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Lima ADR, Ferrari BB, Pradella F, Carvalho RM, Rivero SLS, Quintiliano RPS, Souza MA, Brunetti NS, Marques AM, Santos IP, Farias AS, Oliveira EC, Santos LMB. Dimethyl fumarate modulates the regulatory T cell response in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1391949. [PMID: 38765015 PMCID: PMC11099268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1391949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF, Tecfidera) is an oral drug utilized to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). DMF treatment reduces disease activity in MS. Gastrointestinal discomfort is a common adverse effect of the treatment with DMF. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DMF administration in the gut draining lymph nodes cells of C57BL6/J female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. We have demonstrated that the treatment with DMF (7.5 mg/kg) significantly reduces the severity of EAE. This reduction of the severity is accompanied by the increase of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms at the beginning of the treatment. As the treatment progressed, we observed an increasing number of regulatory Foxp3 negative CD4 T cells (Tr1), and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-27, as well as the reduction of PGE2 level in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice with EAE. We provide evidence that DMF induces a gradual anti-inflammatory response in the gut draining lymph nodes, which might contribute to the reduction of both intestinal discomfort and the inflammatory response of EAE. These findings indicate that the gut is the first microenvironment of action of DMF, which may contribute to its effects of reducing disease severity in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. R. Lima
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Breno B. Ferrari
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pradella
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Carvalho
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sandra L. S. Rivero
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raphael P. S. Quintiliano
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Matheus A. Souza
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália S. Brunetti
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Marques
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Irene P. Santos
- Departamento de Citometria do Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da UNICAMP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S. Farias
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elaine C. Oliveira
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Technology Faculty of Sorocaba- Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Leonilda M. B. Santos
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, (INCT-NIM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil
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2
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Broos JY, van der Burgt RTM, Konings J, Rijnsburger M, Werz O, de Vries HE, Giera M, Kooij G. Arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: fueling or dampening disease progression? J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:21. [PMID: 38233951 PMCID: PMC10792915 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Considering the increasing prevalence among young adults worldwide and the disabling phenotype of the disease, a deeper understanding of the complexity of the disease pathogenesis is needed to ultimately improve diagnosis and personalize treatment opportunities. Recent findings suggest that bioactive lipid mediators (LM) derived from ω-3/-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), also termed eicosanoids, may contribute to MS pathogenesis. For example, disturbances in LM profiles and especially those derived from the ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) have been reported in people with MS (PwMS), where they may contribute to the chronicity of neuroinflammatory processes. Moreover, we have previously shown that certain AA-derived LMs also associated with neurodegenerative processes in PwMS, suggesting that AA-derived LMs are involved in more pathological events than solely neuroinflammation. Yet, to date, a comprehensive overview of the contribution of these LMs to MS-associated pathological processes remains elusive. MAIN BODY This review summarizes and critically evaluates the current body of literature on the eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway and its contribution to key pathological hallmarks of MS during different disease stages. Various parts of the eicosanoid pathway are highlighted, namely, the prostanoid, leukotriene, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) biochemical routes that include specific enzymes of the cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOX) families. In addition, cellular sources of LMs and their potential target cells based on receptor expression profiles will be discussed in the context of MS. Finally, we propose novel therapeutic approaches based on eicosanoid pathway and/or receptor modulation to ultimately target chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration in MS. SHORT CONCLUSION The eicosanoid pathway is intrinsically linked to specific aspects of MS pathogenesis. Therefore, we propose that novel intervention strategies, with the aim of accurately modulating the eicosanoid pathway towards the biosynthesis of beneficial LMs, can potentially contribute to more patient- and MS subtype-specific treatment opportunities to combat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Y Broos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne T M van der Burgt
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Konings
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Rijnsburger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Burkett JB, Doran AC, Gannon M. Harnessing prostaglandin E 2 signaling to ameliorate autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:162-171. [PMID: 36707339 PMCID: PMC9975049 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of most autoimmune diseases remains unknown; however, shared among them is a disruption of immunoregulation. Prostaglandin lipid signaling molecules possess context-dependent immunoregulatory properties, making their role in autoimmunity difficult to decipher. For example, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can function as an immunosuppressive molecule as well as a proinflammatory mediator in different circumstances, contributing to the expansion and activation of T cell subsets associated with autoimmunity. Recently, PGE2 was shown to play important roles in the resolution and post-resolution phases of inflammation, promoting return to tissue homeostasis. We propose that PGE2 plays both proinflammatory and pro-resolutory roles in the etiology of autoimmunity, and that harnessing this signaling pathway during the resolution phase might help prevent autoimmune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann B Burkett
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, TN, USA.
