1
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Brown KA, Morris R, Eckhardt SJ, Ge Y, Gellman SH. Phosphorylation Sites of the Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Receptor (GIPR) Revealed by Trapped-Ion-Mobility Spectrometry Coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (TIMS-TOF MS). J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:28030-28037. [PMID: 38091482 PMCID: PMC10842860 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that regulates glucose metabolism and insulin secretion, is a target for the development of therapeutic agents to address type 2 diabetes and obesity. Signal transduction processes mediated by GPCR activation typically result in receptor phosphorylation, but very little is known about GIPR phosphorylation. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool for detecting phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications of proteins and for identifying modification sites. However, applying MS methods to GPCRs is challenging because the native expression levels are low and the hydrophobicity of these proteins complicates isolation and enrichment. Here we use a widely available technique, trapped-ion-mobility spectrometry coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TIMS-TOF MS), to characterize the phosphorylation status of the GIPR. We identified eight serine residues that are phosphorylated, one in an intracellular loop and the remainder in the C-terminal domain. Stimulation with the native agonist GIP enhanced phosphorylation at four of these sites. For comparison, we evaluated tirzepatide (TZP), a dual agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor and the GIPR that has recently been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Stimulation with TZP enhanced phosphorylation at the same four sites that were enhanced with GIP; however, TZP also enhanced phosphorylation at a fifth site that is unique to this synthetic agonist. This work establishes an important and accessible tool for the characterization of signal transduction via the GIPR and reveals an unanticipated functional difference between GIP and TZP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Rylie Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Samantha J. Eckhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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2
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Brown KA, Gellman SH. Effects of Replacing a Central Glycine Residue in GLP-1 on Receptor Affinity and Signaling Profile. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300504. [PMID: 37624685 PMCID: PMC10666649 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) are used to treat diabetes and obesity. Cryo-EM structures indicate that GLP-1 is completely α-helical when bound to the GLP-1R. The mature form of this hormone, GLP-1(7-36), contains a glycine residue near the center (Gly22). Since glycine has the second-lowest α-helix propensity among the proteinogenic α-amino acid residues, and Gly22 does not appear to make direct contact with the receptor, we were motivated to explore the impact on agonist activity of altering the α-helix propensity at this position. We examined GLP-1 analogues in which Gly22 was replaced with L-Ala, D-Ala, or β-amino acid residues with varying helix propensities. The results suggest that the receptor is reasonably tolerant of variations in helix propensity, and that the functional receptor-agonist complex may comprise a conformational spectrum rather than a single fixed structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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3
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Melchiorsen JU, Sørensen KV, Bork-Jensen J, Kizilkaya HS, Gasbjerg LS, Hauser AS, Rungby J, Sørensen HT, Vaag A, Nielsen JS, Pedersen O, Linneberg A, Hartmann B, Gjesing AP, Holst JJ, Hansen T, Rosenkilde MM, Grarup N. Rare Heterozygous Loss-of-Function Variants in the Human GLP-1 Receptor Are Not Associated With Cardiometabolic Phenotypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2821-2833. [PMID: 37235780 PMCID: PMC10584003 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lost glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) function affects human physiology. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to identify coding nonsynonymous GLP1R variants in Danish individuals to link their in vitro phenotypes and clinical phenotypic associations. METHODS We sequenced GLP1R in 8642 Danish individuals with type 2 diabetes or normal glucose tolerance and examined the ability of nonsynonymous variants to bind GLP-1 and to signal in transfected cells via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation and β-arrestin recruitment. We performed a cross-sectional study between the burden of loss-of-signaling (LoS) variants and cardiometabolic phenotypes in 2930 patients with type 2 diabetes and 5712 participants in a population-based cohort. Furthermore, we studied the association between cardiometabolic phenotypes and the burden of the LoS variants and 60 partly overlapping predicted loss-of-function (pLoF) GLP1R variants found in 330 566 unrelated White exome-sequenced participants in the UK Biobank cohort. RESULTS We identified 36 nonsynonymous variants in GLP1R, of which 10 had a statistically significant loss in GLP-1-induced cAMP signaling compared to wild-type. However, no association was observed between the LoS variants and type 2 diabetes, although LoS variant carriers had a minor increased fasting plasma glucose level. Moreover, pLoF variants from the UK Biobank also did not reveal substantial cardiometabolic associations, despite a small effect on glycated hemoglobin A1c. CONCLUSION Since no homozygous LoS nor pLoF variants were identified and heterozygous carriers had similar cardiometabolic phenotype as noncarriers, we conclude that GLP-1R may be of particular importance in human physiology, due to a potential evolutionary intolerance of harmful homozygous GLP1R variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine U Melchiorsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Kimmie V Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Hüsün S Kizilkaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Henrik T Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8800, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Allan Vaag
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Jens S Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup 2900, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Anette P Gjesing
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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4
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Li B, Maruszko K, Kim SK, Yang MY, Vo ADP, Goddard WA. Structure and Molecular Mechanism of Signaling for the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Bound to Gs Protein and Exendin-P5 Biased Agonist. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20422-20431. [PMID: 37672637 PMCID: PMC10777869 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a key regulator of blood glucose and a prime target for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity with multiple public drugs. Here we present a comprehensive computational analysis of the interactions of the activated GLP-1R-Gs signaling complex with a G protein biased agonist, Exendin P5 (ExP5), which possesses a unique N-terminal sequence responsible for the signal bias. Using a refined all-atom model of the ExP5-GLP-1R-Gs complex in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we propose a novel mechanism of conformation transduction in which the unique interaction network of ExP5 N-terminus propagates the binding signal across an array of conserved residues at the transmembrane domain to enhance Gs protein coupling at the cytoplasmic end of the receptor. Our simulations reveal previously unobserved interactions important for activation by ExP5 toward GDP-GTP signaling, providing new insights into the mechanism of class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. These findings offer a framework for the structure-based design of more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Materials Process and Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Krystyna Maruszko
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Materials Process and Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Materials Process and Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Moon Young Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Materials Process and Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Amy-Doan P Vo
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Materials Process and Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Materials Process and Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Gibadullin R, Kim TW, Tran LML, Gellman SH. Hormone Analogues with Unique Signaling Profiles from Replacement of α-Residue Triads with β/γ Diads. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20539-20550. [PMID: 37697685 PMCID: PMC10588032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
We have applied an underexplored backbone modification strategy to generate new analogues of peptides that activate two clinically important class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Most peptide modification strategies involve changing side chains or, less commonly, changing the configuration at side chain-bearing carbons (i.e., l residues replaced by d residues). In contrast, backbone modifications alter the number of backbone atoms and the identities of backbone atoms relative to a poly-α-amino acid backbone. Starting from the peptide agonists PTH(1-34) (the first 34 residues of the parathyroid hormone, used clinically as the drug teriparatide) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) (GLP-1(7-36)), we replaced native α-residue triads with a diad composed of a β-amino acid residue and a γ-amino acid residue. The β/γ diad retains the number of backbone atoms in the ααα triad. Because the β and γ residue each bear a single side chain, we implemented ααα→βγ replacements at sites that contained a Gly residue (i.e., at α-residue triads that presented only two side chains). All seven of the α/β/γ-peptides derived from PTH(1-34) or GLP-1(7-36) bind to the cognate receptor (the PTHR1 or the GLP-1R), but they vary considerably in their activity profiles. Outcomes include functional mimicry of the all-α agonist, receptor-selective agonist activity, biased agonism, or strong binding with weak activation, which could lead to antagonist development. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ααα→βγ replacements, which are easily implemented via solid-phase synthesis, can generate peptide hormone analogues that display unique and potentially useful signaling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Gibadullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tae Wook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lauren My-Linh Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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6
