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Dewidar SA, Hamdy O, Soliman MM, El Gayar AM, El-Mesery M. Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide in combination with pitavastatin or simvastatin against breast cancer cells. Med Oncol 2023; 41:7. [PMID: 38051378 PMCID: PMC10697881 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Fighting breast tumors mandates finding different agents devoid of chemotherapy side effects. Repurposing existing drugs, such as statins, presents a promising avenue for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. Based on the different effects of statin members, this study aims to evaluate the effect of two of the most promising lipophilic statins, Simvastatin and Pitavastatin, and their combination with a conventional chemotherapeutic regimen of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide on breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines were used to analyze the effects of Pitavastatin and simvastatin in combination with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide. Cell viability and cell cycle were analyzed and certain apoptosis-related genes such as Bax, Bcl2, and caspase-3, besides cyclin D1 were analyzed using qPCR. The viability of breast cancer cells decreased significantly after treatment with a doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide combination in the presence of Pitavastatin or simvastatin compared with dual doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide with a higher effect in MDA-MB-231 cells than MCF7. In MDA-MB-231, The triple combination of Pitavastatin or simvastatin with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide resulted in an increase in the expression levels of apoptotic markers than treatment with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide combination (Bax (p-value = 0.09& 0.02, respectively), Bax/Bcl2 ratio (p-value = 0.0002& <0.0001, respectively)). However, the increase in caspase3 wasn't significant (p-value = 0.45& 0.09, respectively). Moreover, the expression of cyclin D1 decreased (p-value = 0.0002& <0.0001, respectively) and the cell cycle was arrested in the G1 phase. Combination of Pitavastatin or simvastatin with doxorubicin/ cyclophosphamide may induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells via upregulation of the Bax/Bcl2 pathway, potentially providing a promising new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Dewidar
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Omar Hamdy
- Surgical oncology department, Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Moetaza M Soliman
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amal M El Gayar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Mesery
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Tusa I, Menconi A, Tubita A, Rovida E. Pathophysiological Impact of the MEK5/ERK5 Pathway in Oxidative Stress. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081154. [PMID: 37190064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, a low increase in the basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for various cellular functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell survival or death, as well as antioxidant capacity. However, if the amount of generated ROS overcomes the antioxidant capacity, excessive ROS results in cellular dysfunctions as a consequence of damage to cellular components, including DNA, lipids and proteins, and may eventually lead to cell death or carcinogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (MEK5/ERK5) pathway is frequently involved in oxidative stress-elicited effects. In particular, accumulating evidence identified a prominent role of this pathway in the anti-oxidative response. In this respect, activation of krüppel-like factor 2/4 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 emerged among the most frequent events in ERK5-mediated response to oxidative stress. This review summarizes what is known about the role of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the response to oxidative stress in pathophysiological contexts within the cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphohematopoietic, urinary and central nervous systems. The possible beneficial or detrimental effects exerted by the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the above systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Menconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Deng T, He W, Yao X, Chen J, Liu X, Liu L, Zhang T, Lu H. Safety and efficacy of short-term dual antiplatelet therapy combined with intensive rosuvastatin in acute ischemic stroke. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100171. [PMID: 36738644 PMCID: PMC9932359 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety and efficacy of short-term (7-day) Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) with intensive rosuvastatin in Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS). METHODS In this study, patients with AIS in the emergency department of the hospital from October 2016 to December 2019 were registered and divided into the control group (Single Antiplatelet Therapy [SAPT] + rosuvastatin) and the study group (7-day DAPT + intensive rosuvastatin) according to the therapy regimens. The generalized linear model was used to compare the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores between the two groups during the 21-day treatment. A Cox regression model was used to compare recurrent ischemic stroke, bleeding events, Statin-Induced Liver Injury (SILI), and Statin-Associated Myopathy (SAM) between the two groups during the 90-day follow-up. RESULTS Comparison of NIHSS scores after 21-day treatment: NIHSS scores in the study group decreased significantly, 0.273-times as much as that in the control group (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.273; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] 0.208-0.359; p < 0.001). Comparison of recurrent ischemic stroke during the 90-day follow-up: The therapy of the study group reduced the risk of recurrent stroke by 65% (7.76% vs. 22.82%, Hazard Ratio [HR] 0.350; 95% CI 0.167-0.730; p = 0.005). Comparison of bleeding events: There was no statistical difference between the two groups (7.79% vs. 6.71%, HR = 1.076; 95% CI 0.424-2.732; p = 0.878). No cases of SILI and SAM were found. CONCLUSIONS Short-term DAPT with intensive rosuvastatin effectively relieved the clinical symptoms and significantly reduced the recurrent stroke for patients with mild-to-moderate AIS within 90 days, without increasing bleeding events, SILI and SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Deng
- Emergency Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Emergency Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Emergency Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmian Chen
- Emergency Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Emergency Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lushan Liu
- Emergency Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Neurology Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Haitao Lu
- Neurology Department, China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM, Askari H, Savardashtaki A, Pirro M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Statin-regulated phagocytosis and efferocytosis in physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Cardoso TC, Rocha MA, Monteiro MMLV, Alves VS, Savio LEB, Silva CLM. The blockage of downstream P2Y 2 receptor signaling inhibits the prostate cancer cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Life Sci 2022; 306:120793. [PMID: 35850244 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prostate cancer is the second most frequently malignancy in men worldwide. Most deaths are caused by metastasis, and tumor cell dissemination involves the interaction with endothelial cells. However, the endothelial cell signaling involved in such interaction is not entirely understood. The tumor microenvironment contains extracellular ATP, an endogenous agonist of the purinergic P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R). P2Y2R signaling changes endothelial cell phenotype, which may be relevant to cancer pathophysiology. Therefore, we hypothesized that P2Y2R activation could favor the metastatic prostate cancer cells adhesion to endothelial cells. MAIN METHODS For adhesion assays, confluent endothelial cells EA.hy926 were treated with P2Y2R agonists before adding and imaging stained DU-145 cells. Alternatively, fluorescent probes and antibodies were used to determine intracellular endothelial Ca2+, nitric oxide (NO), and flow cytometry assays. KEY FINDINGS Endothelial P2Y2R activation with ATP, UTP, or the selective agonist 2-thio-UTP increased DU-145 cell adhesion to EA.hy926 cells. This effect required endothelial cell Ca2+ mobilization and relied on the endothelial expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Conversely, inhibiting this proadhesive endothelial phenotype could impair DU-145 cell adhesion. To evaluate this, we chose atorvastatin based on its notable improvement of endothelial cell dysfunction. Atorvastatin blocked UTP-induced DU-145 cell adhesion to endothelial cell monolayer in a NO-dependent manner, unveiling a P2Y2R and NO signaling crosstalk. SIGNIFICANCE Endothelial P2Y2R signaling contributes to the adhesion of metastatic prostate cancer cells suggesting that the downstream signaling blockade by statins could be a putative mechanism to reduce prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassya Cataldi Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marianna Araujo Rocha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus M L V Monteiro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Santos Alves
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lucia Martins Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Chen Y, Xu Y, Wang J, Prisinzano P, Yuan Y, Lu F, Zheng M, Mao W, Wan Y. Statins Lower Lipid Synthesis But Promote Secretion of Cholesterol-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles and Particles. Front Oncol 2022; 12:853063. [PMID: 35646709 PMCID: PMC9133486 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.853063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are lipid-rich cytosolic organelles that play roles in cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and many other cellular activities. Recent studies revealed that lipid droplets in cancer cells have various biological functions, such as energy production, membrane synthesis, and chemoresistance, thereby fostering cancer progression. Accordingly, the administration of antilipemic agents could improve anti-cancer treatment efficacy given hydrophobic chemotherapeutic drugs could be encapsulated into lipid droplets and then expelled to extracellular space. In this study, we investigated whether statins could promote treatment efficacy of lipid droplet-rich ovarian SKOV-3 cells and the potential influences on generation and composition of cell-derived extracellular vesicles and particles (EVP). Our studies indicate that statins can significantly lower lipid biosynthesis. Moreover, statins can inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of SKOV-3 cells and enhance chemosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, statins can lower EVP secretion but enforce the release of cholesterol-enriched EVPs, which can further lower lipid contents in parental cells. It is the first time that the influence of statins on EVP generation and EVP-lipid composition is observed. Overall, we demonstrated that statins could inhibit lipid production, expel cholesterol to extracellular space via EVPs, and improve chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Chen
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Yongrui Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter Prisinzano
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Yuhao Yuan
- Biophotonics and Translational Optical Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Fake Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Mingfeng Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Wan, ; Wenjun Mao,
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuan Wan, ; Wenjun Mao,
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MEKK3-TGFβ crosstalk regulates inward arterial remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112625118. [PMID: 34911761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112625118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial remodeling is an important adaptive mechanism that maintains normal fluid shear stress in a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions. Inward remodeling, a process that leads to reduction in arterial diameter, plays a critical role in progression of such common diseases as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Yet, despite its pathogenic importance, molecular mechanisms controlling inward remodeling remain undefined. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) perform a number of functions ranging from control of proliferation to migration and cell-fate transitions. While the MAPK ERK1/2 signaling pathway has been extensively examined in the endothelium, less is known about the role of the MEKK3/ERK5 pathway in vascular remodeling. To better define the role played by this signaling cascade, we studied the effect of endothelial-specific deletion of its key upstream MAP3K, MEKK3, in adult mice. The gene's deletion resulted in a gradual inward remodeling of both pulmonary and systematic arteries, leading to spontaneous hypertension in both vascular circuits and accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Molecular analysis revealed activation of TGFβ-signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Endothelial-specific TGFβR1 knockout prevented inward arterial remodeling in MEKK3 endothelial knockout mice. These data point to the unexpected participation of endothelial MEKK3 in regulation of TGFβR1-Smad2/3 signaling and inward arterial remodeling in artery diseases.
