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Borasio F, De Cosmi V, D’Oria V, Scaglioni S, Syren MLE, Turolo S, Agostoni C, Coniglio M, Molteni M, Antonietti A, Lorusso ML. Associations between Dietary Intake, Blood Levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Reading Abilities in Children. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020368. [PMID: 36830737 PMCID: PMC9952928 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been described in individuals with reading difficulties, but the degree and the nature of such deficiencies as well as the role of nutrition are a matter of debate. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between PUFA blood levels, nutritional status, and reading/writing/phonological awareness performances in 42 school-age children with varying levels of reading ability. Significant correlations were found between PUFA levels (specific omega-6/omega-3 ratios), the ratio of omega-6-derived calories to the total amount of calories and reading scores. Mediation analysis showed a mediating effect of fatty acids on the association between reading speed scores and nutritional status. Moderation analysis, moreover, showed that the associations of omega-6/omega-3 ratios in the blood and Kcal omega-6/Kcal total in dietary intake were moderated by reading speed performances. Results of the mediation and moderation models confirm that the associations of dietary intake with PUFA levels in the blood vary depending on learning abilities. Reading skills appear to be sensitive to the effects of a complex set of favorable conditions related to the presence of higher omega-3 blood levels. These conditions may reflect the action of dietary as well as genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borasio
- Scientific Institute IRCSS E. Medea, Unit of Child Psychopathology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina De Cosmi
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica D’Oria
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Donna-Bambino, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Scaglioni
- Fondazione De Marchi, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Turolo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Nephrology Dialysis and Pediatric Transplantation, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- SC Pediatria-Immunoreumatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marilena Coniglio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Scientific Institute IRCSS E. Medea, Unit of Child Psychopathology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonietti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Lorusso
- Scientific Institute IRCSS E. Medea, Unit of Child Psychopathology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Roach LA, Byrne MK, Howard SJ, Johnstone SJ, Batterham M, Wright IMR, Okely AD, de Groot RHM, van der Wurff ISM, Jones AL, Meyer BJ. Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation on Self-Regulation in Typically Developing Preschool-Aged Children: Results of the Omega Kid Pilot Study-A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103561. [PMID: 34684562 PMCID: PMC8539495 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) may enhance self-regulation (SR) and executive functioning (EF) in children of preschool age. The aim of the Omega Kid Study was to investigate the effect of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on SR and EF in typically developing preschool-aged children. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial was undertaken, the intervention was 12 weeks and consisted of 1.6 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day compared to placebo. The HS-Omega-3 Index® was assessed by capillary blood samples at baseline and post-intervention. Seventy-eight children were enrolled and randomised to either the n-3 LCPUFA treatment (n = 39) or placebo (n = 39) group. Post intervention, there was a significant three-fold increase in the HS-Omega-3 Index® in the n-3 LCPUFA group (p < 0.001). There were no improvements in SR or EF outcome variables for the n-3 LCPUFA group post intervention compared to the placebo group determined by linear mixed models. At baseline, there were significant modest positive Spearman correlations found between the HS-Omega-3 index® and both behavioural self-regulation and cognitive self-regulation (r = 0.287, p = 0.015 and r = 0.242, p = 0.015 respectively). Although no treatment effects were found in typically developing children, further research is required to target children with sub-optimal self-regulation who may benefit most from n-3 LCPUFA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Roach
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (L.A.R.); (A.L.J.)
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (I.M.R.W.); (A.D.O.); (B.J.M.)
| | - Mitchell K. Byrne
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-89467655
| | - Steven J. Howard
- School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stuart J. Johnstone
- Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, School of Psychology, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Ian M. R. Wright
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (I.M.R.W.); (A.D.O.); (B.J.M.)
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (I.M.R.W.); (A.D.O.); (B.J.M.)
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Renate H. M. de Groot
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 Heerlen, The Netherlands; (R.H.M.d.G.); (I.S.M.v.d.W.)
| | - Inge S. M. van der Wurff
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 Heerlen, The Netherlands; (R.H.M.d.G.); (I.S.M.v.d.W.)
| | - Alison L. Jones
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (L.A.R.); (A.L.J.)
- Fiona Stanley and Fremantle Hospitals Group, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Barbara J. Meyer
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (I.M.R.W.); (A.D.O.); (B.J.M.)
- School of Medicine, Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Meyer BJ, Byrne MK, Cortie CH, Parletta N, Jones A, Eckermann S, Butler T, Greenberg D, Batterham M, Fernandez F, Schofield PW, Winberg PC, Bowles K, Dally J, Martin AM, Grant L. The effect of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on aggressive behaviour in adult male prisoners: a structured study protocol for a multi-centre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial and translation into policy and practice. Trials 2021; 22:318. [PMID: 33934704 PMCID: PMC8088826 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions to better manage aggressive behaviour and reduce recidivism are a primary concern for corrective services. Nutritional interventions to correct prisoner behaviour have been largely overlooked in the literature. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary intake influences aggressive behaviours and that nutritional supplementation with omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) could attenuate both the severity and frequency of aggressive behaviour. METHODS Adult male prisoners who have a history of aggressive behaviour (n = 600) will be recruited from at least 6 Correctional Centres and randomised to receive either n-3 LCPUFA or placebo supplementation for a 16-week duration. Treatment will be with either 1 g/day of n-3 LCPUFA (694 mg DHA and 397 mg EPA) or placebo capsules, which are a corn/soy oil blend and are identical in size and colour. The primary outcome measure is the Inmate Behavioural Observation Scale (IBOS): an objective measure of aggressive behaviour. Secondary outcome measures include questionnaires (including aggression, attention deficit disorder, impulsivity, depression/anxiety/stress scales), engagement in programmes, recidivism and quality of life. Baseline and post-intervention assessments include the IBOS, questionnaires and blood to measure the levels of n-3 LCPUFA. DISCUSSION To conclusively test the potential that increasing n-3 LCPUFA intakes can improve rates of prisoner aggression and associated mental health and violence-related social system management costs, we propose an adequately powered multi-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial, examining the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on aggressive behaviour in adult male prisoners. If successful, this study will inform prisoner policy with respect to nutrition and by inference contribute to a broader community approach to preventative mental health practices. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12618001665224 . Registered on 10 October 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Mitchell K Byrne