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Chen K, Zhang C, Lin S, Yan X, Cai H, Yi C, Ma L, Chu X, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Han S, Zhao Q, Wu B. Tail engagement of arrestin at the glucagon receptor. Nature 2023; 620:904-910. [PMID: 37558880 PMCID: PMC10447241 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins have pivotal roles in regulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling by desensitizing G protein activation and mediating receptor internalization1,2. It has been proposed that the arrestin binds to the receptor in two different conformations, 'tail' and 'core', which were suggested to govern distinct processes of receptor signalling and trafficking3,4. However, little structural information is available for the tail engagement of the arrestins. Here we report two structures of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) bound to β-arrestin 1 (βarr1) in glucagon-bound and ligand-free states. These structures reveal a receptor tail-engaged binding mode of βarr1 with many unique features, to our knowledge, not previously observed. Helix VIII, instead of the receptor core, has a major role in accommodating βarr1 by forming extensive interactions with the central crest of βarr1. The tail-binding pose is further defined by a close proximity between the βarr1 C-edge and the receptor helical bundle, and stabilized by a phosphoinositide derivative that bridges βarr1 with helices I and VIII of GCGR. Lacking any contact with the arrestin, the receptor core is in an inactive state and loosely binds to glucagon. Further functional studies suggest that the tail conformation of GCGR-βarr governs βarr recruitment at the plasma membrane and endocytosis of GCGR, and provides a molecular basis for the receptor forming a super-complex simultaneously with G protein and βarr to promote sustained signalling within endosomes. These findings extend our knowledge about the arrestin-mediated modulation of GPCR functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiying Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zhu
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
| | - Beili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Darbalaei S, Chang RL, Zhou QT, Chen Y, Dai AT, Wang MW, Yang DH. Effects of site-directed mutagenesis of GLP-1 and glucagon receptors on signal transduction activated by dual and triple agonists. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:421-433. [PMID: 35953646 PMCID: PMC9889767 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of one drug against multiple targets, known as unimolecular polypharmacology, offers the potential to improve efficacy while overcoming some adverse events associated with the treatment. This approach is best exemplified by targeting two or three class B1 G protein-coupled receptors, namely, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), glucagon receptor (GCGR) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Some of the dual and triple agonists have already shown initial successes in clinical trials, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their multiplexed pharmacology remain elusive. In this study we employed structure-based site-directed mutagenesis together with pharmacological assays to compare agonist efficacy across two key signaling pathways, cAMP accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2). Three dual agonists (peptide 15, MEDI0382 and SAR425899) and one triple agonist (peptide 20) were evaluated at GLP-1R and GCGR, relative to the native peptidic ligands (GLP-1 and glucagon). Our results reveal the existence of residue networks crucial for unimolecular agonist-mediated receptor activation and their distinct signaling patterns, which might be useful to the rational design of biased drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Darbalaei
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ru-Lue Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing-Tong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - An-Tao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - De-Hua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
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8
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Cary BP, Zhang X, Cao J, Johnson RM, Piper SJ, Gerrard EJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM. New insights into the structure and function of class B1 GPCRs. Endocr Rev 2022; 44:492-517. [PMID: 36546772 PMCID: PMC10166269 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors. Class B1 GPCRs constitute a subfamily of 15 receptors that characteristically contain large extracellular domains (ECDs) and respond to long polypeptide hormones. Class B1 GPCRs are critical regulators of homeostasis, and as such, many are important drug targets. While most transmembrane proteins, including GPCRs, are recalcitrant to crystallization, recent advances in electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) have facilitated a rapid expansion of the structural understanding of membrane proteins. As a testament to this success, structures for all the class B1 receptors bound to G proteins have been determined by cryo-EM in the past five years. Further advances in cryo-EM have uncovered dynamics of these receptors, ligands, and signalling partners. Here, we examine the recent structural underpinnings of the class B1 GPCRs with an emphasis on structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Cary
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jianjun Cao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rachel M Johnson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah J Piper
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Elliot J Gerrard
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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9
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Piper SJ, Deganutti G, Lu J, Zhao P, Liang YL, Lu Y, Fletcher MM, Hossain MA, Christopoulos A, Reynolds CA, Danev R, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Understanding VPAC receptor family peptide binding and selectivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7013. [PMID: 36385145 PMCID: PMC9668914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptors are key regulators of neurological processes. Despite recent structural data, a comprehensive understanding of peptide binding and selectivity among different subfamily receptors is lacking. Here, we determine structures of active, Gs-coupled, VIP-VPAC1R, PACAP27-VPAC1R, and PACAP27-PAC1R complexes. Cryo-EM structural analyses and molecular dynamics simulations (MDSs) reveal fewer stable interactions between VPAC1R and VIP than for PACAP27, more extensive dynamics of VIP interaction with extracellular loop 3, and receptor-dependent differences in interactions of conserved N-terminal peptide residues with the receptor core. MD of VIP modelled into PAC1R predicts more transient VIP-PAC1R interactions in the receptor core, compared to VIP-VPAC1R, which may underlie the selectivity of VIP for VPAC1R over PAC1R. Collectively, our work improves molecular understanding of peptide engagement with the PAC1R and VPAC1R that may benefit the development of novel selective agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Piper
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- grid.8096.70000000106754565Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, CV1 5FB Coventry, UK
| | - Jessica Lu
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,Present Address: Confo TherapeuticsTechnologiepark 94, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), 9052 Belgium
| | - Yao Lu
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Madeleine M. Fletcher
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.454018.c0000 0004 0632 8971Present Address: GlaxoSmithKline, Abbotsford, 3067 VIC Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XFlorey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Christopher A. Reynolds
- grid.8096.70000000106754565Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, CV1 5FB Coventry, UK ,grid.8356.80000 0001 0942 6946School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ UK
| | - Radostin Danev
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, S402, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
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10
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Wang P, Hill TA, Mitchell J, Fitzsimmons RL, Xu W, Loh Z, Suen JY, Lim J, Iyer A, Fairlie DP. Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11759-11775. [PMID: 35984914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) lowers blood glucose by inducing insulin but also has other poorly understood properties. Here, we show that hydroxy amino acids (Thr11, Ser14, Ser17, Ser18) in GLP-1(7-36) act in concert to direct cell signaling. Mutating any single residue to alanine removes one hydroxyl group, thereby reducing receptor affinity and cAMP 10-fold, with Ala11 or Ala14 also reducing β-arrestin-2 10-fold, while Ala17 or Ala18 also increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation 5-fold. Multiple alanine mutations more profoundly bias signaling, differentially silencing or restoring one or more signaling properties. Mutating three serines silences only ERK1/2, the first example of such bias. Mutating all four residues silences β-arrestin-2, ERK1/2, and Ca2+ maintains the ligand and receptor at the membrane but still potently stimulates cAMP and insulin secretion in cells and mice. These novel findings indicate that hydrogen bonding cooperatively controls cell signaling and highlight an important regulatory hydroxyl patch in hormones that activate class B G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy A Hill
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Justin Mitchell
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Fitzsimmons
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhixuan Loh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
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11
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Piper NBC, Whitfield EA, Stewart GD, Xu X, Furness SGB. Targeting appetite and satiety in diabetes and obesity, via G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115115. [PMID: 35671790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity have reached pandemic proportions throughout the world, so much so that the World Health Organisation coined the term "Globesity" to help encapsulate the magnitude of the problem. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly tractable drug targets due to their wide involvement in all aspects of physiology and pathophysiology, indeed, GPCRs are the targets of approximately 30% of the currently approved drugs. GPCRs are also broadly involved in key physiologies that underlie type 2 diabetes and obesity including feeding reward, appetite and satiety, regulation of blood glucose levels, energy homeostasis and adipose function. Despite this, only two GPCRs are the target of approved pharmaceuticals for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this review we discuss the role of these, and select other candidate GPCRs, involved in various facets of type 2 diabetic or obese pathophysiology, how they might be targeted and the potential reasons why pharmaceuticals against these targets have not progressed to clinical use. Finally, we provide a perspective on the current development pipeline of anti-obesity drugs that target GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B C Piper
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emily A Whitfield
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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12
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Yang M, Luo W, Zhang W, Wang H, Xue D, Wu Y, Zhao S, Zhao F, Zheng X, Tao H. Ugi Reaction Mediated Detergent Assembly for Membrane Protein Studies. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200372. [PMID: 35575910 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the continuous efforts, the current repertoire of detergents is still far from sufficient for the biophysics studies of membrane proteins (MPs). Toward the rapid expansion of detergent diversity, we herein report a new strategy based on Ugi reaction mediated modular assembly. Structural varieties, including hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads, could be conveniently introduced from the multiple reaction components. New detergents then were comprehensively evaluated in the physical properties and preliminarily screened by the thermal stabilization for a transporter MsbA and a spectrum of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). For the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a class B GPCR, detergent M-23-M finally stood out in a second evaluation for the maintenance of homogeneity and was further illustrated its application in the improvement of NMR study. Besides the promising utility in the MP study, the current results exhibit intriguing structural-physical relationship that would allow the guidance in the tuning of detergent properties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Yang