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4
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Fujisawa M, Takeshita Y, Fujikawa S, Matsuo K, Okamoto M, Tamada M, Shimizu F, Sano Y, Koga M, Kanda T. Exploring lipophilic compounds that induce BDNF secretion in astrocytes beyond the BBB using a new multi-cultured human in vitro BBB model. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 362:577783. [PMID: 34902709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when administered peripherally, which hinders its therapeutic potential. We utilized an in vitro BBB model-a tri-culture of a human endothelial cell line, a pericyte cell line, and an astrocyte cell line-to study the effect of twenty candidate lipophilic compounds on stimulating BDNF secretion in pericytes and astrocytes. The prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 agonist and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5 agonist facilitated secretion of BDNF in the astrocyte, but did not decrease the transendothelial electrical resistance. These compounds may be promising agents for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Fujisawa
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Yukio Takeshita
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Susumu Fujikawa
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Kinya Matsuo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Masashi Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Masaya Tamada
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Michiaki Koga
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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5
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Goepp M, Crittenden S, Zhou Y, Rossi AG, Narumiya S, Yao C. Prostaglandin E 2 directly inhibits the conversion of inducible regulatory T cells through EP2 and EP4 receptors via antagonizing TGF-β signalling. Immunology 2021; 164:777-791. [PMID: 34529833 PMCID: PMC8561111 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for control of inflammatory processes by suppressing effector T-cell functions. The actions of PGE2 on the development and function of Treg cells, particularly under inflammatory conditions, are debated. In this study, we employed pharmacological and genetic approaches to examine whether PGE2 had a direct action on T cells to modulate de novo differentiation of Treg cells. We found that TGF-β-induced Foxp3 expression and iTreg cell differentiation in vitro is markedly inhibited by PGE2 , which was mediated by the receptors EP2 and EP4. Mechanistically, PGE2 -EP2/EP4 signalling interrupts TGF-β signalling during iTreg differentiation. Moreover, EP4 deficiency in T cells impaired iTreg cell differentiation in vivo. Thus, our results demonstrate that PGE2 negatively regulates iTreg cell differentiation through a direct action on T cells, highlighting the potential for selectively targeting the PGE2 -EP2/EP4 pathway to control T cell-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Goepp
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Siobhan Crittenden
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - You Zhou
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, and Division of Infection and ImmunityCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Alliance Laboratory for Advanced Medical Research and Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Medical Innovation CenterKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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6
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Schmid T, Brüne B. Prostanoids and Resolution of Inflammation - Beyond the Lipid-Mediator Class Switch. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714042. [PMID: 34322137 PMCID: PMC8312722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive lipid mediators play a major role in regulating inflammatory processes. Herein, early pro-inflammatory phases are characterized and regulated by prostanoids and leukotrienes, whereas specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM), including lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, dominate during the resolution phase. While pro-inflammatory properties of prostanoids have been studied extensively, their impact on later phases of the inflammatory process has been attributed mainly to their ability to initiate the lipid-mediator class switch towards SPM. Yet, there is accumulating evidence that prostanoids directly contribute to the resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. In this mini review, we summarize the current knowledge of the resolution-regulatory properties of prostanoids and discuss potential implications for anti-inflammatory, prostanoid-targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
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7
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Sartini I, Giorgi M. Grapiprant: A snapshot of the current knowledge. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:679-688. [PMID: 34057218 PMCID: PMC8518515 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Grapiprant is the pioneer member of the novel piprant class, a potent and specific antagonist of the prostaglandin E2 receptor 4. It has been approved in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs at the dose regimen of 2 mg/kg once a day by the FDA and EMA (for pain only) in 2016 and 2018, respectively. The aim of this narrative review was to report the analytical methods, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of grapiprant in several animal species using the best available published scientific evidence. In conclusion, most of the analytical methods proposed for grapiprant detection are simple, reliable, sensitive and validated. The pharmacokinetics show discrepancies between animal species. The therapeutic efficacy seems more suited to chronic rather than acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,PhD School, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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8