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Yin M, Li C, Jiang J, Le J, Luo B, Yang F, Fang Y, Yang M, Deng Z, Ni W, Shao J. Cell adhesion molecule-mediated therapeutic strategies in atherosclerosis: From a biological basis and molecular mechanism to drug delivery nanosystems. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114471. [PMID: 33587918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), characterized by pathological constriction of blood vessels due to chronic low-grade inflammation and lipid deposition, is a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have the ability to regulate the inflammatory response and endothelial function, as well as potentially driving plaque rupture, which all contribute to the progression of AS. Moreover, recent advances in the development of clinical agents in the cardiovascular field are based on CAMs, which show promising results in the fight against AS. Here, we review the current literature on mechanisms by which CAMs regulate atherosclerotic progression from the earliest induction of inflammation to plaques formation. In particular, we focused on therapeutic strategies based on CAMs inhibitors that prevent leukocyte from migrating to endothelium, including high-affinity antibodies and antagonists, nonspecific traditional medicinal formulas and lipid lowering drugs. The CAMs-based drug delivery nanosystem and the available data on the more reasonable and effective clinical application of CAMs inhibitors have been emphasized, raising hope for further progress in the field of AS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Yin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Chao Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jiali Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jingqing Le
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Bangyue Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yifan Fang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Zhenhua Deng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Wenxin Ni
- Ocean College, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jingwei Shao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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Naresh S, Bitla AR, Rao PVLNS, Sachan A, Amancharla YL. Efficacy of oral rosuvastatin intervention on HDL and its associated proteins in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2021; 71:76-86. [PMID: 32895874 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-density lipoprotein (HDL) undergoes structural and functional modification in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There are limited data on effect of rosuvastatin on HDL-associated proteins and the antiatherogenic effects of rosuvastatin. The present study intended to study the efficacy of rosuvastatin intervention on HDL-associated proteins and its other antiatherogenic effects in men with T2DM. METHODS Men with T2DM on oral antidiabetic treatment, with LDL-C levels > 75 mg/dL and willing for rosuvastatin intervention (20 mg/day orally for a period of 12 weeks), were included. Fasting glucose, lipid profile were measured using standard methods. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), oxidized HDL (oxHDL), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in serum were measured by ELISA; serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) by spectrophotometric method and cholesterol efflux by fluorometric assay. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) measurement to assess vascular health status was done using doppler. RESULTS Rosuvastatin produced a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C); oxidative stress (oxLDL, oxHDL, MPO); inflammation (TNF-α); LCAT concentration; cIMT; significant increase in antiatherogenic HDL and cholesterol efflux (p < 0.05) and no change in apoA-I levels from baseline to 12 weeks of follow-up. A decrease in MPO activity was found to be independently associated with an increase in cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSIONS Post intervention there is a quantitative and qualitative improvement in HDL, which helps in its reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and antioxidant functions. Improvement in HDL functions and suppression of inflammation by rosuvastatin lead to regression in cIMT, which is beneficial in decreasing the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Naresh
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Aparna R Bitla
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
| | - P V L N Srinivasa Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Alok Sachan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Yadagiri Lakshmi Amancharla
- Department of Radiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
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Meng Y, Wang Y, li Y, Chon S, Hao D. Overview of Therapeutic Effects of Statins on Inflammatory Diseases Through Regulating Adhesive Molecules. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:614-622. [PMID: 32096751 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200225092749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin, lovastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin and cerivastatin belong to the statin family,
which are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A. As the rate-limiting
enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol metabolism, statins are classically prescribed to patients as lipidlowering
agents. However, statins also possess several extra bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory,
antiviral and anti-tumor. Interestingly, the most essential mechanism of these activities is that statins
could regulate the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), especially, targeting lymphocytes
function-associated molecules (LFA)-1, macrophage (Mac)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecules
(ICAM)-1. Therefore, in this paper, we discussed the regulatory effect of statins on CAMs among different
diseases. In addition, we provided speculation for the role of statins in treating orthopedic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Meng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui-Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Youhan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui-Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yibing li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui-Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Song Chon
- Department of Orthopedics, Hong Kong Baptist University School of Chinese Medicine, Hongkong, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui-Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
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Sadhukhan R, Leung JWC, Garg S, Krager KJ, Savenka AV, Basnakian AG, Pathak R. Fractionated radiation suppresses Kruppel-like factor 2 pathway to a greater extent than by single exposure to the same total dose. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7734. [PMID: 32382091 PMCID: PMC7206069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a positive transcriptional regulator of several endothelial protective molecules, including thrombomodulin (TM), a surface receptor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), an enzyme that generates nitric oxide (NO). Loss of TM and eNOS causes endothelial dysfunction, which results in suppressed generation of activated protein C (APC) by TM-thrombin complex and in upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Mechanistic studies revealed that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) via upregulation of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) induces KLF2 expression. Radiation causes endothelial dysfunction, but no study has investigated radiation’s effects on the KLF2 pathway. Because fractionated radiation is routinely used during cancer radiotherapy, we decided to delineate the effects of radiation dose fractionation on the KLF2 signaling cascade at early time points (up to 24 h). We exposed human primary endothelial cells to radiation as a series of fractionated or as a single exposure, with the same total dose delivered to each group. We measured the expression and activity of critical members of the KLF2 pathway at subsequent time points, and determined whether pharmacological upregulation of KLF2 can reverse the radiation effects. Compared to single exposure, fractionated radiation profoundly suppressed KLF2, TM, and eNOS levels, subdued APC generation, declined KLF2 binding ability to TM and eNOS promoters, enhanced ICAM-1 expression, and decreased expression of upstream regulators of KLF2 (ERK5 and MEF2). Pharmacological inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway prevented fractionated-radiation–induced suppression of KLF2, TM, and eNOS expression. Finally, fractionated irradiation to thoracic region more profoundly suppressed KLF2 and enhanced ICAM-1 expression than single exposure in the lung at 24 h. These data clearly indicate that radiation dose fractionation plays a critical role in modulating levels of KLF2, its upstream regulators, and its downstream target molecules in endothelial cells. Our findings will provide important insights for selecting fractionated regimens during radiotherapy and for developing strategies to alleviate radiotherapy-induced toxicity to healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratan Sadhukhan
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Justin W C Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sarthak Garg
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kimberly J Krager
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alena V Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alexei G Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Li Z, Hu J, Guo J, Fan L, Wang S, Dou N, Zuo J, Yu S. SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 Inhibits PKCζ-Mediated Reduction of ERK5 Transactivation to Prevent Endotoxin-Induced Vascular dysfunction. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:372-381. [PMID: 30805771 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-09502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 is a protein kinase C (PKC) substrate that inhibits the activity of PKC through binding with it. SSeCKS is expressed in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). The atypical PKC isoform ζ (PKCζ) is a pathologic mediator of endothelial dysfunction. However, the functional significance of SSeCKS/PKCζ dimerization in the vascular endothelium remains poorly understood. Given this background, we investigated the effects of SSeCKS on endothelial dysfunction and elucidated the possible mechanism involved. Vascular endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory changes were induced by treatment with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a vascular endothelial toxicity inducer). LPS can increase the level of SSeCKS. However, we also found that depletion of SSeCKS aggravated the LPS-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction, upregulated pro-inflammatory proteins and phosphorylation level of PKCζ, increased ROS formation, decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) transcriptional activity, and reduced eNOS expression. Further examination revealed that depletion of SSeCKS increased PKCζ/ERK5 dimerization. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the expression of SSeCKS induced by LPS, as a negative feedback mechanism, has the potential to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation in vascular disease conditions by inhibiting PKCζ-mediated reduction of ERK5 transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Lanzhou Command, PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Li Fan
- Outpatient Department, PLA, Unit 32058, Chengdu, 610100, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ning Dou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Shiqiang Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, 710032, China.