- University of South China, Department of Pharmacy, CHINA
| | - Weiling Luo
- ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, CHINA
| | - Wei Zhang
- ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, CHINA
| | - Huixia Wang
- ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, CHINA
| | | | - Yiran Wu
- ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, CHINA
| | - Suwen Zhao
- ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, CHINA
| | - Fei Zhao
- ShanghaiTech University, iHuman Institute, 230 Haike Road, 201210, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Xing Zheng
- University of South China, Department of Pharmacy, CHINA
| | - Houchao Tao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Room 2421, Building 2, 1200 Cailun Road, 230032, Shanghai, CHINA
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13
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Jones B. The therapeutic potential of GLP-1 receptor biased agonism. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:492-510. [PMID: 33880754 PMCID: PMC8820210 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are effective treatments for type 2 diabetes as they stimulate insulin release and promote weight loss through appetite suppression. Their main side effect is nausea. All approved GLP-1 agonists are full agonists across multiple signalling pathways. However, selective engagement with specific intracellular effectors, or biased agonism, has been touted as a means to improve GLP-1 agonists therapeutic efficacy. In this review, I critically examine how GLP-1 receptor-mediated intracellular signalling is linked to physiological responses and discuss the implications of recent studies investigating the metabolic effects of biased GLP-1 agonists. Overall, there is little conclusive evidence that beneficial and adverse effects of GLP-1 agonists are attributable to distinct, nonoverlapping signalling pathways. Instead, G protein-biased GLP-1 agonists appear to achieve enhanced anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy by avoiding GLP-1 receptor desensitisation and downregulation, partly via reduced β-arrestin recruitment. This effect seemingly applies more to insulin release than to appetite regulation and nausea, possible reasons for which are discussed. At present, most evidence derives from cellular and animal studies, and more human data are required to determine whether this approach represents a genuine therapeutic advance. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on GLP1 receptor ligands (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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14
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Dynamics of GLP-1R peptide agonist engagement are correlated with kinetics of G protein activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:92. [PMID: 35013280 PMCID: PMC8748714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) has broad physiological roles and is a validated target for treatment of metabolic disorders. Despite recent advances in GLP-1R structure elucidation, detailed mechanistic understanding of how different peptides generate profound differences in G protein-mediated signalling is still lacking. Here we combine cryo-electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, receptor mutagenesis and pharmacological assays, to interrogate the mechanism and consequences of GLP-1R binding to four peptide agonists; glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, exendin-4 and exendin-P5. These data reveal that distinctions in peptide N-terminal interactions and dynamics with the GLP-1R transmembrane domain are reciprocally associated with differences in the allosteric coupling to G proteins. In particular, transient interactions with residues at the base of the binding cavity correlate with enhanced kinetics for G protein activation, providing a rationale for differences in G protein-mediated signalling efficacy from distinct agonists. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) can be targeted in the treatment of diabetes, obesity and other metabolic disorders. Here, the authors assess the molecular mechanisms of peptide agonists binding to GLP-1R and the responses elucidated by these ligands, including distinct kinetics of G protein activation.
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15
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Goldschmidt Gőz V, Duong KHY, Horváth D, Ferentzi K, Farkas V, Perczel A. Application of Sugar Amino Acids: Flow Chemistry Used for α/β‐Chimera Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Goldschmidt Gőz
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány P. stny. 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Kim Hoang Yen Duong
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology Institute of Chemistry ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány P. stny. 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry Institute of Chemistry ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány P. stny. 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Dániel Horváth
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology Institute of Chemistry ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány P. stny. 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Kristóf Ferentzi
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology Institute of Chemistry ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány P. stny. 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry Institute of Chemistry ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány P. stny. 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Viktor Farkas
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány P. stny. 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH) ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány P. stny. 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology Institute of Chemistry ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány P. stny. 1/A 1117 Budapest Hungary
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16
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Zhang X, Belousoff MJ, Liang YL, Danev R, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Structure and dynamics of semaglutide- and taspoglutide-bound GLP-1R-Gs complexes. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109374. [PMID: 34260945 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) regulates insulin secretion, carbohydrate metabolism, and appetite and is an important target for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Multiple GLP-1R agonists have entered into clinical trials, with some, such as semaglutide, progressing to approval. Others, including taspoglutide, failed due to the high incidence of side effects or insufficient efficacy. GLP-1R agonists have a broad spectrum of signaling profiles, but molecular understanding is limited by a lack of structural information on how different agonists engage with the GLP-1R. Here, we report cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures and cryo-EM 3D variability analysis of semaglutide- and taspoglutide-bound GLP-1R-Gs protein complexes. These reveal similar peptide interactions to GLP-1 but different motions within the receptor and bound peptides, providing insights into the molecular determinants of GLP-1R peptide engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Radostin Danev
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, S402, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Raza A, Moyle PM. Developing GLP-1 Conjugated Self-Assembling Nanofibers Using Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition and Evaluation of Their Biological Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:810-820. [PMID: 33843208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 is a gut-derived peptide secreted from pancreatic β-cells that reduces blood glucose levels and body weight; however, native GLP-1 (GLP-1(7-36)-NH2 and GLP-1(7-37)) have short in vivo circulation half-lives (∼2 min) due to proteolytic degradation and rapid renal clearance due to its low molecular weight (MW; 3297.7 Da). This study aimed to improve the proteolytic stability and delivery properties of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) through modifications that form nanostructures. For this purpose, N- (NtG) and C-terminal (CtG), and Lys26 side chain (K26G) alkyne-modified GLP-1 analogues were conjugated to an azide-modified lipidic peptide (L) to give N-L, C-L, and K-26-L, respectively; or CtG was conjugated with a fibrilizing self-assembling peptide (SAP) (AEAEAKAK)3 to yield C-S, using copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). N-L demonstrated the best serum stability (t1/2 > 48 h) compared to K-26-L (44 h), C-L (20 h), C-S (27 h), and the parental GLP-1(7-36;A8G)-NH2 (A8G) (19 h) peptides. Each conjugate demonstrated subnanomolar hGLP-1RA potency, and none demonstrated toxicity toward PC-3 cells at concentrations up to 1 μM. Each analogue was observed by transmission electron microscopy to form fibrils in solution. K-26-L demonstrated among the best human serum stability (t1/2 = 44 h) and similar hGLP-1RA potency (EC50 48 pM) to C-S. In conclusion, this study provided an alternative to lipid modification, i.e., fibrillizing peptides, that could improve pharmacokinetic parameters of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
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18
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Akimov MG, Fomina-Ageeva EV, Dudina PV, Andreeva LA, Myasoyedov NF, Bezuglov VV. ACTH(6-9)PGP Peptide Protects SH-SY5Y Cells from H 2O 2, tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide, and Cyanide Cytotoxicity via Stimulation of Proliferation and Induction of Prosurvival-Related Genes. Molecules 2021; 26:1878. [PMID: 33810344 PMCID: PMC8036943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilized melanocortin analog peptide ACTH(6-9)PGP (HFRWPGP) possesses a wide range of neuroprotective activities. However, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. In this paper, we present a study of the proproliferative and cytoprotective activity of the adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment 6-9 (HFRW) linked with the peptide prolyine-glycyl-proline on the SH-SY5Y cells in the model of oxidative stress-related toxicity. The peptide dose-dependently protected cells from H2O2, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and KCN and demonstrated proproliferative activity. The mechanism of its action was the modulation of proliferation-related NF-κB genes and stimulation of prosurvival NRF2-gene-related pathway, as well as a decrease in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail G. Akimov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.F.-A.); (P.V.D.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Elena V. Fomina-Ageeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.F.-A.); (P.V.D.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Polina V. Dudina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.F.-A.); (P.V.D.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Ludmila A. Andreeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, Ploshchad’ Akademika Kurchatova 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (L.A.A.); (N.F.M.)
| | - Nikolay F. Myasoyedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, Ploshchad’ Akademika Kurchatova 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (L.A.A.); (N.F.M.)
| | - Vladimir V. Bezuglov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.F.-A.); (P.V.D.); (V.V.B.)
