Schisantherin A induces cell apoptosis through ROS/JNK signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cells

Potential Role of Dietary Phenolic Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Reports

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex illness with both hereditary and environmental components. Globally, in 2019, 18 million people had RA. RA is characterized by persistent inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines the joints, cartilage loss, and bone erosion. Phenolic molecules are the most prevalent secondary metabolites in plants, with a diverse spectrum of biological actions that benefit functional meals and nutraceuticals. These compounds have received a lot of attention recently because they have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-rheumatoid activity by modulating tumor necrosis factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases, as well as other preventative properties. This article discusses dietary polyphenols, their pharmacological properties, and innovative delivery technologies for the treatment of RA, with a focus on their possible biological activities. Nonetheless, commercialization of polyphenols may be achievable only after confirming their safety profile and completing successful clinical trials.

Modeling the complexity of drug-drug interactions: A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic study of Lenvatinib with Schisantherin A/Schisandrin A

BACKGROUND

Lenvatinib's efficacy as a frontline targeted therapy for radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid carcinoma and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma owes to its inhibition of multiple tyrosine kinases. However, as a CYP3A4 substrate, lenvatinib bears susceptibility to pharmacokinetic modulation by co-administered agents. Schisantherin A (STA) and schisandrin A (SIA) - bioactive lignans abundant in the traditional Chinese medicinal Wuzhi Capsule - act as CYP3A4 inhibitors, engendering the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with lenvatinib.

METHODS

To explore potential DDIs between lenvatinib and STA/SIA, we developed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for lenvatinib and used it to construct a DDI model for lenvatinib and STA/SIA. The model was validated with clinical trial data and used to predict changes in lenvatinib exposure with combined treatment.

RESULTS

Following single-dose administration, the predicted area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) of lenvatinib increased 1.00- to 1.03-fold and 1.00- to 1.01-fold, respectively, in the presence of STA/SIA. Simulations of multiple-dose regimens revealed slightly greater interactions, with lenvatinib AUC0-t and Cmax increasing up to 1.09-fold and 1.02-fold, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our study developed the first PBPK and DDI models for lenvatinib as a victim drug. STA and SIA slightly increased lenvatinib exposure in simulations, providing clinically valuable information on the safety of concurrent use. Given the minimal pharmacokinetic changes, STA/SIA are unlikely to interact with lenvatinib through pharmacokinetic alterations synergistically but rather may enhance efficacy through inherent anti-cancer efficacy of STA/ SIA.

Protection of schisantherin A against dictamnine-induced hepatotoxicity: Pharmacokinetic insights

Dictamnine (DIC), as the most abundant furoquinoline alkaloid ingredient of the herbal medicine Cortex Dictamni (CD), can induce severe liver injury. A previous study found that DIC-induced liver injury was initiated by cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A)-mediated metabolic activation and subsequent formation of adducts with cellular proteins. Schisantherin A (SchA) is the major lignan component of the herbal medicine Schisandra chinensis (SC). SC is frequently combined with CD used in numerous Chinese medicinal formulas for the treatment of eczema and urticaria. Furthermore, SC could protect against CD-induced hepatotoxicity. The objective of the study was to investigate the protective effect of SchA on DIC-induced hepatotoxicity based on pharmacokinetic interactions. The studies found that SchA exerted a protective effect on DIC-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that pretreatment with SchA enhanced the area under concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximal concentration (Cmax ) values of DIC in the serum and liver tissue of mice, indicating that SchA could augment the accumulation of DIC in the circulation. In vitro metabolism assays with mouse liver microsomes (MLMs) showed that SchA reduced the production of DIC-glutathione (GSH) conjugate. In addition, SchA significantly reduced the excretion of DIC-GSH conjugate in the urine of mice and relieved hepatic GSH depletion induced by DIC. These results suggested that SchA could inhibit the metabolic activation of DIC in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our findings showed that the observed pharmacokinetic interactions might be attributable to the inhibition of the metabolism of DIC by SchA, which might be responsible for the protection of SchA against DIC-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the development of a standardized combination of DIC and SchA may protect patients from DIC-induced liver injury.

Comprehensive review of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from the Schisandra genus: anticancer potential, mechanistic insights and future prospects in oncology

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The search for novel and effective anticancer agents has been a significant area of research. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (DBCLS), derived from the Schisandra genus plants like: S. chinensis, S. sphenanthera, S. henryi, S. rubriflora, S. grandiflora, S. propinqua, and S. glabra, have been traditionally used in various medicinal systems and are known for their myriad health benefits, including anticancer properties. This comprehensive review aimed to collate and critically analyse the recent literature on the anticancer properties of DBCLS, focusing on their mechanistic approaches against different cancer types. An exhaustive literature search was performed using databases like PubMed/MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, TRIP database and Google Scholar from 1980 to 2023. Peer-reviewed articles that elucidated the mechanistic approach of these lignans on cancer cell lines, in vivo models and preliminary clinical studies were included. Studies were assessed for their experimental designs, cancer types studied, and the mechanistic insights provided. The studies demonstrate that the anticancer effects of DBCLS compounds are primarily driven by their ability to trigger apoptosis, arrest the cell cycle, induce oxidative stress, modulate autophagy, and disrupt essential signaling pathways, notably MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB. Additionally, these lignans have been shown to amplify the impact of traditional chemotherapy treatments, suggesting their potential role as supportive adjuncts in cancer therapy. Notably, several studies also emphasise their capacity to target cancer stem cells and mitigate multi-drug resistance specifically. DBCLS from the Schisandra genus have showcased significant potential as anticancer agents. Their multi-targeted mechanistic approach makes them promising candidates for further research, potentially leading to developing of new therapeutic strategies in cancer management.