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Colin H Cortie
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie Parletta
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Alison Jones
- DVC (Health and Communities), University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Simon Eckermann
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - David Greenberg
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Anzac Pde., Matraville, NSW, 2035, Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- School of Mathematics & Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Francesca Fernandez
- School of Health and Behavioural Science, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD, 4014, Australia
| | - Peter W Schofield
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2300, Australia
| | - Pia C Winberg
- Venus Shell Systems, PO Box 2149, Bomaderry, NSW, 2541, Australia
| | - Kate Bowles
- School of the Arts, English and Media, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jean Dally
- Corrective Services NSW, 20 Lee St, Haymarket, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | | | - Luke Grant
- Corrective Services NSW, 20 Lee St, Haymarket, NSW, 2000, Australia
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Zwart SR, Mulavara AP, Williams TJ, George K, Smith SM. The role of nutrition in space exploration: Implications for sensorimotor, cognition, behavior and the cerebral changes due to the exposure to radiation, altered gravity, and isolation/confinement hazards of spaceflight. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:307-331. [PMID: 33915203 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multi-year crewed space exploration missions are now on the horizon; therefore, it is important that we understand and mitigate the physiological effects of spaceflight. The spaceflight hazards-radiation, isolation, confinement, and altered gravity-have the potential to contribute to neuroinflammation and produce long-term cognitive and behavioral effects-while the fifth hazard, distance from earth, limits capabilities to mitigate these risks. Accumulated evidence suggests that nutrition has an important role in optimizing cognition and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation. Here we review the nutritional perspective of how these spaceflight hazards affect the astronaut's brain, behavior, performance, and sensorimotor function. We also assess potential nutrient/nutritional countermeasures that could prevent or mitigate spaceflight risks and ensure that crewmembers remain healthy and perform well during their missions. Just as history has taught us the importance of nutrition in terrestrial exploration, we must understand the role of nutrition in the development and mitigation of spaceflight risks before humans can successfully explore beyond low-Earth orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Zwart
- Univerity of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | | | - Thomas J Williams
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code SK3, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Kerry George
- KBR, 2400 E NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Scott M Smith
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code SK3, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
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Santos MC, Milani C, Zucchini P, Quirino CR, Romagnoli S, da Cunha ICN. Salmon oil supplementation in dogs affects the blood flow of testicular arteries. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:476-483. [PMID: 33378121 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The administration of fish oils is known to cause changes in several reproductive parameters of domestic animals. The ingestion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 family, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has been described and correlated with changes in the semen quality, testosterone levels and male fertility. Nevertheless, few studies monitored and registered effects after ceasing supplementation. In the present study, we monitored the Doppler velocimetric and ultrasonographic parameters of nine dogs' testis for 90 days (D90) checking the effect of salmon oil supplementation, and monitoring continued for 60 days more, after ceasing supplementation (D150). Ultrasonographic evaluations comprised determining the Doppler velocimetric parameters, testicular and epididymal volume, and testicular echotexture. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) as well as final diastolic velocity (EDV) in the supratesticular arteries (STA), and marginal artery (MA) increased during the period of treatment and kept that level up to D150. There was no difference between the fish-oil supplementation period and the unsupplemented one regarding the testicular and epididymal volume and echogenicity and heterogeneity characteristics. A negative correlation was found between heterogeneity of testis and sperm production (r = -.41, p = .008). Doppler velocimetry indices were affected by the supplementation, leading to an increase in testicular blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Milani
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Zucchini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Celia Raquel Quirino
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos Dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Kuszewski JC, Howe PRC, Wong RHX. Evaluation of Cognitive Performance following Fish-Oil and Curcumin Supplementation in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Overweight or Obesity. J Nutr 2020; 150:3190-3199. [PMID: 33097947 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity accelerates age-related cognitive decline, which is partly mediated by vascular dysfunction. OBJECTIVE The aim was to test the hypothesis that supplementation with fish oil and curcumin can enhance cognitive performance by improving cerebral circulatory function in overweight or obese middle-aged to older adults. METHODS In a 16-wk double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial, adults [50-80 y; BMI (kg/m2): 25-40] were randomly assigned to either fish oil (2000 mg/d DHA + 400 mg/d EPA), curcumin (160 mg/d), or a combination. Effects on cerebrovascular function (primary outcome) and cardiovascular risk factors were reported previously. Effects on cognitive performance and cerebrovascular responsiveness (CVR) to cognitive stimuli are reported herein. One-factor ANOVA with post hoc analyses was conducted between groups in the whole cohort and in males and females separately. Two-factor ANOVA was conducted to assess independent effects of fish oil and curcumin and a potential interaction. Correlations between outcomes (those obtained herein and previously reported) were also examined. RESULTS Compared with placebo, fish oil improved CVR to a processing speed test (4.4% ± 1.9% vs. -2.2% ± 2.1%; P = 0.023) and processing speed in males only (Z-score: 0.6 ± 0.2 vs. 0.1 ± 0.2; P = 0.043). Changes in processing speed correlated inversely with changes in blood pressure (R = -0.243, P = 0.006) and C-reactive protein (R = -0.183, P = 0.046). Curcumin improved CVR in a working memory test (3.6% ± 1.2% vs. -0.2% ± 0.2%, P = 0.026) and, in males only, performance of a verbal memory test compared with placebo (Z-score: 0.2 ± 0.1 vs. -0.5 ± 0.2, P = 0.039). Combining fish oil with curcumin did not produce additional benefits. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in processing speed following fish-oil supplementation in middle-aged to older males might be mediated by improvements in circulatory function. Mechanisms underlying the cognitive benefit seen with curcumin are unknown. As cognitive benefits were found in males only, further evaluation of sex differences in responsiveness to supplementation is warranted. This trial was registered at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Register at https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370788 as ACTRN12616000732482p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Kuszewski
