPXR using HM-BSM and HM-PNN. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2016; 36:463-468. [PMID: 27376821 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) plays a critical role in the metabolism, transport and clearance of xenobiotics in the liver and intestine. The hPXR can be activated by a structurally diverse of drugs to initiate clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. In this article, in silico investigation was performed on a structurally diverse set of drugs to identify critical structural features greatly related to their agonist activity towards hPXR. Heuristic method (HM)-Best Subset Modeling (BSM) and HM-Polynomial Neural Networks (PNN) were utilized to develop the linear and non-linear quantitative structure-activity relationship models. The applicability domain (AD) of the models was assessed by Williams plot. Statistically reliable models with good predictive power and explain were achieved (for HM-BSM, r (2)=0.881, q LOO (2) =0.797, q EXT (2) =0.674; for HM-PNN, r (2)=0.882, q LOO (2) =0.856, q EXT (2) =0.655). The developed models indicated that molecular aromatic and electric property, molecular weight and complexity may govern agonist activity of a structurally diverse set of drugs to hPXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Mei-Jia Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xu-Shu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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13
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Kaur G, Balamurugan P, Uma Maheswari C, Anitha A, Princy SA. Combinatorial Effects of Aromatic 1,3-Disubstituted Ureas and Fluoride on In vitro Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:861. [PMID: 27375583 PMCID: PMC4893485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries occur as a result of disequilibrium between acid producing pathogenic bacteria and alkali generating commensal bacteria within a dental biofilm (dental plaque). Streptococcus mutans has been reported as a primary cariogenic pathogen associated with dental caries. Emergence of multidrug resistant as well as fluoride resistant strains of S. mutans due to over use of various antibiotics are a rising problem and prompted the researchers worldwide to search for alternative therapies. In this perspective, the present study was aimed to screen selective inhibitors against ComA, a bacteriocin associated ABC transporter, involved in the quorum sensing of S. mutans. In light of our present in silico findings, 1,3-disubstituted urea derivatives which had better affinity to ComA were chemically synthesized in the present study for in vitro evaluation of S. mutans biofilm inhibition. The results revealed that 1,3-disubstituted urea derivatives showed good biofilm inhibition. In addition, synthesized compounds exhibited potent synergy with a very low concentration of fluoride (31.25-62.5 ppm) in inhibiting the biofilm formation of S. mutans without affecting the bacterial growth. Further, the results were supported by confocal laser scanning microscopy. On the whole, from our experimental results we conclude that the combinatorial application of fluoride and disubstituted ureas has a potential synergistic effect which has a promising approach in combating multidrug resistant and fluoride resistant S. mutans in dental caries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurmeet Kaur
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - P. Balamurugan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - C. Uma Maheswari
- Organic Synthesis Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - A. Anitha
- Organic Synthesis Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - S. Adline Princy
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
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14
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Nagai M, Konno Y, Satsukawa M, Yamashita S, Yoshinari K. Establishment of In Silico Prediction Models for CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 Induction in Human Hepatocytes by Multiple Regression Analysis Using Azole Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1390-8. [PMID: 27208383 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) via cytochrome P450 (P450) induction are one clinical problem leading to increased risk of adverse effects and the need for dosage adjustments and additional therapeutic monitoring. In silico models for predicting P450 induction are useful for avoiding DDI risk. In this study, we have established regression models for CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction in human hepatocytes using several physicochemical parameters for a set of azole compounds with different P450 induction as characteristics as model compounds. To obtain a well-correlated regression model, the compounds for CYP3A4 or CYP2B6 induction were independently selected from the tested azole compounds using principal component analysis with fold-induction data. Both of the multiple linear regression models obtained for CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 induction are represented by different sets of physicochemical parameters. The adjusted coefficients of determination for these models were of 0.8 and 0.9, respectively. The fold-induction of the validation compounds, another set of 12 azole-containing compounds, were predicted within twofold limits for both CYP3A4 and CYP2B6. The concordance for the prediction of CYP3A4 induction was 87% with another validation set, 23 marketed drugs. However, the prediction of CYP2B6 induction tended to be overestimated for these marketed drugs. The regression models show that lipophilicity mostly contributes to CYP3A4 induction, whereas not only the lipophilicity but also the molecular polarity is important for CYP2B6 induction. Our regression models, especially that for CYP3A4 induction, might provide useful methods to avoid potent CYP3A4 or CYP2B6 inducers during the lead optimization stage without performing induction assays in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Nagai
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical, Kyoto, Japan (M.N., Y.K., M.S.); Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (M.N., K.Y.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan (S.Y.)
| | - Yoshihiro Konno
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical, Kyoto, Japan (M.N., Y.K., M.S.); Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (M.N., K.Y.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan (S.Y.)
| | - Masahiro Satsukawa
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical, Kyoto, Japan (M.N., Y.K., M.S.); Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (M.N., K.Y.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan (S.Y.)