Overexpression of SCN5A overcomes ABC transporter-mediated multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia through promoting apoptosis

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of SCN5A overcoming ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) through promoting apoptosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The tissues derived from AML patients were divided into Sensitive group and Resistance group according to the presence of drug-resistance. Human AML cell line HL-60 and drug-resistant strain HL-60/ADR were divided into HL-60/ADR-vector group, HL-60/ADR-SCN5A group, HL-60-vector group and HL-60-SCN5A group. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression level of SCN5A; MTT assay to assess the survival rate and proliferation level of cells; flow cytometry to determine the apoptosis level; and western blot to check the levels of SCN5A, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), MDR protein 1 (MRP1), MDR gene 1 (MDR1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins in cells.

RESULTS

SCN5A expressed lowly in drug-resistant AML tissues and cells. Up-regulation of SCN5A inhibited MDR in HL-60 cells, enhanced the chemosensitivity of HL-60/ADR, and increased the apoptosis levels of HL-60 and HL-60/ADR cells. However, over-expression of SCN5A inhibited the expression of MDR-related proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

SCN5A may overcome ABC transporter-mediated MDR in AML through enhancing the apoptosis and inhibiting the expression of MDR proteins.

Triterpene acids from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruits exert anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity via ROS/JNK signaling pathway-mediated cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) is a famous healthy and medicinal edible fruit in southwest China and has been shown to have some hepatoprotective properties. However, whether the active components, such as the triterpene acids from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruits (TAR), have anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) effects and the potential molecular mechanisms are still unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the anti-HCC effects and potential action mechanisms of triterpene components in RRT fruits.

METHODS

The triterpene acids in TAR were analyzed by using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS, and the main components were virtual screening for targets based on pharmacophore and then performed enrichment analysis. HepG2 cells were used for in vitro experiments, including MTT assay, wound healing assay, and flow cytometry to detect cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, caspase-3 activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) changes. Moreover, the western blot was used to detect mitochondrial apoptosis and ROS/ c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway-related proteins.

RESULTS

The main components in TAR are pentacyclic triterpene acids (mainly euscaphic acid and roxburic acid). TAR could inhibit cell viability, cell migration ability and suppress the proliferation of HepG2 cells through G2/M cell cycle arrest. On the other hand, TAR could induce HepG2 cells apoptosis, which was achieved by causing the accumulation of ROS and activation of the JNK signaling pathway, and our research showed that this apoptosis was mediated through the mitochondrial pathway. In addition, the free radical scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) could attenuate TAR-induced ROS accumulation and JNK signaling pathway activation, which ultimately reversed mitochondrial apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

TAR could activate the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, which could inhibit the proliferation through G2/M cell cycle arrest and promote apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in HCC cells. This supports the anti-tumor potential in RRT fruits.

Cardioprotective effects of Schisantherin A against isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial infarction through amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammation via modulation of PI3K-AKT/Nrf2/ARE and TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB pathways in rats

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The scientific community is concerned about cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity, especially myocardial infarction (MI). Schisantherin A (SCA), a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan monomer found in S. chinensis fruits has cardiovascular advantages such as increasing NO production in isolated rat thoracic aorta and reducing heart damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) through decreasing apoptosis. The present study was undertaken to explore the potential effects of SCA on ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats.

METHODS

Rats were randomly allocated to four groups: control; ISO-treated, and two additional groups of ISO + SCA (5 or 10 mg/kg body weight). All SCA-treated groups were administered with SCA for 20 days and all ISO groups were challenged with ISO on days 19 and 20.

RESULTS

SCA significantly attenuated ISO-induced rise in heart/body weight ratio, myocardial infarct size, and cardiac functional biomarkers (CK-MB, cTnI and BNP). SCA pre- and co-treatment resulted in a significant reduction in oxidative stress (via MDA, NO and GSH and increased activities of SOD, CAT and GPx) and inflammation (via decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) markers when compared to the same levels in cardiac tissue of ISO-treated rats. This study also showed that SCA protects ISO-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by activating the PI3K-AKT/Nrf2/ARE pathway and suppressing TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, SCA treatment protected histopathological alterations observed in only ISO-treated cardiac transverse sections of rats.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that SCA protects against cardiac injury in the ISO-induced MI model of rats.

https://elsevier.proofcentral.com/en-us/landing-page.html?token=baf280639f2773e07701834b1c13daInhibition of spermatogenesis by hypoxia is mediated by V-ATPase via the JNK/c-Jun pathway in mice

Spermatocyte apoptosis is the primary cause of a poor outcome after hypoxia-triggered spermatogenesis reduction (HSR). Vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) is involved in the regulation of hypoxia-induced spermatocyte apoptosis; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of V-ATPase deficiency on spermatocyte apoptosis and the relationship between c-Jun and apoptosis in primary spermatocytes induced by hypoxia. We found that mice under hypoxia exposure for 30 days demonstrated a marked spermatogenesis reduction and downregulation of V-ATPase expression, which were assessed by a TUNEL assay and western blotting, respectively. V-ATPase deficiency resulted in more severe spermatogenesis reduction and spermatocyte apoptosis after hypoxia exposure. We also observed that silencing V-ATPase expression enhanced JNK/c-Jun activation and death receptor-mediated apoptosis in primary spermatocytes. However, inhibition of c-Jun attenuated V-ATPase deficiency-induced spermatocyte apoptosis in primary spermatocytes. In conclusion, the data in this study suggest that V-ATPase deficiency aggravated hypoxia-induced spermatogenesis reduction by promoting spermatocyte apoptosis in mice via the JNK/c-Jun pathway.