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Peter R C Howe
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rachel H X Wong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
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Talukdar T, Zamroziewicz MK, Zwilling CE, Barbey AK. Nutrient biomarkers shape individual differences in functional brain connectivity: Evidence from omega-3 PUFAs. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1887-1897. [PMID: 30556225 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of neuroscience evidence demonstrates that diet and nutrition play an important role in structural brain plasticity, promoting the development of gray matter volume and maintenance of white matter integrity across the lifespan. However, the role of nutrition in shaping individual differences in the functional brain connectome remains to be well established. We therefore investigated whether nutrient biomarkers known to have beneficial effects on brain structure (i.e., the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; ω-3 PUFAs), explain individual differences in functional brain connectivity within healthy older adults (N = 96). Our findings demonstrate that ω-3 PUFAs are associated with individual differences in functional connectivity within regions that support executive function (prefrontal cortex), memory (hippocampus), and emotion (amygdala), and provide key evidence that the influence of these regions on global network connectivity reliably predict general, fluid, and crystallized intelligence. The observed findings not only elucidate the role of ω-3 PUFAs in functional brain plasticity and intelligence, but also motivate future studies to examine their impact on psychological health, aging, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Talukdar
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Center for Brain Plasticity, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Marta K Zamroziewicz
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Center for Brain Plasticity, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Medical Scholars Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher E Zwilling
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Center for Brain Plasticity, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Center for Brain Plasticity, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois
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Effects of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brain Function in Mildly Hypertensive Older Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101413. [PMID: 30279397 PMCID: PMC6213246 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purported benefits of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3PUFA) for brain function may be attributable, at least in part, to improved cerebral perfusion. A pilot randomised controlled trial was undertaken to investigate effects of taking a DHA-rich fish oil supplement for 20 weeks on cerebrovascular function, mood and cognitive performance. Borderline hypertensives aged 40–85 years with low habitual LCn-3PUFA intake took four capsules/day of EPAX (1600 mg DHA + 400 mg EPA) or placebo (corn oil). Cerebrovascular function was assessed at baseline and after 20 weeks in 38 completers (19 on each supplement) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound of blood flow in the middle cerebral artery at rest and whilst performing a battery of cognitive tasks (neurovascular coupling). The primary outcome, cerebrovascular responsiveness (CVR) to hypercapnia, increased 26% (p = 0.024) in women; there was no change in men. In contrast, neurovascular coupling increased significantly (p = 0.01 for the overall response) in men only; the latter correlated with an increase of EPA in erythrocytes (r = 0.616, p = 0.002). There was no associated improvement of mood or cognition in either men or women. These preliminary observations indicate that LCn-3PUFA supplementation has the potential to enhance blood flow in the brain in response to both hypercapnic and cognitive stimuli. Future studies should examine differential effects of EPA and DHA and take account of the gender differences in responsiveness to supplementation.
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9
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Decroix L, De Pauw K, Van Cutsem J, Pattyn N, Heyman E, Meeusen R. Acute cocoa flavanols intake improves cerebral hemodynamics while maintaining brain activity and cognitive performance in moderate hypoxia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2597-2608. [PMID: 29951768 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute cocoa flavanols (CF) intake has been suggested to modulate cognitive function and neurovascular coupling (NVC). Whether increased NVC is solely driven by improved vascular responsiveness or also by neuronal activity remains unknown. This study investigated the effects of acute CF intake on cognitive performance, NVC, and neuronal activity in healthy subjects in normoxia and hypoxia (4000 m simulated altitude; 12.7% O2). METHODS Twenty healthy subjects (age 23.2 ± 4.3 years) performed four trials. Participants performed a Stroop task and "cognition" battery 2 h after acute CF (530 mg CF, 100 mg epicatechin) or placebo intake, and 30 min after initial exposure to hypoxia or normoxia. Electroencephalogram and functional near-infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze hemodynamic changes and neuronal activity. RESULTS CF enhanced NVC in the right prefrontal cortex during several tasks (risk decision making, visual tracking, complex scanning, spatial orientation), while neuronal activity was not affected. CF improved abstract thinking in normoxia, but not in hypoxia and did not improve other cognitive performances. Hypoxia decreased accuracy on the Stroop task, but performance on other cognitive tasks was preserved. NVC and neuronal activity during cognitive tasks were similar in hypoxia vs. normoxia, with the exception of increased β activity in the primary motor cortex during abstract thinking. CONCLUSIONS Acute CF intake improved NVC, but did not affect neuronal activity and cognitive performance in both normoxia and hypoxia. Most cognitive functions, as well as NVC and neuronal activity, did not decline by acute exposure to moderate hypoxia in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Decroix
- Human Physiology research group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium.,Multi-disciplinary Research Unit of Sport, Heath and Society, URePSSS, University of Lille, Artois, Littoral Cote d'Opale, EA7369, 413 rue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, France
| | - K De Pauw
- Human Physiology research group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - J Van Cutsem
- Human Physiology research group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - N Pattyn
- Human Physiology research group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium.,Vital Signs and Performance Research Unit, Royal Military Academy, Renaissancelaan 30, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Heyman
- Multi-disciplinary Research Unit of Sport, Heath and Society, URePSSS, University of Lille, Artois, Littoral Cote d'Opale, EA7369, 413 rue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, France
| | - R Meeusen
- Human Physiology research group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium.
