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Sobotka O, Mezera V, Blaha V, Skorepa P, Fortunato J, Sobotka L. Optimizing Recovery in Elderly Patients: Anabolic Benefits of Glucose Supplementation during the Rehydration Period. Nutrients 2024; 16:1607. [PMID: 38892539 PMCID: PMC11173922 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since many acutely admitted older adults display signs of dehydration, treatment using balanced crystalloids is an important part of medical care. Additionally, many of these patients suffer from chronic malnutrition. We speculated that the early addition of glucose might ameliorate the hospital-related drop of caloric intake and modify their catabolic status. METHODS We included patients 78 years and older, admitted acutely for non-traumatic illnesses. The patients were randomized into either receiving balanced crystalloid (PlasmaLyte; group P) or balanced crystalloid enriched with 100 g of glucose per liter (group G). The information about fluid balance and levels of minerals were collected longitudinally. RESULTS In the G group, a significantly higher proportion of patients developed signs of refeeding syndrome, i.e., drops in phosphates, potassium and/or magnesium when compared to group P (83.3 vs. 16.7%, p < 0.01). The drop in phosphate levels was the most pronounced. The urinalysis showed no differences in the levels of these minerals in the urine, suggesting their uptake into the cells. There were no differences in the in-hospital mortality or in the 1-year mortality. CONCLUSION The short-term administration of balanced crystalloids with glucose induced an anabolic shift of electrolytes in acutely admitted older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Sobotka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine-Metabolism and Gerontology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (L.S.)
- Oroboros Instruments, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vojtech Mezera
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine-Metabolism and Gerontology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (L.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Geriatric Center, Pardubice Hospital, 532 03 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Blaha
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine-Metabolism and Gerontology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (L.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Skorepa
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine-Metabolism and Gerontology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (L.S.)
- Department of Military Internal Medicine and Military Hygiene, Military Faculty of Medicine, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Joao Fortunato
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine-Metabolism and Gerontology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lubos Sobotka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine-Metabolism and Gerontology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (L.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Kennard AL, Glasgow NJ, Rainsford SE, Talaulikar GS. Narrative Review: Clinical Implications and Assessment of Frailty in Patients With Advanced CKD. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:791-806. [PMID: 38765572 PMCID: PMC11101734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a multidimensional clinical syndrome characterized by low physical activity, reduced strength, accumulation of multiorgan deficits, decreased physiological reserve, and vulnerability to stressors. Frailty has key social, psychological, and cognitive implications. Frailty is accelerated by uremia, leading to a high prevalence of frailty in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) as well as contributing to adverse outcomes in this patient population. Frailty assessment is not routine in patients with CKD; however, a number of validated clinical assessment tools can assist in prognostication. Frailty assessment in nephrology populations supports shared decision-making and advanced communication and should inform key medical transitions. Frailty screening and interventions in CKD or ESKD are a developing research priority with a rapidly expanding literature base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L. Kennard
- Department of Renal Medicine, Canberra Health Services, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Glasgow
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Suzanne E. Rainsford
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Girish S. Talaulikar
- Department of Renal Medicine, Canberra Health Services, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Sun J, Tan Y, Su J, Mikhail H, Pavel V, Deng Z, Li Y. Role and molecular mechanism of ghrelin in degenerative musculoskeletal disorders. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3681-3691. [PMID: 37661635 PMCID: PMC10718156 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a brain-gut peptide, and the first 28-peptide that was found in the gastric mucosa. It has a growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-like effect and can potently promote the release of GH from pituitary GH cells; however, it is unable to stimulate GH synthesis. Therefore, ghrelin is believed to play a role in promoting bone growth and development. The correlation between ghrelin and some degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system has been reported recently, and ghrelin may be one of the factors influencing degenerative pathologies, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia and intervertebral disc degeneration. With population ageing, the risk of health problems caused by degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system gradually increases. In this article, the roles of ghrelin in musculoskeletal disorders are summarized to reveal the potential effects of ghrelin as a key target in the treatment of related bone and muscle diseases and the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Sun
- Deparment of OrthopedicsXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Yibo Tan
- Deparment of OrthopedicsXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jingyue Su
- Department of Sports MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Herasimenka Mikhail
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Traumatology and OrthopedicsMinskBelarus
| | - Volotovski Pavel
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Traumatology and OrthopedicsMinskBelarus
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yusheng Li
- Deparment of OrthopedicsXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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Ferreira RP, Duarte JA. Protein Turnover in Skeletal Muscle: Looking at Molecular Regulation towards an Active Lifestyle. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:763-777. [PMID: 36854391 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-8277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue, able to change its mass and functional properties in response to several stimuli. Skeletal muscle mass is influenced by the balance between protein synthesis and breakdown, which is regulated by several signaling pathways. The relative contribution of Akt/mTOR signaling, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, autophagy among other signaling pathways to protein turnover and, therefore, to skeletal muscle mass, differs depending on the wasting or loading condition and muscle type. By modulating mitochondria biogenesis, PGC-1α has a major role in the cell's bioenergetic status and, thus, on protein turnover. In fact, rates of protein turnover regulate differently the levels of distinct protein classes in response to atrophic or hypertrophic stimuli. Mitochondrial protein turnover rates may be enhanced in wasting conditions, whereas the increased turnover of myofibrillar proteins triggers muscle mass gain. The present review aims to update the knowledge on the molecular pathways implicated in the regulation of protein turnover in skeletal muscle, focusing on how distinct muscle proteins may be modulated by lifestyle interventions with emphasis on exercise training. The comprehensive analysis of the anabolic effects of exercise programs will pave the way to the tailored management of muscle wasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinho Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jose Alberto Duarte
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Alev K, Aru M, Vain A, Pehme A, Kaasik P, Seene T. Short-time recovery skeletal muscle from dexamethasone-induced atrophy and weakness in old female rats. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 100:105808. [PMID: 36368193 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several pathological conditions (atrophy, dystrophy, spasticity, inflammation) can change muscle biomechanical parameters. Our previous works have shown that dexamethasone treatment changes skeletal muscle tone, stiffness, elasticity. Exercise training may oppose the side effects observed during dexamethasone treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in biomechanical parameters (tone, stiffness, elasticity) of skeletal muscle occurring during dexamethasone treatment and subsequent short-time recovery from glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy and weakness, as well as the effect of mild therapeutic exercise. METHODS 17 old female rats, aged 22 months were used in this study. The hand-held and non-invasive device (MyotonPRO, Myoton Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia) was used to study changes in biomechanical properties of muscle. Additionally, body and muscle mass, hind limb grip strength were assessed. FINDINGS Results showed that dexamethasone treatment alters muscle tone, stiffness and elasticity. During 20-day recovery period all measured parameters gradually improved towards the average baseline, however, remaining significantly lower than these values. The body and muscle mass, hind limb grip strength of the rats decreased considerably in the groups that received glucocorticoids. After 20 days of recovery, hind limb grip strength of the animals was slightly lower than the baseline value and mild therapeutic exercise had a slight but not significant effect on hind limb grip strength. Biomechanical parameters improved during the recovery period, but only dynamic stiffness and decrement retuned to baseline value. INTERPRETATION The study results show that monitoring muscle biomechanical parameters allows to assess the recovery of atrophied muscle from steroid myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Alev
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine University of Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Maire Aru
- Clinical Research Centre University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arved Vain
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology University Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ando Pehme
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kaasik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teet Seene
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine University of Tartu, Estonia
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Di Filippo L, De Lorenzo R, Giustina A, Rovere-Querini P, Conte C. Vitamin D in Osteosarcopenic Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:1816. [PMID: 35565781 PMCID: PMC9100750 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcopenic obesity is a unique clinical condition where low bone and muscle mass coexist in individuals with obesity. Alterations in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and bone are strictly interconnected, and vitamin D plays key roles in several metabolic pathways that are involved in maintaining musculoskeletal health and glucose homeostasis. We reviewed the available literature on mechanisms underlying osteosarcopenic obesity, with a focus on the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of the condition. We found that, although evidence from large observational studies and pre-clinical experiments strongly supports a role of vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of osteosarcopenic obesity, the common belief that vitamin D improves musculoskeletal health lacks solid clinical evidence, as trials specifically aimed at assessing the effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients with osteosarcopenic obesity are not available, and trials that investigated the role of vitamin D on muscle and bone health in other patient populations either showed no or even detrimental effects. We conclude that large observational and interventional studies including individuals with osteosarcopenic obesity representative of different sex, age and race are needed to better define the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Di Filippo
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 00132 Milan, Italy; (L.D.F.); (R.D.L.); (A.G.); (P.R.-Q.)