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Lee TH, Liu PS, Tsai MM, Chen JL, Wang SJ, Hsieh HL. The COX-2-derived PGE 2 autocrine contributes to bradykinin-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and astrocytic migration via STAT3 signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:185. [PMID: 33228717 PMCID: PMC7685582 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is up-regulated by several proinflammatory mediators in the central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Increasing reports show that MMP-9 expression is an inflammatory biomarker of several CNS disorders, including the CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration. Bradykinin (BK) is a common proinflammatory mediator and elevated in several brain injury and inflammatory disorders. The raised BK may be detrimental effects on the CNS that may aggravate brain inflammation through MMP-9 up-regulation or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in brain astrocytes. However, the relationship between BK-induced MMP-9 expression and COX-2-derived PGE2 release in brain astrocytes remains unclear. Methods Herein we used rat brain astrocytes (RBA) to investigate the role of the COX-2/PGE2 system in BK-induced MMP-9 expression. We used zymographic, RT-PCR, EIA, and Western blotting analyses to confirm that BK induces MMP-9 expression via a COX-2/PGE2-dependent pathway. Results Our results show activation of native COX-2 by BK led to PGE2 production and release. Subsequently, PGE2 induced MMP-9 expression via PGE2 receptor (EP)-mediated c-Src, Jak2, ERK1/2, and then activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Finally, up-regulation of MMP-9 by BK via the pathway may promote astrocytic migration. Conclusion These results demonstrated that a novel autocrine pathway for BK-induced MMP-9 protein expression is mediated through activation of STAT3 by native COX-2/PGE2-mediated c-Src/Jak2/ERK cascades in brain astrocytes. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsong-Hai Lee
- Stroke Center and Stroke Section, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Liang Chen
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Jane Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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9
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Wise RM, Harrison MAA, Sullivan BN, Al-Ghadban S, Aleman SJ, Vinluan AT, Monaco ER, Donato UM, Pursell IA, Bunnell BA. Short-Term Rapamycin Preconditioning Diminishes Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:E2218. [PMID: 33008073 PMCID: PMC7600854 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) show immense promise for treating inflammatory diseases, attributed primarily to their potent paracrine signaling. Previous investigations demonstrated that short-term Rapamycin preconditioning of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) elevated secretion of prostaglandin E2, a pleiotropic molecule with therapeutic effects in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis (MS), and enhanced immunosuppressive capacity in vitro. However, this has yet to be examined in ASCs. The present study examined the therapeutic potential of short-term Rapamycin-preconditioned ASCs in the EAE model. Animals were treated at peak disease with control ASCs (EAE-ASCs), Rapa-preconditioned ASCs (EAE-Rapa-ASCs), or vehicle control (EAE). Results show that EAE-ASCs improved clinical disease scores and elevated intact myelin compared to both EAE and EAE-Rapa-ASC animals. These results correlated with augmented CD4+ T helper (Th) and T regulatory (Treg) cell populations in the spinal cord, and increased gene expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Conversely, EAE-Rapa-ASC mice showed no improvement in clinical disease scores, reduced myelin levels, and significantly less Th and Treg cells in the spinal cord. These findings suggest that short-term Rapamycin preconditioning reduces the therapeutic efficacy of ASCs when applied to late-stage EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Wise
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Science & Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (B.N.S.); (S.J.A.); (A.T.V.); (E.R.M.); (U.M.D.)
- Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (S.A.-G.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Mark A. A. Harrison
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Science & Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (B.N.S.); (S.J.A.); (A.T.V.); (E.R.M.); (U.M.D.)
- Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (S.A.-G.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Brianne N. Sullivan
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Science & Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (B.N.S.); (S.J.A.); (A.T.V.); (E.R.M.); (U.M.D.)
- Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (S.A.-G.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Sara Al-Ghadban
- Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (S.A.-G.); (I.A.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Sarah J. Aleman
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Science & Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (B.N.S.); (S.J.A.); (A.T.V.); (E.R.M.); (U.M.D.)
| | - Amber T. Vinluan
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Science & Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (B.N.S.); (S.J.A.); (A.T.V.); (E.R.M.); (U.M.D.)
| | - Emily R. Monaco
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Science & Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (B.N.S.); (S.J.A.); (A.T.V.); (E.R.M.); (U.M.D.)
| | - Umberto M. Donato
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Science & Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; (R.M.W.); (M.A.A.H.); (B.N.S.); (S.J.A.); (A.T.V.); (E.R.M.); (U.M.D.)