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Bogomolova S, Zarnowiecki D, Wilson A, Fielder A, Procter N, Itsiopoulos C, O'Dea K, Strachan J, Ballestrin M, Champion A, Parletta N. Dietary intervention for people with mental illness in South Australia. Health Promot Int 2018; 33:71-83. [PMID: 27476869 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People with serious mental illness (SMI) have a 25-30 year lower life expectancy than the general population due largely to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Mediterranean diet can reduce CVD risk and repeat events by 30-70%. We conducted a pilot feasibility study (HELFIMED) with people who have SMI residing within a Community Rehabilitation Centre in South Australia, aimed at improving participants' diets according to Mediterranean diet principles. Methods During a 3-month intervention, participants were provided with nutrition education, food hampers, and twice-weekly cooking workshops and guided shopping trips. This report presents the results of a mixed method evaluation of the programme using thorough in-depth interviews with participants and support staff (n = 20), contextualized by changes in dietary biomarkers and CVD risk factors. Results The framework thematic analysis revealed evidence of improvements in participants' knowledge of and intake of the key elements of a Mediterranean-style diet (fruit and vegetables, olive oil, fish, legumes), reduction in poor nutrition habits (soft drinks, energy drinks, take away meals) and development of independent living skills-culinary skills such as food preparation and cooking based on simple recipes, food shopping and budgeting, healthy meal planning and social interaction. These changes were supported by dietary biomarkers, and were associated with reduced CVD risk factors. Conclusions A Mediterranean diet-based pilot study achieved positive change in dietary behaviours associated with CVD risk for participants with SMI. This supports a need to include dietary education and cooking skills into rehabilitation programmes for people with SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Wilson
- Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science
| | - Andrea Fielder
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas Procter
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Catherine Itsiopoulos
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerin O'Dea
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences
| | - John Strachan
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matt Ballestrin
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Champion
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Natalie Parletta
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences
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Kennedy G, Hardman RJ, Macpherson H, Scholey AB, Pipingas A. How Does Exercise Reduce the Rate of Age-Associated Cognitive Decline? A Review of Potential Mechanisms. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:1-18. [PMID: 27636853 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rate of age-associated cognitive decline varies considerably between individuals. It is important, both on a societal and individual level, to investigate factors that underlie these differences in order to identify those which might realistically slow cognitive decline. Physical activity is one such factor with substantial support in the literature. Regular exercise can positively influence cognitive ability, reduce the rate of cognitive aging, and even reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. However, while there is substantial evidence in the extant literature for the effect of exercise on cognition, the processes that mediate this relationship are less clear. This review examines cardiovascular health, production of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin sensitivity, stress, and inflammation as potential pathways, via which exercise may maintain or improve cognitive functioning, and may be particularly pertinent in the context of the aging brain. A greater understanding of these mechanisms and their potential relationships with exercise and cognition will be invaluable in providing biomarkers for investigating the efficacy of differing exercise regimes on cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Kennedy
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roy J Hardman
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen Macpherson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew B Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S, Villani A, Itsiopoulos C, Niyonsenga T, Blunden S, Meyer B, Segal L, Baune BT, O'Dea K. A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: A randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED). Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:474-487. [PMID: 29215971 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1411320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether a Mediterranean-style diet (MedDiet) supplemented with fish oil can improve mental health in adults suffering depression. METHODS Adults with self-reported depression were randomized to receive fortnightly food hampers and MedDiet cooking workshops for 3 months and fish oil supplements for 6 months, or attend social groups fortnightly for 3 months. Assessments at baseline, 3 and 6 months included mental health, quality of life (QoL) and dietary questionnaires, and blood samples for erythrocyte fatty acid analysis. RESULTS n = 152 eligible adults aged 18-65 were recruited (n = 95 completed 3-month and n = 85 completed 6-month assessments). At 3 months, the MedDiet group had a higher MedDiet score (t = 3.95, P < 0.01), consumed more vegetables (t = 3.95, P < 0.01), fruit (t = 2.10, P = 0.04), nuts (t = 2.29, P = 0.02), legumes (t = 2.41, P = 0.02) wholegrains (t = 2.63, P = 0.01), and vegetable diversity (t = 3.27, P < 0.01); less unhealthy snacks (t = -2.10, P = 0.04) and red meat/chicken (t = -2.13, P = 0.04). The MedDiet group had greater reduction in depression (t = -2.24, P = 0.03) and improved mental health QoL scores (t = 2.10, P = 0.04) at 3 months. Improved diet and mental health were sustained at 6 months. Reduced depression was correlated with an increased MedDiet score (r = -0.298, P = 0.01), nuts (r = -0.264, P = 0.01), and vegetable diversity (r = -0.303, P = 0.01). Other mental health improvements had similar correlations, most notably for increased vegetable diversity and legumes. There were some correlations between increased omega-3, decreased omega-6 and improved mental health. DISCUSSION This is one of the first randomized controlled trials to show that healthy dietary changes are achievable and, supplemented with fish oil, can improve mental health in people with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Parletta
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Dorota Zarnowiecki
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Jihyun Cho
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Amy Wilson
- b Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Svetlana Bogomolova
- b Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Anthony Villani
- c Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering , University of the Sunshine Coast , 90 Sippy Downs, Sippy Downs , Queensland 4556 , Australia
| | - Catherine Itsiopoulos
- d Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | - Theo Niyonsenga
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia.,e Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health , University of Canberra , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia
| | - Sarah Blunden
- f School of Human Health and Social Sciences , Central Queensland University , 44 Greenhill Road, Wayville , South Australia 5034 , Australia
| | - Barbara Meyer
- g School of Medicine , University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Leonie Segal
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- h Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide , Level 4, Eleanor Harrald Building, Adelaide 5005 , Australia
| | - Kerin O'Dea
- a Centre for Population Health Research , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
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13
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Kuszewski JC, Wong RHX, Howe PRC. Effects of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Endothelial Vasodilator Function and Cognition-Are They Interrelated? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050487. [PMID: 28498345 PMCID: PMC5452217 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3 PUFA) may improve brain functions by acting on endothelial cells in the cerebrovasculature to facilitate vasodilatation and perfusion. The aim of this review is to explore this hypothesis by analyzing the effect of LCn-3 PUFA supplementation on systemic vasodilator and cognitive function and finding evidence to link LCn-3 PUFA intake, vasodilator function and cognition. Forty randomized controlled trials examining the effect of LCn-3 PUFA supplementation in humans on either endothelial vasodilator function or cognition were identified and pooled effects measured with a weighted analysis. Compared to placebo, LCn-3 PUFA tended to increase flow-mediated dilatation and significantly improved cognitive function. Emerging evidence links vasodilator dysfunction to cognitive impairment, but evidence that LCn-3 PUFA can improve cognition through enhancements of vasodilator function is still lacking. Further research is needed to determine: (1) whether LCn-3 PUFA can enhance dilatation of cerebral vessels; (2) if improvements in cerebrovascular responsiveness by LCn-3 PUFA are accompanied by cognitive benefits; and (3) the target population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Kuszewski