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19
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Novikoff A, O'Brien SL, Bernecker M, Grandl G, Kleinert M, Knerr PJ, Stemmer K, Klingenspor M, Zeigerer A, DiMarchi R, Tschöp MH, Finan B, Calebiro D, Müller TD. Spatiotemporal GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling and trafficking/recycling dynamics induced by selected receptor mono- and dual-agonists. Mol Metab 2021; 49:101181. [PMID: 33556643 PMCID: PMC7921015 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We assessed the spatiotemporal GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling, trafficking, and recycling dynamics of GIPR mono-agonists, GLP-1R mono-agonists including semaglutide, and GLP-1/GIP dual-agonists MAR709 and tirzepatide. Methods Receptor G protein recruitment and internalization/trafficking dynamics were assessed using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based technology and live-cell HILO microscopy. Results Relative to native and acylated GLP-1 agonists, MAR709 and tirzepatide showed preserved maximal cAMP production despite partial Gαs recruitment paralleled by diminished ligand-induced receptor internalization at both target receptors. Despite MAR709's lower internalization rate, GLP-1R co-localization with Rab11-associated recycling endosomes was not different between MAR709 and GLP-1R specific mono-agonists. Conclusions Our data indicated that MAR709 and tirzepatide induce unique spatiotemporal GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling, trafficking, and recycling dynamics relative to native peptides, semaglutide, and matched mono-agonist controls. These findings support the hypothesis that the structure of GLP-1/GIP dual-agonists confer a biased agonism that, in addition to its influence on intracellular signaling, uniquely modulates receptor trafficking. GLP-1/GIP dual-agonists, MAR709 and tirzepatide, are partial effectors at multiple GLP-1R pathways, yet retain full cAMP agonism. MAR709 elicits comparable GLP-1R incorporation into Rab11+ recycling endosomes relative to the native peptides and acyl-GLP-1. At the GIPR, both dual-agonists exhibit full-agonism properties with limited receptor internalization/trafficking properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Novikoff
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Shannon L O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Miriam Bernecker
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerald Grandl
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick J Knerr
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, D-80333 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA
| | - Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Center of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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Manchanda Y, Bitsi S, Kang Y, Jones B, Tomas A. Spatiotemporal control of GLP-1 receptor activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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van der Westhuizen ET, Choy KHC, Valant C, McKenzie-Nickson S, Bradley SJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A. Fine Tuning Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Through Allostery and Bias. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:606656. [PMID: 33584282 PMCID: PMC7878563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Due to high sequence homology, selective targeting of any of the M1-M5 mAChRs through the endogenous ligand binding site has been notoriously difficult to achieve. With the discovery of highly subtype selective mAChR positive allosteric modulators in the new millennium, selectivity through targeting an allosteric binding site has opened new avenues for drug discovery programs. However, some hurdles remain to be overcome for these promising new drug candidates to progress into the clinic. One challenge is the potential for on-target side effects, such as for the M1 mAChR where over-activation of the receptor by orthosteric or allosteric ligands can be detrimental. Therefore, in addition to receptor subtype selectivity, a drug candidate may need to exhibit a biased signaling profile to avoid such on-target adverse effects. Indeed, recent studies in mice suggest that allosteric modulators for the M1 mAChR that bias signaling toward specific pathways may be therapeutically important. This review brings together details on the signaling pathways activated by the M1 and M4 mAChRs, evidence of biased agonism at these receptors, and highlights pathways that may be important for developing new subtype selective allosteric ligands to achieve therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K. H. Christopher Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon McKenzie-Nickson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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22
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van der Velden WJC, Smit FX, Christiansen CB, Møller TC, Hjortø GM, Larsen O, Schiellerup SP, Bräuner-Osborne H, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Frimurer TM, Rosenkilde MM. GLP-1 Val8: A Biased GLP-1R Agonist with Altered Binding Kinetics and Impaired Release of Pancreatic Hormones in Rats. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:296-313. [PMID: 33615180 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biased ligands that selectively confer activity in one pathway over another are pharmacologically important because biased signaling may reduce on-target side effects and improve drug efficacy. Here, we describe an N-terminal modification in the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) that alters the signaling capabilities of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) by making it G protein biased over internalization but was originally designed to confer DPP-4 resistance and thereby prolong the half-life of GLP-1. Despite similar binding affinity, cAMP production, and calcium mobilization, substitution of a single amino acid (Ala8 to Val8) in the N-terminus of GLP-1(7-36)NH2 (GLP-1 Val8) severely impaired its ability to internalize GLP-1R compared to endogenous GLP-1. In-depth binding kinetics analyses revealed shorter residence time for GLP-1 Val8 as well as a slower observed association rate. Molecular dynamics (MD) displayed weaker and less interactions of GLP-1 Val8 with GLP-1R, as well as distinct conformational changes in the receptor compared to GLP-1. In vitro validation of the MD, by receptor alanine substitutions, confirmed stronger impairments of GLP-1 Val8-mediated signaling compared to GLP-1. In a perfused rat pancreas, acute stimulation with GLP-1 Val8 resulted in a lower insulin and somatostatin secretion compared to GLP-1. Our study illustrates that profound differences in molecular pharmacological properties, which are essential for the therapeutic targeting of the GLP-1 system, can be induced by subtle changes in the N-terminus of GLP-1. This information could facilitate the development of optimized GLP-1R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Florent X Smit
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Christiansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Gertrud M Hjortø
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Olav Larsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sine P Schiellerup
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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23
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Zhang X, Belousoff MJ, Zhao P, Kooistra AJ, Truong TT, Ang SY, Underwood CR, Egebjerg T, Šenel P, Stewart GD, Liang YL, Glukhova A, Venugopal H, Christopoulos A, Furness SGB, Miller LJ, Reedtz-Runge S, Langmead CJ, Gloriam DE, Danev R, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Differential GLP-1R Binding and Activation by Peptide and Non-peptide Agonists. Mol Cell 2020; 80:485-500.e7. [PMID: 33027691 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide drugs targeting class B1 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can treat multiple diseases; however, there remains substantial interest in the development of orally delivered non-peptide drugs. Here, we reveal unexpected overlap between signaling and regulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor by the non-peptide agonist PF 06882961 and GLP-1 that was not observed for another compound, CHU-128. Compounds from these patent series, including PF 06882961, are currently in clinical trials for treatment of type 2 diabetes. High-resolution cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures reveal that the binding sites for PF 06882961 and GLP-1 substantially overlap, whereas CHU-128 adopts a unique binding mode with a more open receptor conformation at the extracellular face. Structural differences involving extensive water-mediated hydrogen bond networks could be correlated to functional data to understand how PF 06882961, but not CHU-128, can closely mimic the pharmacological properties of GLP-1. These findings will facilitate rational structure-based discovery of non-peptide agonists targeting class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Albert J Kooistra
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tin T Truong
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sheng Yu Ang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | | | - Petr Šenel
- Apigenex, Poděbradská 173/5, Prague 9 190 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Hari Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Radostin Danev
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, N415, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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24
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Darbalaei S, Yuliantie E, Dai A, Chang R, Zhao P, Yang D, Wang MW, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Evaluation of biased agonism mediated by dual agonists of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Holst JJ, Rosenkilde MM. GIP as a Therapeutic Target in Diabetes and Obesity: Insight From Incretin Co-agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa327. [PMID: 32459834 PMCID: PMC7308078 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2 hormones responsible for the amplification of insulin secretion after oral as opposed to intravenous nutrient administration are the gut peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). However, whereas GLP-1 also inhibits appetite and food intake and improves glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), GIP seems to be devoid of these activities, although the 2 hormones as well as their receptors are highly related. In fact, numerous studies have suggested that GIP may promote obesity. However, chimeric peptides, combining elements of both peptides and capable of activating both receptors, have recently been demonstrated to have remarkable weight-losing and glucose-lowering efficacy in obese individuals with T2DM. At the same time, antagonists of the GIP receptor have been reported to reduce weight gain/cause weight loss in experimental animals including nonhuman primates. This suggests that both agonists and antagonist of the GIP receptor should be useful, at least for weight-losing therapy. How is this possible? We here review recent experimental evidence that agonist-induced internalization of the two receptors differs markedly and that modifications of the ligand structures, as in co-agonists, profoundly influence these cellular processes and may explain that an antagonist may activate while an agonist may block receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Yap GY, Moyle PM. Optimized Methods for the Production and Bioconjugation of Site-Specific, Alkyne-Modified Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogs to Azide-Modified Delivery Platforms Using Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1820-1834. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter John Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Gee Yi Yap
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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27
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Pharmacological characterization of mono-, dual- and tri-peptidic agonists at GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114001. [PMID: 32360365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone with physiological roles in adipose tissue, the central nervous system and bone metabolism. While selective ligands for GIP receptor (GIPR) have not been advanced for disease treatment, dual and triple agonists of GIPR, in conjunction with that of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors, are currently in clinical trials, with an expectation of enhanced efficacy beyond that of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist monotherapy for diabetic patients. Consequently, it is important to understand the pharmacological behavior of such drugs. In this study, we have explored signaling pathway specificity and the potential for biased agonism of mono-, dual- and tri-agonists of GIPR using human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells recombinantly expressing human GIPR or GLP-1R. Compared to GIP(1-42), the GIPR mono-agonists Pro3GIP and Lys3GIP are biased towards ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2) relative to cAMP accumulation at GIPR, whereas the triple agonist at GLP-1R/GCGR/GIPR is biased towards pERK1/2 relative to β-arrestin2 recruitment. Moreover, the dual GIPR/GLP-1R agonist, LY3298176, is biased towards pERK1/2 relative to cAMP accumulation at both GIPR and GLP-1R compared to their respective endogenous ligands. These data reveal novel pharmacological properties of potential therapeutic agents that may impact on diversity in clinical responses.