Schisandra henryi-A Rare Species with High Medicinal Potential

Schisandra henryi (Schisandraceae) is a plant species endemic to Yunnan Province in China and is little known in Europe and America. To date, few studies, mainly performed by Chinese researchers, have been conducted on S. henryi. The chemical composition of this plant is dominated by lignans (dibenzocyclooctadiene, aryltetralin, dibenzylbutane), polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids), triterpenoids, and nortriterpenoids. The research on the chemical profile of S. henryi showed a similar chemical composition to S. chinensis-a globally known pharmacopoeial species with valuable medicinal properties whichis the best-known species of the genus Schisandra. The whole genus is characterized by the presence of the aforementioned specific dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, known as "Schisandra lignans". This paper was intended to provide a comprehensive review of the scientific literature published on the research conducted on S. henryi, with particular emphasis on the chemical composition and biological properties. Recently, a phytochemical, biological, and biotechnological study conducted by our team highlighted the great potential of S. henryi in in vitro cultures. The biotechnological research revealed the possibilities of the use of biomass from S. henryi as an alternative to raw material that cannot be easily obtained from natural sites. Moreover, the characterization of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans specific to the Schisandraceae family was provided. Except for several scientific studies which have confirmed the most valuable pharmacological properties of these lignans, hepatoprotective and hepatoregenerative, this article also reviews studies that have confirmed the anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, cardioprotective, and anti-osteoporotic effects and their application for treating intestinal dysfunction.

Phenolic compounds as Nrf2 inhibitors: potential applications in cancer therapy

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and involves an oxidative stress mechanism. The transcription factor Nrf2 has a crucial role in cytoprotective response against oxidative stress, including cancer growth and progression and therapy resistance. For this reason, inhibitors of Nrf2 are new targets to be studied. Traditional plant-based remedies rich in phytochemicals have been used against human cancers and phenolic compounds are known for their chemopreventive properties. This comprehensive review offers an updated review of the role of phenolic compounds as anticancer agents due to their action on Nrf2 inhibition. In addition, the role of naturally-occurring bioactive anticancer agents are covered in the clinical applications of polyphenols as Nrf2 inhibitors. Video Abstract.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the action of carcinogens in gastric cancer with a glimpse into targeted therapy

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer imposes a substantial global health burden despite its overall incidence decrease. A broad spectrum of inherited, environmental and infectious factors contributes to the development of gastric cancer. A profound understanding of the molecular underpinnings of gastric cancer has lagged compared to several other tumors with similar incidence and morbidity rates, owing to our limited knowledge of the role of carcinogens in this malignancy. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified gastric carcinogenic agents into four groups based on scientific evidence from human and experimental animal studies. This review aims to explore the potential comprehensive molecular and biological impacts of carcinogens on gastric cancer development and their interactions and interferences with various cellular signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

In this review, we highlight recent clinical trial data reported in the literature dealing with different ways to target various carcinogens in gastric cancer. Moreover, we touch upon other multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches such as surgery, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Rational clinical trials focusing on identifying suitable patient populations are imperative to the success of single-agent therapeutics. Novel insights regarding signaling pathways that regulate gastric cancer can potentially improve treatment responses to targeted therapy alone or in combination with other/conventional treatments. Preventive strategies such as control of H. pylori infection through eradication or immunization as well as dietary habit and lifestyle changes may reduce the incidence of this multifactorial disease, especially in high prevalence areas. Further in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the role of carcinogenic agents in gastric cancer development may offer valuable information and update state-of-the-art resources for physicians and researchers to explore novel ways to combat this disease, from bench to bedside. A schematic outlining of the interaction between gastric carcinogenic agents and intracellular pathways in gastric cancer H. pylori stimulates multiple intracellular pathways, including PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Wnt, Shh, Ras/Raf, c-MET, and JAK/STAT, leading to epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, survival, motility, and inflammatory cytokine release. EBV can stimulate intracellular pathways such as the PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, Notch, TGF-β, and NF-κB, leading to cell survival and motility, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nicotine and alcohol can lead to angiogenesis, metastasis, survival, proliferation, pro-inflammatory, migration, and chemotactic by stimulating various intracellular signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, and JAK/STAT. Processed meat contains numerous carcinogenic compounds that affect multiple intracellular pathways such as sGC/cGMP, p38 MAPK, ERK, and PI3K/AKT, leading to anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammatory responses, proliferation, and invasion. Lead compounds may interact with multiple signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, DNA methylation-dependent, and epigenetic-dependent, leading to tumorigenesis, carcinogenesis, malignancy, angiogenesis, DNA hypermethylation, cell survival, and cell proliferation. Stimulating signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, WNT, TGF-β, EGF, FGFR2, and E-cadherin through UV ionizing radiation leads to cell survival, proliferation, and immortalization in gastric cancer. The consequence of PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, JAK/STAT, and WNT signaling stimulation by the carcinogenic component of Pickled vegetables and salted fish is the Warburg effect, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, inflammatory response, and migration.

Schisantherin A inhibits cell proliferation by regulating glucose metabolism pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma

Schisantherin A (STA) is a traditional Chinese medicine extracted from the plant Schisandra chinensis, which has a wide range of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pharmacological effects. This study investigates the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects of STA and the underlying mechanisms. STA significantly inhibits the proliferation and migration of Hep3B and HCCLM3 cells in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. RNA-sequencing showed that 77 genes are upregulated and 136 genes are downregulated in STA-treated cells compared with untreated cells. KEGG pathway analysis showed significant enrichment in galactose metabolism as well as in fructose and mannose metabolism. Further gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis (GC-MS) confirmed this, indicating that STA significantly inhibits the glucose metabolism pathway of Hep3B cells. Tumor xenograft in nude mice showed that STA has a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, our results indicate that STA can inhibit cell proliferation by regulating glucose metabolism, with subsequent anti-tumor effects, and has the potential to be a candidate drug for the treatment of liver cancer.