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 00132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rebecca De Lorenzo
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 00132 Milan, Italy; (L.D.F.); (R.D.L.); (A.G.); (P.R.-Q.)
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 00132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 00132 Milan, Italy; (L.D.F.); (R.D.L.); (A.G.); (P.R.-Q.)
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 00132 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 00132 Milan, Italy; (L.D.F.); (R.D.L.); (A.G.); (P.R.-Q.)
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 00132 Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Conte
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, Sesto San Giovanni, 20900 Milan, Italy
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Chen S, Lu XT, He TT, Yishake D, Tan XY, Hou MJ, Luo Y, Long JA, Tang ZH, Zhong RH, Fang AP, Zhu HL. Betaine Delayed Muscle Loss by Attenuating Samtor Complex Inhibition for mTORC1 Signaling Via Increasing SAM Level. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100157. [PMID: 34061446 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The muscle loss during aging results from the blunt of protein synthesis and poses threat to the elderly health. This study aims to investigate whether betaine affects muscle loss by improving protein synthesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice are raised from age 12 or 15 months. Mice are fed with AIN-93M diet without or with 2% w/v betaine in distilled water as control group or betaine intervention group (Bet), respectively. Betaine supplementation to mice demonstrates better body composition, grip strength, and motor function. Muscle morphology upregulates expression of myogenic regulate factors, and elevates myosin heavy chain and also improves in Bet group. Betaine promotes muscle protein synthesis via tethering mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 protein kinase (mTORC1) on the lysosomal membrane thereby activating mTORC1 signaling. All these effects aforementioned are time-dependent (p < 0.05). Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography results show that betaine increases S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) via methionine cycle. SAM sensor-Samtor-overexpression in C2C12 cells could displace mTORC1 from lysosome thereby inhibiting the mTORC1 signaling. Addition of betaine attenuates this inhibition by increasing SAM level and then disrupting interaction of Samtor complex. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that betaine could promisingly promote protein synthesis to delay age-related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Lu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Tong-Tong He
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dinuerguli Yishake
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xu-Yin Tan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Meng-Jun Hou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jing-An Long
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Tang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rong-Huan Zhong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ai-Ping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Miyawaki A, Rojasawasthien T, Hitomi S, Aoki Y, Urata M, Inoue A, Matsubara T, Morikawa K, Habu M, Tominaga K, Kokabu S. Oral Administration of Geranylgeraniol Rescues Denervation-induced Muscle Atrophy via Suppression of Atrogin-1. In Vivo 2021; 34:2345-2351. [PMID: 32871759 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Geranylgeraniol (GGOH), a C20 isoprenoid naturally occurs in several foods. We previously reported that GGOH treatment reduced the expression levels of Atrogin-1 which is involved in skeletal muscle degradation and stimulates the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. However, the effect of GGOH supplementation on skeletal muscle metabolism in vivo is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Skeletal muscle atrophy was induced by denervation. The expression levels of Atrogin-1 were assessed by western blotting or real time PCR. RESULTS Intraoral administration of GGOH reduced the decrease in the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers and also suppressed the expression levels of Atrogin-1 in denervation induced muscle atrophy. Also, GGOH treatment suppressed the expression of Atrogin-1 and the decrease in skeletal muscle fiber size by glucocorticoid in vitro. CONCLUSION Intraoral administration of GGOH rescues denervation-induced muscle atrophy via suppression of Atrogin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Miyawaki
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science and Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Thira Rojasawasthien
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Aoki
- Foods and Nutrition Science Div. Mitsubishi-Chemical Foods Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Urata
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Asako Inoue
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Morikawa
- Division of Pediatric and Special Care Dentistry, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Manabu Habu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science and Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tominaga
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science and Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Intermittent pressure imitating rolling manipulation ameliorates injury in skeletal muscle cells through oxidative stress and lipid metabolism signalling pathways. Gene 2021; 778:145460. [PMID: 33515727 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese medicine manipulation (TCMM) is often used to treat human skeletal muscle injury, but its mechanism remains unclear due to difficulty standardizing and quantifying manipulation parameters. METHODS Here, dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) was utilized to induce human skeletal muscle cell (HSkMC) impairments. Cells in a three-dimensional environment were divided into the control normal group (CNG), control injured group (CIG) and rolling manipulation group (RMG). The RMG was exposed to intermittent pressure imitating rolling manipulation (IPIRM) of TCMM via the FX‑5000™ compression system. Skeletal muscle damage was assessed via the cell proliferation rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and creatine kinase (CK) activity. Isobaric tagging for relative and absolute protein quantification (iTRAQ) and bioinformatic analysis were used to evaluate differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). RESULTS Higher-pressure IPIRM ameliorated the skeletal muscle cell injury induced by 1.2 mM DSP. Thirteen common DEPs after IPIRM were selected. Key biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components, and pathways were identified as mechanisms underlying the protective effect of TCMM against skeletal muscle damage. Some processes (response to oxidative stress, response to wounding, response to stress and lipid metabolism signalling pathways) were related to skeletal muscle cell injury. Western blotting for 4 DEPs confirmed the reliability of iTRAQ. CONCLUSIONS Higher-pressure IPIRM downregulated the CD36, Hsp27 and FABP4 proteins in oxidative stress and lipid metabolism pathways, alleviating excessive oxidative stress and lipid metabolism disorder in injured HSkMCs. The techniques used in this study might provide novel insights into the mechanism of TCMM.
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Docosahexaenoic Acid, a Potential Treatment for Sarcopenia, Modulates the Ubiquitin-Proteasome and the Autophagy-Lysosome Systems. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092597. [PMID: 32859116 PMCID: PMC7551806 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristic features of aging is the progressive loss of muscle mass, a nosological syndrome called sarcopenia. It is also a pathologic risk factor for many clinically adverse outcomes in older adults. Therefore, delaying the loss of muscle mass, through either boosting muscle protein synthesis or slowing down muscle protein degradation using nutritional supplements could be a compelling strategy to address the needs of the world’s aging population. Here, we review the recently identified properties of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It was shown to delay muscle wasting by stimulating intermediate oxidative stress and inhibiting proteasomal degradation of muscle proteins. Both the ubiquitin–proteasome and the autophagy–lysosome systems are modulated by DHA. Collectively, growing evidence indicates that DHA is a potent pharmacological agent that could improve muscle homeostasis. Better understanding of cellular proteolytic systems associated with sarcopenia will allow us to identify novel therapeutic interventions, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, to treat this disease.
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11
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High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker in patients undergoing valve surgery. POLISH JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2020; 17:15-19. [PMID: 32728357 PMCID: PMC7379212 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2020.94185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction An inflammatory reaction is a local or systemic response of the organs or tissues of the body to many damaging factors. One of the exponents of the inflammatory process is C-reactive protein (CRP). Aim To investigate the prognostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients undergoing valve surgery. Material and methods A prospective study was conducted on a group of consecutive patients with haemodynamically significant valve defects who underwent elective valve repair or replacement surgery. The primary end-point was in-hospital death from all causes. Patients were followed by direct observation during hospitalization. The risk of surgery using Euro-SCORE II was calculated for each patient. The plasma levels of C-reactive protein were measured by the Cardiac C-Reactive Protein (Latex) High Sensitive Test (Roche, Germany). Results The study group included 562 patients. The mean age in the studied population was 63 (standard deviation (SD) ±12). The mean plasma preoperative CRP level was 0.39 ±0.3 mg/dl. The primary endpoint occurred in 25 patients. At multivariate analysis age (p = 0.01), CRP (p = 0.02) and NT-proBNP (p = 0.03) remained independent predictors of the primary endpoint. A significant correlation was found between the level of CRP and haemoglobin (r = -0.3; p < 0.0001), red cell distribution width (r = 0.22; p < 0.0001), ejection fraction (r = -0.24, p = 0.007), troponin T (r = 0.3; p < 0.0001), creatinine (r = 0.26; p = 0.001) and body mass index (r = -0.29; p = 0.005). The average total time of hospitalization after the operation in patients with occurrence of the primary endpoint was 25 ±13 days. Conclusions Elevated preoperative CRP was associated with a poorer outcome following valve surgery.