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Rachel H X Wong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Peter R C Howe
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Cai S, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Berry NM, Burres L, Beltrame J, Howe PRC, Schrader G. There is No Association Between the Omega-3 Index and Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Heart Disease Who Are Low Fish Consumers. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 26:276-284. [PMID: 27592324 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long chain Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3PUFAs) may improve cardiovascular health and depression. This study investigated the relationships between erythrocyte membrane LCn3PUFA status, depression and angina symptoms in patients with heart disease. METHODS We recruited 91 patients (65 males and 26 females, mean age 59.2±10.3 years) with heart disease and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D ≥ 16) and low fish/fish oil intakes. The Omega-3 Index (EPA+DHA) of erythrocyte membranes (as a percentage of total fatty acids) was assessed by gas chromatography. Depression status was measured by both self-report and clinician-report scales; CES-D and the Hamilton depression scale (HAM-D). Angina symptoms were measured using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classification for Angina Pectoris. RESULTS The mean Omega-3 Index was 4.8±1.0% (±SD). Depression scores measured by CES-D and HAM-D were 29.2±8.8 (moderate to severe) and 11.0±5.7 (mild) (arbitrary units) respectively reflecting a different perception of depressive symptoms between patients and clinicians. Angina status was inversely associated with depression scores (r>-0.26, P<0.03). There were no significant relationships between individual LCn3PUFA or the Omega-3 Index and either the depression scores or the angina symptoms. CONCLUSION Worse angina status was associated with worse depression, but the Omega-3 Index was not associated with symptoms of depression or angina in patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxin Cai
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alison M Coates
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Narelle M Berry
- Acute Care and Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa Burres
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John Beltrame
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter R C Howe
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Schrader
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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15
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Barbour JA, Howe PRC, Buckley JD, Bryan J, Coates AM. Cerebrovascular and cognitive benefits of high-oleic peanut consumption in healthy overweight middle-aged adults. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:555-562. [PMID: 27386745 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1204744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peanuts contain bioactive nutrients beneficial for vascular function. This study investigated whether consumption of unsalted peanuts (with skins) would enhance cerebrovascular perfusion and cognitive performance. METHOD In a randomized crossover trial, 61 volunteers (29 males/32 females, 65 ± 7 years, BMI 31 ± 4 kg/m2) consumed their habitual diet ± high-oleic peanuts (56-84 g/day), each for 12 weeks. Nutrient intakes, vascular and cognitive function were assessed at baseline and at the end of each 12-week phase. Differences between the ends of each phase were compared by general linear repeated measures ANOVA controlling for baseline. Pearson's correlation analyses determined relationships between differences in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and cognitive function. RESULTS Intakes of bioactive nutrients increased during the peanut phase. CVR was 5% greater in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and 7% greater in the right MCA. Small artery elasticity was 10% greater after peanut consumption; large artery elasticity and blood pressure did not differ between phases. Measures of short-term memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed were also higher following the peanut phase; other cognitive measures did not change. Differences in CVR in the left MCA correlated with differences in delayed memory and recognition. DISCUSSION Regular peanut consumption improved cerebrovascular and cognitive function; increased intakes of bioactive nutrients may have mediated these improvements. This clinical trial was registered with the Australian Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12612000192886).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne A Barbour
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia
| | - Peter R C Howe
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia.,b Clinical Nutrition Research Centre , University of Newcastle , Callaghan 2308 , NSW , Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia
| | - Janet Bryan
- c Department of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia
| | - Alison M Coates
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia
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Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Procter N, Gordon A, Bogomolova S, O'Dea K, Strachan J, Ballestrin M, Champion A, Meyer BJ. People with schizophrenia and depression have a low omega-3 index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 110:42-7. [PMID: 27255642 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher in people with mental illness and is associated with a 30 year higher mortality rate in this population. Erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (omega-3 index)≤4% is a marker for increased mortality risk from CVD while >8% is protective. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are also important for brain function and may ameliorate symptoms of mental illness. We investigated the erythrocyte omega-3 index in people with mental illness. One hundred and thirty adults aged 18-65 years (32.6% male) with schizophrenia (n=14) and depression (n=116) provided blood samples and completed physiological assessments and questionnaires. Both populations had risk factors for metabolic syndrome and CVD. The average omega-3 index was 3.95% (SD=1.06), compared to an estimated 5% in the Australian population. These data indicate an unfavourable omega-3 profile in people with mental illness that could contribute to higher CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Parletta
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Dorota Zarnowiecki
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Jihyun Cho
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Amy Wilson
- School of Business and Marketing, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Procter
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrea Gordon
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Svetlana Bogomolova
- School of Business and Marketing, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kerin O'Dea
- Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - John Strachan
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Matt Ballestrin
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Champion
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Parletta N, Niyonsenga T, Duff J. Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Correlations with Symptoms in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Controls. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156432. [PMID: 27232999 PMCID: PMC4883772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have lower omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) levels compared with controls and conflicting evidence regarding omega-6 (n-6) PUFA levels. Objectives This study investigated whether erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were lower and n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) higher in children with ADHD, ASD and controls, and whether lower n-3 and higher n-6 PUFAs correlated with poorer scores on the Australian Twin Behaviour Rating Scale (ATBRS; ADHD symptoms) and Test of Variable Attention (TOVA) in children with ADHD, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) in children with ASD. Methods Assessments and blood samples of 565 children aged 3–17 years with ADHD (n = 401), ASD (n = 85) or controls (n = 79) were analysed. One-way ANOVAs with Tukey’s post-hoc analysis investigated differences in PUFA levels between groups and Pearson’s correlations investigated correlations between PUFA levels and ATBRS, TOVA and CARS scores. Results Children with ADHD and ASD had lower DHA, EPA and AA, higher AA/EPA ratio and lower n-3/n-6 than controls (P<0.001 except AA between ADHD and controls: P = 0.047). Children with ASD had lower DHA, EPA and AA than children with ADHD (P<0.001 for all comparisons). ATBRS scores correlated negatively with EPA (r = -.294, P<0.001), DHA (r = -.424, P<0.001), n-3/n-6 (r = -.477, P<0.001) and positively with AA/EPA (r = .222, P <.01). TOVA scores correlated positively with DHA (r = .610, P<0.001), EPA (r = .418, P<0.001) AA (r = .199, P<0.001), and n-3/n-6 (r = .509, P<0.001) and negatively with AA/EPA (r = -.243, P<0.001). CARS scores correlated significantly with DHA (r = .328, P = 0.002), EPA (r = -.225, P = 0.038) and AA (r = .251, P = 0.021). Conclusions Children with ADHD and ASD had low levels of EPA, DHA and AA and high ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs and these correlated significantly with symptoms. Future research should further investigate abnormal fatty acid metabolism in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Parletta