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13
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Suh JS, Lee SH, Fouladian Z, Lee JY, Kim T, Kang MK, Lusis AJ, Boström KI, Kim RH, Park NH. Rosuvastatin Prevents the Exacerbation of Atherosclerosis in Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6383. [PMID: 32286430 PMCID: PMC7156392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a local and systemic inflammatory condition and a risk factor of atherosclerosis, but no studies investigated the effect of a statin on atherogenesis affected by severe periodontitis. In this study, we investigated the effect of rosuvastatin (RSV) on atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice receiving silk ligature placement around the maxillary second molars. Mice with the ligature placement developed severe periodontitis and vascular inflammation. RSV significantly inhibited the development of periodontitis and vascular inflammation and remarkably blocked the increased lipid deposition and the atherogenic gene expression in the arterial wall and aortic sinus induced by severe periodontitis. To understand the mechanistic effect of RSV on periodontitis-associated atherogenesis, we investigated the in vitro effect of RSV on various effect of TNF-α, a major proinflammatory cytokine for periodontitis and atherogenesis. We found that RSV notably inhibited the TNF-α-induced osteoclast formation, endothelial cell phenotypic changes, foam cell formation, and the expression of CD47 and other oncogenes in arterial smooth muscle cells. Taken together, our study indicates that RSV prevents the exacerbation of atherosclerosis induced periodontitis by inhibiting local, systemic and vascular inflammation, as well as the expression of CD47 from arterial smooth muscle cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sook Suh
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sung Hee Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Fouladian
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jae Young Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Terresa Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mo K Kang
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reuben H Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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14
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Xue Z, Wang J, Yu W, Li D, Zhang Y, Wan F, Kou X. Biochanin A protects against PM 2.5-induced acute pulmonary cell injury by interacting with the target protein MEK5. Food Funct 2019; 10:7188-7203. [PMID: 31608342 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01382b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with an increased risk for cardiopulmonary diseases. The MEK5/ERK5 and NF-κB signaling pathways are closely related to the regulation of acute pulmonary cell injury (APCI) and may play an important role in the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Related studies have shown that Biochanin A (BCA) effectively interferes with APCI, but the underlying mechanism through which this occurs is not fully understood. Previously, based on proteomic and bioinformatic research, we found the indispensable role of MEK5 in mediating remission effects of BCA against PM2.5-induced lung toxicity. Therefore, using A549 adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells), we combined western blot and qRT-PCR to study the protective signaling pathways induced by BCA, indicating that MEK5/ERK5 and NF-κB are both involved in mediating APCI in response to PM2.5, and MEK5/ERK5 positively activated NF-κB and its downstream cellular regulatory factors. BCA significantly suppressed PM2.5-induced upregulation of MEK5/ERK5 expression and phosphorylation and activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, due to the specificity of the MEK5/ERK5 protein structure, the binding sites and binding patterns of BCA and MEK5 were analyzed using molecular docking correlation techniques, which showed that there are stable hydrogen bonds between BCA and the PB1 domain of MEK5 as well as its kinase domain. BCA forms a stable complex with MEK5, which has potential effects on MEKK2/3-MEK5-ERK5 ternary interactions, p62/αPKC-mediated NF-κB regulation, and inhibition of MEK5 target protein phosphorylation. Therefore, our study suggests that MEK5 is an important regulator of intracellular signaling of APCI in response to PM2.5 exposure. BCA may exert anti-APCI activity by targeting MEK5 to inhibit activation of the MEK5/ERK5/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Xue
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Junyu Wang
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wancong Yu
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Science, 300381, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yixia Zhang
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiaohong Kou
- Department of Food Science, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
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15
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Reynolds AL, Del Monte MA, Archer SM. The effect of oral statin therapy on strabismus in patients with thyroid eye disease. J AAPOS 2018; 22:340-343. [PMID: 30075294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins, known to possess anti-inflammatory characteristics, have recently been identified as potentially reducing the risk of developing thyroid eye disease (TED) in Graves disease patients. The current study investigates the effect of oral statin therapy on strabismus related to TED. METHODS This is a retrospective review of patients with a diagnosis of both TED and restrictive strabismus. Oral statin users and nonusers were analyzed for smoking status, previous radioactive iodine, thyroidectomy, number of decompressions, motility restriction, amount of strabismus, number of surgeries, surgical dose, and number of muscles involved on radiography. RESULTS Thirty patients (average age, 63.9 years; 50% male; 59% current/former smokers) were included: 12 statin users and 18 nonusers. Statin users averaged fewer decompressions (1.3 in users vs 2.4 in nonusers [P = 0.04]). Statin users on average had 15 mm of total strabismus surgery compared with 21.4 mm in the nonuser group (P = 0.09) and had fewer muscles involved radiographically (4.3 vs 5.1 [P = 0.08]) CONCLUSIONS: Compared to nonusers, statin users tended to have fewer decompressions, less restriction, fewer surgeries, and fewer muscles involved despite having more current smokers (36% vs 5%), more males, more RAI, and fewer thyroidectomies, all of which are associated with worse TED. In our cohort of patients with TED and strabismus, statin therapy significantly reduced the number of orbital decompressions. Oral statin therapy also trended toward reducing the number and amount of strabismus surgeries as well as radiographic indication of muscle involvement, although these did not meet statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Reynolds
- Ross Eye Institute, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York.
| | | | - Steven M Archer
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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16
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McPheeters CM, Wiedmar JA, Pinkston CM, Weant KA. Implications of Statin Use on Vasopressor Therapy in the Setting of Septic Shock. Hosp Pharm 2018; 53:152-156. [PMID: 30147135 DOI: 10.1177/0018578718764932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins have been associated with improved outcomes in the critically ill population. Objective: To evaluate the implications of prior statin use on the duration of vasopressor therapy in the setting of septic shock. Methods: This was a retrospective, multicenter study of adult patients who were diagnosed with septic shock. Patients were included if they were treated with any vasopressor for greater than 6 hours from the time of admission. The primary outcome was to compare the duration of vasopressor therapy in patients with septic shock with and without previous statin exposure. Results: A total of 88 statin-exposed cases and 205 unexposed controls were included in the analysis. Despite 92% of statin-exposed patients being reinitiated on therapy within 24 hours, the duration of vasopressors did not differ between groups (44 hours, statin group vs 53 hours, control group, P = .51). There were also no mortality differences between the statin group and the controls (40% vs 47%, P = .27). Conclusions: Long-term statin exposure does not impact the duration of vasopressor therapy in septic shock. The lack of differences in clinical outcomes supports the concept that sepsis involves pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways as well as other nonimmunologic pathways. Results lend further credence to the recent conceptualization of sepsis, with complications leading to organ dysfunction caused not primarily due to inflammatory responses but by a dysregulated response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kyle A Weant
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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17
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Bradbury P, Traini D, Ammit AJ, Young PM, Ong HX. Repurposing of statins via inhalation to treat lung inflammatory conditions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 133:93-106. [PMID: 29890243 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite many therapeutic advancements over the past decade, the continued rise in chronic inflammatory lung diseases incidence has driven the need to identify and develop new therapeutic strategies, with superior efficacy to treat these diseases. Statins are one class of drug that could potentially be repurposed as an alternative treatment for chronic lung diseases. They are currently used to treat hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, that catalyses the rate limiting step in the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway, a key intermediate in cholesterol metabolism. Recent research has identified statins to have other protective pleiotropic properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, muco-inhibitory effects that may be beneficial for the treatment of chronic inflammatory lung diseases. However, clinical studies have yielded conflicting results. This review will summarise some of the current evidences for statins pleiotropic effects that could be applied for the treatment of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, their mechanisms of actions, and the potential to repurpose statins as an inhaled therapy, including a detailed discussion on their different physical-chemical properties and how these characteristics could ultimately affect treatment efficacies. The repurposing of statins from conventional anti-cholesterol oral therapy to inhaled anti-inflammatory formulation is promising, as it provides direct delivery to the airways, reduced risk of side effects, increased bioavailability and tailored physical-chemical properties for enhanced efficacy.