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Li LY, Li JM, Ning LJ, Lu DL, Luo Y, Ma Q, Limbu SM, Li DL, Chen LQ, Lodhi IJ, Degrace P, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Inhibition Promotes Glucose Utilization and Protein Deposition through Energy Homeostasis Remodeling in Fish. J Nutr 2020; 150:2322-2335. [PMID: 32720689 PMCID: PMC7690763 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish cannot use carbohydrate efficiently and instead utilize protein for energy supply, thus limiting dietary protein storage. Protein deposition is dependent on protein turnover balance, which correlates tightly with cellular energy homeostasis. Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) plays a crucial role in energy metabolism. However, the effect of remodeled energy homeostasis caused by inhibited mitochondrial FAO on protein deposition in fish has not been intensively studied. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the regulatory role of mitochondrial FAO in energy homeostasis maintenance and protein deposition by studying lipid, glucose, and protein metabolism in fish. METHODS Carnitine-depleted male Nile tilapia (initial weight: 4.29 ± 0.12 g; 3 mo old) were established by feeding them with mildronate diets (1000 mg/kg/d) for 6 wk. Zebrafish deficient in the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b gene (cpt1b) were produced by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology, and their males (154 ± 3.52 mg; 3 mo old) were used for experiments. Normal Nile tilapia and wildtype zebrafish were used as controls. We assessed nutrient metabolism and energy homeostasis-related biochemical and molecular parameters, and performed 14C-labeled nutrient tracking and transcriptomic analyses. RESULTS The mitochondrial FAO decreased by 33.1-88.9% (liver) and 55.6-68.8% (muscle) in carnitine-depleted Nile tilapia and cpt1b-deficient zebrafish compared with their controls (P < 0.05). Notably, glucose oxidation and muscle protein deposition increased by 20.5-24.4% and 6.40-8.54%, respectively, in the 2 fish models compared with their corresponding controls (P < 0.05). Accordingly, the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/protein kinase B-mechanistic target of rapamycin (AMPK/AKT-mTOR) signaling was significantly activated in the 2 fish models with inhibited mitochondrial FAO (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data show that inhibited mitochondrial FAO in fish induces energy homeostasis remodeling and enhances glucose utilization and protein deposition. Therefore, fish with inhibited mitochondrial FAO could have high potential to utilize carbohydrate. Our results demonstrate a potentially new approach for increasing protein deposition through energy homeostasis regulation in cultured animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Min Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China,Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Li-Jun Ning
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Liang Lu
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Samwel Mchele Limbu
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pascal Degrace
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, INSERM UMR1231 Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Address correspondence to Z-YD (e-mail: )
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Aru M, Alev K, Pehme A, Purge P, Õnnik L, Ellam A, Kaasik P, Seene T. Changes in Body Composition of Old Rats at Different Time Points After Dexamethasone Administration. Curr Aging Sci 2020; 11:255-260. [PMID: 30648531 PMCID: PMC6635420 DOI: 10.2174/1874609812666190114144238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Aging leads to changes in skeletal muscle quantity and quality and is accompanied with increase in body mass and fat mass, whereas fat-free mass either decreases or remains unchanged. The body composition of rodents has been an important factor for clinical trials in the laboratory. Glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone are widely used in clinical medicine, but may induce myopathy, characterized by muscle weakness, atrophy, and fatigue. In animals treated with glucocorticoids, a dose-dependent reduction of body weight has been observed. This weight loss is usually followed by muscle atrophy and a reduction of several muscle proteins, contributing to impaired muscle function. This study was designed to describe changes in body composition and BMC of 22-month-old rats during 10- and 20-day recovery period after 10-day dexamethasone administration. Method: Data on body mass, lean body mass, fat mass and bone mineral content of the rats were obtained with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Result: Significant reduction in body mass, lean body mass, fat mass and fast-twitch muscle mass was observed after dexamethasone treatment. Body mass, fat mass and fast-twitch muscle mass stayed decreased during 20 days after terminating the hormone administration; lean body mass reached the preadministration level after 20-day recovery period. There were no significant changes in bone mineral density during the recovery period. Dexamethasone treatment gradually reduced hindlimb grip strength that also stayed decreased during the 20-day recovery period. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a 10-day period of overexprosure to glycocorticoids induced longlasting changes in old rats’ body composition and these values did not attain the baseline level even after 20-day recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire Aru
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Alev
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ando Pehme
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lauri Õnnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Ellam
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kaasik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teet Seene
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Effects of Highly Oxygenated Water in a Hyperuricemia Rat Model. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2020; 2020:1323270. [PMID: 32076494 PMCID: PMC7013358 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1323270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rapidly rising number of oxygenated water brands that claim to impart health benefits and increase athletic performance by improving oxygen availability in the body. Drinks with higher dissolved oxygen concentrations have in recent times gained popularity as potential ergogenic aids, despite the lack of evidence regarding their efficacy. The aim of this study was to characterize oxygenated water and assess the improvement in uric acid metabolism while identifying performance enhancements in animals administered oxygenated water. Oxygenated water was characterized by hydrogen and oxygen nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Hyperuricemia in rats was induced by treatment with oxonic acid potassium salt, and the animals were given oxygenated drinking water before, during, or after oxonic acid treatment. Serum uric acid was measured to confirm the effects on uric acid metabolism. Following oxygenation, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) was reduced to 11.56 Hz and 64.16 Hz in the hydrogen and oxygen NMR spectra, respectively. Oxygenated water molecule clusters were reduced in size due to the reduction in FWHM. Oxygen concentration did not vary significantly with increased temperature. However, standing time played a critical role in the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water. The rat studies indicated that oxygenated water reduced serum uric acid levels and their rate of increase and enhanced uric acid metabolism. A significant improvement in uric acid metabolism and rate of increase in serum uric acid concentration was observed in hyperuricemic rats administered oxygenated water compared to that in rats administered regular water. High oxygen concentrations enhanced the rate of oxygen absorption, leading to increased glycolysis and mitochondrial protein synthesis. Therefore, oxygenated water is a potential adjuvant therapy or health food for treatment of hyperuricemia.