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences,University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Theophile Niyonsenga
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences,University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacques Duff
- Behavioural Neurotherapy Clinic, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Autism ADHD Foundation, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Beverages Fortified with Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Dietary Fiber, Minerals, and Vitamins. HANDBOOK OF FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGES AND HUMAN HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/b19490-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Street SJ, Parletta N, Milte C, Sullivan K, Hills AP, Buckley J, Howe P. Interaction of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid and physical activity predicts reduced risk of mild cognitive impairment. Aging Ment Health 2015; 19:885-91. [PMID: 25374153 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2014.971705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate relationships between self-reported physical activity, proportions of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3) in erythrocyte content (percentage of total fatty acids) and risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted. Community-dwelling male and female (n = 84) participants over the age of 65 years with and without MCI were tested for erythrocyte proportions of the LCn3s eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Physical activity was measured using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS The interaction between erythrocyte EPA, but not DHA, and increased physical activity was associated with increased odds of a non-MCI classification. CONCLUSION An interaction between physical activity and erythrocyte EPA content (percentage of fatty acids) significantly predicted MCI status in older adults. Randomised control trials are needed to examine the potential for supplementation with EPA in combination with increased physical activity to mitigate the risk of MCI in ageing adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven John Street
- a School of Psychology and Counselling , Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Australia
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Milte CM, Parletta N, Buckley JD, Coates AM, Young RM, Howe PRC. Increased Erythrocyte Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Are Associated With Improved Attention and Behavior in Children With ADHD in a Randomized Controlled Three-Way Crossover Trial. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:954-64. [PMID: 24214970 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713510562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on attention, literacy, and behavior in children with ADHD. METHOD Ninety children were randomized to consume supplements high in EPA, DHA, or linoleic acid (control) for 4 months each in a crossover design. Erythrocyte fatty acids, attention, cognition, literacy, and Conners' Parent Rating Scales (CPRS) were measured at 0, 4, 8, 12 months. RESULTS Fifty-three children completed the treatment. Outcome measures showed no significant differences between the three treatments. However, in children with blood samples (n = 76-46), increased erythrocyte EPA + DHA was associated with improved spelling (r = .365, p < .001) and attention (r = -.540, p < .001) and reduced oppositional behavior (r = -.301, p < .003), hyperactivity (r = -.310, p < .001), cognitive problems (r = -.326, p < .001), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) hyperactivity (r = -.270, p = .002) and DSM-IV inattention (r = -.343, p < .001). CONCLUSION Increasing erythrocyte DHA and EPA via dietary supplementation may improve behavior, attention, and literacy in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ross M Young
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter R C Howe
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Pase MP, Grima N, Cockerell R, Stough C, Scholey A, Sali A, Pipingas A. The effects of long-chain omega-3 fish oils and multivitamins on cognitive and cardiovascular function: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:21-31. [PMID: 25565485 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.880660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fish oils and multivitamins are two of the most commonly used dietary supplements. Fish oil use may reduce vascular risk factors associated with cognitive decline, thus providing benefits to both heart and brain health. Multivitamins may also have direct effects on brain function. The present study investigated the effects of fish oil, with and without the addition of a multivitamin, on cognitive and cardiovascular function. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind fashion, 160 healthy adults aged 50-70 years were randomized to receive either 3 g of fish oil (240 mg eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] + 240 mg docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) with a multivitamin, 6 g of fish oil (480 mg EPA + 480 mg DHA) with a multivitamin, or 6 g of fish oil without a multivitamin or a placebo. Cognitive performance, brachial blood pressure, and aortic (central) blood pressure were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 16 weeks. RESULTS Treatment allocation had no effect on the primary cognitive outcomes at endpoint. Absolute increases in the red blood cell omega-3/6 ratio were associated with improvements in spatial working memory. The group receiving 6 g fish oil without the multivitamin displayed a significant decrease in aortic pulse pressure and aortic augmentation pressure, two measures of aortic blood pressure and aortic stiffness. CONCLUSIONS Fish oil decreased aortic pulse pressure and augmentation pressure. Reductions in aortic blood pressure were not accompanied by consistent improvements in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Pase
- a Centre for Human Psychopharmacology , Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn , AUSTRALIA
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Chronic resveratrol consumption improves brachial flow-mediated dilatation in healthy obese adults. J Hypertens 2014; 31:1819-27. [PMID: 23743811 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328362b9d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated acute dose-dependent increases of flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in the brachial artery after resveratrol consumption in mildly hypertensive, overweight/obese adults. Resveratrol supplementation has also been shown to increase cerebral blood flow acutely, without affecting cognition. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of chronic resveratrol supplementation on both FMD and cognitive performance. METHOD Twenty-eight obese but otherwise healthy adults (BMI: 33.3 ± 0.6 kg/m) were randomized to take a single 75 mg capsule of trans-resveratrol (Resvida) or placebo daily for 6 weeks each in a double-blind crossover supplementation trial. Blood pressure, arterial compliance, FMD, and performance on the Stroop Color-Word Test were assessed at the end of each 6-week intervention period while fasted and at least 18 h after taking the last daily capsule. An additional capsule of the same supplement was then taken. FMD assessment was repeated 1 h later. RESULTS Chronic resveratrol supplementation for 6 weeks was well tolerated and resulted in a 23% increase in FMD compared with placebo (P=0.021, paired t-test). The extent of increase correlated negatively with baseline FMD (r=-0.47, P=0.01). A single dose of resveratrol (75 mg) following chronic resveratrol supplementation resulted in a 35% greater acute FMD response than the equivalent placebo supplementation. These FMD improvements remained significant after adjusting for baseline FMD. Blood pressure, arterial compliance, and all components of the Stroop Color-Word Test were unaffected by chronic resveratrol supplementation. CONCLUSION Daily resveratrol consumption was well tolerated and has the potential to maintain healthy circulatory function in obese adults.