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18
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Varghese JF, Patel R, Yadav UCS. Novel Insights in the Metabolic Syndrome-induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation-mediated Atherosclerosis. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:4-14. [PMID: 28990536 PMCID: PMC5872260 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x13666171009112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: Atherosclerosis is a progressive pathological process and a leading cause of mor-tality worldwide. Clinical research and epidemiological studies state that atherosclerosis is caused by an amalgamation of metabolic and inflammatory deregulation involving three important pathological events including Endothelial Dysfunction (ED), Foam Cell Formation (FCF), and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) proliferation and migration. Objectives: Research in recent years has identified Metabolic Syndrome (MS), which involves factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and diabetes, to be responsible for the pathophysiol-ogy of atherosclerosis. These factors elevate oxidative stress and inflammation-induced key signalling molecules and various microRNAs (miRs). In present study, we have reviewed recently identified molecular targets in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Methods: Scientific literature obtained from databases such as university library, PubMed and Google along with evidences from published experimental work in relevant journals has been sum-marized in this review article. Results: The molecular events and cell signalling implicated in atherogenic processes of ED, FCF and VSMCs hyperplasia are sequential and progressive, and involve cross talks at many levels. Specific molecules such as transcription factors, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and miRs have been identified playing crucial role in most of the events leading to atherosclerosis. Conclusion: Studies associated with MS induced oxidative stress- and inflammation- mediated sig-nalling pathways along with critical miRs help in better understanding of the pathophysiology of ath-erosclerosis. Several key molecules discussed in this review could be potent target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnna F Varghese
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382030, India
| | - Rohit Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382030, India
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382030, India
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19
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Ni Y, Jiang C. Identification of potential target genes for ankylosing spondylitis treatment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9760. [PMID: 29465556 PMCID: PMC5842021 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the potential target genes for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Dataset GSE25101 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, including 16 AS and 16 normal control blood samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using unmatched t-test in limma package with adjusted P < .05. Gene ontology-biological process (GO-BP) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted using multifaceted analysis tool for human transcriptome. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, and module analysis was performed using MCODE plug-in. Webgestal was utilized to predict transcriptional factor (TF)-microRNA-target network and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was applied to predict chemical-target network.A total of 334 DEGs were identified, including 136 upregulated genes and 198 downregulated genes. According to STRING, a PPI network was constructed and 1 significant clustered module was screen out with score = 6.33. MAPK7 (degree = 11) and NDUFS4 (degree = 10) were 2 important nodes in PPI network, and both of them were significantly enriched in cAMP mediated signaling pathway (P = 2.02E-02). MAPK7 could be regulated by NFY. Both MAPK7 and NDUFS4 were 2 potential targets for Indomethacin.MAPK7 and NDUFS4 played important roles in the pathogenesis of AS via cAMP mediated signaling pathway. Both of them could be targeted by Indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengrui Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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20
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Guo FX, Hu YW, Zheng L, Wang Q. Shear Stress in Autophagy and Its Possible Mechanisms in the Process of Atherosclerosis. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:335-346. [PMID: 28287831 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can eliminate harmful components and maintain cellular homeostasis in response to a series of extracellular insults in eukaryotes. More and more studies show that autophagy plays vital roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease and shear stress acts as a key role in its process. Understanding the role of shear stress in autophagy may offer insight into atherosclerosis therapies, especially emerging targeted therapy. In this article, we retrospect related studies to summarize the present comprehension of the association between autophagy and atherosclerosis onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xia Guo
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
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21
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Allen SC. Systemic Inflammation in the Genesis of Frailty and Sarcopenia: An Overview of the Preventative and Therapeutic Role of Exercise and the Potential for Drug Treatments. Geriatrics (Basel) 2017; 2:geriatrics2010006. [PMID: 31011016 PMCID: PMC6371169 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics2010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical, pathological and biological characteristics of frailty and sarcopenia are becoming better understood and defined, including the role of systemic inflammation. It is increasingly apparent that in older adults there is a tendency for the innate immune network to shift toward a pro-inflammatory setting, often due to the presence of chronic inflammatory diseases but also associated with age alone in some individuals. Furthermore, acute inflammation tends to resolve more slowly and less completely in many elderly people. Inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and other components of the frailty syndrome. Blood levels of inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, are reduced by exercise, and there is a growing body of epidemiological, observational and intervention research that indicates that regular moderate exercise improves strength, function, morbidity and mortality in middle-aged and elderly adults. There is also an increasing awareness of the potential role of drugs to ameliorate inflammation in the context of frail old age, which might be particularly useful for people who are unable to take part in exercise programs, or as adjunctive treatment for those who can. Drugs that shift the innate immune biochemical network toward an anti-inflammatory setting, such as methyl-xanthines and 4-amino quinolones, could be of value. For example, theophylline has been shown to induce a 20 percent fall in pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and 180 percent rise in anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 production by peripheral blood monocytes, and a fall of 45 percent in interferon-gamma (IF-gamma) release. Such properties could be of therapeutic benefit, particularly to re-establish a less inflamed baseline after acute episodes such as sepsis and trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Allen
- The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Castle Lane East, Bournemouth, Dorset BH7 7DW, UK.
- Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK.
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22
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Langert KA, Goshu B, Stubbs EB. Attenuation of experimental autoimmune neuritis with locally administered lovastatin-encapsulating poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles. J Neurochem 2016; 140:334-346. [PMID: 27861905 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) is an aggressive antibody- and T-cell-mediated variant of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), a prominent and debilitating autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system. Despite advancements in clinical management, treatment of patients with AIDP/GBS and its chronic variant CIDP remains palliative and relies on the use of non-specific immunemodulating therapies. Our laboratory has previously reported that therapeutic administration of statins safely attenuates the clinical severity of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), a well-characterized animal model of AIDP/GBS, by restricting the migration of autoreactive leukocytes across peripheral nerve microvascular endoneurial endothelial cells that form the blood-nerve barrier. Despite these advancements, the clinical application of systemically administered statins for the management of inflammatory disorders remains controversial as a result of disappointingly inconclusive phase trials. Here, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were evaluated as an alternative strategy by which to locally administer statins for the management of EAN. When tested in vitro, lovastatin-encapsulating PLGA nanoparticles elicited a marked increase in RhoB mRNA content in peripheral nerve microvascular endoneurial endothelial cells, similar to cells treated with activated unencapsulated lovastatin. Unilateral peri-neural administration of lovastatin-encapsulating PLGA nanoparticles, but not empty nanoparticles, to naïve Lewis rats similarly enhanced RhoB mRNA content in adjacent nerve and muscle tissue. When administered in this manner, serum levels of lovastatin were below the level of detection. Bilateral peri-neural administration of lovastatin-encapsulating PLGA nanoparticles to EAN-induced Lewis rats significantly attenuated EAN clinical severity while protecting against EAN-induced peripheral nerve morphological and functional deficits. This study provides the first proof-of-concept approach for the application of a nanoparticle-based local drug delivery platform for the management of inflammatory demyelinating diseases, including AIDP/GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Langert
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruktawit Goshu
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan B Stubbs
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA.,Program of Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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23
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Wilhelm EN, González-Alonso J, Parris C, Rakobowchuk M. Exercise intensity modulates the appearance of circulating microvesicles with proangiogenic potential upon endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1297-H1310. [PMID: 27638881 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00516.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of endurance exercise on circulating microvesicle dynamics and their impact on surrounding endothelial cells is unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that exercise intensity modulates the time course of platelet (PMV) and endothelial-derived (EMV) microvesicle appearance in the circulation through hemodynamic and biochemical-related mechanisms, and that microvesicles formed during exercise would stimulate endothelial angiogenesis in vitro. Nine healthy young men had venous blood samples taken before, during, and throughout the recovery period after 1 h of moderate [46 ± 2% maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max)] or heavy (67 ± 2% V̇o2max) intensity semirecumbent cycling and a time-matched resting control trial. In vitro experiments were performed by incubating endothelial cells with rest and exercise-derived microvesicles to examine their effects on cell angiogenic capacities. PMVs (CD41+) increased from baseline only during heavy exercise (from 21 ± 1 × 103 to 55 ± 8 × 103 and 48 ± 6 × 103 PMV/μl at 30 and 60 min, respectively; P < 0.05), returning to baseline early in postexercise recovery (P > 0.05), whereas EMVs (CD62E+) were unchanged (P > 0.05). PMVs were related to brachial artery shear rate (r2 = 0.43) and plasma norepinephrine concentrations (r2 = 0.21) during exercise (P < 0.05). Exercise-derived microvesicles enhanced endothelial proliferation, migration, and tubule formation compared with rest microvesicles (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate substantial increases in circulating PMVs during heavy exercise and that exercise-derived microvesicles stimulate human endothelial cells by enhancing angiogenesis and proliferation. This involvement of microvesicles may be considered a novel mechanism through which exercise mediates vascular healing and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico N Wilhelm
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Parris
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Pleiotropic effects of statins on acute kidney injury: involvement of Krüppel-like factor 4. Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 21:175-181. [PMID: 27294581 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Statins, the inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, are potent cholesterol-lowering drugs used for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. They also possess multiple beneficial effects independent of their cholesterol-lowering properties, which are called as their "pleiotropic" effects. The results of recent studies have revealed that statins exert their pleiotropic effects in the kidneys, in that they are protective against acute kidney injury (AKI). Moreover, Krüppel-like factor 4, a zinc-finger transcription factor, in endothelial cells has been identified as a novel mediator of statins. This article summarizes the pleiotropic effects of statins on AKI, and reviews the recent progress in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in statin-mediated protection against AKI.
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Digested protein isolate from fresh and stored Carioca beans reduced markers of atherosclerosis in oxidized LDL-induced THP-1 macrophages. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Li Y, Zhang XS, Yu JL. Acanthoic acid inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating LXRα in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 32:111-115. [PMID: 26803523 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acanthoic acid, a pimaradiene diterpene isolated from Acanthopanax koreanum, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effect of acanthoic acid on vascular inflammation has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of acanthoic acid on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The production of cytokines TNF-α and IL-8 was detected by ELISA. The expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, NF-κB and LXRα were detected by Western blotting. Adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs was detected by monocytic cell adhesion assay. The results showed that acanthoic acid dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-8 production. Acanthoic acid also inhibited TNF-α-induced IL-8 and IL-6 production. LPS-induced endothelial cell adhesion molecules, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were also inhibited by acanthoic acid. Acanthoic acid inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation. Furthermore, acanthoic acid dose-dependently up-regulated the expression of LXRα. In addition, our results showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of acanthoic acid was attenuated by transfection with LXRα siRNA. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effect of acanthoic acid is due to its ability to activate LXRα. Acanthoic acid may be a therapeutic agent for inflammatory cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250000, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250000, China
| | - Jin-Long Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250000, China.