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Alev K, Vain A, Aru M, Pehme A, Purge P, Kaasik P, Seene T. Glucocorticoid-Induced Changes in Rat Skeletal Muscle Biomechanical and Viscoelastic Properties: Aspects of Aging. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2019; 41:19-24. [PMID: 29366489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to estimate the state of tension (tone) and the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of skeletal muscle in aging rats during the administration of different doses of dexamethasone and to find the relationships among the state of muscle atrophy, muscle strength, and the abovementioned muscle properties. METHODS Muscle state of tension, biomechanical (elasticity, dynamic stiffness) and viscoelastic (mechanical stress relaxation time, Deborah number) properties (using MyotonPRO, Myoton Ltd, Tallinn, Estonia), lean body mass (BM), and hind limb grip strength were measured before and after the administration of a 10-day treatment with dexamethasone 100 μg/100 g BM (young and old group) and 50 μg/100 g BM (old group). RESULTS Muscle elasticity (logarithmic decrement) was lower in old animals (1.86 ± 0.03) in comparison with young adult rats (1.38 ± 0.04) (P < .01). After the 10-day treatment with dexamethasone 100 μg/100 g BM, young adult rats had 10% lower muscle elasticity (P < .01). The same dose of dexamethasone in old rats increased tone (frequency of natural oscillation) from 29.13 ± 0.51 Hz to 38.50 ± 0.95 Hz (P < .001). There were dose-dependent differences in dynamic stiffness and tone of muscle; changes in elasticity were independent of the dose in old animals. In old rats, the muscle's viscoelastic properties decreased after dexamethasone administration. Significant correlation was found between changes in muscle logarithmic decrement and stiffness (rs = 0.90; P < .05) in old animals. CONCLUSIONS Biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of skeletal muscle indicate changes in the main function of muscle during glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy and are in agreement with changes in hind limb strength. The myometric measurements indicate the direction and magnitude of change in muscle tissue after different doses of dexamethasone administration easily and quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Alev
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Arved Vain
- Institute of Physics, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maire Aru
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ando Pehme
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kaasik
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teet Seene
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Shibata M, Nakajima K, Higuchi R, Iwane T, Sugiyama M, Nakamura T. High Concentration of Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase in Older Underweight People: Results of the Kanagawa Investigation of the Total Check-Up Data from the National Database-2 (KITCHEN-2). J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091282. [PMID: 31443545 PMCID: PMC6780907 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is pivotal in amino acid metabolism. However, the serum activity of AST, which leaks from multiple organs, including liver and skeletal muscle, is unknown in older underweight people, who are at high risk of skeletal muscle mass loss. Therefore, we measured the serum activities of AST and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a liver-specific transaminase, in a large, community-based cross-sectional study. METHODS Clinical parameters and lifestyles were characterized in 892,692 Japanese people with a wide range of body mass indexes (BMIs; 13-39.9 kg/m2), aged 40-74 years old, who were undergoing a medical checkup. A general linear model was used to calculate the estimated mean of serum AST (EM-AST) in each BMI category after adjustment for confounding factors, including past history of cardiovascular disease and waist circumference. RESULTS Severe underweight (BMI 13-14.9 kg/m2) was present in 910 subjects (0.1%). Raw serum AST showed a J-shaped relationship with BMI, which was blunted in older subjects (60-74 years), and similar, but less curved relationships were identified for raw serum ALT and gamma-glutamyl transferase. These J-shaped relationships in serum AST were not altered when subjects were classified by sex, past history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and habitual exercise. EM-AST showed a U-shaped relationship, with a minimum at BMI 21-22.9 kg/m2, regardless of age and waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS High serum AST but normal serum ALT is highly prevalent in older underweight people and might reflect skeletal muscle pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michi Shibata
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kei Nakajima
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
| | - Ryoko Higuchi
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
| | - Taizo Iwane
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
| | - Michiko Sugiyama
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
| | - Teiji Nakamura
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, 1-10-1 Heisei-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8522, Japan
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Marcos-Pérez D, Sánchez-Flores M, Maseda A, Lorenzo-López L, Millán-Calenti JC, Pásaro E, Laffon B, Valdiglesias V. Serum cortisol but not oxidative stress biomarkers are related to frailty: results of a cross-sectional study in Spanish older adults. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:815-825. [PMID: 31405343 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1654639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frailty is a multidimensional geriatric syndrome of loss of reserves and increased vulnerability to negative health outcomes. Cortisol, the major hormone of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, and oxidative stress may be influenced by multiple endogenous and environmental factors throughout the lifespan, triggering changes in organism functioning. Association of elevated levels of cortisol and oxidative stress biomarkers with aging and several age-related diseases is well documented. However, the possible role of these factors on frailty status in older adults has not been extensively studied. Hence, the aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional study in 252 older adults (≥65 years old) classified according to their frailty status. Plasma cortisol and biomarkers related to oxidative stress including reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, oxidative DNA damage, and total antioxidant capacity were determined in non-frail, pre-frail, and frail subjects. Results showed significantly increasing cortisol concentrations with frailty burden, but no marked association between any oxidative stress biomarker and frailty status. In addition, dependence on activities of daily living and 10-year mortality risk were also correlated with elevated cortisol levels. Current results support the hypothesis that age-related HPA axis dysregulation is associated with frailty status, although further research is necessary to establish the role of cortisol in the pathophysiology of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marcos-Pérez
- Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Coruña , Spain
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Coruña , Coruña , Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Flores
- Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Coruña , Spain
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Coruña , Coruña , Spain
| | - Ana Maseda
- Universidade da Coruña, Gerontology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC) , Coruña , Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-López
- Universidade da Coruña, Gerontology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC) , Coruña , Spain
| | - José C Millán-Calenti
- Universidade da Coruña, Gerontology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC) , Coruña , Spain
| | - Eduardo Pásaro
- Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Coruña , Spain
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Coruña , Spain
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group , Coruña , Spain
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Abstract
Understanding geriatric physiology is critical for successful perioperative management of older surgical patients. The frailty syndrome is evolving as an important, potentially modifiable process capturing a patient's biologic age and is more predictive of adverse perioperative outcomes than chronologic age. Use of frailty in risk stratification and perioperative decision-making allows providers to effectively diagnose, risk stratify, and treat patients in the perioperative setting. Further study is needed to develop a universal definition of frailty, to identify comprehensive yet feasible screening tools that allow for accurate detection of frailty in the perioperative setting, and to refine treatment programs for frail surgical patients.
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Bezerra EDS, Orssatto LBDR, de Moura BM, Willardson JM, Simão R, Moro ARP. Mixed Session Periodization as a New Approach for Strength, Power, Functional Performance, and Body Composition Enhancement in Aging Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2795-2806. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Clegg A, Hassan-Smith Z. Frailty and the endocrine system. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:743-752. [PMID: 30017798 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a condition characterised by loss of biological reserves, failure of homoeostatic mechanisms, and vulnerability to adverse outcomes. The endocrine system is considered particularly important in frailty, because of its complex inter-relationships with the brain, immune system, and skeletal muscle. This Review summarises evidence indicating a key role for the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the pathogenesis of frailty through aberrant regulation of glucocorticoid secretion, insulin-like growth factor signalling, and androgen production. Evidence also indicates a potential role for vitamin D and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of frailty. The role of thyroid hormones in the pathogenesis of frailty remains uncertain. Key convergent pathological effects of frailty include loss of muscle mass and strength, with consequent impact on mobility and activities of daily living. Future translational research should focus on the understanding of endocrine mechanisms, to identify potential biomarkers of the condition, modifiable targets for treatment, and novel pharmacological drugs targeted at the endocrine components of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clegg
- Academic Unit of Elderly Care and Rehabilitation, University of Leeds, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK.