Influence of schisantherin A on the pharmacokinetics of lenvatinib in rats and its potential mechanism

BACKGROUND

Lenvatinib (LEN) is approved as first-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Schisantherin A (STA) can exert hepatoprotective and anti-tumor effects. The clinical combination of LEN and STA is very common, especially for patients with advanced HCC, but the effect of STA on the pharmacokinetics of LEN is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of STA on the pharmacokinetics of LEN in rats and explore its potential mechanism.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were orally administered different doses of STA or vehicle control for 7 consecutive days, and 1.2 mg/kg of LEN was given on day 7. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels in the intestines and liver were investigated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot.

RESULTS

It was revealed that STA increased the oral bioavailability of LEN. The area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of LEN after co-administration with STA (20 mg/kg) increased by 54.3% (3,396.73±989.35 vs. 5,240.03±815.49 µg/L/h) and 54.8% (490.64±124.20 vs. 759.66±152.75 µg/L), respectively. The clearance decreased from 0.38±0.12 to 0.23±0.04 L/h/kg, and the apparent volume of distribution (Vz) decreased from 10.83±3.19 to 6.35±1.38 L/kg in the presence of 20 mg/kg STA. In addition, the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mRNA and protein in the intestines was markedly decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that STA increased the bioavailability of LEN, probably due to inhibition of P-gp in the intestine, thereby increasing systemic absorption of LEN. Thus, there is an interaction between the two drugs, and careful monitoring must be conducted when they are used in combination.

Berbamine Suppresses the Growth of Gastric Cancer Cells by Inactivating the BRD4/c-MYC Signaling Pathway

PURPOSE

Berbamine (Ber), a bioactive constituent extracted from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been shown to exhibit broad inhibitory activity on a panel of cancer cell types. However, its effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms on gastric cancer (GC) remain poorly understood.

METHODS

The anti-growth activity of Ber on two GC cell lines and normal gastric epithelial cell line were evaluated using MTS and clone formation assay. Flow cytometry analysis was employed to evaluate the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis of GC cells. Western blot and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis were employed to investigate the anti-GC mechanism of Ber. The inhibitory activity and binding affinity of Ber against BRD4 were evaluated by homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay, respectively. Molecular docking and molecular simulations were conducted to predict the interaction mode between BRD4 and Ber.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that Ber reduced the proliferation of GC cell lines SGC-7901 and BGC-823 and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Mechanistically, Ber was identified as a novel natural-derived BRD4 inhibitor through multiple experimental assay, and its anti-GC activity was probably mediated by BRD4 inhibition. Molecular modeling studies suggested that Ber might bind to BRD4 primarily through hydrophobic interactions.

CONCLUSION

Our study uncovered the underlying anti-GC activity of Ber in vitro and suggested that Ber holds promise as a potential lead compound in the discovery of novel BRD4 inhibitors.

Juxtamembrane 2 mimic peptide competitively inhibits mitochondrial trafficking and activates ROS-mediated apoptosis pathway to exert anti-tumor effects

Our previous study demonstrates that a juxtamembrane 2 (JM2) mimic peptide can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of tumor cells. However, the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, JM2 is found to suppress the growth of 4T1 breast tumors by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the proliferation of 4T1 tumor cells. Further study indicates that JM2 can stimulate the mitochondria to gather near the microtubule-organizing center of tumor cells and subsequently induce ROS-induced ROS release responses, which results in mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In addition, JM2 can arrest cell cycle in S phase by regulating the expression of cell cycle-related proteins and consequently inhibit proliferation of tumor cells. Then, a previously designed JM2 grafted hyaluronic acid (HA) injectable hydrogel system (HA-JM2) is injected in a breast tumor-resected model and the HA-JM2 hydrogel can inhibit the malignant proliferation of residual tumor cells and suppress the breast tumor recurrence. These findings not only confirm the application potentials of JM2 in anti-tumor therapy and tumor post-surgery treatments but also provide greater understanding on the mechanisms by which JM2 inhibits tumor growth.

A web-based calculator for predicting the prognosis of patients with sarcoma on the basis of antioxidant gene signatures

Background: Oxidative stress plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, tumor development, and resistance to therapy. A systematic analysis of the interactions between antioxidant gene expression and the prognosis of patients with sarcoma is lacking but urgently needed.

Methods: Gene expression and clinical data of patients with sarcoma were derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas Sarcoma (training cohort) and Gene Expression Omnibus (validation cohorts) databases. Least absolute shrinkage, selection operator regression, and Cox regression were used to develop prognostic signatures for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Based on the signatures and clinical features, two nomograms for predicting 2-, 4-, and 6-year OS and DFS were established.

Results: On the basis of the training cohort, we identified five-gene (CHAC2, GPX5, GSTK1, PXDN, and S100A9) and six-gene (GGTLC2, GLO1, GPX7, GSTK1, GSTM5, and IPCEF1) signatures for predicting OS and DFS, respectively, in patients with sarcoma. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of the training and validation cohorts revealed that patients in the high-risk group had a significantly poorer prognosis than those in the low-risk group. On the basis of the signatures and other independent risk factors, we established two models for predicting OS and DFS that showed excellent calibration and discrimination. For the convenience of clinical application, we built web-based calculators (OS: https://quankun.shinyapps.io/sarcOS/; DFS: https://quankun.shinyapps.io/sarcDFS/).

Conclusions: The antioxidant gene signature models established in this study can be novel prognostic predictors for sarcoma.

The new andrographolide derivative AGS-30 induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by activating a ROS-dependent JNK signalling pathway

BACKGROUND

The anti-cancer activity of andrographolide (Andro) has been extensively demonstrated in recent years. It is supposed that modifying the chemical structure of Andro can improve its efficacy and reduce its toxicity.

PURPOSE

In this study, the anti-cancer effect of a 14β-(2'-chlorophenoxy) derivative of andrographolide known as AGS-30 was investigated, and its underlying mechanisms were also explored.