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Ohsawa M, Tamura K, Wakui H, Kanaoka T, Azushima K, Uneda K, Haku S, Kobayashi R, Ohki K, Haruhara K, Kinguchi S, Toya Y, Umemura S. Effects of pitavastatin add-on therapy on chronic kidney disease with albuminuria and dyslipidemia. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:161. [PMID: 26645467 PMCID: PMC4673714 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with dyslipidemia, statin therapy is recommended to prevent cardiovascular complications. Dyslipidemia has been also shown to be an independent risk factor for the progression of CKD. However, it is still unclear whether statin therapy exerts an inhibitory effect on renal deterioration in CKD patients with dyslipidemia. The purpose of the present study was to examine possible therapeutic effects of statin add-on therapy on renal function as well as parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism, arterial stiffness and oxidative stress, in comparison to diet therapy, in CKD patients with dyslipidemia. Methods This study was a randomized, open-label, and parallel-group trial consisted of a 12-months treatment period in non-dialysis CKD patients with alubuminuria and dyslipidemia. Twenty eight patients were randomly assigned either to receive diet counseling alone (diet therapy group) or diet counseling plus pitavastatin (diet-plus-statin therapy group), to achieve the LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) target of <100 mg/dl. Results The statin treatment by pitavastatin was well tolerated in all of the patients without any significant adverse events and the average dose of pitavastatin was 1.0 ± 0.0 mg daily after treatment. After the 12-months treatment period, LDL-C was significantly lower in the diet-plus-statin therapy group compared with the diet therapy group (diet vs diet-plus-statin: LDL-C, 126 ± 5 vs 83 ± 4 mg/dL, P < 0.001). On the other hand, the diet-plus-statin therapy did not significantly reduce albuminuria or delay the decline in eGFR compared with the diet therapy, and there was no relationship between the change in LDL-C and the change in eGFR or albuminuria. However, diet therapy as well as diet-plus-statin therapy exerted similar lowering effects on the pentosidine levels (diet therapy group, baseline vs 12 months: 40 ± 4 vs 24 ± 3 ng/mL, P = 0.001; diet-plus-statin therapy, 46 ± 7 vs 34 ± 6 ng/mL, P = 0.008). Furthermore, the results of multivariate regression analysis indicated that the change in pentosidine was a significant contributor to the change in eGFR (β = −0.536, P = 0.011). Conclusions Although statin add-on therapy did not show additive renal protective effects, the diet therapy as well as the diet-plus-statin therapy could contribute to the reduction in plasma pentosidine in CKD patients with albuminuria and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ohsawa
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan. .,Department of Nephrology, Yokohama Hodogaya Central Hospital, Yokohama, 240-8585, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Wakui
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Kanaoka
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kengo Azushima
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Uneda
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Sona Haku
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Ryu Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kohji Ohki
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Haruhara
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Sho Kinguchi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Toya
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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Anthony Jalin AMA, Lee JC, Cho GS, Kim C, Ju C, Pahk K, Song HY, Kim WK. Simvastatin Reduces Lipopolysaccharides-Accelerated Cerebral Ischemic Injury via Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Activity. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:531-8. [PMID: 26535078 PMCID: PMC4624069 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preceding infection or inflammation such as bacterial meningitis has been associated with poor outcomes after stroke. Previously, we reported that intracorpus callosum microinjection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) strongly accelerated the ischemia/reperfusion-evoked brain tissue damage via recruiting inflammatory cells into the ischemic lesion. Simvastatin, 3-hydroxy-3-methylgultaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitor, has been shown to reduce inflammatory responses in vascular diseases. Thus, we investigated whether simvastatin could reduce the LPS-accelerated ischemic injury. Simvastatin (20 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats prior to cerebral ischemic insults (4 times at 72, 48, 25, and 1-h pre-ischemia). LPS was microinjected into rat corpus callosum 1 day before the ischemic injury. Treatment of simvastatin reduced the LPS-accelerated infarct size by 73%, and decreased the ischemia/reperfusion-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2 and IL-1β in LPS-injected rat brains. However, simvastatin did not reduce the infiltration of microglial/macrophageal cells into the LPS-pretreated brain lesion. In vitro migration assay also showed that simvastatin did not inhibit the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-evoked migration of microglial/macrophageal cells. Instead, simvastatin inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, a key signaling event in expressions of various proinflammatory mediators, by decreasing the degradation of IκB. The present results indicate that simvastatin may be beneficial particularly to the accelerated cerebral ischemic injury under inflammatory or infectious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M A Anthony Jalin
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunsook Kim
- Department of Nursing, Kyungdong University, Wonju 26495, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Ju
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoo Pahk
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Young Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
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Hsu CK, Lin CC, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Mevastatin ameliorates sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced COX-2/PGE2-dependent cell migration via FoxO1 and CREB phosphorylation and translocation. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5360-76. [PMID: 26359950 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), an important inflammatory mediator, has been shown to regulate COX-2 production and promote various cellular responses such as cell migration. Mevastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA), effectively inhibits inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms underlying S1P-evoked COX-2-dependent cell migration, which is modulated by mevastatin in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs) remain unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The expression of COX-2 was determined by Western blotting, real time-PCR and promoter analyses. The signalling molecules were investigated by pretreatment with respective pharmacological inhibitors or transfection with siRNAs. The interaction between COX-2 promoter and transcription factors was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, the effect of mevastatin on HTSMC migration and leukocyte counts in BAL fluid and COX-2 expression induced by S1P was determined by a cell migration assay, cell counting and Western blot. KEY RESULTS S1P stimulated mTOR activation through the Nox2/ROS and PI3K/Akt pathways, which can further stimulate FoxO1 phosphorylation and translocation to the cytosol. We also found that S1P induced CREB activation and translocation via an mTOR-independent signalling pathway. Finally, we showed that pretreatment with mevastatin markedly reduced S1P-induced cell migration and COX-2/PGE2 production via a PPARγ-dependent signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Mevastatin attenuates the S1P-induced increased expression of COX-2 and cell migration via the regulation of FoxO1 and CREB phosphorylation and translocation by PPARγ in HTSMCs. Mevastatin could be beneficial for prevention of airway inflammation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kai Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anaesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anaesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Yoshida T, Yamashita M, Iwai M, Hayashi M. Endothelial Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Mediates the Protective Effect of Statins against Ischemic AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1379-88. [PMID: 26471129 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells participate in the pathophysiology of ischemic AKI by increasing the expression of cell adhesion molecules and by recruiting inflammatory cells. We previously showed that endothelial Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (Vcam1) expression and neointimal formation after carotid injury. In this study, we determined whether endothelial Klf4 is involved in ischemic AKI using endothelial Klf4 conditional knockout (Klf4 cKO) mice generated by breeding Tek-Cre mice and Klf4 floxed mice. Klf4 cKO mice were phenotypically normal before surgery. However, after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, Klf4 cKO mice exhibited elevated serum levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine and aggravated renal histology compared with those of Klf4 floxed controls. Moreover, Klf4 cKO mice exhibited enhanced accumulation of neutrophils and lymphocytes and elevated expression of cell adhesion molecules, including Vcam1 and Icam1, in injured kidneys. Notably, statins ameliorated renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in control mice but not in Klf4 cKO mice. Mechanistic analyses in cultured endothelial cells revealed that statins increased KLF4 expression and that KLF4 mediated the suppressive effect of statins on TNF-α-induced VCAM1 expression by reducing NF-κB binding to the VCAM1 promoter. These results provide evidence that endothelial Klf4 is renoprotective and mediates statin-induced protection against ischemic AKI by regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules and concomitant recruitment of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yoshida
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maho Yamashita
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Mieko Iwai
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Matsuhiko Hayashi
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Khakpour S, Wilhelmsen K, Hellman J. Vascular endothelial cell Toll-like receptor pathways in sepsis. Innate Immun 2015; 21:827-46. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425915606525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium forms a vast network that dynamically regulates vascular barrier function, coagulation pathways and vasomotor tone. Microvascular endothelial cells are uniquely situated to play key roles during infection and injury, owing to their widespread distribution throughout the body and their constant interaction with circulating blood. While not viewed as classical immune cells, endothelial cells express innate immune receptors, including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which activate intracellular inflammatory pathways mediated through NF-κB and the MAP kinases. TLR agonists, including LPS and bacterial lipopeptides, directly upregulate microvascular endothelial cell expression of inflammatory mediators. Intriguingly, TLR activation also modulates microvascular endothelial cell permeability and the expression of coagulation pathway intermediaries. Microvascular thrombi have been hypothesized to trap microorganisms thereby limiting the spread of infection. However, dysregulated activation of endothelial inflammatory pathways is also believed to lead to coagulopathy and increased vascular permeability, which together promote sepsis-induced organ failure. This article reviews vascular endothelial cell innate immune pathways mediated through the TLRs as they pertain to sepsis, highlighting links between TLRs and coagulation and permeability pathways, and their role in healthy and pathologic responses to infection and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Khakpour
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences and Immunology Programs, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Wilhelmsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences and Immunology Programs, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wilhelmsen K, Xu F, Farrar K, Tran A, Khakpour S, Sundar S, Prakash A, Wang J, Gray NS, Hellman J. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 promotes acute cellular and systemic inflammation. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra86. [PMID: 26307013 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory critical illness is a syndrome that is characterized by acute inflammation and organ injury, and it is triggered by infections and noninfectious tissue injury, both of which activate innate immune receptors and pathways. Although reports suggest an anti-inflammatory role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), we previously found that ERK5 mediates proinflammatory responses in primary human cells in response to stimulation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). We inhibited the kinase activities and reduced the abundances of ERK5 and MEK5, a MAPK kinase directly upstream of ERK5, in primary human vascular endothelial cells and monocytes, and found that ERK5 promoted inflammation induced by a broad range of microbial TLR agonists and by the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, we found that inhibitors of MEK5 or ERK5 reduced the plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in mice challenged with TLR ligands or heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, as well as in mice that underwent sterile lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Finally, we found that inhibition of ERK5 protected endotoxemic mice from death. Together, our studies support a proinflammatory role for ERK5 in primary human endothelial cells and monocytes, and suggest that ERK5 is a potential therapeutic target in diverse disorders that cause inflammatory critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wilhelmsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Fengyun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine Farrar