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28
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Liang YL, Belousoff MJ, Fletcher MM, Zhang X, Khoshouei M, Deganutti G, Koole C, Furness SGB, Miller LJ, Hay DL, Christopoulos A, Reynolds CA, Danev R, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Structure and Dynamics of Adrenomedullin Receptors AM 1 and AM 2 Reveal Key Mechanisms in the Control of Receptor Phenotype by Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:263-284. [PMID: 32296767 PMCID: PMC7155201 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors are critically important for metabolism, vascular tone, and inflammatory response. AM receptors are also required for normal lymphatic and blood vascular development and angiogenesis. They play a pivotal role in embryo implantation and fertility and can provide protection against hypoxic and oxidative stress. CGRP and AM receptors are heterodimers of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) (CGRPR), as well as RAMP2 or RAMP3 (AM1R and AM2R, respectively). However, the mechanistic basis for RAMP modulation of CLR phenotype is unclear. In this study, we report the cryo-EM structure of the AM1R in complex with AM and Gs at a global resolution of 3.0 Å, and structures of the AM2R in complex with either AM or intermedin/adrenomedullin 2 (AM2) and Gs at 2.4 and 2.3 Å, respectively. The structures reveal distinctions in the primary orientation of the extracellular domains (ECDs) relative to the receptor core and distinct positioning of extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) that are receptor-dependent. Analysis of dynamic data present in the cryo-EM micrographs revealed additional distinctions in the extent of mobility of the ECDs. Chimeric exchange of the linker region of the RAMPs connecting the TM helix and the ECD supports a role for this segment in controlling receptor phenotype. Moreover, a subset of the motions of the ECD appeared coordinated with motions of the G protein relative to the receptor core, suggesting that receptor ECD dynamics could influence G protein interactions. This work provides fundamental advances in our understanding of GPCR function and how this can be allosterically modulated by accessory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Belousoff
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Madeleine M. Fletcher
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xin Zhang
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maryam Khoshouei
- Department
of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck
Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sebastian G. B. Furness
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- School
of Biological Sciences, and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Radostin Danev
- Graduate
School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, S402, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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29
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Garelja M, Au M, Brimble MA, Gingell JJ, Hendrikse ER, Lovell A, Prodan N, Sexton PM, Siow A, Walker CS, Watkins HA, Williams GM, Wootten D, Yang SH, Harris PWR, Hay DL. Molecular Mechanisms of Class B GPCR Activation: Insights from Adrenomedullin Receptors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:246-262. [PMID: 32296766 PMCID: PMC7155197 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a 52 amino acid peptide that plays a regulatory role in the vasculature. Receptors for AM comprise the class B G protein-coupled receptor, the calcitonin-like receptor (CLR), in complex with one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). The C-terminus of AM is involved in binding to the extracellular domain of the receptor, while the N-terminus is proposed to interact with the juxtamembranous portion of the receptor to activate signaling. There is currently limited information on the molecular determinants involved in AM signaling, thus we set out to define the importance of the AM N-terminus through five signaling pathways (cAMP production, ERK phosphorylation, CREB phosphorylation, Akt phosphorylation, and IP1 production). We characterized the three CLR:RAMP complexes through the five pathways, finding that each had a distinct repertoire of intracellular signaling pathways that it is able to regulate. We then performed an alanine scan of AM from residues 15-31 and found that most residues could be substituted with only small effects on signaling, and that most substitutions affected signaling through all receptors and pathways in a similar manner. We identify F18, T20, L26, and I30 as being critical for AM function, while also identifying an analogue (AM15-52 G19A) which has unique signaling properties relative to the unmodified AM. We interpret our findings in the context of new structural information, highlighting the complementary nature of structural biology and functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
L. Garelja
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Maggie Au
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Joseph J. Gingell
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Erica R. Hendrikse
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Annie Lovell
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Nicole Prodan
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew Siow
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Harriet A. Watkins
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug
Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sung H. Yang
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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30
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Drug discovery approaches targeting the incretin pathway. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103810. [PMID: 32325333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Incretin pathway plays an important role in the development of diabetes medications. Interventions in DPP-4 and GLP-1 receptor have shown remarkable efficacy in experimental and clinical studies and imperatively become one of the most promising therapeutic approaches in the T2DM drug discovery pipeline. Herein, we analyzed the actionmechanismsof DPP-4 and GLP-1 receptor targeting the incretin pathway in T2DM treatment. We gave an insight into the structural requirements for the potent DPP-4 inhibitors and revealed a classification of DPP-4 inhibitors by stressing on the binding modes of these ligands to the enzyme. We then reviewed the drug discovery strategies for the development of peptide and non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs). Furthermore, the drug design strategies for DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1R agonists were detailed accurately. This review might provide an efficient evidence for the highly potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitors and the GLP-1 RAs, as novel medicines for patients suffering from T2DM.