| | - Zaki Hassan-Smith
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Coventry, Coventry, UK
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22
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Pomatto LCD, Cline M, Woodward N, Pakbin P, Sioutas C, Morgan TE, Finch CE, Forman HJ, Davies KJA. Aging attenuates redox adaptive homeostasis and proteostasis in female mice exposed to traffic-derived nanoparticles ('vehicular smog'). Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 121:86-97. [PMID: 29709705 PMCID: PMC5987225 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants are catalysts for protein damage, aggregation, and the aging process. Fortunately, evolution selected adaptive homeostasis as a system to mitigate such damage by expanding the normal capacity to cope with toxic stresses. Little is known about the subcellular degradative responses to proteins oxidatively damaged by air pollution. To better understand the impact of environmental toxicants upon the adaptive homeostatic response, female C57BL/6 mice were exposed for 10 weeks to filtered air or reaerosolized vehicular-derived nano-scale particulate matter (nPM), at which point tissues from young (6 month) and middle-aged (21 month) mice were studied. We found significant increases of proteolytic capacity in lung, liver, and heart. Up to two-fold increases were seen in the 20S Proteasome, the Immunoproteasome, the mitochondrial Lon protease, and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a major transcriptional factor for these and other stress-responsive genes. The responses were equivalent in all organs, despite the indirect input of inhaled particles to heart and liver which are downstream of lung. To our knowledge, this is the first exploration of proteostatic responses to oxidative damage by air pollution. Although, middle-aged mice had higher basal levels, their Nrf2-responsive-genes exhibited no response to nanoparticulate exposure. We also found a parallel age-associated rise in the Nrf2 transcriptional inhibitors, Bach1 and c-Myc which appear to attenuate adaptive responses in older mammals, possibly explaining the 'age-ceiling effect.' This report extends prior findings in male mice by demonstrating the involvement of proteolytic responses to traffic-related air pollution in lung, liver, and heart of female mice, with an age-dependent loss of adaptive homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C D Pomatto
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Mayme Cline
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Nicholas Woodward
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Payam Pakbin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the Viterbi School of Engineering, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the Viterbi School of Engineering, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
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Ruan Q, D'onofrio G, Wu T, Greco A, Sancarlo D, Yu Z. Sexual dimorphism of frailty and cognitive impairment: Potential underlying mechanisms (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3023-3033. [PMID: 28713963 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess systematically gender differences in susceptibility to frailty and cognitive performance decline, and the underlying mechanisms. A systematic assessment was performed of the identified reviews of cohort, mechanistic and epidemiological studies. The selection criteria of the present study included: i) Sexual dimorphism of frailty, ii) sexual dimorphism of subjective memory decline (impairment) and atrophy of hippocampus during early life, iii) sexual dimorphism of late‑onset Alzheimer's disease and iv) sexual dimorphism mechanisms underlying frailty and cognitive impairment. Males exhibit a susceptibility to poor memory performance and a severe atrophy of the hippocampus during early life and females demonstrate a higher prevalence for frailty and late‑life dementia. The different alterations within the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑gonadal/adrenal axis, particularly with regard to gonadal hormones, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone/sulfate‑bound dehydroepiandrosterone prior to and following andropause in males and menopause in females, serve important roles in sexual dimorphism of frailty and cognitive impairment. These endocrine changes may accelerate immunosenescence, weaken neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects, and promote muscle catabolism. The present study suggested that these age‑associated endocrine alterations interact with gender‑specific genetic and epigenetic factors, together with immunosenescence and iron accumulation. Environment factors, including psychological factors, are additional potential causes of the sexual dimorphism of frailty and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Ruan
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Huadong Hospital and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Grazia D'onofrio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatric Unit and Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, The Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Home for Relief of the Suffering Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia I‑71013, Italy
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Huadong Hospital and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatric Unit and Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, The Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Home for Relief of the Suffering Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia I‑71013, Italy
| | - Daniele Sancarlo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatric Unit and Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, The Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Home for Relief of the Suffering Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia I‑71013, Italy
| | - Zhuowei Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Huadong Hospital and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle atrophy during aging, a process known as sarcopenia, is associated with muscle weakness, frailty, and the loss of independence in older adults. The mechanisms contributing to sarcopenia are not totally understood, but muscle fiber loss due to apoptosis, reduced stimulation of anabolic pathways, activation of catabolic pathways, denervation, and altered metabolism have been observed in muscle from old rodents and humans. OBJECTIVE: Recently, histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in muscle atrophy and dysfunction due to denervation, muscular dystrophy, and disuse, and HDACs play key roles in regulating metabolism in skeletal muscle. In this review, we will discuss the role of HDACs in muscle atrophy and the potential of HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS: Several HDAC isoforms are potential targets for intervention in sarcopenia. Inhibition of HDAC1 prevents muscle atrophy due to nutrient deprivation. HDAC3 regulates metabolism in skeletal muscle and may inhibit oxidative metabolism during aging. HDAC4 and HDAC5 have been implicated in muscle atrophy due to denervation, a process implicated in sarcopenia. HDAC inhibitors are already in use in the clinic, and there is promise in targeting HDACs for the treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Walsh
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Shin D, Cho ESR, Bang HT, Shim KS. Effects of oxygenated or hydrogenated water on growth performance, blood parameters, and antioxidant enzyme activity of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2679-2684. [PMID: 27422666 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of providing oxygenated and hydrogenated water on the growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, and immunoglobulin concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activity of broiler chickens. In our investigation, 144 Ross × Ross broiler chicks were randomly allotted to three different treatment groups with four replicates (treatment × replicate × bird = 3 × 4 × 12). All chicks were given one of the following types of water for five weeks: tap water (CON), hydrogenated water (HNW), and oxygenated water (ONW). ONW supplementation increased the final body weight and weight gain and also improved both feed intake and feed conversion of broiler chickens as compared to those of CON broiler chickens (P < 0.05). The abdominal fat and its ratio to the final body weight showed that fat accumulation in the broiler chicken abdomen was reduced when broiler chickens drank only ONW for five weeks (P < 0.05). ONW supplementation improved blood parameters, including triacylglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Additionally, in accordance with a globulin increase in broiler chickens, both IgG and IgM generation were significantly enhanced when ONW was supplied to broiler chickens (P < 0.05) but only a numerical advance was observed in the HNW group (P > 0.05). Both oxygenated and hydrogenated water supplementation significantly improved the antioxidant effects (P < 0.05), and it seems that superoxide dismutase refinement was completed due to oxygen and/or hydrogen enhancement of drinking water. These results indicate that oxygen enhancement of drinking water may be recommended to improve growth performance by increasing immunoglobulins mainly IgG and IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shin
- Berry & Bio Food Research Institute, Gochang 585-943, Republic of Korea
| | - E S R Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - H-T Bang
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Poultry Science Division, Cheonan, 331-801, Korea
| | - K S Shim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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26
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Role of Myofibrillar Protein Catabolism in Development of Glucocorticoid Myopathy: Aging and Functional Activity Aspects. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6020015. [PMID: 27187487 PMCID: PMC4931546 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness in corticosteroid myopathy is mainly the result of the destruction and atrophy of the myofibrillar compartment of fast-twitch muscle fibers. Decrease of titin and myosin, and the ratio of nebulin and MyHC in myopathic muscle, shows that these changes of contractile and elastic proteins are the result of increased catabolism of the abovementioned proteins in skeletal muscle. Slow regeneration of skeletal muscle is in good correlation with a decreased number of satellite cells under the basal lamina of muscle fibers. Aging causes a reduction of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity as the result of the reduced function of the mitochondrial compartment. AMPK activity increases as a result of increased functional activity. Resistance exercise causes anabolic and anticatabolic effects in skeletal muscle: muscle fibers experience hypertrophy while higher myofibrillar proteins turn over. These changes are leading to the qualitative remodeling of muscle fibers. As a result of these changes, possible maximal muscle strength is increasing. Endurance exercise improves capillary blood supply, increases mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle oxidative capacity, and causes a faster turnover rate of sarcoplasmic proteins as well as qualitative remodeling of type I and IIA muscle fibers. The combination of resistance and endurance exercise may be the fastest way to prevent or decelerate muscle atrophy due to the anabolic and anticatabolic effects of exercise combined with an increase in oxidative capacity. The aim of the present short review is to assess the role of myofibrillar protein catabolism in the development of glucocorticoid-caused myopathy from aging and physical activity aspects.
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27
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Abstract
Glutamine, reviewed extensively in the last century, is a key substrate for the splanchnic bed in the whole body and is a nutrient of particular interest in gastrointestinal research. A marked decrease in the plasma glutamine concentration has recently been observed in neonates and adults during acute illness and stress. Although some studies in newborns have shown parenteral and enteral supplementation with glutamine to be of benefit (by decreasing proteolysis and activating the immune system), clinical trials have not demonstrated prolonged advantages such as reductions in mortality or risk of infections in adults. In addition, glutamine is not able to combat the muscle wasting associated with disease or age-related sarcopenia. Oral glutamine supplementation initiated before advanced age in rats increases gut mass and improves the villus height of mucosa, thereby preventing the gut atrophy encountered in advanced age. Enterocytes from very old rats continuously metabolize glutamine into citrulline, which allowed, for the first time, the use of citrulline as a noninvasive marker of intestinal atrophy induced by advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Meynial-Denis
- D. Meynial-Denis is with the Unit of Human Nutrition (UNH), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Joint Research Unit (UMR) 1019, Center for Research in Human Nutrition (CRNH) Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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28
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The impact of nutrients on the aging rate: A complex interaction of demographic, environmental and genetic factors. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 154:49-61. [PMID: 26876763 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition has a strong influence on the health status of the elderly, with many dietary components associated to either an increased risk of disease or to an improvement of the quality of life and to a delay of age-related pathologies. A direct effect of a reduced caloric intake on the delay of aging phenotypes is documented in several organisms. The role of nutrients in the regulation of human lifespan is not easy to disentangle, influenced by a complex interaction of nutrition with environmental and genetic factors. The individual genetic background is fundamental for mediating the effects of nutritional components on aging. Classical genetic factors able to influence nutrient metabolism are considered those belonging to insulin/insulin growth factor (INS/IGF-1) signaling, TOR signaling and Sirtuins, but also genes involved in inflammatory/immune response and antioxidant activity can have a major role. Considering the worldwide increasing interest in nutrition to prevent age related diseases and achieve a healthy aging, in this review we will discuss this complex interaction, in the light of metabolic changes occurring with aging, with the aim of shedding a light on the enormous complexity of the metabolic scenario underlying longevity phenotype.