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alphonso Tran
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Samira Khakpour
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shirin Sundar
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arun Prakash
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Division of Critical Care Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Tsuneyoshi T, Kanamori Y, Matsutomo T, Morihara N. Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol suppresses monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells by attenuation of JNK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:408-13. [PMID: 26271597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several clinical studies have shown that the intake of aged garlic extract improves endothelial dysfunction. Lignan compounds, (+)-(2S,3R)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DDC) and (-)-(2R,3S)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DDDC), have been isolated as antioxidants in aged garlic extract. There is evidence showing the importance of oxidative stress in endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, we examined whether DDC and DDDC enhance endothelial cell function in vitro. Cell adhesion assay was performed using THP-1 monocyte and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) which were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-BSA. Cellular ELISA method was used for the evaluation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression on HUVECs. DDC and DDDC suppressed the adhesion of THP-1 to HUVECs which was activated by LPS or AGEs-BSA. DDC and DDDC also inhibited VCAM-1 expression induced by LPS or AGEs-BSA, but DDDC was less effective than DDC. In addition, the inhibitory effect of DDC on VCAM-1 expression involved suppressing JNK/c-Jun pathway rather than NF-κB pathway. DDC has an inhibitory effect on VCAM-1 expression via JNK pathway in endothelial cells and therefore may serve as a novel pharmacological agent to improve endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadamitsu Tsuneyoshi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Kodacho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Yuta Kanamori
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Kodacho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Matsutomo
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Kodacho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Naoaki Morihara
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Kodacho, Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.
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Zhang Y, Sun M, Han Y, Zhai K, Tang Y, Qin X, Cao Z, Yu B, Kou J. The saponin DT-13 attenuates tumor necrosis factor-α-induced vascular inflammation associated with Src/NF-кB/MAPK pathway modulation. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:970-81. [PMID: 26157351 PMCID: PMC4495414 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of DT-13 (25(R,S)-ruscogenin- 1-O- [β-d-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)][β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β -d- fucopyranoside) on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced vascular inflammation and the potential molecular mechanisms. In vitro, DT-13 suppressed TNF-α-induced adhesion and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by inhibiting the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). DT-13 markedly suppressed NF-кB p65 phosphorylation, and when NF-кB p65 was over-expressed, the inhibitory effect of DT-13 on adhesion molecular decreased. DT-13 also suppressed TNF-α induced luciferase activities of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 promoter containing NF-κB binding sites. Furthermore, DT-13 markedly suppressed p38 phosphorylation and Src degradation induced by TNF-α, whereas had no significant effect on ERK and JNK activation. In vivo, DT-13 at 4 mg/kg prevented vascular inflammation and the expression of adhesion molecules induced by TNF-α in mice. These findings suggest that DT-13 abrogates vascular inflammation by down-regulating adhesion molecules associated with modulating the NF-кB, p38MAPK, Src signaling pathways, and NF-κB binding site is at least one of the targets of DT-13. This study provides novel information regarding the mechanism by which DT-13 exerts its effects on vascular inflammation, which is important for the onset and progression of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Minhui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuwei Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kefeng Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Youmei Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaoying Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
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Marinković G, Heemskerk N, van Buul JD, de Waard V. The Ins and Outs of Small GTPase Rac1 in the Vasculature. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:91-102. [PMID: 26036474 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.223610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases forms a 20-member family within the Ras superfamily of GTP-dependent enzymes that are activated by a variety of extracellular signals. The most well known Rho family members are RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A), Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42), and Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1), which affect intracellular signaling pathways that regulate a plethora of critical cellular functions, such as oxidative stress, cellular contacts, migration, and proliferation. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the role of GTPase Rac1 in the vasculature. Whereas most recent reviews focus on the role of vascular Rac1 in endothelial cells, in the present review we also highlight the functional involvement of Rac1 in other vascular cells types, namely, smooth muscle cells present in the media and fibroblasts located in the adventitia of the vessel wall. Collectively, this overview shows that Rac1 activity is involved in various functions within one cell type at distinct locations within the cell, and that there are overlapping but also cell type-specific functions in the vasculature. Chronically enhanced Rac1 activity seems to contribute to vascular pathology; however, Rac1 is essential to vascular homeostasis, which makes Rac1 inhibition as a therapeutic option a delicate balancing act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Marinković
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Heemskerk
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department Medical Biochemistry (G.M., V.d.W.) and Department of Molecular Cell Biology (N.H., J.D.v.B.), Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Khan R, Spagnoli V, Tardif JC, L'Allier PL. Novel anti-inflammatory therapies for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:497-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chu UB, Duellman T, Weaver SJ, Tao Y, Yang J. Endothelial protective genes induced by statin are mimicked by ERK5 activation as triggered by a drug combination of FTI-277 and GGTI-298. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1415-25. [PMID: 25829196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis and are clinically beneficial in preventing cardiovascular diseases, however, the therapeutic utility of these drugs is limited by myotoxicity. Here, we explored the mechanism of statin-mediated activation of ERK5 in the human endothelium with the goal of identifying compounds that confer endothelial protection but are nontoxic to muscle. METHODS An ERK5-one hybrid luciferase reporter transfected into COS-7 cells with pharmacological and molecular manipulations dissected the signaling pathway leading to statin activation of ERK5. qRT-PCR of HUVEC cells documented the transcriptional activation of endothelial-protective genes. Lastly, morphological and cellular ATP analysis, and induction of atrogin-1 in C2C12 myotubes were used to assess statin-induced myopathy. RESULTS Statin activation of ERK5 is dependent on the cellular reduction of GGPPs. Furthermore, we found that the combination of FTI-277 (inhibitor of farnesyl transferase) and GGTI-298 (inhibitor of geranylgeranyl transferase I) mimicked the statin-mediated activation of ERK5. FTI-277 and GGTI-298 together recapitulated the beneficial effects of statins by transcriptionally upregulating anti-inflammatory mediators such as eNOS, THBD, and KLF2. Finally, C2C12 skeletal myotubes treated with both FTI-277 and GGTI-298 evoked less morphological and cellular changes recognized as biomarkers of statin-associated myopathy. CONCLUSIONS Statin-induced endothelial protection and myopathy are mediated by distinct metabolic intermediates and co-inhibition of farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase I confer endothelial protection without myopathy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The combinatorial FTI-277 and GGTI-298 drug regimen provides a promising alternative avenue for endothelial protection without myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen B Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Tyler Duellman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Training Program in Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Sara J Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Yunting Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Jay Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA; Training Program in Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
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Komaravolu RK, Adam C, Moonen JRA, Harmsen MC, Goebeler M, Schmidt M. Erk5 inhibits endothelial migration via KLF2-dependent down-regulation of PAK1. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 105:86-95. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Ulivieri C, Baldari CT. Statins: From cholesterol-lowering drugs to novel immunomodulators for the treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Res 2014; 88:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sáez CG, Pereira-Flores K, Ebensperger R, Panes O, Massardo T, Hidalgo P, Mezzano D, Pereira J. Atorvastatin reduces the proadhesive and prothrombotic endothelial cell phenotype induced by cocaine and plasma from cocaine consumers in vitro. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2439-48. [PMID: 25234816 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cocaine consumption is a risk factor for vascular ischemic complications. Although endothelial dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis have been observed in cocaine consumers, the mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis are not fully understood. This study aimed at identifying the effects of atorvastatin in relation to a proadhesive and prothrombotic phenotype induced by cocaine and plasma from chronic cocaine users on endothelial cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to either cocaine or platelet-free plasma (PFP) from chronic cocaine consumers in the presence or absence of 10 μmol/L of atorvastatin. Atorvastatin significantly reduced the enhanced platelet adhesion that was induced by cocaine and PFP from chronic cocaine consumers, as well as the release of the von Willebrand factor. Atorvastatin also avoided striking alterations on cell monolayer structure triggered by both stimuli and enhanced NO reduction because of cocaine stimulation through disrupting interactions between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and caveolin-1, thus increasing eNOS bioavailability. Cocaine-increased tissue factor-dependent procoagulant activity and reactive oxygen species generation were not counteracted by atorvastatin. Although monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels were not significantly higher than controls either under cocaine or PFP stimulation, atorvastatin completely avoided monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 release in both conditions. Platelets stimulated with cocaine or PFP did not express P-selectin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, or CD40L and failed to adhere to resting human umbilical vein endothelial cell. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine and patient plasma equally induced a proadhesive and prothrombotic phenotype in endothelial cells, except for von Willebrand Factor release, which was only induced by PFP from chronic cocaine consumers. Atorvastatin improved endothelial cell function by reducing cocaine-induced and PFP from chronic cocaine consumer-induced effects on platelet adhesion, cell architecture, and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G Sáez
- From the Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine (C.G.S., K.P.-F., O.P., P.H., D.M., J.P.) and Pharmacy Department, Chemistry Faculty (R.E.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Nuclear Medicine Section, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile (T.M.).