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31
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Davenport AP, Scully CCG, de Graaf C, Brown AJH, Maguire JJ. Advances in therapeutic peptides targeting G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:389-413. [PMID: 32494050 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of peptide-activated pathways causes a range of diseases, fostering the discovery and clinical development of peptide drugs. Many endogenous peptides activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) - nearly 50 GPCR peptide drugs have been approved to date, most of them for metabolic disease or oncology, and more than 10 potentially first-in-class peptide therapeutics are in the pipeline. The majority of existing peptide therapeutics are agonists, which reflects the currently dominant strategy of modifying the endogenous peptide sequence of ligands for peptide-binding GPCRs. Increasingly, novel strategies are being employed to develop both agonists and antagonists, to both introduce chemical novelty and improve drug-like properties. Pharmacodynamic improvements are evolving to allow biasing ligands to activate specific downstream signalling pathways, in order to optimize efficacy and reduce side effects. In pharmacokinetics, modifications that increase plasma half-life have been revolutionary. Here, we discuss the current status of the peptide drugs targeting GPCRs, with a focus on evolving strategies to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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32
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van der Velden WJC, Heitman LH, Rosenkilde MM. Perspective: Implications of Ligand-Receptor Binding Kinetics for Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:179-189. [PMID: 32296761 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of ligand-receptor binding kinetics has been broadly applied in drug development pipelines focusing on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The ligand residence time (RT) for a receptor describes how long a ligand-receptor complex exists, and is defined as the reciprocal of the dissociation rate constant (k off). RT has turned out to be a valuable parameter for GPCR researchers focusing on drug development as a good predictor of in vivo efficacy. The positive correlation between RT and in vivo efficacy has been established for several drugs targeting class A GPCRs (e.g., the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR), and the muscarinic 3 receptor (M3R)) and for drugs targeting class B1 (e.g., the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R)). Recently, the association rate constant (k on) has gained similar attention as another parameter affecting in vivo efficacy. In the current perspective, we address the importance of studying ligand-receptor binding kinetics for therapeutic targeting of GPCRs, with an emphasis on how binding kinetics can be altered by subtle molecular changes in the ligands and/or the receptors and how such changes affect treatment outcome. Moreover, we speculate on the impact of binding kinetic parameters for functional selectivity and sustained receptor signaling from endosomal compartments; phenomena that have gained increasing interest in attempts to improve therapeutic targeting of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK 2200, Denmark
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK 2200, Denmark
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33
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Wang M, Yao P, Gao M, Jin J, Yu Y. Novel fatty chain-modified GLP-1R G-protein biased agonist exerts prolonged anti-diabetic effects through targeting receptor binding sites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8044-8053. [PMID: 35497855 PMCID: PMC9049875 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we design and evaluate novel long-lasting GLP-1R G-protein-biased agonists with promising pharmacological virtues. Firstly, six GLP-1R G-protein-biased peptides (named PX01-PX06), screened by using a previous reported high-throughput autocrine-based method, were fused to the N-terminus of GLP-1(9-37) to generate six fusion peptides (PX07-PX012). In vitro surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements showed that PX09 exerts the highest binding affinity for both human and mouse GLP-1R extracellular domains (ECD). We further used the PX09 as a starting point to conduct site-specific modifications yielding twelve lysine-modified conjugates, termed PX13-PX24. Of these conjugates, PX17 retained relatively better in vitro GLP-1R activation potency and plasma stability compared with other ones. Preclinical studies in db/db mice demonstrated that acute treatment of PX17 exerts enhanced hypoglycemic and insulinotropic activities in a dosage dependent model within the range of 0.1-0.9 mg kg-1. Similarly, prolonged glucose-lowering abilities were exhibited in modified multiple oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and a hypoglycemic duration test. Apparently prolonged in vivo half-lives of ∼96 and ∼141 h were observed after a single subcutaneous administration of PX17 at 0.1 and 0.3 mg kg-1, respectively, in healthy cynomolgus monkeys. In addition, twice-weekly treatment of PX17 in db/db mice for 8 weeks obviously improved the hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), and was more effective at improving the insulin resistance, glucose tolerance as well as function of pancreatic beta cells compared with Semaglutide. Furthermore, subcutaneously dosed PX17 in diet induced obese (DIO) mice achieved long-term beneficial effects on food intake and body weight control, HbA1C and inflammation-related factor level lowering. The above results indicate that PX17, as a novel GLP-1R G-protein-biased agonist, may be a promising candidate for antidiabetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities Enshi 445000 Hubei China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities Enshi 445000 Hubei China
| | - Minpeng Gao
- China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 P. R. China
| | - Jian Jin
- Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214062 P. R. China
| | - Yerong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
- Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214062 P. R. China
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34
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Cary BP, Hager MV, Gellman SH. Impact of Substitution Registry on the Receptor-Activation Profiles of Backbone-Modified Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogues. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2834-2840. [PMID: 31172641 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Family B G protein-coupled receptors play important physiological roles and possess large extracellular domains (ECDs) that aid in binding the long polypeptide hormones that are their natural agonists. We have previously shown that agonist analogues in which subsets of native α-amino acid residues are replaced with β-amino acid residues can retain activity while avoiding proteolytic degradation. This study focuses on eight new α/β analogues of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) that each contain five α-to-β replacements in the C-terminal half of the peptide. This portion of GLP-1 is known to adopt an α-helical conformation and contact the ECD. All four registries of the αααβ backbone pattern were evaluated; previous work has shown that the αααβ pattern supports adoption of an α-helix-like conformation. Two α-to-β replacement formats were employed, one involving β3 homologues of the native residues replaced and the other involving a cyclic β residue. GLP-1R response was characterized in terms of stimulation of cAMP production and β-arrestin recruitment. Some of the backbone-modified GLP-1 analogues display biased agonism of the GLP-1R. This study helps to establish the scope of the α→β backbone modification strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Cary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Marlies V Hager
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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35
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Levine PM, Balana AT, Sturchler E, Koole C, Noda H, Zarzycka B, Daley EJ, Truong TT, Katritch V, Gardella TJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM, McDonald P, Pratt MR. O-GlcNAc Engineering of GPCR Peptide-Agonists Improves Their Stability and in Vivo Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14210-14219. [PMID: 31418572 PMCID: PMC6860926 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peptide agonists of GPCRs and other receptors are powerful signaling molecules with high potential as biological tools and therapeutics, but they are typically plagued by instability and short half-lives in vivo. Nature uses protein glycosylation to increase the serum stability of secreted proteins. However, these extracellular modifications are complex and heterogeneous in structure, making them an impractical solution. In contrast, intracellular proteins are subjected to a simple version of glycosylation termed O-GlcNAc modification. In our studies of this modification, we found that O-GlcNAcylation inhibits proteolysis, and strikingly, this stabilization occurs despite large distances in primary sequence (10-15 amino acids) between the O-GlcNAc and the site of cleavage. We therefore hypothesized that this "remote stabilization" concept could be useful to engineer the stability and potentially additional properties of peptide or protein therapeutics. Here, we describe the application of O-GlcNAcylation to two clinically important peptides: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the parathyroid hormone (PTH), which respectively help control glucose and calcium levels in the blood. For both peptides, we found O-GlcNAcylated analogs that are equipotent to unmodified peptide in cell-based activation assays, while several GLP-1 analogs were biased agonists relative to GLP-1. As we predicted, O-GlcNAcylation can improve the stability of both GLP-1 and PTH in serum despite the fact that the O-GlcNAc can be quite remote from characterized sites of peptide cleavage. The O-GlcNAcylated GLP-1 and PTH also displayed significantly improved in vivo activity. Finally, we employed structure-based molecular modeling and receptor mutagenesis to predict how O-GlcNAcylation can be accommodated by the receptors and the potential interactions that contribute to peptide activity. This approach demonstrates the potential of O-GlcNAcylation for generating analogs of therapeutic peptides with enhanced proteolytic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emmanuel Sturchler
- Department of Molecular Medicine The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Hiroshi Noda
- Endocrine Unit , Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | | | - Eileen J Daley
- Endocrine Unit , Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Tin T Truong
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Bridge Institute , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit , Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Patricia McDonald
- Department of Molecular Medicine The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Bridge Institute , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
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36
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Wootten D, Miller LJ. Structural Basis for Allosteric Modulation of Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 60:89-107. [PMID: 31454292 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) provide multiple opportunities for targeted development of allosteric modulators. Given the pleiotropic signaling patterns emanating from these receptors in response to a variety of natural agonist ligands, modulators have the potential to sculpt the responses to meet distinct needs of different groups of patients. In this review, we provide insights into how this family of GPCRs differs from the rest of the superfamily, how orthosteric agonists bind and activate these receptors, the potential for allosteric modulators to interact with various regions of these targets, and the allosteric influence of endogenous proteins on the pharmacology of these receptors, all of which are important considerations when developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia; .,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia; .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA;
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37
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Tomas A, Jones B, Leech C. New Insights into Beta-Cell GLP-1 Receptor and cAMP Signaling. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1347-1366. [PMID: 31446075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the translational potential of the GLP-1/GLP-1R system in pancreatic beta cells has led to the development of established GLP-1R-based therapies for the long-term preservation of beta cell function. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the current research on the GLP-1/GLP-1R system in beta cells, including the regulation of signaling by endocytic trafficking as well as the application of concepts such as signal bias, allosteric modulation, dual agonism, polymorphic receptor variants, spatial compartmentalization of cAMP signaling and new downstream signaling targets involved in the control of beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Colin Leech
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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38
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Seyedabadi M, Ghahremani MH, Albert PR. Biased signaling of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): Molecular determinants of GPCR/transducer selectivity and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:148-178. [PMID: 31075355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) convey signals across membranes via interaction with G proteins. Originally, an individual GPCR was thought to signal through one G protein family, comprising cognate G proteins that mediate canonical receptor signaling. However, several deviations from canonical signaling pathways for GPCRs have been described. It is now clear that GPCRs can engage with multiple G proteins and the line between cognate and non-cognate signaling is increasingly blurred. Furthermore, GPCRs couple to non-G protein transducers, including β-arrestins or other scaffold proteins, to initiate additional signaling cascades. Receptor/transducer selectivity is dictated by agonist-induced receptor conformations as well as by collateral factors. In particular, ligands stabilize distinct receptor conformations to preferentially activate certain pathways, designated 'biased signaling'. In this regard, receptor sequence alignment and mutagenesis have helped to identify key receptor domains for receptor/transducer specificity. Furthermore, molecular structures of GPCRs bound to different ligands or transducers have provided detailed insights into mechanisms of coupling selectivity. However, receptor dimerization, compartmentalization, and trafficking, receptor-transducer-effector stoichiometry, and ligand residence and exposure times can each affect GPCR coupling. Extrinsic factors including cell type or assay conditions can also influence receptor signaling. Understanding these factors may lead to the development of improved biased ligands with the potential to enhance therapeutic benefit, while minimizing adverse effects. In this review, evidence for ligand-specific GPCR signaling toward different transducers or pathways is elaborated. Furthermore, molecular determinants of biased signaling toward these pathways and relevant examples of the potential clinical benefits and pitfalls of biased ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Seyedabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Education Development Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Canada.