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Abstract
Nuts are rich in many nutrients that can benefit multiple cardiometabolic functions, including arterial compliance, blood pressure, inflammation, glucoregulation and endothelial vasodilatation. Impaired vasodilatation may contribute to impaired cognitive performance due to poor cerebral perfusion. The present narrative review examines associations between nut consumption, vascular health and cognitive function. It includes a systematic search which identified seventy-one epidemiological or intervention studies in which effects of chronic nut consumption on blood pressure, glucoregulation, endothelial vasodilator function, arterial compliance, inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive performance were evaluated. Weighted mean changes were estimated where data were available; they indicate that nut consumption reduces blood pressure and improves glucoregulation, endothelial vasodilator function and inflammation, whilst a limited number of studies suggest that nut consumption may also improve cognitive performance. Further clinical trials are warranted to explore relationships between nut consumption, endothelial function and cognitive function.
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Bauer I, Crewther S, Pipingas A, Sellick L, Crewther D. Does omega-3 fatty acid supplementation enhance neural efficiency? A review of the literature. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:8-18. [PMID: 24285504 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory and mood benefits of omega-3 supplementation containing long chain fatty acids (LCPUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are manifest, there is no scientific consensus regarding their effects on neurocognitive functioning. This review aimed to examine the current literature on LCPUFAs by assessing their effects on cognition, neural functioning and metabolic activity. In order to view these findings together, the principle of neural efficiency as established by Richard Haier ("smart brains work less hard") was extended to apply to the neurocognitive effects of omega-3 supplementation. METHODS We reviewed multiple databases from 2000 up till 2013 using a systematic approach and focused our search to papers employing both neurophysiological techniques and cognitive measures. RESULTS Eight studies satisfied the criteria for consideration. We established that studies using brain imaging techniques show consistent changes in neurochemical substances, brain electrical activity, cerebral metabolic activity and brain oxygenation following omega-3 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, where comparison is available, an increase in EPA intake is more advantageous than DHA in reducing "brain effort" relative to cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bauer
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
- University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Houston TX USA
| | - Sheila Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
- School of Psychological Science; La Trobe University; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - Laura Sellick
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - David Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Hawthorn Victoria Australia
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Muñoz LA, Cobos A, Diaz O, Aguilera JM. Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica): An Ancient Grain and a New Functional Food. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2013.818014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wong RH, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PR. Evidence for circulatory benefits of resveratrol in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1290:52-8. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H.X. Wong
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre; Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide Australia
| | - Alison M. Coates
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre; Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide Australia
| | - Jonathan D. Buckley
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre; Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide Australia
| | - Peter R.C. Howe
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre; Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide Australia
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre; University of Newcastle; Callaghan New South Wales Australia
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27
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Meyer BJ, Grenyer BFS, Crowe T, Owen AJ, Grigonis-Deane EM, Howe PRC. Improvement of Major Depression is Associated with Increased Erythrocyte DHA. Lipids 2013; 48:863-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Nutritional modulation of cognitive function and mental health. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:725-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Relationships between dietary macronutrients and adult neurogenesis in the regulation of energy metabolism. Br J Nutr 2013; 109:1573-89. [PMID: 23433235 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451200579x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Of the environmental factors which have an impact on body weight, nutrients are most influential. Within normal limits, hypothalamic and related neuronal populations correct perturbations in energy metabolism, to return the body to its nutritional set-point, either through direct response to nutrients or indirectly via peripheral appetite signals. Excessive intake of certain macronutrients, such as simple carbohydrates and SFA, can lead to obesity and attendant metabolic dysfunction, also reflected in alterations in structural plasticity, and, intriguingly,neurogenesis, in some of these brain regions. Neurogenesis, previously thought to occur only in the embryo, is now known to take place in the adult brain, dependent on numerous stimulating and inhibiting factors, including dietary components. Because of classic associations between neurogenesis and the hippocampus, in learning and cognition, this brain region has also been the focus of attention in the study of links between diet and neurogenesis. Recently, however, a more complete picture of this relationship has been building: not only has the hypothalamus been shown to satisfy the criteria for a neurogenic niche, but appetite-related mediators, including circulating hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, pro-inflammatory cytokines and the endocannabinoid intracellular messengers, are also being examined for their potential role in mediating neurogenic responses to macronutrients. The present review draws together these observations and investigates whether n-3 PUFA may exert their attenuating effects on body weight through the stimulation of adult neurogenesis. Exploration of the effects of nutraceuticals on neurogenic brain regions may encourage the development of new rational therapies in the fight against obesity.
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Bryan J, Tuckey M, Einöther SJ, Garczarek U, Garrick A, De Bruin EA. Relationships between tea and other beverage consumption to work performance and mood. Appetite 2012; 58:339-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Bauer I, Crewther DP, Pipingas A, Rowsell R, Cockerell R, Crewther SG. Omega-3 fatty acids modify human cortical visual processing--a double-blind, crossover study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28214. [PMID: 22174778 PMCID: PMC3235106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While cardiovascular and mood benefits of dietary omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are manifest, direct neurophysiological evidence of their effects on cortical activity is still limited. Hence we chose to examine the effects of two proprietary fish oil products with different EPA:DHA ratios (EPA-rich, high EPA:DHA; DHA-rich) on mental processing speed and visual evoked brain activity. We proposed that nonlinear multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEP) would be sensitive to any alteration of the neural function induced by omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, because the higher order kernel responses directly measure the degree of recovery of the neural system as a function of time following stimulation. Twenty-two healthy participants aged 18-34, with no known neurological or psychiatric disorder and not currently taking any nutritional supplementation, were recruited. A double-blind, crossover design was utilized, including a 30-day washout period, between two 30-day supplementation periods of the EPA-rich and DHA-rich diets (with order of diet randomized). Psychophysical choice reaction times and multi-focal nonlinear visual evoked potential (VEP) testing were performed at baseline (No Diet), and after each supplementation period. Following the EPA-rich supplementation, for stimulation at high luminance contrast, a significant reduction in the amplitude of the first slice of the second order VEP kernel response, previously related to activation in the magnocellular pathway, was observed. The correlations between the amplitude changes of short latency second and first order components were significantly different for the two supplementations. Significantly faster choice reaction times were observed psychophysically (compared with baseline performance) under the EPA-rich (but not DHA-rich) supplementation, while simple reaction times were not affected. The reduced nonlinearities observed under the EPA-rich diet suggest a mechanism involving more efficient neural recovery of magnocellular-like visual responses following cortical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bauer