| | - Karla Pereira-Flores
- From the Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine (C.G.S., K.P.-F., O.P., P.H., D.M., J.P.) and Pharmacy Department, Chemistry Faculty (R.E.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Nuclear Medicine Section, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile (T.M.)
| | - Roberto Ebensperger
- From the Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine (C.G.S., K.P.-F., O.P., P.H., D.M., J.P.) and Pharmacy Department, Chemistry Faculty (R.E.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Nuclear Medicine Section, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile (T.M.)
| | - Olga Panes
- From the Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine (C.G.S., K.P.-F., O.P., P.H., D.M., J.P.) and Pharmacy Department, Chemistry Faculty (R.E.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Nuclear Medicine Section, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Massardo
- From the Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine (C.G.S., K.P.-F., O.P., P.H., D.M., J.P.) and Pharmacy Department, Chemistry Faculty (R.E.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Nuclear Medicine Section, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile (T.M.)
| | - Patricia Hidalgo
- From the Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine (C.G.S., K.P.-F., O.P., P.H., D.M., J.P.) and Pharmacy Department, Chemistry Faculty (R.E.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Nuclear Medicine Section, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile (T.M.)
| | - Diego Mezzano
- From the Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine (C.G.S., K.P.-F., O.P., P.H., D.M., J.P.) and Pharmacy Department, Chemistry Faculty (R.E.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Nuclear Medicine Section, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile (T.M.)
| | - Jaime Pereira
- From the Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine (C.G.S., K.P.-F., O.P., P.H., D.M., J.P.) and Pharmacy Department, Chemistry Faculty (R.E.), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and Nuclear Medicine Section, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile (T.M.).
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Le NT, Takei Y, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Heo KS, Lee H, Smrcka AV, Miller BL, Ko KA, Ture S, Morrell C, Fujiwara K, Akaike M, Abe JI. Identification of activators of ERK5 transcriptional activity by high-throughput screening and the role of endothelial ERK5 in vasoprotective effects induced by statins and antimalarial agents. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3803-15. [PMID: 25187658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Because ERK5 inhibits endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, activating ERK5 might be a novel approach to protecting vascular endothelial cells (ECs) against various pathological conditions of the blood vessel. We have identified small molecules that protect ECs via ERK5 activation and determined their contribution to preventing cardiac allograft rejection. Using high-throughput screening, we identified certain statins and antimalarial agents including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and quinacrine as strong ERK5 activators. Pitavastatin enhanced ERK5 transcriptional activity and Kruppel-like factor-2 expression in cultured human and bovine ECs, but these effects were abolished by the depletion of ERK5. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine upregulated ERK5 kinase activity and inhibited VCAM-1 expression in an ERK5-dependent but MAPK/ERK kinase 5- and Kruppel-like factor 2/4-independent manner. Leukocyte rolling and vascular reactivity were used to evaluate endothelial function in vivo, and we found that EC-specific ERK5 knockout (ERK5-EKO) mice exhibited increased leukocyte rolling and impaired vascular reactivity, which could not be corrected by pitavastatin. The role of endothelial ERK5 in acute cardiac allograft rejection was also examined by heterotopic grafting of the heart obtained from either wild-type or ERK5-EKO mice into allomismatched recipient mice. A robust increase in both inflammatory gene expression and CD45-positive cell infiltration into the graft was observed. These tissue rejection responses were inhibited by pitavastatin in wild-type but not ERK5-EKO hearts. Our study has identified statins and antimalarial drugs as strong ERK5 activators and shown that ERK5 activation is preventive of endothelial inflammation and dysfunction and acute allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat-Tu Le
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Yuichiro Takei
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Yuki Izawa-Ishizawa
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Kyung-Sun Heo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Hakjoo Lee
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Benjamin L Miller
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Kyung Ae Ko
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Sara Ture
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Craig Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Masashi Akaike
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642;
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von Hundelshausen P, Schmitt MMN. Platelets and their chemokines in atherosclerosis-clinical applications. Front Physiol 2014; 5:294. [PMID: 25152735 PMCID: PMC4126210 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of platelets as important players in the process of atherogenesis has become increasingly accepted due to accumulating experimental and clinical evidence. Despite the progress in understanding the molecular details of atherosclerosis, particularly by using animal models, the inflammatory and thrombotic roles of activated platelet s especially in the human system remain difficult to dissect, as often only the complications of atherosclerosis, i.e., stroke and myocardial infarction are definable but not the plaque burden. Platelet indices including platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV) and soluble mediators released by activated platelets are associated with atherosclerosis. The chemokine CXCL4 has multiple atherogenic activities, e.g., altering the differentiation of T cells and macrophages by inhibiting neutrophil and monocyte apoptosis and by increasing the uptake of oxLDL and synergizing with CCL5. CCL5 is released and deposited on endothelium by activated platelets thereby triggering atherogenic monocyte recruitment, which can be attenuated by blocking the corresponding chemokine receptor CCR5. Atheroprotective and plaque stabilizing properties are attributed to CXCL12, which plays an important role in regenerative processes by attracting progenitor cells. Its release from luminal attached platelets accelerates endothelial healing after injury. Platelet surface molecules GPIIb/IIIa, GP1bα, P-selectin, JAM-A and the CD40/CD40L dyade are crucially involved in the interaction with endothelial cells, leukocytes and matrix molecules affecting atherogenesis. Beyond the effects on the arterial inflammatory infiltrate, platelets affect cholesterol metabolism by binding, modifying and endocytosing LDL particles via their scavenger receptors and contribute to the formation of lipid laden macrophages. Current medical therapies for the prevention of atherosclerotic therapies enable the elucidation of mechanisms linking platelets to inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp von Hundelshausen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Munich, Germany ; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance Munich, Germany
| | - Martin M N Schmitt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Munich, Germany
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Zhang Q, Wang H, Yang YJ, Dong QT, Wang TJ, Qian HY, Li N, Wang XM, Jin C. Atorvastatin treatment improves the effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on acute myocardial infarction: the role of the RhoA/ROCK/ERK pathway. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:670-9. [PMID: 25139321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins protect mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) against the harsh microenvironment and improve the efficacy of MSC transplantation after acute myocardial infarction (AMI); however, the mechanism remains uncertain. Furthermore, the transdifferentiation potential of MSCs in the post-infarct heart remains highly controversial. The RhoA/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming kinase (ROCK) pathway participates in many aspects of the damaged heart after AMI and related to the "pleiotropic" effects of statins. This study aimed to explore whether atorvastatin (ATV) facilitates the survival and therapeutic efficacy of MSCs via the inhibition of RhoA/ROCK pathway and subsequently its downstream molecular extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), and to investigate the transdifferentiation potential of MSCs in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Female rats received myocardial injections of male rat MSCs 30 min after AMI. Four weeks after AMI, ATV combined with MSC treatment resulted in improved cardiac function and reduced infarct area. ATV facilitated the MSC survival, as revealed by the increased expression of Y chromosomal genes and the increased number of Y chromosome-positive cells; however, no transdifferentiation markers were observed. ATV inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines both in vitro and vivo, accompanied by suppression of ROCK and ERK activities. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) abrogated the effects of ATV in the H9c2 cells under hypoxia/serum deprivation (H/SD), while the ROCK inhibitor fasudil mimicked the benefits of ATV after AMI. CONCLUSIONS ATV improves the post-infarct microenvironment via RhoA/ROCK/ERK inhibition and thus facilitates the survival and efficacy of implanted MSCs. Transdifferentiation may be not responsible for the cardiac benefits that follow MSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Yue-Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China.