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39
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Glotfelty EJ, Delgado TE, Tovar-y-Romo LB, Luo Y, Hoffer BJ, Olson L, Karlsson TE, Mattson MP, Harvey BK, Tweedie D, Li Y, Greig NH. Incretin Mimetics as Rational Candidates for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:66-91. [PMID: 31396586 PMCID: PMC6687335 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is becoming an increasing public health issue. With an annually estimated 1.7 million TBIs in the United States (U.S) and nearly 70 million worldwide, the injury, isolated or compounded with others, is a major cause of short- and long-term disability and mortality. This, along with no specific treatment, has made exploration of TBI therapies a priority of the health system. Age and sex differences create a spectrum of vulnerability to TBI, with highest prevalence among younger and older populations. Increased public interest in the long-term effects and prevention of TBI have recently reached peaks, with media attention bringing heightened awareness to sport and war related head injuries. Along with short-term issues, TBI can increase the likelihood for development of long-term neurodegenerative disorders. A growing body of literature supports the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon (Gcg) receptor (R) agonists, along with unimolecular combinations of these therapies, for their potent neurotrophic/neuroprotective activities across a variety of cellular and animal models of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) and acute cerebrovascular disorders (stroke). Mild or moderate TBI shares many of the hallmarks of these conditions; recent work provides evidence that use of these compounds is an effective strategy for its treatment. Safety and efficacy of many incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 and GIP) have been demonstrated in humans for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), making these compounds ideal for rapid evaluation in clinical trials of mild and moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J. Glotfelty
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas E. Delgado
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Luis B. Tovar-y-Romo
- Division
of Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yu Luo
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University
School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lars Olson
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mark P. Mattson
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Brandon K. Harvey
- Molecular
Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Unit, Integrative Neuroscience
Department, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Yazhou Li
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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40
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Receptor selectivity from minimal backbone modification of a polypeptide agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12383-12388. [PMID: 30442659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815294115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parathyroid hormone (PTH) and N-terminal fragments thereof activate two receptors, hPTHR1 and hPTHR2, which share ∼51% sequence similarity. A peptide comprising the first 34 residues of PTH is fully active at both receptors and is used to treat osteoporosis. We have used this system to explore the hypothesis that backbone modification of a promiscuous peptidic agonist can provide novel receptor-selective agonists. We tested this hypothesis by preparing a set of variants of PTH(1-34)-NH2 that contained a single β-amino-acid residue replacement at each of the first eight positions. These homologs, each containing one additional backbone methylene unit relative to PTH(1-34)-NH2 itself, displayed a wide range of potencies in cell-based assays for PTHR1 or PTHR2 activation. The β-scan series allowed us to identify two homologs, each containing two α→β replacements, that were highly selective, one for PTHR1 and the other for PTHR2. These findings suggest that backbone modification of peptides may provide a general strategy for achieving activation selectivity among polypeptide-modulated receptors, and that success requires consideration of both β2- and β3-residues, which differ in terms of side-chain location.
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41
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Liang YL, Khoshouei M, Deganutti G, Glukhova A, Koole C, Peat TS, Radjainia M, Plitzko JM, Baumeister W, Miller LJ, Hay DL, Christopoulos A, Reynolds CA, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Cryo-EM structure of the active, G s-protein complexed, human CGRP receptor. Nature 2018; 561:492-497. [PMID: 30209400 PMCID: PMC6166790 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a widely expressed neuropeptide that has a major role in sensory neurotransmission. The CGRP receptor is a heterodimer of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) class B G-protein-coupled receptor and a type 1 transmembrane domain protein, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). Here we report the structure of the human CGRP receptor in complex with CGRP and the Gs-protein heterotrimer at 3.3 Å global resolution, determined by Volta phase-plate cryo-electron microscopy. The receptor activity-modifying protein transmembrane domain sits at the interface between transmembrane domains 3, 4 and 5 of CLR, and stabilizes CLR extracellular loop 2. RAMP1 makes only limited direct contact with CGRP, consistent with its function in allosteric modulation of CLR. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that RAMP1 provides stability to the receptor complex, particularly in the positioning of the extracellular domain of CLR. This work provides insights into the control of G-protein-coupled receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maryam Khoshouei
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas S Peat
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Deborah L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Mechanisms of signalling and biased agonism in G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:638-653. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Brown JD, McAnally D, Ayala JE, Burmeister MA, Morfa C, Smith L, Ayala JE. Oleoylethanolamide modulates glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist signaling and enhances exendin-4-mediated weight loss in obese mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R595-R608. [PMID: 29949410 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00459.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) agonists (GLP-1RA), such as exendin-4 (Ex4), promote weight loss. On the basis of a newly discovered interaction between GLP-1 and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), we tested whether OEA enhances GLP-1RA-mediated anorectic signaling and weight loss. We analyzed the effect of GLP-1+OEA and Ex4+OEA on canonical GLP-1R signaling and other proteins/pathways that contribute to the hypophagic action of GLP-1RA (AMPK, Akt, mTOR, and glycolysis). We demonstrate that OEA enhances canonical GLP-1R signaling when combined with GLP-1 but not with Ex4. GLP-1 and Ex4 promote phosphorylation of mTOR pathway components, but OEA does not enhance this effect. OEA synergistically enhanced GLP-1- and Ex4-stimulated glycolysis but did not augment the hypophagic action of GLP-1 or Ex4 in lean or diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. However, the combination of Ex4+OEA promoted greater weight loss in DIO mice than Ex4 or OEA alone during a 7-day treatment. This was due in part to transient hypophagia and increased energy expenditure, phenotypes also observed in Ex4-treated DIO mice. Thus, OEA augments specific GLP-1RA-stimulated signaling but appears to work in parallel with Ex4 to promote weight loss in DIO mice. Elucidating cooperative mechanisms underlying Ex4+OEA-mediated weight loss could, therefore, be leveraged toward more effective obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Brown
- Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona , Orlando, Florida
| | - Danielle McAnally
- Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona , Orlando, Florida
| | - Jennifer E Ayala
- Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona , Orlando, Florida
| | - Melissa A Burmeister
- Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona , Orlando, Florida
| | - Camilo Morfa
- Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona , Orlando, Florida
| | - Layton Smith
- Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona , Orlando, Florida
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona , Orlando, Florida
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Lei S, Clydesdale L, Dai A, Cai X, Feng Y, Yang D, Liang YL, Koole C, Zhao P, Coudrat T, Christopoulos A, Wang MW, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Two distinct domains of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor control peptide-mediated biased agonism. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9370-9387. [PMID: 29717000 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be differentially activated by ligands to generate multiple and distinct downstream signaling profiles, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B GPCR and a key drug target for managing metabolic disorders; however, its peptide agonists display biased signaling that affects their relative efficacies. In this study, we combined mutagenesis experiments and mapping of surface mutations onto recently described GLP-1R structures, which revealed two major domains in the GLP-1/GLP-1R/Gs protein active structure that are differentially important for both receptor quiescence and ligand-specific initiation and propagation of biased agonism. Changes to the conformation of transmembrane helix (TM) 5 and TM 6 and reordering of extracellular loop 2 were essential for the propagation of signaling linked to cAMP formation and intracellular calcium mobilization, whereas ordering and packing of residues in TMs 1 and 7 were critical for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK) activity. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model of distinct peptide-receptor interactions that selectively control how these different signaling pathways are engaged. This work provides important structural insight into class B GPCR activation and biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,the School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Lachlan Clydesdale
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Antao Dai
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Feng
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Coudrat
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, .,the School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China, and.,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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45