| | - India A. Pursell
- Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (S.A.-G.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (S.A.-G.); (I.A.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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10
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Hoxha M, Spahiu E, Prendi E, Zappacosta B. A Systematic Review on the Role of Arachidonic Acid Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 21:160-187. [PMID: 32842948 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200825164123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease characterized by destruction of oligodendrocytes, immune cell infiltration and demyelination. Inflammation plays a significant role in MS, and the inflammatory mediators such as eicosanoids, leukotrienes, superoxide radicals are involved in pro-inflammatory responses in MS. In this systematic review we tried to define and discuss all the findings of in vivo animal studies and human clinical trials on the potential association between arachidonic acid (AA) pathway and multiple sclerosis. METHODS A systematic literature search across Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane database was conducted. This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A total of 146 studies were included, of which 34 were conducted in animals, 58 in humans, and 60 studies reported the role of different compounds that target AA mediators or their corresponding enzymes/ receptors, and can have a therapeutic effect in MS. These results suggest that eicosanoids have significant roles in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS. The data from animal and human studies elucidated that PGI2, PGF2α, PGD2, isoprostanes, PGE2, PLA2, LTs are increased in MS. PLA2 inhibition modulates the progression of the disease. PGE1 analogues can be a useful option in the treatment of MS. CONCLUSIONS All studies reported the beneficial effects of COX and LOX inhibitors in MS. The hybrid compounds, such as COX-2 inhibitors/TP antagonists and 5-LOX inhibitors can be an innovative approach for multiple sclerosis treatment. Future work in MS should shed light in synthesizing new compounds targeting arachidonic acid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluations of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana. Albania
| | | | - Emanuela Prendi
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana. Albania
| | - Bruno Zappacosta
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluations of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana. Albania
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11
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Biliktu M, Senol SP, Temiz-Resitoglu M, Guden DS, Horat MF, Sahan-Firat S, Sevim S, Tunctan B. Pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuates chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in an inflammasome-dependent and -independent manner. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1509-1524. [PMID: 32128702 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effect of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition on chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS), associated with changes in inflammasome-dependent and -independent inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the CNS of mice. C57BL/6 mice were used to induce chronic EAE by using an injection of MOG35-55 peptide/PT. Animals were observed daily and scored for EAE signs for 25 days after immunization. Following the induction of EAE, the scores were increased after 9 days and reached peak value as determined by ≥ 2 or ≤ 3 with 8% mortality rate on day 17. On day 17, mice were administered daily PBS, DMSO, or TPPU (a potent sEH inhibitor) (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) until the end of the study. TPPU only at 3 mg/kg dose decreased the AUC values calculated from EAE scores obtained during the disease compared to EAE and vehicle control groups. On day 25, TPPU also caused an increase in the PPARα/β/γ and NLRC3 proteins and a decrease in the proteins of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, iNOS/nNOS, COX-2, NLRC4, ASC, caspase-1 p20, IL-1β, caspase-11 p20, NOX subunits (gp91phox and p47phox), and nitrotyrosine in addition to 14,15-DHET and IL-1β levels compared to EAE and vehicle control groups. Our findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of sEH attenuates chronic EAE likely because of enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory EETs in addition to PPARα/β/γ and NLRC3 expression associated with suppressed inflammatory TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway, NLRC4/ASC/pro-caspase-1 inflammasome, caspase-11 inflammasome, and NOX activity that are responsible for inflammatory mediator formation in the CNS of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Biliktu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sefika Pinar Senol
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Meryem Temiz-Resitoglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Demet Sinem Guden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Furkan Horat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Sahan-Firat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serhan Sevim
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey.
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12
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Pilipović I, Vujnović I, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Petrović R, Kosec D, Nacka-Aleksić M, Jasnić N, Leposavić G. Noradrenaline modulates CD4+ T cell priming in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a role for the α 1-adrenoceptor. Immunol Res 2020; 67:223-240. [PMID: 31396845 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological blockade of α1-adrenoceptor is shown to influence development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an IL-17-producing CD4+TCR+ (Th17) cell-mediated disease mimicking multiple sclerosis. Considering significance of CD4+ cell priming for the clinical outcome of EAE, the study examined α1-adrenoceptor-mediated influence of catecholamines, particularly those derived from draining lymph node (dLN) cells (as catecholamine supply from nerve fibers decreases with the initiation of autoimmune diseases) for CD4+ cell priming. The results confirmed diminishing effect of immunization on nerve fiber-derived noradrenaline supply and showed that antigen presenting and CD4+ cells synthesize catecholamines, while antigen presenting cells and only CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) express α1-adrenoceptor. The analysis of influence of α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin on the myelin basic protein (MBP)-stimulated CD4+ lymphocytes in dLN cell culture showed their diminished proliferation in the presence of prazosin. This was consistent with prazosin enhancing effect on Treg frequency and their Foxp3 expression in these cultures. The latter was associated with upregulation of TGF-β expression. Additionally, prazosin decreased antigen presenting cell activation and affected their cytokine profile by diminishing the frequency of cells that produce Th17 polarizing cytokines (IL-1β and IL-23) and increasing that of IL-10-producing cells. Consistently, the frequency of all IL-17A+ cells and those co-expressing GM-CSF within CD4+ lymphocytes was decreased in prazosin-supplemented MBP-stimulated dLN cell cultures. Collectively, the results indicated that dLN cell-derived catecholamines may influence EAE development by modulating interactions between distinct subtypes of CD4+ T cells and antigen presenting cells through α1-adrenoceptor and consequently CD4+ T cell priming.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vujnović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Raisa Petrović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Jasnić
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia.