STUDY DESIGN/METHODS

Different cancer cells were used to evaluate and compare the in vitro anti-cancer effects of Andro and AGS-30. Human colon cancer cells HT-29 and HCT-116 were used to study the underlying anti-cancer mechanisms of AGS-30. HT-29 cells xenografted in nude mouse model was used to compare the in vivo anti-tumour efficacies of Andro and AGS-30.

RESULT

In vitro studies showed that AGS-30 possessed an anti-cancer effect by inhibiting the viability, colony formation and migration of cancer cells. It significantly induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), caused the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and triggered the apoptosis in colon cancer cells. These effects of AGS-30 were more potent than those of Andro. In addition, the expression levels of proteins associated with apoptosis, including phospho-JNK1/2 as well as cleaved caspase 9, caspase 3, and poly(ADP ribose) polymerase, were elevated in AGS-30-treated colon cancer cells. Moreover, these elevated levels of the proteins were inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine and the JNK inhibitor SP600125, suggesting the involvement of ROS/JNK-dependent mechanisms in AGS-30-induced apoptosis. The in vitro anti-cancer effect could be reproduced in an HT-29 colon cancer cell xenografted nude mouse model.

CONCLUSION

The anti-cancer effect of AGS-30 is stronger than that of Andro. AGS-30 induces apoptosis of colon cancer cells through ROS/JNK-dependent pathway. Our findings may provide insights for the future development of derivatives of Andro as novel chemotherapeutic agents.

Fasudil prevents neomycin-induced hair cell damage by inhibiting autophagy through the miR-489/NDP52 signaling pathway in HEI-OC1 cells

Hearing loss is a common sensory disorder that is mainly caused by the loss of hair cells (HCs). Drug-induced deafness, for which there is currently no effective treatment, is mainly caused by the inappropriate use of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Fasudil (Fas), a novel isoquinoline sulfonamide derivative, has exhibited antioxidant abilities in a number of previous studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of Fas against neomycin (Neo)-induced hair cell damage and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis were used to detect the effects of Fas on cell apoptosis and to determine the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins, LC3B and Beclin 1, induced by Neo. Mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected using fluorescent probes. The effect of Fas on Neo-induced hair cell injury marker, GFP-LC3B, was also examined using the immunofluorescence technique. Fas was found to inhibit Neo-induced mitochondrial autophagy and mitochondrial membrane potential decline, in addition to reducing ROS levels and cell apoptosis caused by Neo treatment. However, Fas failed to inhibit the Neo-induced these above changes in cells with NDP52 overexpression. The putative binding sites of microRNA (miR)-489 on the 3'-untranslated region of nuclear dot protein 52 (NDP52) were predicted using the TargetScan 7.0 online tool, and this association was further verified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, the expression of miR-489 negatively regulated the expression of NDP52. Fas and miR-489 mimic inhibited the Neo-induced mitochondrial autophagy and mitochondrial membrane potential decline, in addition to reducing ROS levels and cell apoptosis. Knockdown of miR-489 expression using a miR-489 inhibitor blocked the inhibitory effects of Fas on the mitochondrial membrane potential, cell apoptosis and ROS production. Therefore, Fas may upregulate the expression of miR-489 to negatively regulate the expression of NDP52 at the post-transcriptional level, which in turn inhibits the activation of mitophagy and cell injury induced by Neo. Thus, Fas may act as a novel therapeutic option in the clinical treatment of hearing loss in the future.

UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of Lenvatinib in rat plasma and its application to drug-drug interaction studies

Lenvatinib (LEN) is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor registered for the first-line treatment of unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Wuzhi capsule (WZC) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation; it is used to decrease the aminotransferase level of the liver and protect liver function. Thus, patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are potentially treated with a combination of LEN and WZC, but there is no information about the interaction between the two drugs. We developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative determination of lenvatinib in rat plasma. Liquid-liquid extraction of plasma samples was carried out with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation of analyte was performed using gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid water. The positive ion multi-response monitoring mode was used, and the target of the parent and daughter ions of LEN and IS were m/z 427.1→370 and m/z 432.1→370, respectively. All the validation projects were in accordance with the guidelines. Good linearity of 0.2-1000 ng/mL (r > 0.999) was achieved. The lower limit of quantification was 0.2 ng/mL. The precision and accuracy are acceptable. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetics and drug interaction analysis. The results show that WZC can significantly increase the C_max (maximum plasma concentration) and AUC (area under the concentration-time curve) of LEN. An UPLC -MS/MS method that can be used for studying drug-drug interaction as a valuable tool was developed in this study. Drug-drug interactions were observed between the WZC and LEN.

Rhopaloic acid A induces apoptosis, autophagy and MAPK activation through ROS-mediated signaling in bladder cancer

BACKGROUND

Bladder cancer (BC) is a very common type of malignant cancer in men and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to reduce mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that Rhopaloic acid A (RA), a compound isolated from marine sponges, fights cancer but its potential anti-tumor effect on BC is still unknown.

PURPOSE

The present study was aimed to explore the potential anti-tumor effects of RA against human BC cells and the underlying molecular mechanism.

METHODS

Cell cytotoxicity was determined using the MTT and colony formation assays. Cell cycle distribution, apoptosis induction and generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potential, acridine orange staining and intracellular ROS levels were observed using fluorescence microscopy. Levels of various signaling proteins were assessed using Western blotting. Furthermore, a zebrafish BC xenotransplantation model was used to confirm the anti-tumor effect of RA in vivo.

RESULTS

Treatment with RA significantly suppressed the proliferation of BC cells that resulted from G2/M cycle arrest. Additionally, RA induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in BC cells. The death of BC cells induced by RA was rescued by treatment with inhibitors of apoptosis (Z-VAD-FMA) or autophagy (3-MA). RA activated the MAPK pathway and increased the production of cellular and mitochondrial ROS. Treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine, effectively reversed the induction of apoptosis, autophagy, JNK activation and DNA damage elicited by RA. Finally, RA significantly inhibited tumor growth in a zebrafish BC xenotransplantation model.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our findings indicate that RA induces apoptosis and autophagy and activates the MAPK pathway through ROS-mediated signaling in human BC cells. This RA-induced pathway offers insights into the molecular mechanism of its antitumor effect and shows that RA is a promising candidate for the treatment of BC.