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29
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Cruz BLG, da Silva PC, Tomasin R, Oliveira AG, Viana LR, Salomao EM, Gomes-Marcondes MCC. Dietary leucine supplementation minimises tumour-induced damage in placental tissues of pregnant, tumour-bearing rats. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:58. [PMID: 26847205 PMCID: PMC4743202 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The occurrence of cancer during pregnancy merges two complex, poorly understood metabolic and hormonal conditions. This association can exacerbate the conditions of both the mother and the foetus. The branched-chain amino acid leucine enhances cellular activity, particularly by increasing protein synthesis. This study aimed to analyse the modulatory effect of a leucine-rich diet on direct and indirect tumour-induced placental damage. This was accomplished by evaluating the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis and degradation and assessing anti-oxidant enzyme activity in placental tissues collected from pregnant, tumour-bearing rats. Results Pregnant rats were either implanted with Walker 256 tumour cells or injected with ascitic fluid (to study the indirect effects of tumour growth) and then fed a leucine-rich diet. Animals in a control group underwent the same procedures but were fed a normal diet. On the 20th day of pregnancy, tumour growth was observed. Dams fed a normoprotein diet showed the greatest tumour growth. Injection with ascitic fluid mimicked the effects of tumour growth. Decreased placental protein synthesis and increased protein degradation were observed in both the tumour-bearing and the ascitic fluid-injected groups that were fed a normoprotein diet. These effects resulted in low placental DNA and protein content and high lipid peroxidation (measured by malondialdehyde content). Decreased placental protein synthesis-related gene expression was observed in the tumour group concomitant with increased expression of genes encoding protein degradation-associated proteins and proteolytic subunits. Conclusions Consumption of a leucine-rich diet counteracted the effects produced by tumour growth and injection with ascitic fluid. The diet enhanced cell signalling, ameliorated deficiencies in DNA and protein content, and balanced protein synthesis and degradation processes in the placenta. The improvements in cell signalling included changes in the mTOR/eIF pathway. In conclusion, consumption of a leucine-rich diet improved placental metabolism and cell signalling in tumour-bearing rats, and these changes reduced the deleterious effects caused by tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bread Leandro Gomes Cruz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Cristina da Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil.
| | - Rebeka Tomasin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil.
| | - Andre Gustavo Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil.
| | - Lais Rosa Viana
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil.
| | - Emilianne Miguel Salomao
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083862, Brazil. .,, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, Zip code 13083862, Brazil.
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30
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Sukari A, Muqbil I, Mohammad RM, Philip PA, Azmi AS. F-BOX proteins in cancer cachexia and muscle wasting: Emerging regulators and therapeutic opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 36:95-104. [PMID: 26804424 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a debilitating metabolic syndrome accounting for fatigue, an impairment of normal activities, loss of muscle mass associated with body weight loss eventually leading to death in majority of patients with advanced disease. Cachexia patients undergoing skeletal muscle atrophy show consistent activation of the SCF ubiquitin ligase (F-BOX) family member Atrogin-1 (also known as MAFBx/FBXO32) alongside the activation of the muscle ring finger protein1 (MuRF1). Other lesser known F-BOX family members are also emerging as key players supporting muscle wasting pathways. Recent work highlights a spectrum of different cancer signaling mechanisms impacting F-BOX family members that feed forward muscle atrophy related genes during cachexia. These novel players provide unique opportunities to block cachexia induced skeletal muscle atrophy by therapeutically targeting the SCF protein ligases. Conversely, strategies that induce the production of proteins may be helpful to counter the effects of these F-BOX proteins. Through this review, we bring forward some novel targets that promote atrogin-1 signaling in cachexia and muscle wasting and highlight newer therapeutic opportunities that can help in the better management of patients with this devastating and fatal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Sukari
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; iTRI Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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31
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32
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Bowen TS, Schuler G, Adams V. Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:197-207. [PMID: 26401465 PMCID: PMC4575550 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle provides a fundamental basis for human function, enabling locomotion and respiration. Transmission of external stimuli to intracellular effector proteins via signalling pathways is a highly regulated and controlled process that determines muscle mass by balancing protein synthesis and protein degradation. An impaired balance between protein synthesis and breakdown leads to the development of specific myopathies. Sarcopenia and cachexia represent two distinct muscle wasting diseases characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, where specific regulating molecules associated with wasting are either activated (e.g. members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and myostatin) or repressed (e.g. insulin-like growth factor 1 and PGC-1α). At present, no therapeutic interventions are established to successfully treat muscle wasting in sarcopenia and cachexia. Exercise training, however, represents an intervention that can attenuate or even reverse the process of muscle wasting, by exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects that are able to attenuate signalling pathways associated with protein degradation and activate molecules associated with protein synthesis. This review will therefore discuss the molecular mechanisms associated with the pathology of muscle wasting in both sarcopenia and cachexia, as well as highlighting the intracellular effects of exercise training in attenuating the debilitating loss of muscle mass in these specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scott Bowen
- Department of Cardiology, University Leipzig - Heart Center Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Department of Cardiology, University Leipzig - Heart Center Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Adams
- Department of Cardiology, University Leipzig - Heart Center Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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33
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Jang J, Yun HY, Park J, Lim K. Protective effect of branched chain amino acids on hindlimb suspension-induced muscle atrophy in growing rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:183-9. [PMID: 26527098 PMCID: PMC4624119 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15062704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of BCAA (branched chain amino acid) administration on muscle atrophy during growth phases is not well known. We investigated whether BCAA administration can prevent the muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension in growing male rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 7/group): hindlimb suspension and hindlimb suspension with oral BCAA administration (600 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1), valine 1: leucine 2: isoleucine 1). After 14 days of hindlimb suspension, the weight and mRNA levels of the soleus muscle were measured. RESULTS BCAA administration prevented a decrease in soleus muscle weight. BCAA administration attenuated atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA expression, which has been reported to play a pivotal role in muscle atrophy. CONCLUSION BCAA could serve as an effective supplement for the prevention or treatment of muscle atrophy, especially atrophy caused by weightlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Jang
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Yeon Yun
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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34
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Chen WT, Chou KH, Liu LK, Lee PL, Lee WJ, Chen LK, Wang PN, Lin CP. Reduced cerebellar gray matter is a neural signature of physical frailty. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:3666-76. [PMID: 26096356 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical frailty has been recognized as a clinical syndrome resulting from declines in various physiological systems; however, the role of the central nervous system in the pathophysiology of frailty remains unclear. The I-Lan Longitudinal Aging Study randomly sampled community-dwelling people aged 50 or older for a brain magnetic resonance imaging study. All participants were assessed for frailty status (robust, prefrail, and frail) based on the presence of five frailty components: slow walking speed, muscle weakness, low physical activity, exhaustion and weight loss (Fried criteria). Gray matter volume (GMV) changes associated with frailty status and individual frailty components were examined. Overall, 456 participants (64.0 ± 8.5 years, 47.6% women) were included in this study. The prefrail (n = 178, 39.0%) and frail (n = 19, 4.2%) subjects were grouped for analysis. The prefrail-frail group showed reduced GMV, compared to the robust group (n = 259, 56.8%), in the cerebellum, hippocampi, middle frontal gyri, and several other cerebral regions (corrected P < 0.05). Each frailty component was associated with GMV changes in functionally related brain areas. Hierarchical cluster analysis categorized these components into three subsets. Motor-related components, including weakness, low activity, and slowness, comprised one subset with a common cerebellar involvement. Exhaustion and weight loss were the other two subsets without cerebellar changes. To conclude, physical frailty is associated with a decreased reserve in specific brain regions, especially cerebellum. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore if the cerebellum- and noncerebellum-based frailty components reflect a distinctive future risk for developing frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ta Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Chou