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13
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Wrotek S, Nowakowska A, Caputa M, Kozak W. Unbalanced thermoregulation in experimental autoimmune encephalitis induced in Lewis rats. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102529. [PMID: 32364975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermoregulation in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) is impaired and may result in either increases or decreases in body temperature. We have found that rat experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), being a model of MS, is associated with body temperature disturbances as well. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether the altered body temperature in EAE-induced rats is due to either a deficit in thermoregulation or a controlled change in its set point. Subcutaneous injection of encephalitogenic emulsion into both pads of hind feet of the Lewis rats provoked EAE symptoms. Body temperature (Tb) of 6 rats was measured using biotelemetry system, and ambient temperature (Ta) preferred by 6 rats of another group was analyzed using thermal gradient system. Symptoms of EAE started 11 days postinjection and progressed quickly, culminating in a complete paralysis in rats placed in the gradient, which was associated with behavioural fever (accordingly, selected Ta raised to as much as 32.8 ± 0.5 °C vs 27.2 ± 0.6 °C in control rats). On the other hand, EAE rats, placed at a constant Ta of 24 °C, were able to generate fever (Tb of 37.8 ± 0.1 °C) at the start of the illness and then paralysis compromised fever (most likely due to an impairment of thermogenesis), which, surprisingly, resulted in recovery. We conclude that EAE onset in rats is associated with fever and its behavioural supporting leads to aggravation of the autoimmune neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wrotek
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Anna Nowakowska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Michał Caputa
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
| | - Wiesław Kozak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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14
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Naveed M, Zhou QG, Han F. Cerebrovascular inflammation: A critical trigger for neurovascular injury? Neurochem Int 2019; 126:165-177. [PMID: 30890409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrovascular system is not only inert bystandard that support the metabolic demands of the brain but also elicit the barrier functions against risk factors mediated neurovascular injury. The onsets of cerebrovascular inflammation are considered as stimuli that can provoke the host defense system and trigger the development of neurological disorders. Homeostasis of the brain function is regulated by the movement of endothelial, glial, and neuronal cells within the neurovascular unit (NVU), which acts as a "platform" for the coordinated action of anti- and pro-inflammatory mechanisms. The cerebrovascular system plays an integral role in the inflammatory response by either producing or expressing a variety of cytokines, adhesion molecules, metalloproteinases, and serine proteases. Excessive inflammatory cytokine production can further be affecting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and lead to brain tissue damage. In this review, we summarize the more recent evidence highlighting the importance of cerebrovascular injury in terms of risk prediction, and the mechanisms mediating the upregulation of inflammatory mediators in cerebrovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Qi-Gang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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15
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Blum L, Tafferner N, Spring I, Kurz J, deBruin N, Geisslinger G, Parnham MJ, Schiffmann S. Dietary phytol reduces clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at least partially by modulating NOX2 expression. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1131-1144. [PMID: 30151738 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. We investigated the effect of phytol in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as phytol, a plant-derived diterpene alcohol, exerts anti-inflammatory and redox-protective actions. We observed a significant amelioration of clinical symptoms in EAE C57BL/6N mice fed prophylactically with a phytol-enriched diet. Demyelination, DNA damage, and infiltration of immune cells, specifically TH1 cells, into the central nervous system were reduced in phytol-fed EAE mice. Furthermore, phytol reduced T-cell proliferation ex vivo. Phytanic acid - a metabolite of phytol - also reduced T-cell proliferation, specifically that of TH1 cells. Additionally, phytol-enriched diet increased the mRNA expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) 2 in white blood cells in the lymph nodes. Accordingly, phytol lost its anti-inflammatory effects in chimeric EAE C57BL/6N mice whose peripheral cells lack NOX2, indicating that phytol mediates its effects in peripheral cells via NOX2. Moreover, the effects of phytol on T-cell proliferation were also NOX2-dependent. In contrast, the T-cell subtype alterations and changes in proliferation induced by phytanic acid, the primary metabolite of phytol, were NOX2-independent. In conclusion, phytol supplementation of the diet leads to amelioration of EAE pathology in both a NOX2-dependent and a NOX2-independent manner via yet unknown mechanisms. KEY MESSAGES Phytol diet ameliorates EAE pathology. Phytol diet reduces demyelination, immune cell infiltration, and T-cell proliferation. Phytol diet increases NOX2 mRNA expression in white blood cells in the lymph nodes. Phytol mediates its effects in peripheral cells via NOX2. Effects of phytol on T-cell proliferation were NOX2-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blum
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Tafferner
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilknur Spring
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kurz
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Natasja deBruin
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. .,Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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16
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Recent advances in the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and their roles in neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:13-20. [PMID: 30016687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington disease. Current studies in this area have advanced the mechanism of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegeneration. Studies from epidemiologic, clinical and animal models also contributed in the various new mechanisms of neuroinflammation. In this line, activation of monocytes is an important emerging mechanism that has a, profound role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Ion channels, matrix metalloproteases and microRNAs are also found to be the key players in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. In particular, microRNA-32 regulates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and thus neurodegeneration. Notably, some important studies describe the role of Th17 cells in neuroinflammation, but, very little knowledge is available about their mechanism of action. Particularly, the role of autophagy gets emphasized, which plays a very critical role in protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight and discuss the mechanisms of these mediators of inflammation by which they contribute to the disease progression. In conclusion, we focus on the various newer molecular mechanisms that are associated with the basic understanding of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration.