Biodegradable Hypocrellin B nanoparticles coated with neutrophil membranes for hepatocellular carcinoma photodynamics therapy effectively via JUNB/ROS signaling

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an inflammation-induced and chemotherapy-resistant common liver cancer, and a major cause of death. Some natural products have been found to be used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of HCC. Due to its specific molecular structure diversities and biological activities, current status of HCC treatment with nature production remains unsatisfactory, owing largely to the toxicity, side effect and inefficiency to drug targeting. Herein, we show a nanoparticle-based broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory strategy that naïve neutrophil membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles (NM-HB NPs) were constructed for synchronous nearinfrared fluorescence (NIR FL) imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for HCC. Moreover, NM-HB NPs inhibited the expression of JUNB and promoted the ROS production. JUNB depletion enhanced the anti-HCC effect of NM-HB NPs. Importantly, it was shown that NM-HB NPs are well targeted to the tumor site and overcomes the blood circulation and immune elimination in vivo and vitro. In a mouse model of HCC, the neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles (NM-HB NPs) show significant therapeutic efficacy by PDT and suppressing tumor tissue increase. All results demonstrated that NM coated HB NPs representing a viable and effective treatment option for HCC.

Antioxidant Gene Signature Impacts the Immune Infiltration and Predicts the Prognosis of Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma

Background: Oxidative stress is related to oncogenic transformation in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). We intended to identify a prognostic antioxidant gene signature and investigate its relationship with immune infiltration in KIRC.

Methods: With the support of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we researched the gene expression and clinical data of KIRC patients. Antioxidant related genes with significant differences in expression between KIRC and normal samples were then identified. Through univariate and multivariate Cox analysis, a prognostic gene model was established and all patients were divided into high- and low-risk subgroups. Single sample gene set enrichment analysis was adopted to analyze the immune infiltration, HLA expression, and immune checkpoint genes in different risk groups. Finally, the prognostic nomogram model was established and evaluated.

Results: We identified six antioxidant genes significantly correlated with the outcome of KIRC patients as independent predictors, namely DPEP1 (HR = 0.97, P < 0.05), GSTM3 (HR = 0.97, P < 0.05), IYD (HR = 0.33, P < 0.05), KDM3B (HR = 0.96, P < 0.05), PRDX2 (HR = 0.99, P < 0.05), and PRXL2A (HR = 0.96, P < 0.05). The high- and low-risk subgroups of KIRC patients were grouped according to the six-gene signature. Patients with higher risk scores had poorer prognosis, more advanced grade and stage, and more abundance of M0 macrophages, regulatory T cells, and follicular helper T cells. There were statistically significant differences in HLA and checkpoint gene expression between the two risk subgroups. The performance of the nomogram was favorable (concordance index = 0.766) and reliably predicted the 3-year (AUC = 0.792) and 5-year (AUC = 0.766) survival of patients with KIRC.

Conclusion: The novel six antioxidant related gene signature could effectively forecast the prognosis of patients with KIRC, supply insights into the interaction between cellular antioxidant mechanisms and cancer, and is an innovative tool for selecting potential patients and targets for immunotherapy.

Identification of novel antioxidant gene signature to predict the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) commonly relates to dismal prognosis and lacks efficient biomarkers. This study aimed to establish an antioxidant-related gene signature and a comprehensive nomogram to explore novel biomarkers and predict GC prognosis.

Methods

Clinical and expression data of GC patients were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were utilized to construct a score-based gene signature and survival analyses were conducted between high- and low-risk groups. Furthermore, we established a prognostic nomogram integrating clinical variables and antioxidant-related gene signature. Its predictive ability was validated by Harrell' concordance index and calibration curves and an independent internal cohort verified the consistency of the antioxidant gene signature-based nomogram.

Results

Four antioxidant-related genes (CHAC1, GGT5, GPX8, and PXDN) were significantly associated with overall survival of GC patients but only two genes, CHAC1 (HR = 0.803, P < 0.05) and GPX8 (HR = 1.358, P < 0.05), were confirmed as independent factors. A score-based signature was constructed and could act as an independent prognosis predictor (P < 0.05). Patients with lower scores showed significantly better prognosis (P < 0.05). Comprehensive nomogram combining the antioxidant-related gene signature and clinical parameters (age, gender, grade, and stage) was established and effectively predicted overall survival of GC patients [3-year survival AUC = 0.680, C index = 0.665 (95% CI 0.614–0.716)]. The independent internal validation cohort verified the reliability and good consistency of the model [3-year survival AUC = 0.703, C index = 0.706 (95% CI 0.612–0.800)].

Conclusions

Innovative antioxidant-related gene signature and nomogram performed well in assessing GC prognoses. This study enlightened further investigation of antioxidant system and provided novel tools for GC patient management.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-021-02328-w.