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P. Crewther
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renee Rowsell
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Cockerell
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- School of Psychological Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Milte CM, Sinn N, Buckley JD, Coates AM, Young RM, Howe PR. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, cognition and literacy in children with ADHD with and without learning difficulties. J Child Health Care 2011; 15:299-311. [PMID: 21828168 DOI: 10.1177/1367493511403953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Suboptimal omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) levels may contribute to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related developmental problems. Associations between n-3 and omega-6 (n-6) PUFA levels in red blood cells (erythrocytes) and learning and behaviour were investigated in 75 children aged 7-12 with ADHD. Children provided blood samples and underwent cognitive assessments. Parents completed questionnaires and Conners' Rating Scales. Controlling for covariates, higher n-3 PUFA predicted lower anxiety/shyness (β = -.27), higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) better word reading (β = .22), and higher n-6 PUFA poorer reading (β = -.34), vocabulary (β = .-.26), spelling (β = -.30) and attention (β = -.30). Thirty-six per cent of the sample with learning difficulties had lower DHA than those without (M = 3.26 ± 0.54 vs M = 3.68 ± 0.76, p = .02). This study is the first to compare erythrocyte PUFAs (a measure of PUFA status) in children who have ADHD with and without learning difficulties, and supports emerging indications that the former may be more likely responders to n-3 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Milte
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Australia
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Effects of n-3 fatty acids, EPA v. DHA, on depressive symptoms, quality of life, memory and executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1682-93. [PMID: 21929835 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms may increase the risk of progressing from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. Consumption of n-3 PUFA may alleviate both cognitive decline and depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the benefits of supplementing a diet with n-3 PUFA, DHA and EPA, for depressive symptoms, quality of life (QOL) and cognition in elderly people with MCI. We conducted a 6-month double-blind, randomised controlled trial. A total of fifty people aged >65 years with MCI were allocated to receive a supplement rich in EPA (1·67 g EPA + 0·16 g DHA/d; n 17), DHA (1·55 g DHA + 0·40 g EPA/d; n 18) or the n-6 PUFA linoleic acid (LA; 2·2 g/d; n 15). Treatment allocation was by minimisation based on age, sex and depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS). Physiological and cognitive assessments, questionnaires and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes were obtained at baseline and 6 months (completers: n 40; EPA n 13, DHA n 16, LA n 11). Compared with the LA group, GDS scores improved in the EPA (P=0·04) and DHA (P=0·01) groups and verbal fluency (Initial Letter Fluency) in the DHA group (P=0·04). Improved GDS scores were correlated with increased DHA plus EPA (r 0·39, P=0·02). Improved self-reported physical health was associated with increased DHA. There were no treatment effects on other cognitive or QOL parameters. Increased intakes of DHA and EPA benefited mental health in older people with MCI. Increasing n-3 PUFA intakes may reduce depressive symptoms and the risk of progressing to dementia. This needs to be investigated in larger, depressed samples with MCI.
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Enneking D. The nutritive value of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) and allied species, their toxicity to animals and the role of malnutrition in neurolathyrism. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:694-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Doraghi A, Monikh FA, Safahieh A, Savari A. Heavy Metals Concentration in Mullet Fish, <i>Liza abu</i> from Petrochemical Waste Receiving Creeks, Musa Estuary (Persian Gulf). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2011.29140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sinn N, Milte C, Howe PRC. Oiling the brain: a review of randomized controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids in psychopathology across the lifespan. Nutrients 2010; 2:128-70. [PMID: 22254013 PMCID: PMC3257637 DOI: 10.3390/nu2020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Around one in four people suffer from mental illness at some stage in their lifetime. There is increasing awareness of the importance of nutrition, particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), for optimal brain development and function. Hence in recent decades, researchers have explored effects of n-3 PUFA on mental health problems over the lifespan, from developmental disorders in childhood, to depression, aggression, and schizophrenia in adulthood, and cognitive decline, dementia and Alzheimer's disease in late adulthood. This review provides an updated overview of the published and the registered clinical trials that investigate effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on mental health and behavior, highlighting methodological differences and issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sinn
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Milte CM, Sinn N, Howe PRC. Polyunsaturated fatty acid status in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and Alzheimer's disease: towards an omega-3 index for mental health? Nutr Rev 2009; 67:573-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gow RV, Matsudaira T, Taylor E, Rubia K, Crawford M, Ghebremeskel K, Ibrahimovic A, Vallée-Tourangeau F, Williams LM, Sumich A. Total red blood cell concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids are associated with emotion-elicited neural activity in adolescent boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80:151-6. [PMID: 19230637 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Affective impairment is observed in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Low levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), specifically omega-3 (omega-3) fatty acids in blood measures have been linked to a range of behavioural and mood disorders including ADHD. However, nothing is known about the relationship between omega-3 and brain function in children with ADHD. In the current study, 20 adolescent boys with ADHD were assessed for total lipid fractions in red blood cells and their event-related potential (ERP) response to the presentation of facial expressions of happiness, sadness and fearfulness. The results supported the hypothesis of a positive association between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and a cognitive bias in orientation to overt expressions of happiness over both sad and fearful faces as indexed by midline frontal P300 amplitude. Additional exploratory analyses revealed a positive association between levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the right temporal N170 amplitude in response to covert expressions of fear. The arachidonic (AA)/DHA ratio was negatively associated with the right temporal N170 amplitude also to covert expressions of fear. These findings indicate that EPA and DHA may be involved in distinct aspects of affect processing in ADHD and have implications for understanding currently inconsistent findings in the literature on EFA supplementation in ADHD and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Gow
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, PO Box 85, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE58AF, UK.
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Abstract
An abundance of research has investigated causes and treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The research includes identification of suboptimal levels of nutrients and sensitivities to certain foods and food additives. This review gives an overview of this research and provides an up-to-date account of clinical trials that have been conducted with zinc, iron, magnesium, Pycnogenol, omega-3 fatty acids, and food sensitivities. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar and included studies published before April 2008. Although further research is required, the current evidence supports indications of nutritional and dietary influences on behavior and learning in these children, with the strongest support to date reported for omega-3s and behavioral food reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sinn
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
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