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17
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Flórez‐Grau G, Cabezón R, Borgman KJE, España C, Lozano JJ, Garcia‐Parajo MF, Benítez‐Ribas D. Up‐regulation of EP
2
and EP
3
receptors in human tolerogenic dendritic cells boosts the immunosuppressive activity of PGE
2. J Leukoc Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a1216-526r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Flórez‐Grau
- Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Cabezón
- Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kyra J. E. Borgman
- ICFO‐Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina España
- Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Lozano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria F. Garcia‐Parajo
- ICFO‐Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Insititució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Benítez‐Ribas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Kim SJ, Jin YH, Kim BS. Prostaglandin E2 produced following infection with Theiler's virus promotes the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176406. [PMID: 28445497 PMCID: PMC5406002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of various cells with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) activates the TLR- and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-dependent pathways, resulting in the production of IL-1β via the activation of caspase-1 upon assembly of the node-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The role of IL-1β in the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease was previously investigated. However, the signaling effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) downstream of the NLRP3 inflammasome on the immune responses to viral determinants and the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease are unknown. In this study, we investigated the levels of intermediate molecules leading to PGE2 signaling and the effects of blocking PGE2 signaling on the immune response to TMEV infection, viral persistence and the development of demyelinating disease. We demonstrate here that TMEV infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and PGE2 signaling much more vigorously in dendritic cells (DCs) and CD11b+ cells from susceptible SJL mice than in cells from resistant B6 mice. Inhibition of virus-induced PGE2 signaling using AH23848 resulted in decreased pathogenesis of demyelinating disease and viral loads in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, AH23848 treatment caused the elevation of protective early IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Because the levels of IFN-β were lower in AH23848-treated mice but the level of IL-6 was similar, over-production of pathogenic IFN-β was modulated and the generation of IFN-γ-producing T cell responses was enhanced by the inhibition of PGE2 signaling. These results strongly suggest that excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and downstream PGE2 signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Young-Hee Jin
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Byung S. Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
- * E-mail:
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19
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Grösch S, Niederberger E, Geisslinger G. Investigational drugs targeting the prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway for the treatment of inflammatory pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:51-61. [PMID: 27841017 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1260544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of pain, inflammation and fever. Although they are effective for a huge number of users, their analgesic properties are not sufficient for several patients and the occurrence of side effects still constitutes a big challenge during long term therapy. Areas covered: This review gives an overview about the first and second generations of NSAIDs (COX1/2 non-selective, COX-2 selective), and their main side effects which gave still an urgent need for safer drugs and for the establishment of novel treatment strategies (improved safety, tolerability, patient convenience). The current developments of a possible third generation NSAID class comprise changes in the formulation of already approved drugs, combination therapies, dual cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase inhibitors, NO- and H2S-releasing NSAIDs, prostaglandin synthase inhibitors and EP receptor modulators, respectively. Literature search has been done with PubMed NCBI. Expert opinion: Currently, there is no newly developed drug that is superior to the already approved selective and non-selective NSAIDs. Several novel approaches show promising analgesic efficacy but side effects are still an important problem. Solutions might be constituted by combination therapies allowing administration of lower drug doses or by individualized therapies targeting molecules apart from COX, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grösch
- a Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES , Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Ellen Niederberger
- a Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES , Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- a Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES , Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
- b Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project Group for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology (TMP) , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
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20
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Wobst I, Ebert L, Birod K, Wegner MS, Hoffmann M, Thomas D, Angioni C, Parnham MJ, Steinhilber D, Tegeder I, Geisslinger G, Grösch S. R-Flurbiprofen Traps Prostaglandins within Cells by Inhibition of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein-4. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010068. [PMID: 28042832 PMCID: PMC5297703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
R-flurbiprofen is the non-COX-inhibiting enantiomer of flurbiprofen and is not converted to S-flurbiprofen in human cells. Nevertheless, it reduces extracellular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cancer or immune cell cultures and human extracellular fluid. Here, we show that R-flurbiprofen acts through a dual mechanism: (i) it inhibits the translocation of cPLA2α to the plasma membrane and thereby curtails the availability of arachidonic acid and (ii) R-flurbiprofen traps PGE2 inside of the cells by inhibiting multidrug resistance–associated protein 4 (MRP4, ABCC4), which acts as an outward transporter for prostaglandins. Consequently, the effects of R-flurbiprofen were mimicked by RNAi-mediated knockdown of MRP4. Our data show a novel mechanism by which R-flurbiprofen reduces extracellular PGs at physiological concentrations, particularly in cancers with high levels of MRP4, but the mechanism may also contribute to its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties and suggests that it reduces PGs in a site- and context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Wobst