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kuo Liu
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Yuanshan Branch, Yi-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kung Chen
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Wandrag L, Brett SJ, Frost G, Hickson M. Impact of supplementation with amino acids or their metabolites on muscle wasting in patients with critical illness or other muscle wasting illness: a systematic review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 28:313-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Wandrag
- Department of Investigative Medicine; Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - S. J. Brett
- Centre for Peri-operative Medicine and Critical Care Research; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust; London UK
| | - G. Frost
- Department of Investigative Medicine; Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - M. Hickson
- Department of Investigative Medicine; Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group; Imperial College London; London UK
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36
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Boirie Y, Morio B, Caumon E, Cano NJ. Nutrition and protein energy homeostasis in elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 2014; 136-137:76-84. [PMID: 24486557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein-energy homeostasis is a major determinant of healthy aging. Inadequate nutritional intakes and physical activity, together with endocrine disturbances are associated with of sarcopenia and frailty. Guidelines from scientific societies mainly address the quantitative aspects of protein and energy nutrition in elderly. Besides these quantitative aspects of protein load, perspective strategies to promote muscle protein synthesis and prevent sarcopenia include pulse feeding, the use of fast proteins and the addition of leucine or citrulline to dietary protein. An integrated management of sarcopenia, taking into account the determinants of muscle wasting, i.e. nutrition, physical activity, anabolic factors such as androgens, vitamin D and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids status, needs to be tested in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. The importance of physical activity, specifically resistance training, is emphasized, not only in order to facilitate muscle protein anabolism but also to increase appetite and food intake in elderly people at risk of malnutrition. According to present data, healthy nutrition in elderly should respect the guidelines for protein and energy requirement, privilege a Mediterranean way of alimentation, and be associated with a regular physical activity. Further issues relate to the identification of the genetics determinants of protein energy wasting in elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Boirie
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert, BP 321, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 01, France.
| | - Béatrice Morio
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert, BP 321, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 01, France.
| | - Elodie Caumon
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Noël J Cano
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert, BP 321, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 01, France.
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37
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Hwang CY, Kim K, Choi JY, Bahn YJ, Lee SM, Kim YK, Lee C, Kwon KS. Quantitative proteome analysis of age-related changes in mouse gastrocnemius muscle using mTRAQ. Proteomics 2014; 14:121-32. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Young Hwang
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
| | - Kyutae Kim
- BRI; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Korea
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jeong Yi Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
| | - Young Jae Bahn
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lee
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- BRI; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kwon
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling; Aging Research Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon Korea
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Fielding RA. Protein nutrition mediates lean body mass homeostasis in the aging warfighter. J Nutr 2013; 143:1857S-1861S. [PMID: 24027178 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.176768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The demographic shift of the average age in the United States and worldwide mandates that careful attention be paid to the nutritional and health needs of all segments of our older adult population. Well-defined changes in body composition occur in aging animals and humans. Characteristic of this change is the age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia. Data from observational studies of dietary intake and body composition suggest that a substantial proportion of adults over the age of 60 y consume less than the U.S.-recommended dietary allowance for protein and that greater dietary protein intake appears to reduce the decline in lean/muscle mass with aging. Studies of acute ingestion of high-quality dietary protein in healthy older adults suggest that the age-related blunting of protein synthetic capacity can be overcome with increased dietary protein intake. However, studies on chronic administration of high-quality protein supplements in cohorts of older adults are more equivocal with respect to improving or preserving muscle mass. This review highlights selective aspects of protein supplementation in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Sullivan-Gunn MJ, Lewandowski PA. Elevated hydrogen peroxide and decreased catalase and glutathione peroxidase protection are associated with aging sarcopenia. BMC Geriatr 2013; 13:104. [PMID: 24093947 PMCID: PMC3853025 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-13-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle that contributes to the decline in physical function during aging. A higher level of oxidative stress has been implicated in aging sarcopenia. The current study aims to determine if the higher level of oxidative stress is a result of increased superoxide (O2‾) production by the NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme or decrease in endogenous antioxidant enzyme protection. Methods Female Balb/c mice were assigned to 4 age groups; 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Body weight and animal survival rates were recorded over the course of the study. Skeletal muscle tissues were collected and used to measure NOX subunit mRNA, O2‾ levels and antioxidant enzymes. Results Key subunit components of NOX expression were elevated in skeletal muscle at 18 months, when sarcopenia was first evident. Increased superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) activity suggests an increase in O2‾ dismutation and this was further supported by elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and decline in catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) antioxidant protection in skeletal muscle at this time. NOX expression was also higher in skeletal muscle at 24 months, however this was coupled with elevated levels of O2‾ and a decline in SOD1 activity, compared to 6 and 12 months but was not associated with further loss of muscle mass. Conclusions While the source of ROS in sarcopenic muscle remains unknown, this study provides evidence that the NOX enzyme could be involved in ROS production by regulating superoxide in ageing muscles. This study also suggests that H2O2 is the key ROS in the onset of sarcopenia and that the decline in antioxidant protection by catalase and GPx is indicative of antioxidant dysfunction and may therefore be a major contributing factor in the development or onset of sarcopenia. Furthermore, the changes in ROS and antioxidant activity after sarcopenia was first evident gives some evidence for a compensatory mechanism, in response to insult, in order to maintain muscle integrity.
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Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Morley JE, Phillips S, Sieber C, Stehle P, Teta D, Visvanathan R, Volpi E, Boirie Y. Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14:542-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1068] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Insulin/IGF-1 signaling, including class II/III PI3Ks, β-arrestin and SGK-1, is required in C. elegans to maintain pharyngeal muscle performance during starvation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63851. [PMID: 23700438 PMCID: PMC3659082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In C. elegans, pharyngeal pumping is regulated by the presence of bacteria. In response to food deprivation, the pumping rate rapidly declines by about 50–60%, but then recovers gradually to baseline levels on food after 24 hr. We used this system to study the role of insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) in the recovery of pharyngeal pumping during starvation. Mutant strains with reduced function in the insulin/IGF-1 receptor, DAF-2, various insulins (INS-1 and INS-18), and molecules that regulate insulin release (UNC-64 and NCA-1; NCA-2) failed to recover normal pumping rates after food deprivation. Similarly, reduction or loss of function in downstream signaling molecules (e.g., ARR-1, AKT-1, and SGK-1) and effectors (e.g., CCA-1 and UNC-68) impaired pumping recovery. Pharmacological studies with kinase and metabolic inhibitors implicated class II/III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and glucose metabolism in the recovery response. Interestingly, both over- and under-activity in IIS was associated with poorer recovery kinetics. Taken together, the data suggest that optimum levels of IIS are required to maintain high levels of pharyngeal pumping during starvation. This work may ultimately provide insights into the connections between IIS, nutritional status and sarcopenia, a hallmark feature of aging in muscle.