| | - Qiu-Ting Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Tian-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Hai-Yan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Xi-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Chen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, PR China
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Liu QS, Wang HF, Sun AK, Huo XP, Liu JL, Ma SH, Peng N, Hu J. A comparative study on inhibition of total astragalus saponins and astragaloside IV on TNFR1-mediated signaling pathways in arterial endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101504. [PMID: 24991819 PMCID: PMC4081628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both total astragalus saponins (AST) and it’s main component astragaloside IV (ASIV) have been used in China as cardiovascular protective medicines. However, the anti-inflammatory activities that are beneficial for cardiovascular health have never been compared directly and the molecular mechanisms remain unresolved. This study was conducted to compare the inhibitory effects of these drugs on TNFα-induced cell responses, related signaling pathways, and the underlying mechanisms in mouse arterial endothelial cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Real-time qRT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of cell adhesion molecule (CAM) genes. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-κB-p65. Western Blot analysis was used to identify TNFα-induced NF-κB-p65 phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, and caspase-3 cleavage. Cell surface proteins were isolated and TNFα receptor-1(TNFR1) expression was determined. The results suggest that both AST and ASIV attenuate TNFα-induced up-regulation of CAMs mRNA and upstream nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of NF-κB-p65. However, TNFR1-mediated IκBα degradation, cleavage of caspase-3 and apoptosis were inhibited only by AST. These differences in the actions of AST and ASIV could be explained by the presence of other components in AST, such as ASII and ASIII, which also had an inhibitory effect on TNFR1-induced IκBα degradation. Moreover, AST, but not ASIV, was able to reduce TNFR1 protein level on the cell surface. Furthermore, mechanistic investigation demonstrated that TNFR1-mediated IκBα degradation was reversed by the use of TAPI-0, an inhibitor of TNFα converting enzyme (TACE), suggesting the involvement of TACE in the modulation of surface TNFR1 level by AST. Conclusion ASIV was not a better inhibitor than AST, at least on the inhibition of TNFα-induced inflammatory responses and TNFR1-mediated signaling pathways in AECs. The inhibitory effect of AST was caused by the reduction of cell surface TNFR1 level, and TACE could be involved in this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-she Liu
- Department of Public Health, Medical School of Xi’an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, China
- Laboratory Center of Shaanxi Province People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Province Institute of Chinese Medicine and Medicinal Herbs, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hai-fang Wang
- Laboratory Center of Shaanxi Province People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - An-ke Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-ping Huo
- Laboratory Center of Shaanxi Province People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Jin-lian Liu
- Department of Clinical Traditional Chinese Medicine-Western Medicine, Medical School of Xi’an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shu-hui Ma
- Department of Clinical Traditional Chinese Medicine-Western Medicine, Medical School of Xi’an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ning Peng
- Laboratory Center of Shaanxi Province People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Laboratory Center of Shaanxi Province People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
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Zhang J, Wu H, Li P, Zhao Y, Liu M, Tang H. NF-κB-modulated miR-130a targets TNF-α in cervical cancer cells. J Transl Med 2014; 12:155. [PMID: 24885472 PMCID: PMC4084577 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induces a variety of biological processes through transcriptional gene control whose products are components in various signaling pathways. MicroRNAs are a small endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are involved in tumorigenesis. Using human cervical cancer cell lines, this study aimed to investigate whether NF-κB could regulate miR-130a expression and the functions and targets of miR-130a. Methods We used the HeLa and C33A cervical cancer cell lines that were transfected with NF-κB or miR-130a overexpression plasmids to evaluate their effects on cell growth. We utilized bioinformatics, a fluorescent reporter assay, qRT-PCR and Western blotting to identify downstream target genes. Results In HeLa and C33A cells, NF-κB and miR-130a overexpression promoted cell growth, but genetic knockdowns suppressed growth. TNF-α was identified as a target of miR-130a by binding in a 3’-untranslated region (3’UTR) EGFP reporter assay and by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, low TNF-α concentrations stimulated NF-κB activity and then induced miR-130a expression, and TNF-α overexpression rescued the effects of miR-130a on cervical cancer cells. Conclusions Our findings indicate that TNF-α can activate NF-κB activity, which can reduce miR-130a expression, and that miR-130a targets and downregulates TNF-α expression. Hence, we shed light on the negative feedback regulation of NF-κB/miR-130a/TNF-α/NF-κB in cervical cancer and may provide insight into the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua Tang
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, No, 22 Qi-Xiang-Tai Road, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Atherogenic mononuclear cell recruitment is facilitated by oxidized lipoprotein-induced endothelial junctional adhesion molecule-A redistribution. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:254-64. [PMID: 24704627 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Junctional adhesion molecule (JAM-) A is a transmembrane protein expressed in many cell types and maintains junctional integrity in endothelial cells. Upon inflammatory stimulation, JAM-A relocates to the apical surface and might thereby facilitate the recruitment of leukocytes. OBJECTIVE Although inflammatory JAM-A redistribution is an established process, further effort is required to understand its exact role in the transmigration of mononuclear cells, particularly under atherogenic conditions. METHODS By the use of RNA interference and genetic deletion, the role of JAM-A in the transmigration of T cells and monocytes through aortic endothelial cells was investigated. JAM-A-localization and subsequent mononuclear cell rolling, adhesion and transmigration were explored during endothelial inflammation, induced by oxidized LDL or cytokines. RESULTS RNA interference or genetic deletion of JAM-A in aortic endothelial cells resulted in a decreased transmigration of mononuclear cells. Treatment of the endothelial cells with oxLDL resulted in an increase of both permeability and apical JAM-A presentation, as shown by bead adhesion and confocal microscopy experiments. Redistribution of JAM-A resulted in an increased leukocyte adhesion and transmigration, which could be inhibited with antibodies against JAM-A or by lovastatin-treatment, but not with the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma-agonist pioglitazone. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that redistribution of JAM-A in endothelial cells after stimulation with pro-atherogenic oxidized lipoproteins results in increased transmigration of mononuclear cells. This inflammatory dispersal of JAM-A could be counteracted with statins, revealing a novel aspect of their mechanism of action.
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Fernandez CE, Achneck HE, Reichert WM, Truskey GA. Biological and engineering design considerations for vascular tissue engineered blood vessels (TEBVs). Curr Opin Chem Eng 2014; 3:83-90. [PMID: 24511460 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have occurred in the development of tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) to repair or replace injured blood vessels, or as in vitro systems for drug toxicity testing. Here we summarize approaches to produce TEBVs and review current efforts to (1) identify suitable cell sources for the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells, (2) design the scaffold to mimic the arterial mechanical properties and (3) regulate the functional state of the cells of the vessel wall. Initial clinical studies have established the feasibility of this approach and challenges that make TEBVs a viable alternative for vessel replacement are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hardean E Achneck
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Duke University Medical Center
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Orndorff RL, Hong N, Yu K, Feinstein SI, Zern BJ, Fisher AB, Muzykantov VR, Chatterjee S. NOX2 in lung inflammation: quantum dot based in situ imaging of NOX2-mediated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L260-8. [PMID: 24318114 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00278.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dot (QD) imaging is a powerful tool for studying signaling pathways as they occur. Here we employ this tool to study adhesion molecule expression with lung inflammation in vivo. A key event in pulmonary inflammation is the regulation of vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM), which drives activated immune cell adherence. The induction of VCAM expression is known to be associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, but the exact mechanism or the cellular source of ROS that regulates VCAM in inflamed lungs is not known. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) has been reported to be a major source of ROS with pulmonary inflammation. NOX2 is expressed by both endothelial and immune cells. Here we use VCAM-targeted QDs in a mouse model to show that NOX2, specifically endothelial NOX2, induces VCAM expression with lung inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Orndorff
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Univ. of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1 John Morgan Bldg., 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068.
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Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. Statins in heart failure--With preserved and reduced ejection fraction. An update. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:79-91. [PMID: 24022031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or statins beyond their lipid lowering properties and mevalonate inhibition exert also their actions through a multiplicity of mechanisms. In heart failure (HF) the inhibition of isoprenoid intermediates and small GTPases, which control cellular function such as cell shape, secretion and proliferation, is of clinical significance. Statins share also the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathway and inactivate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation suppressing inflammatory cascade. By down-regulating Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathways, statins increase the stability of eNOS mRNA and induce activation of eNOS through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS pathway restoring endothelial function. Statins change also myocardial action potential plateau by modulation of Kv1.5 and Kv4.3 channel activity and inhibit sympathetic nerve activity suppressing arrhythmogenesis. Less documented evidence proposes also that statins have anti-hypertrophic effects - through p21ras/mitogen activated protein kinase pathway - which modulate synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases and procollagen 1 expression affecting interstitial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Clinical studies have partly confirmed the experimental findings and despite current guidelines new evidence supports the notion that statins can be beneficial in some cases of HF. In subjects with diastolic HF, moderately impaired systolic function, low b-type natriuretic peptide levels, exacerbated inflammatory response and mild interstitial fibrosis evidence supports that statins can favorably affect the outcome. Under the lights of this evidence in this review article we discuss the current knowledge on the mechanisms of statins' actions and we link current experimental and clinical data to further understand the possible impact of statins' treatment on HF syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christodoulos Stefanadis
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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