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical, Kyoto, Japan (M.N., Y.K., M.S.); Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (M.N., K.Y.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan (S.Y.)
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical, Kyoto, Japan (M.N., Y.K., M.S.); Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (M.N., K.Y.); and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan (S.Y.)
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15
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Mackowiak B, Wang H. Mechanisms of xenobiotic receptor activation: Direct vs. indirect. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1130-1140. [PMID: 26877237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The so-called xenobiotic receptors (XRs) have functionally evolved into cellular sensors for both endogenous and exogenous stimuli by regulating the transcription of genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, as well as those involving energy homeostasis, cell proliferation, and/or immune responses. Unlike prototypical steroid hormone receptors, XRs are activated through both direct ligand-binding and ligand-independent (indirect) mechanisms by a plethora of structurally unrelated chemicals. This review covers research literature that discusses direct vs. indirect activation of XRs. A particular focus is centered on the signaling control of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the pregnane X receptor (PXR), and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We expect that this review will shed light on both the common and distinct mechanisms associated with activation of these three XRs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Mackowiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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16
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Hodnik Ž, Tomašič T, Smodiš D, D'Amore C, Mašič LP, Fiorucci S, Kikelj D. Diethylstilbestrol-scaffold-based pregnane X receptor modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:551-62. [PMID: 26408814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to its function as a regulator of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, pregnane X receptor (PXR) represents an important factor involved in drug metabolism. In this work, we describe the discovery of diethylstilbestrol-based PXR modulators, which were designed from marine sulfated steroids with PXR agonistic activity, solomonsterols A and B, and our recently reported bazedoxifene scaffold-derived PXR antagonists. The methylated diethylstilbestrol derivative 1 displayed potent PXR agonistic activity with an EC50 value of 10.5 μM, whereas compounds 3, 4 and 6 (IC50 for 6 = 27.4 μM) and diethylstilbestrol (2) itself (IC50 = 14.6 μM) exhibited PXR antagonistic effects in HepG2 cells. The PXR modulatory effects of the synthesized diethylstilbestrol derivatives were further confirmed by the induction of PXR-regulated CYP3A4 expression with compound 1, as well as by the inhibition of the rifaximin-promoted up-regulation of CYP3A4 expression with 2 and its derivative 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Hodnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Smodiš
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Claudio D'Amore
- University of Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultàdi Medicina e Chirurgia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- University of Perugia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Nuova Facultàdi Medicina e Chirurgia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Handa K, Nakagome I, Yamaotsu N, Gouda H, Hirono S. Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Analysis for Human Pregnane X Receptor for the Prediction of CYP3A4 Induction in Human Hepatocytes: Structure-Based Comparative Molecular Field Analysis. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:223-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Rathod V, Jain S, Nandekar P, Sangamwar AT. Human pregnane X receptor: a novel target for anticancer drug development. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Lin W, Chen T. A vinblastine fluorescent probe for pregnane X receptor in a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. Anal Biochem 2013; 443:252-60. [PMID: 24044991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics and endobiotics by regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. The unique structure of PXR allows the binding of many drugs and drug leads to it, possibly causing undesired drug-drug interactions. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate whether lead compounds bind to PXR. Fluorescence-based assays are preferred because of their sensitivity and nonradioactive nature. One fluorescent PXR probe is currently commercially available; however, because its chemical structure is not publicly disclosed, it is not optimal for studying ligand-PXR interactions. Here we report the characterization of BODIPY FL-vinblastine, generated by labeling vinblastine with the fluorophore 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY FL), as a high-affinity ligand for human PXR with a Kd value of 673 nM. We provide evidence that BODIPY FL-vinblastine is a unique chemical entity different from either vinblastine or the fluorophore BODIPY FL in its function as a high-affinity human PXR ligand. We describe a BODIPY FL-vinblastine-based human PXR time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay, which was used to successfully test a panel of human PXR ligands. The BODIPY FL-vinblastine-based biochemical assay is suitable for high-throughput screening to evaluate whether lead compounds bind to PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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20
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Festa C, D’Amore C, Renga B, Lauro G, De Marino S, D’Auria MV, Bifulco G, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Oxygenated polyketides from Plakinastrella mamillaris as a new chemotype of PXR agonists. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2314-27. [PMID: 23820629 PMCID: PMC3736425 DOI: 10.3390/md11072314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Further purification of the apolar extracts of the sponge Plakinastrella mamillaris, afforded a new oxygenated polyketide named gracilioether K, together with the previously isolated gracilioethers E-G and gracilioethers I and J. The structure of the new compound has been elucidated by extensive NMR (1H and 13C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY) and ESI-MS analysis. With the exception of gracilioether F, all compounds are endowed with potent pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) agonistic activity and therefore represent a new chemotype of potential anti-inflammatory leads. Docking calculations suggested theoretical binding modes of the identified compounds, compatible with an agonistic activity on hPXR, and clarified the molecular basis of their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (S.D.M.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Claudio D’Amore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, via Gerardo Dottori 1, S. Andrea Delle Fratte, Perugia 06132, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.); (B.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Barbara Renga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, via Gerardo Dottori 1, S. Andrea Delle Fratte, Perugia 06132, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.); (B.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy; E-Mails: (G.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Simona De Marino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (S.D.M.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Maria Valeria D’Auria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (S.D.M.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano (SA) 84084, Italy; E-Mails: (G.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (C.F.); (S.D.M.); (M.V.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-081-678525; Fax: +39-081-678552
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Perugia, via Gerardo Dottori 1, S. Andrea Delle Fratte, Perugia 06132, Italy; E-Mails: (C.D.); (B.R.); (S.F.)