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; (I.W.); (K.B.); (M.-S.W.); (D.T.); (C.A.); (I.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Lisa Ebert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (L.E.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Kerstin Birod
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; (I.W.); (K.B.); (M.-S.W.); (D.T.); (C.A.); (I.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Marthe-Susanna Wegner
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; (I.W.); (K.B.); (M.-S.W.); (D.T.); (C.A.); (I.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Marika Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; (I.W.); (K.B.); (M.-S.W.); (D.T.); (C.A.); (I.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; (I.W.); (K.B.); (M.-S.W.); (D.T.); (C.A.); (I.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Michael J. Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (L.E.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ZAFES, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; (I.W.); (K.B.); (M.-S.W.); (D.T.); (C.A.); (I.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; (I.W.); (K.B.); (M.-S.W.); (D.T.); (C.A.); (I.T.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (L.E.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, ZAFES, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; (I.W.); (K.B.); (M.-S.W.); (D.T.); (C.A.); (I.T.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49/69-6301-7820; Fax: +49/69-6301-7636
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Myeloid Cell Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP4 Modulates Cytokine Production but Not Atherogenesis in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158316. [PMID: 27351842 PMCID: PMC4924840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with cardiovascular complications induced by atherosclerosis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is often raised in states of inflammation, including diabetes, and regulates inflammatory processes. In myeloid cells, a key cell type in atherosclerosis, PGE2 acts predominately through its Prostaglandin E Receptor 4 (EP4; Ptger4) to modulate inflammation. The effect of PGE2-mediated EP4 signaling specifically in myeloid cells on atherosclerosis in the presence and absence of diabetes is unknown. Because diabetes promotes atherosclerosis through increased arterial myeloid cell accumulation, we generated a myeloid cell-targeted EP4-deficient mouse model (EP4M-/-) of T1DM-accelerated atherogenesis to investigate the relationship between myeloid cell EP4, inflammatory phenotypes of myeloid cells, and atherogenesis. Diabetic mice exhibited elevated plasma PGE metabolite levels and elevated Ptger4 mRNA in macrophages, as compared with non-diabetic littermates. PGE2 increased Il6, Il1b, Il23 and Ccr7 mRNA while reducing Tnfa mRNA through EP4 in isolated myeloid cells. Consistently, the stimulatory effect of diabetes on peritoneal macrophage Il6 was mediated by PGE2-EP4, while PGE2-EP4 suppressed the effect of diabetes on Tnfa in these cells. In addition, diabetes exerted effects independent of myeloid cell EP4, including a reduction in macrophage Ccr7 levels and increased early atherogenesis characterized by relative lesional macrophage accumulation. These studies suggest that this mouse model of T1DM is associated with increased myeloid cell PGE2-EP4 signaling, which is required for the stimulatory effect of diabetes on IL-6, markedly blunts the effect of diabetes on TNF-α and does not modulate diabetes-accelerated atherogenesis.
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22
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Barthelmes J, Tafferner N, Kurz J, de Bruin N, Parnham MJ, Geisslinger G, Schiffmann S. Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27214391 DOI: 10.3791/53933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is presumed to be an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by lesion formation in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in cognitive and motor impairment. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a useful animal model of MS, because it is also characterized by lesion formation in the CNS, motor impairment and is also driven by autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. One of the EAE models is induced with a peptide derived from the myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG)35-55 in mice. The EAE mice develop a progressive disease course. This course is divided into three phases: the preclinical phase (day 0 - 9), the disease onset (day 10 - 11) and the acute phase (day 12 - 14). MS and EAE are induced by autoreactive T cells that infiltrate the CNS. These T cells secrete chemokines and cytokines which lead to the recruitment of further immune cells. Therefore, the immune cell distribution in the spinal cord during the three disease phases was investigated. To highlight the time point of the disease at which the activation/proliferation/accumulation of T cells, B cells and monocytes starts, the immune cell distribution in lymph nodes, spleen and blood was also assessed. Furthermore, the levels of several cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, TNFα, IFNγ) in the three disease phases were determined, to gain insight into the inflammatory processes of the disease. In conclusion, the data provide an overview of the functional profile of immune cells during EAE pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Barthelmes
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt
| | - Nadja Tafferner
- Project Group for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology, Fraunhofer IME
| | - Jennifer Kurz
- Project Group for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology, Fraunhofer IME
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Project Group for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology, Fraunhofer IME
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Project Group for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology, Fraunhofer IME
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Project Group for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology, Fraunhofer IME;