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Sheykhzade M, Abdolalizadeh B, Koole C, Pickering DS, Dreisig K, Johansson SE, Abboud BK, Dreier R, Berg JO, Jeppesen JL, Sexton PM, Edvinsson L, Wootten D, Sams A. Vascular and molecular pharmacology of the metabolically stable CGRP analogue, SAX. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 829:85-92. [PMID: 29653090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to compare in vitro pharmacological properties of human αCGRP (CGRP) and a recently discovered metabolically stable CGRP analogue, SAX, in isolated rat and human artery segments. In rat, CGRP and SAX induced similar vasodilatory responses in isolated mesenteric artery with the potency of SAX being lower than that of CGRP (vasodilatory pEC50 8.2 ± 0.12 and 9.0 ± 0.11, respectively). A corresponding difference in receptor binding affinity of SAX and CGRP was determined in rat cerebral membranes (pKi 8.3 ± 0.19 and 9.3 ± 0.14, respectively). CGRP and SAX-induced vasodilation was antagonised with similar potencies by the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS supporting a uniform receptor population for the agonists. In human tissue, SAX and CGRP induced similar pharmacological responses with different potencies in subcutaneous artery (vasodilatory pEC50 8.8 ± 0.18 and 9.5 ± 0.13, respectively) and human recombinant receptors (cAMP signalling pEC50 9.1 ± 0.16 and 10.2 ± 0.19). Like in the rat mesenteric artery, both SAX and CGRP-responses were inhibited by the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS with similar antagonistic potencies. In conclusion, all pharmacological characteristics of SAX and CGRP in human and rat sources points towards action via a uniform BIBN4096BS sensitive receptor population with the potency of SAX being 5-10 fold lower than that of CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bahareh Abdolalizadeh
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 69, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darryl Scott Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Dreisig
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 69, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sara Ellinor Johansson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 69, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Balsam Kadri Abboud
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 69, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Dreier
- Department of Medicine, Amager Hvidovre Hospital Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jais Oliver Berg
- Department of Plastic Surgery V, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Lykke Jeppesen
- Department of Medicine, Amager Hvidovre Hospital Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 69, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anette Sams
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 69, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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46
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Liang YL, Khoshouei M, Glukhova A, Furness SGB, Zhao P, Clydesdale L, Koole C, Truong TT, Thal DM, Lei S, Radjainia M, Danev R, Baumeister W, Wang MW, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Phase-plate cryo-EM structure of a biased agonist-bound human GLP-1 receptor-Gs complex. Nature 2018; 555:121-125. [PMID: 29466332 DOI: 10.1038/nature25773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The class B glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) G protein-coupled receptor is a major target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Endogenous and mimetic GLP-1 peptides exhibit biased agonism-a difference in functional selectivity-that may provide improved therapeutic outcomes. Here we describe the structure of the human GLP-1 receptor in complex with the G protein-biased peptide exendin-P5 and a Gαs heterotrimer, determined at a global resolution of 3.3 Å. At the extracellular surface, the organization of extracellular loop 3 and proximal transmembrane segments differs between our exendin-P5-bound structure and previous GLP-1-bound GLP-1 receptor structure. At the intracellular face, there was a six-degree difference in the angle of the Gαs-α5 helix engagement between structures, which was propagated across the G protein heterotrimer. In addition, the structures differed in the rate and extent of conformational reorganization of the Gαs protein. Our structure provides insights into the molecular basis of biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maryam Khoshouei
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan Clydesdale
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tin T Truong
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saifei Lei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,FEI, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Radostin Danev
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Mortenson DE, Kreitler DF, Thomas NC, Guzei IA, Gellman SH, Forest KT. Evaluation of β-Amino Acid Replacements in Protein Loops: Effects on Conformational Stability and Structure. Chembiochem 2018; 19:604-612. [PMID: 29272560 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
β-Amino acids have a backbone that is expanded by one carbon atom relative to α-amino acids, and β residues have been investigated as subunits in protein-like molecules that adopt discrete and predictable conformations. Two classes of β residue have been widely explored in the context of generating α-helix-like conformations: β3 -amino acids, which are homologous to α-amino acids and bear a side chain on the backbone carbon adjacent to nitrogen, and residues constrained by a five-membered ring, such the one derived from trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC). Substitution of α residues with their β3 homologues within an α-helix-forming sequence generally causes a decrease in conformational stability. Use of a ring-constrained β residue, however, can offset the destabilizing effect of α→β substitution. Here we extend the study of α→β substitutions, involving both β3 and ACPC residues, to short loops within a small tertiary motif. We start from previously reported variants of the Pin1 WW domain that contain a two-, three-, or four-residue β-hairpin loop, and we evaluate α→β replacements at each loop position for each variant. By referral to the ϕ,ψ angles of the native structure, one can choose a stereochemically appropriate ACPC residue. Use of such logically chosen ACPC residues enhances conformational stability in several cases. Crystal structures of three β-containing Pin1 WW domain variants show that a native-like tertiary structure is maintained in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Mortenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dale F Kreitler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nicole C Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Katrina T Forest
- Departments of Chemistry and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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48
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Jones B, Bloom SR, Buenaventura T, Tomas A, Rutter GA. Control of insulin secretion by GLP-1. Peptides 2018; 100:75-84. [PMID: 29412835 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of insulin secretion by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and other gut-derived peptides is central to the incretin response to ingesting nutriments. Analogues of GLP-1, and inhibitors of its breakdown, have found widespread clinical use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. The release of these peptides underlies the improvements in glycaemic control and disease remission after bariatric surgery. Given therapeutically, GLP-1 analogues can lead to side effects including nausea, which limit dosage. Greater understanding of the interactions between the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and both the endogenous and artificial ligands therefore holds promise to provide more efficacious compounds. Here, we discuss recent findings concerning the signalling and trafficking of the GLP-1R in pancreatic beta cells. Leveraging "bias" at the receptor towards cAMP generation versus the recruitment of β-arrestins and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) activation may allow the development of new analogues with significantly improved clinical efficacy. We describe how, unexpectedly, relatively low-affinity agonists, which prompt less receptor internalisation than the parent compound, provoke greater insulin secretion and consequent improvements in glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Teresa Buenaventura
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics & Imperial Consortium for Islet Biology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics & Imperial Consortium for Islet Biology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics & Imperial Consortium for Islet Biology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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49
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Han J, Fei Y, Zhou F, Chen X, Zhang Y, Liu L, Fu J. Xenopus-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 and polyethylene-glycosylated glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: long-acting hypoglycaemic and insulinotropic activities with potential therapeutic utilities. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:544-557. [PMID: 29171021 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Incretin-based therapies based on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are effective treatments of type 2 diabetes. Abundant research has focused on the development of long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. However, all GLP-1 receptor agonists in clinical use or development are based on human or Gila GLP-1. We have identified a potent GLP-1 receptor agonist, xGLP-1B, based on Xenopus GLP-1. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To further modify the structure of xGLP-1B, alanine scanning was performed to study the structure -activity relationship of xGLP-1B. Two strategies were then employed to improve bioactivity. First, the C-terminal tail of lixisenatide was appended to cysteine-altered xGLP-1B analogues. Second, polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains with different molecular weights were conjugated with the peptides, giving a series of PEGylated conjugates. Comprehensive bioactivity studies of these conjugates were performed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS From the in vitro receptor activation potency and in vivo acute hypoglycaemic activities of conjugates 25 -36, 33 was identified as the best candidate for further biological assessments. Conjugate 33 exhibited prominent hypoglycaemic and insulinotropic activities, as well as improved pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. The prolonged antidiabetic duration of 33 was further confirmed by pre-oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and multiple OGTT. Furthermore, chronic treatment of db/db mice with 33 ameliorated non-fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, reduced HbA1c values and normalized their impaired glucose tolerance. Importantly, no in vivo toxicity was observed in mice treated with 33. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Peptide 33 is a promising long-acting type 2 diabetes therapeutic deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yingying Fei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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