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21
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Sekiguchi M, Kobashigawa Y, Moriguchi H, Kawasaki M, Yuda M, Teramura T, Inagaki F. High-Throughput Evaluation Method for Drug Association with Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) Using Differential Scanning Fluorometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:1084-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057113491826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) is a key transcriptional regulator of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, a crucial enzyme in the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics and endobiotics. PXR is activated by a wide variety of chemicals and serves as a master regulator of detoxification in mammals. Here, we report a fast evaluation method for PXR-drug interactions using differential scanning fluorometry (DSF). DSF analysis revealed that PXR associates with a fluorescence dye in the native state as well as in the unfolded state, which prevented precise evaluation of any shift in the transition midpoint (Δ Tm) due to association with a drug. Hence, we defined a new parameter, (dF/dT)50, where F is fluorescence intensity and T is temperature, to describe the ligand concentration. (dF/dT)50 exhibited better correlation with EC50 ( r2 = 0.84) than with Δ Tm ( r2 = 0.71). The correlation of Δ Tm measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with EC50 ( r2 = 0.86) was similar to the above (dF/dT)50 correlation. Therefore, the use of (dF/dT)50 enables DSF to be used for the rapid evaluation of PXR-drug interactions and could provide prescreening to narrow down the collection of candidate ligands that most likely result in transcriptional activation of CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Sekiguchi
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Department of Drug Discovery, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kobashigawa
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Moriguchi
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Department of Drug Discovery, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawasaki
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Department of Drug Discovery, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yuda
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Department of Drug Discovery, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshio Teramura
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Department of Drug Discovery, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Inagaki
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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22
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Yu DD, Lin W, Chen T, Forman BM. Development of time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay for FXR antagonist discovery. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4266-78. [PMID: 23688559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
FXR (farnesoid X receptor, NRIH4), a nuclear receptor, plays a major role in the control of cholesterol metabolism. FXR ligands have been investigated in preclinical studies for targeted therapy against metabolic diseases, but have shown limitations. Therefore, there is a need for new agonist or antagonist ligands of FXR, both for potential clinical applications, as well as to further elucidate its biological functions. Here we describe the use of the X-ray crystal structure of FXR complexed with the potent small molecule agonist GW4064 to design and synthesize a novel fluorescent, high-affinity probe (DY246) for time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assays. We then used the TR-FRET assay for high throughput screening of a library of over 5000 bioactive compounds. From this library, we identified 13 compounds that act as putative FXR transcriptional antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Yu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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23
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Poulton EJ, Levy L, Lampe JW, Shen DD, Tracy J, Shuhart MC, Thummel KE, Eaton DL. Sulforaphane is not an effective antagonist of the human pregnane X-receptor in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 266:122-31. [PMID: 23153560 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), is an effective in vitro antagonist of ligand activation of the human pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR). PXR mediated CYP3A4 up-regulation is implicated in adverse drug-drug interactions making identification of small molecule antagonists a desirable therapeutic goal. SFN is not an antagonist to mouse or rat PXR in vitro; thus, normal rodent species are not suitable as in vivo models for human response. To evaluate whether SFN can effectively antagonize ligand activation of human PXR in vivo, a three-armed, randomized, crossover trial was conducted with 24 healthy adults. The potent PXR ligand - rifampicin (300mg/d) was given alone for 7days in arm 1, or in daily combination with 450μmol SFN (Broccoli Sprout extract) in arm 2; SFN was given alone in arm 3. Midazolam as an in vivo phenotype marker of CYP3A was administered before and after each treatment arm. Rifampicin alone decreased midazolam AUC by 70%, indicative of the expected increase in CYP3A4 activity. Co-treatment with SFN did not reduce CYP3A4 induction. Treatment with SFN alone also did not affect CYP3A4 activity in the cohort as a whole, although in the subset with the highest basal CYP3A4 activity there was a statistically significant increase in midazolam AUC (i.e., decrease in CYP3A4 activity). A parallel study in humanized PXR mice yielded similar results. The parallel effects of SFN between humanized PXR mice and human subjects demonstrate the predictive value of humanized mouse models in situations where species differences in ligand-receptor interactions preclude the use of a native mouse model for studying human ligand-receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jane Poulton
- Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, University of Washington, WA 98105-6099, USA
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QSAR model for human pregnane X receptor (PXR) binding: Screening of environmental chemicals and correlations with genotoxicity, endocrine disruption and teratogenicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:301-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Potschka H. Role of CNS efflux drug transporters in antiepileptic drug delivery: overcoming CNS efflux drug transport. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:943-52. [PMID: 22210135 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental support for the transporter hypothesis of drug resistance in epilepsies has triggered efforts developing and validating approaches to overcome enhanced blood-brain barrier efflux transport. Testing in rodent models has rendered proof-of-concept for an add-on therapy with antiepileptic drugs. However, further development of the approach would require tolerability considerations as efflux transporters serve an important protective function throughout the body limiting distribution of harmful xenobiotics. Relevant progress has been made in the elucidation of mechanisms driving up-regulation of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein in response to seizure activity. Based on this knowledge, novel strategies have been evaluated targeting the signaling cascade that regulates P-glycoprotein in the epileptic brain. Further concepts might include by-passing blood-brain barrier transporters by intracerebral administration or by encapsulation of antiepileptic drugs in nano-sized carrier systems. It is important to note that the future perspectives of respective approaches are still questionable based on the limited evidence for a clinical relevance of transporter expression. Thus, techniques are urgently needed for non-invasive assessment of blood-brain barrier transporter function. Respective techniques would allow testing for a clinical correlation between pharmacosensitivity and transporter function, validating therapeutic strategies targeting efflux transporters and selecting patients with transporter over-expression for respective clinical trials. Provided that further clinical data render support for the transporter hypothesis, the main question remains whether patients exist in which transporter over-expression is the predominant mechanism of drug resistance and in which overcoming drug efflux is equivalent with overcoming drug resistance. Imaging techniques might provide a tool to address these questions in clinical epileptology. However, the complex pharmacological interactions between antiepileptic drugs, radiotracers, and transporter modulators used in these approaches as well as interindividual differences in the brain pathology might hamper clear-cut conclusions and limit the diagnostic significance.
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Lau AJ, Yang G, Yap CW, Chang TKH. Selective agonism of human pregnane X receptor by individual ginkgolides. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1113-21. [PMID: 22393123 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, and ginkgolide J are structurally related terpene trilactones present in Ginkgo biloba extract. Pregnane X receptor (PXR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) regulate the expression of genes involved in diverse biological functions. In the present study, we investigated the effects of individual ginkgolides as single chemical entities on the function of human PXR (hPXR), human GR (hGR), and human CAR (hCAR). In cell-based reporter gene assays, none of the ginkgolides activated hGR or hCAR (wild-type and its SV23, SV24, and SV25 splice variants). Concentration-response experiments showed that ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B activated hPXR and rat PXR to a greater extent than ginkgolide C, whereas ginkgolide J had no effect. As determined by a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer competitive binding assay, ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B, but not ginkgolide C or ginkgolide J, were shown to bind to the ligand-binding domain of hPXR, consistent with molecular docking data. Compared with tetraethyl 2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl-1,1-bisphosphonate (SR12813) (a known agonist of hPXR), ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B were considerably less potent in binding to hPXR. These two ginkgolides recruited steroid receptor coactivator-1 to hPXR and increased hPXR target gene (CYP3A4) expression, as assessed by a mammalian two-hybrid assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. In conclusion, the individual ginkgolides regulate the function of nuclear receptors in a receptor-selective and chemical-dependent manner. This study identifies ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B as naturally occurring agonists of hPXR and provides mechanistic insight into the structure-activity relationship in ligand activation of hPXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aik Jiang Lau
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2146 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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27
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Kirchmair J, Williamson MJ, Tyzack JD, Tan L, Bond PJ, Bender A, Glen RC. Computational prediction of metabolism: sites, products, SAR, P450 enzyme dynamics, and mechanisms. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:617-48. [PMID: 22339582 PMCID: PMC3317594 DOI: 10.1021/ci200542m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
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Metabolism of xenobiotics remains a central challenge
for the discovery
and development of drugs, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, and
agrochemicals. Metabolic transformations are frequently related to
the incidence of toxic effects that may result from the emergence
of reactive species, the systemic accumulation of metabolites, or
by induction of metabolic pathways. Experimental investigation of