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Barthelmes J, de Bazo AM, Pewzner-Jung Y, Schmitz K, Mayer CA, Foerch C, Eberle M, Tafferner N, Ferreirós N, Henke M, Geisslinger G, Futerman AH, Grösch S, Schiffmann S. Lack of ceramide synthase 2 suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by impairing the migratory capacity of neutrophils. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:280-92. [PMID: 25697397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide synthases (CerS) synthesise ceramides of defined acyl chain lengths, which are thought to mediate cellular processes in a chain length-dependent manner. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we observed a significant elevation of CerS2 and its products, C24-ceramides, in CD11b(+) cells (monocytes and neutrophils) isolated from blood. This result correlates with the clinical finding that CerS2 mRNA expression and C24-ceramide levels were significantly increased by 2.2- and 1.5-fold, respectively, in white blood cells of MS patients. The increased CerS2 mRNA/C24-ceramide expression in neutrophils/monocytes seems to mediate pro-inflammatory effects, since a specific genetic deletion of CerS2 in blood cells or a total genetic deletion of CerS2 significantly delayed the onset of clinical symptoms, due to a reduced infiltration of immune cells, in particular neutrophils, into the central nervous system. CXCR2 chemokine receptors, expressed on neutrophils, promote the migration of neutrophils into the central nervous system, which is a prerequisite for the recruitment of further immune cells and the inflammatory process that leads to the development of MS. Interestingly, neutrophils isolated from CerS2 null EAE mice, as opposed to WT EAE mice, were characterised by significantly lower CXCR2 receptor mRNA expression resulting in their reduced migratory capacity towards CXCL2. Most importantly, G-CSF-induced CXCR2 expression was significantly reduced in CerS2 null neutrophils and their migratory capacity was significantly impaired. In conclusion, our data strongly indicate that G-CSF-induced CXCR2 expression is regulated in a CerS2-dependent manner and that CerS2 thereby promotes the migration of neutrophils, thus, contributing to inflammation and the development of EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Barthelmes
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Anika Männer de Bazo
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Yael Pewzner-Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christoph A Mayer
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christian Foerch
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Max Eberle
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Tafferner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marina Henke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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24
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Leslie CC. Cytosolic phospholipase A₂: physiological function and role in disease. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1386-402. [PMID: 25838312 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r057588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The group IV phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family is comprised of six intracellular enzymes (GIVA, -B, -C, -D, -E, and -F) commonly referred to as cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2)α, -β, -γ, -δ, -ε, and -ζ. They contain a Ser-Asp catalytic dyad and all except cPLA2γ have a C2 domain, but differences in their catalytic activities and subcellular localization suggest unique regulation and function. With the exception of cPLA2α, the focus of this review, little is known about the in vivo function of group IV enzymes. cPLA2α catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids to arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids that are precursors of numerous bioactive lipids. The regulation of cPLA2α is complex, involving transcriptional and posttranslational processes, particularly increases in calcium and phosphorylation. cPLA2α is a highly conserved widely expressed enzyme that promotes lipid mediator production in human and rodent cells from a variety of tissues. The diverse bioactive lipids produced as a result of cPLA2α activation regulate normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis in many organ systems, as shown using cPLA2α KO mice. However, humans recently identified with cPLA2α deficiency exhibit more pronounced effects on health than observed in mice lacking cPLA2α, indicating that much remains to be learned about this interesting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; and Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
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Exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in ceramide synthase 6 knockout mice is associated with enhanced activation/migration of neutrophils. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:825-36. [PMID: 25833068 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides are mediators of inflammatory processes. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we observed that CerS6 mRNA expression was upregulated 15-fold in peripheral blood leukocytes before the onset of EAE symptoms. In peripheral blood leukocytes from MS patients, a 3.9-fold upregulation was found. Total genetic deletion of CerS6 and the selective deletion of CerS6 in peripheral blood leucocytes exacerbated the progression of clinical symptoms in EAE mice. This was associated with enhanced leukocyte, predominantly neutrophil infiltration and enhanced demyelination in the lumbar spinal cord of EAE mice. Interferon-gamma/tumor necrosis factor alpha (IFN-γ/TNF-α) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) both drive EAE development and induce expression of the integrin CD11b and the chemokine receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2), and we found they also induce CerS6 expression. In vivo, the genetic deletion of CerS6 enhanced the activation/migration of neutrophils, as reflected by an enhanced upregulation of CD11b and CXCR2. In vitro, the genetic deletion of CerS6 enhanced the activation status of IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated neutrophils, as shown by increased expression of nitric oxide and CD11b and an increased adhesion capacity. In G-CSF-stimulated neutrophils, the migration status was enhanced, as reflected by an elevated level of CXCR2 and an increased migration capacity. These data suggest that CerS6/C16-Cer mediates feedback regulation by inhibiting the formation of CD11b and CXCR2, which are induced either by IFN-γ/TNF-α or by G-CSF, respectively. We conclude that CerS6/C16-Cer mediates anti-inflammatory effects during the development of EAE and MS possibly by suppressing the migration and deactivation of neutrophils.
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