Methanolic Extract from Sea Cucumber, Holothuria scabra, Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses Metastasis of PC3 Prostate Cancer Cells Modulated by MAPK Signaling Pathway

Sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, is a well-known traditional Asian medicine that has been used for suppressing inflammation, promoting wound healing, and improving immunity. Moreover, previous studies demonstrated that the extract from H. scabra contains many bioactive compounds with potent inhibitory effect on tumor cell survival and progression. However, the effect of the methanolic extract from the body wall of H. scabra (BWMT) on human prostate cancer cells has not yet been investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of BWMT on prostate cancer cell viability and metastasis. BWMT was obtained by maceration with methanol. The effect of BWMT on cell viability was assessed by MTT and colony formation assays. The intracellular ROS accumulation was evaluated using a DCFH-DA fluorescence probe. Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining were used to examine the apoptotic-inducing effect of the extract. A transwell migration assay was performed to determine the anti-metastasis effect. BWMT significantly reduced cell viability and triggered cellular apoptosis by accumulating intracellular ROS resulting in the upregulation of JNK and p38 signaling pathways. In addition, BWMT also inhibited the invasion of PC3 cells by downregulating MMP-2/-9 expression via the ERK pathway. Consequently, our study provides BWMT from H. scabra as a putative therapeutic agent that could be applicable against prostate cancer progression.

DHA ameliorates MeHg‑induced PC12 cell apoptosis by inhibiting the ROS/JNK signaling pathway

Recent studies have reported that methylmercury (MeHg) induces neuronal apoptosis, which is accompanied by abnormal neurological development. Despite the important role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in maintaining the structure and function of the brain, as well as improving neuronal apoptosis induced by MeHg, the exact mechanism remains unknown. The present study hypothesized that the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated JNK signaling pathway may be associated with the protective effect of DHA against MeHg-induced PC12 cell apoptosis. Cell Counting Kit-8, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, ROS detection, PCR and western blot analysis were performed. The results demonstrated that MeHg inhibited the activity of PC12 cells, causing oxidative damage and promoting apoptosis; however, DHA significantly attenuated this effect. Mechanistic studies revealed that MeHg increased intracellular ROS levels and JNK protein phosphorylation, and decreased the expression levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, whereas DHA reduced ROS levels and JNK phosphorylation, and increased Bcl-2 expression. In addition, the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) was used to verify the experimental results. After pretreatment with NAC, expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, phosphorylated-JNK and JNK were assessed. Bcl-2 protein expression was increased and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was increased. Moreover, the high expression levels of phosphorylated-JNK induced by MeHg were significantly decreased. Based on the aforementioned results, the present study indicated that the effects of DHA against MeHg-induced PC12 cell apoptosis may be mediated via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway.

Gedunin isolated from the mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum exerts its anti-proliferative activity in ovarian cancer cells through G2/M-phase arrest and oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptosis

Gedunin is a natural tetranorterpenoid secondary metabolite found in plants of the Meliaceae family, which has been reported for its antiparasitic, antifungal and anticancer activities. Here, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the in vitro anti proliferative activity of gedunin (isolated from the mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum) in human ovarian cancer cells. We observed that gedunin triggered severe ROS generation leading to DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase thus inhibiting cell proliferation. ROS upregulation also led to mitochondrial stress and membrane depolarization, which eventually resulted in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis following cytochrome C release, caspase 9, 3 activation, and PARP cleavage. Transmission electron microscopy of gedunin treated cells revealed sub-cellular features typical of apoptosis. Moreover, an upregulation in stress kinases like phospho-ERK 1/2, phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK was also observed in gedunin treated cells. Free radical scavenger N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) reversed all these effects resulting in increased cell survival, abrogation of cell cycle arrest, rescue of mitochondrial membrane potential and suppression of apoptotic markers. Interestingly, gedunin is also an inhibitor of the evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperone Heat Shock Protein 90 (hsp90) responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Targeting this chaperone could be an attractive strategy for developing cancer therapeutics since many oncogenic proteins are also client proteins of hsp90. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism of action of gedunin, which may aid drug development efforts against ovarian cancer.

Diosmetin induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by activating reactive oxygen species and inhibiting the Nrf2 pathway

The fatality rate of ovarian cancer ranks first among gynecological tumors, and the prognosis is poor. Diosmetin (Dio), a natural flavonoid obtained from citrus fruits, has been shown to have anti-tumor effects in lung, liver, and skin cancers. We aimed to investigate the effects of Dio on ovarian cancer A2780 and SKOV3 cells along with the underlying mechanisms. Our data showed that Dio inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of these cells and induced their apoptosis. Moreover, Dio upregulated the levels of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP while downregulating the level of Bcl2. Mechanistically, our results revealed that Dio inhibited Nrf2 and induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) suppressed the inhibitory effect of Dio on the proliferation of the ovarian cancer cells. Additionally, overexpression of Nrf2 partially suppressed the Dio-induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition in these cells. These findings indicate that Dio exerts an anti-tumor activity by upregulating ROS levels and inhibiting Nrf2, indicating that Dio is a promising chemotherapeutic candidate for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Pharmacodynamic effects and molecular mechanisms of lignans from Schisandra chinensis Turcz. (Baill.), a current review

Fruit of Schisandra chinensis Turcz. (Baill.) (S. chinensis) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used in China, Korea, and many other east Asian countries. At present, S. chinensis commonly forms Chinese medicinal formulae with other herbal medicines to treat liver disease and neurological disease in clinical. Modern researches indicated that lignans were the main active ingredients of S. chinensis with high content and novel dibenzocyclooctadiene skeletal structure, exhibited considerable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Additionally, some of these lignans also showed certain potentials in anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis, and other effects. In the current review, we summarize literature reported lignans from S. chinensis in the past five years, and highlight the molecular mechanisms of lignans in exerting their biological functions. Also, we point out some deficiencies of existing researches and discuss the future direction of lignans study.