the metabolism of small organic molecules is particularly resource
demanding; hence, computational methods are of considerable interest
to complement experimental approaches. This review provides a broad
overview of structure- and ligand-based computational methods for
the prediction of xenobiotic metabolism. Current computational approaches
to address xenobiotic metabolism are discussed from three major perspectives:
(i) prediction of sites of metabolism (SOMs), (ii) elucidation of
potential metabolites and their chemical structures, and (iii) prediction
of direct and indirect effects of xenobiotics on metabolizing enzymes,
where the focus is on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of enzymes,
the cardinal xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes. For each of these domains,
a variety of approaches and their applications are systematically
reviewed, including expert systems, data mining approaches, quantitative
structure–activity relationships (QSARs), and machine learning-based
methods, pharmacophore-based algorithms, shape-focused techniques,
molecular interaction fields (MIFs), reactivity-focused techniques,
protein–ligand docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations,
and combinations of methods. Predictive metabolism is a developing
area, and there is still enormous potential for improvement. However,
it is clear that the combination of rapidly increasing amounts of
available ligand- and structure-related experimental data (in particular,
quantitative data) with novel and diverse simulation and modeling
approaches is accelerating the development of effective tools for
prediction of in vivo metabolism, which is reflected by the diverse
and comprehensive data sources and methods for metabolism prediction
reviewed here. This review attempts to survey the range and scope
of computational methods applied to metabolism prediction and also
to compare and contrast their applicability and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kirchmair
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Yoshida S, Yamashita F, Itoh T, Hashida M. Structure-Activity Relationship Modeling for Predicting Interactions with Pregnane X Receptor by Recursive Partitioning. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 27:506-12. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Sekimoto M, Sano S, Hosaka T, Nemoto K, Degawa M. Establishment of a Stable Human Cell Line, HPL-A3, for Use in Reporter Gene Assays of Cytochrome P450 3A Inducers. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:677-85. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Sekimoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology and Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Shinsuke Sano
- Department of Molecular Toxicology and Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Department of Molecular Toxicology and Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kiyomitsu Nemoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology and Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Masakuni Degawa
- Department of Molecular Toxicology and Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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30
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Sepe V, Ummarino R, D'Auria MV, Lauro G, Bifulco G, D'Amore C, Renga B, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. Modification in the side chain of solomonsterol A: discovery of cholestan disulfate as a potent pregnane-X-receptor agonist. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6350-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25800e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Navaratnarajah P, Steele BL, Redinbo MR, Thompson NL. Rifampicin-independent interactions between the pregnane X receptor ligand binding domain and peptide fragments of coactivator and corepressor proteins. Biochemistry 2011; 51:19-31. [PMID: 22185585 DOI: 10.1021/bi2011674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, regulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes in a ligand-dependent manner. The conventional view of nuclear receptor action is that ligand binding enhances the receptor's affinity for coactivator proteins, while decreasing its affinity for corepressors. To date, however, no known rigorous biophysical studies have been conducted to investigate the interaction among PXR, its coregulators, and ligands. In this work, steady-state total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) and total internal reflection with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching were used to measure the thermodynamics and kinetics of the interaction between the PXR ligand binding domain and a peptide fragment of the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) in the presence and absence of the established PXR agonist, rifampicin. Equilibrium dissociation and dissociation rate constants of ~5 μM and ~2 s(-1), respectively, were obtained in the presence and absence of rifampicin, indicating that the ligand does not enhance the affinity of the PXR and SRC-1 fragments. Additionally, TIRFM was used to examine the interaction between PXR and a peptide fragment of the corepressor protein, the silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors (SMRT). An equilibrium dissociation constant of ~70 μM was obtained for SMRT in the presence and absence of rifampicin. These results strongly suggest that the mechanism of ligand-dependent activation in PXR differs significantly from that seen in many other nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Navaratnarajah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7260, United States
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32
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Predicting Activation of the Promiscuous Human Pregnane X Receptor by Pharmacophore Ensemble/Support Vector Machine Approach. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1765-78. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200310j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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