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Korzick DH, Sharda DR, Pruznak AM, Lang CH. Aging accentuates alcohol-induced decrease in protein synthesis in gastrocnemius. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R887-98. [PMID: 23535459 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00083.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to determine whether the protein catabolic response in skeletal muscle produced by chronic alcohol feeding was exaggerated in aged rats. Adult (3 mo) and aged (18 mo) female F344 rats were fed a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing alcohol (36% of total calories) or an isocaloric isonitrogenous control diet for 20 wk. Muscle (gastrocnemius) protein synthesis, as well as mTOR and proteasome activity did not differ between control-fed adult and aged rats, despite the increased TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA and decreased IGF-I mRNA in muscle of aged rats. Compared with alcohol-fed adult rats, aged rats demonstrated an exaggerated alcohol-induced reduction in lean body mass and protein synthesis (both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar) in gastrocnemius. Alcohol-fed aged rats had enhanced dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1, as well as enhanced binding of raptor with both mTOR and Deptor, and a decreased binding of raptor with 4E-BP1. Alcohol feeding of both adult and aged rats reduced RagA binding to raptor. The LKB1-AMPK-REDD1 pathway was upregulated in gastrocnemius from alcohol-fed aged rats. These exaggerated alcohol-induced effects in aged rats were associated with a greater decrease in muscle but not circulating IGF-I, but no further increase in inflammatory mediators. In contrast, alcohol did not exaggerate the age-induced increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA or the increased proteasome activity. Our results demonstrate that, compared with adult rats, the gastrocnemius from aged rats is more sensitive to the catabolic effects of alcohol on protein synthesis, but not protein degradation, and this exaggerated response may be AMPK-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna H Korzick
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Liu LK, Lee WJ, Liu CL, Chen LY, Lin MH, Peng LN, Chen LK. Age-related skeletal muscle mass loss and physical performance in Taiwan: implications to diagnostic strategy of sarcopenia in Asia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13:964-71. [PMID: 23452090 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Skeletal muscle loss is a common feature of aging, and is associated with unfavorable outcomes. Although several indexes of skeletal muscle mass measurement have been developed, the most optimal index for sarcopenia diagnosis among Asian populations has remained unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle mass and physical performance among community-dwelling people in Taiwan. METHODS Data of the I-Lan Longitudinal Aging Study (ILAS) were retrieved for study. Comparisons between demographic profiles, physical performance and skeletal muscle mass (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were carried out. Skeletal muscle mass expressed by lean body mass divided by squared height (LBM/ht(2) ), appendicular muscle mass divided by squared height (ASM/ht(2) ) and percent skeletal muscle index (SMI%) were compared between measurements of physical performance. RESULTS Overall, the data of 532 participants (mean age 64.6 ± 9.5 years, male 53.0%) were retrieved for analysis. Age was associated with poorer physical performance, and decreased ASM/ht(2) and LBM/ht(2) , but not SMI%. Skeletal muscle mass (SMI%) was less significantly related to slow walking speed than ASM/ht(2) in men. In women, all three muscle indexes showed no significant association between slow walking speed. In contrast, low handgrip strength was strongly associated with decreased skeletal muscle mass (measured by ASM/ht(2) and LBM/ht(2) , but not SMI%) in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS Skeletal muscle mass was significantly associated with handgrip strength along with aging, but the association of skeletal muscle mass and walking speed was less significant. In sarcopenia diagnosis among Asian populations, ASM/ht(2) should be the most suitable index for skeletal muscle mass measurements, and physical performance should be measured universally beyond measurements of skeletal muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kuo Liu
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Frailty is the most problematic expression of population ageing. It is a state of vulnerability to poor resolution of homoeostasis after a stressor event and is a consequence of cumulative decline in many physiological systems during a lifetime. This cumulative decline depletes homoeostatic reserves until minor stressor events trigger disproportionate changes in health status. In landmark studies, investigators have developed valid models of frailty and these models have allowed epidemiological investigations that show the association between frailty and adverse health outcomes. We need to develop more efficient methods to detect frailty and measure its severity in routine clinical practice, especially methods that are useful for primary care. Such progress would greatly inform the appropriate selection of elderly people for invasive procedures or drug treatments and would be the basis for a shift in the care of frail elderly people towards more appropriate goal-directed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clegg
- Academic Unit of Elderly Care and Rehabilitation, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Boirie Y. Fighting Sarcopenia in Older Frail Subjects: Protein Fuel for Strength, Exercise for Mass. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
It is well known that any quantitative (energy and protein levels) and qualitative (nature of the diet, nutrient dynamic) changes in the feeding of animals affect metabolism. Energy expenditure and feed efficiency at the whole-body level, nutrient partitioning between and within tissues and organs and, ultimately, tissue and organ characteristics are the major regulated traits with consequences on the quality of the meat and milk produced. Recent progress in biology has brought to light important biological mechanisms which explain these observations: for instance, regulation by the nutrients of gene expression or of key metabolic enzyme activity, interaction and sometimes cross-regulation or competition between nutrients to provide free energy (ATP) to living cells, indirect action of nutrients through a complex hormonal action, and, particularly in herbivores, interactions between trans-fatty acids produced in the rumen and tissue metabolism. One of the main targets of this nutritional regulation is a modification of tissue insulin sensitivity and hence of insulin action. In addition, the nutritional control of mitochondrial activity (and hence of nutrient catabolism) is another major mechanism by which nutrients may affect body composition and tissue characteristics. These regulations are of great importance in the most metabolically active tissues (the digestive tract and the liver) and may have undesirable (i.e. diabetes and obesity in humans) or desirable consequences (such as the production of fatty liver by ducks and geese, and the production of fatty and hence tasty meat or milk with an adapted fatty acid profile).
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Abstract
Sarcopenia remains largely undiagnosed and undertreated because of the lack of a universally accepted definition, effective ways to measure it, and identification of the outcomes that should guide treatment efficacy. An ever-growing number of clinicians and researchers along with funding and regulatory agencies have gradually recognized that sarcopenia is a human condition that requires both prevention and treatment. In this article, we review sarcopenia and its common and less known pharmacological treatments, attempt to define sarcopenia in its broader context, and present some new ideas for potential future treatment for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brotto
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Nursing, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Role of exercise therapy in prevention of decline in aging muscle function: glucocorticoid myopathy and unloading. J Aging Res 2012; 2012:172492. [PMID: 22778959 PMCID: PMC3385633 DOI: 10.1155/2012/172492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in skeletal muscle quantity and quality lead to disability in the aging population. Physiological changes in aging skeletal muscle are associated with a decline in mass, strength, and inability to maintain balance. Glucocorticoids, which are in wide exploitation in various clinical scenarios, lead to the loss of the myofibrillar apparatus, changes in the extracellular matrix, and a decrease in muscle strength and motor activity, particularly in the elderly. Exercise therapy has shown to be a useful tool for the prevention of different diseases, including glucocorticoid myopathy and muscle unloading in the elderly. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the possibilities of using exercise therapy in the prevention of glucocorticoid caused myopathy and unloading in the elderly and to describe relationships between the muscle contractile apparatus and the extracellular matrix in different types of aging muscles.
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Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012; 3:77-94. [PMID: 22476916 PMCID: PMC3374017 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-011-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the biology of muscle, and how anabolic and catabolic stimuli interact to control muscle mass and function, have led to new interest in the pharmacological treatment of muscle wasting. Loss of muscle occurs as a consequence of several chronic diseases (cachexia) as well as normal aging (sarcopenia). Although many negative regulators [Atrogin-1, muscle ring finger-1, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), myostatin, etc.] have been proposed to enhance protein degradation during both sarcopenia and cachexia, the adaptation of mediators markedly differs among these conditions. Sarcopenic and cachectic muscles have been demonstrated to be abundant in myostatin- and apoptosis-linked molecules. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is activated during many different types of cachexia (cancer cachexia, cardiac heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), but not many mediators of the UPS change during sarcopenia. NF-κB signaling is activated in cachectic, but not in sarcopenic, muscle. Some studies have indicated a change of autophagic signaling during both sarcopenia and cachexia, but the adaptation remains to be elucidated. This review provides an overview of the adaptive changes in negative regulators of muscle mass in both sarcopenia and cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Sakuma
- Research Center for Physical Fitness, Sports and Health, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tenpaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan,
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Seene T, Kaasik P, Riso EM. Review on aging, unloading and reloading: Changes in skeletal muscle quantity and quality. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 54:374-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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