Association between Polyphenol Intake and Gastric Cancer Risk by Anatomic and Histologic Subtypes: MCC-Spain

Several anticancer properties have been largely attributed to phenolics in in vivo and in vitro studies, but epidemiologic evidence is still scarce. Furthermore, some classes have not been studied in relation to gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the intake of phenolic acids, stilbenes, and other phenolics and the risk of developing GC and its anatomical and histological subtypes. We used data from a multi-case-control study (MCC-Spain) obtained from different regions of Spain. We included 2700 controls and 329 GC cases. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using mixed effects logistic regression considering quartiles of phenolic intake. Our results showed an inverse association between stilbene and lignan intake and GC risk (OR_{Q4 vs. Q1} = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.32–0.69 and OR_{Q4 vs. Q1} = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.36–0.77, respectively). We found no overall association between total phenolic acid and other polyphenol class intake and GC risk. However, hydroxybenzaldehydes (OR_{Q4 vs. Q1} = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.28–0.61), hydroxycoumarins (OR_{Q4 vs. Q1} = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.34–0.71), and tyrosols (OR_{Q4 vs. Q1} = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.39–0.80) were inversely associated with GC risk. No differences were found in the analysis by anatomical or histological subtypes. In conclusion, a diet high in stilbenes, lignans, hydroxybenzaldehydes, hydroxycoumarins, and tyrosols was associated with a lower GC risk. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.

Oxyresveratrol induces apoptosis and inhibits cell viability via inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway in Saos‑2 cells

Oxyresveratrol (ORES) is a natural phenolic compound with multiple biological functions including antioxidation, anti-inflammation and neuroprotection; however, the inhibitory effect of ORES on osteosarcoma remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effects of ORES on osteosarcoma cell Saos-2. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to detect Soas-2 cell viability. Annexin-FITC/PI staining and JC-1 staining were used to measure cell apoptosis and the change of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, western blotting was conducted to determine the expression levels of apoptotic proteins and the phosphorylation of STAT3. It was found that ORES inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis of osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, ORES increased the expression levels of apoptotic proteases caspase-9 and caspase-3 and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. In response to ORES treatment, the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, Bad and Bax, were enhanced, whereas those of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, were reduced. In addition, the phosphorylation of STAT3 was attenuated in Saos-2 cells after treatment with ORES. Inhibition of cell viability and apoptosis induction by ORES were rescued by enhancement of STAT3 activation upon treatment with IL-6. Collectively, the present study indicated that ORES induced apoptosis and inhibited cell viability, which may be associated with the inhibition of STAT3 activation; thus, ORES represents a promising agent for treating osteosarcoma.

Triptonide Modulates MAPK Signaling Pathways and Exerts Anticancer Effects via ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis Induction in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

Background

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy arise from bone and is one of the causes of cancer-related deaths. Triptonide (TN), a diterpenoid epoxide presented in Tripterygium wilfordii, is shown to possess a broad spectrum of biological properties.

Methods

In this study, we investigate the growth inhibitory effect of TN against human OS cells and its underlying molecular mechanism of action.

Results

Findings of our in vitro study revealed that TN exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in MG63 and U-2OS cells. ROS-mediated cytotoxic effect was achieved in OS cells treated with TN which was reversed upon NAC treatment. Significantly, increased expression of PERK, p-EIF2, GRP78, ATF4 and CHOP in TN-treated OS cells unfolds the molecular mechanism of TN targets ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Modulation of ERK MAPK pathway was also observed as evidenced by the increased phosphorylation of ERK (p-ERK) and p-p38 in TN-treated OS cells.

Conclusion

Altogether, the outcome of the study for the first time revealed that TN exhibited its potential chemotherapeutic effects through ROS-mediated ER stress-induced apoptosis via p38 and ERK MAPK signaling pathways.

Neferine induces apoptosis by modulating the ROS‑mediated JNK pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Current treatments for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have limited efficacy. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic targets to effectively manage the disease and boost survival rates is imperative Neferine, a natural product extracted from Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) leaves, has been revealed to inhibit the growth of hepatocarcinoma, breast cancer and lung cancer cells. However, its effect on ESCC is unknown. In the present study, it was revealed that neferine exerted anti‑proliferative effects in ESCC. It was also revealed that it triggered arrest of the G2/M phase and enhanced apoptosis of ESCC cell lines. Moreover, its ability to trigger accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activate the c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) pathway was demonstrated. Further study revealed how N‑acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS inhibitor, attenuated these effects, demonstrating that ROS and JNK inhibitors mediated a marked reversal of neferine‑triggered cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ESCC cells. Finally, it was revealed that neferine was involved in the inhibition of Nrf2, an antioxidant factor. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the antitumor effect of neferine in ESCC, through the ROS‑mediated JNK pathway and inhibition of Nrf2, indicating its potential as a target for development of novel and effective therapeutic agents against ESCC.

A Gastric Cancer Peptide GX1-Modified Nano-Lipid Carriers Encapsulating Paclitaxel: Design and Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Activity

Aim

The aim of this study was to develop a GX1-modified nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) and to evaluate its ability to improve the anti-gastric cancer tumor effects of paclitaxel (PTX).

Main Methods

The GX1-modified NLCs were synthesized and loaded with PTX (GX1-PTX-NLCs) by emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The anti-tumor activity and pharmacodynamics were then evaluated by in vitro cell studies and animal experiments.

Key Findings

The GX1-modified NLCs were successfully synthesized and confirmed by ¹H NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS. PTX-loaded NLCs produced particles with average size distribution less than or equal to 222 nm and good drug loading and entrapment efficiency. In vitro studies demonstrated that GX1-PTX-NLCs had a more obvious inhibitory effect on Co-HUVEC cells than PTX and unmodified PTX-NLCs. The cellular uptake results also showed that GX1-PTX-NLCs were largely concentrated in Co-HUVEC cells, and the uptake rates of GX1-PTX-NLCs in Co-HUVEC were higher than those of the free drug and the PTX-NLC. In vivo studies demonstrated that GX1-PTX-NLCs possess strong anti-tumor effect and showed higher tumor growth inhibition and lower toxicity in nude mice.

Significance

These results suggest that GX1-modified NLCs enhanced the anti-tumor activity of PTX and reduced its toxicity effectively. GX1-PTX-NLCs may be considered as a potent drug delivery system for therapy of gastric cancer.