Integrin αvβ6: Structure, function and role in health and disease

Chemical Modifications on the αvβ6 Integrin Targeting A20FMDV2 Peptide: A Review

Integrin proteins have received a significant increase in attention in recent scientific endeavors. The current trend uses the pre-established knowledge that the arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD) structural motif present in the A20FMDV2 peptide is highly selective for the integrin class αvβ6 which is overexpressed in many cancer types. This review will provide an extensive overview of the existing literature research to date to the best of our knowledge, highlighting significant improvements and drawbacks of structure-activity relationships (SAR) work undertaken, aiding future research to identify established SAR for an informed design of future A20FMDV2 mimetic inhibitors. Herein, the review aims to collate the existing structural chemical modifications present on A20FMDV2 in the literature to highlight key structural analogues that display more potent biological activity.

A dual αvβ1/αvβ6 integrin inhibitor Bexotegrast (PLN-74809) ameliorates organ injury and fibrogenesis in fibrotic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem, involving about 10% of the global population. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective drugs. Kidney fibrosis is the main pathology of CKD, where integrins play crucial roles in renal fibrogenesis. Recently, Bexotegrast (PLN-74809) as a dual integrin αvβ1/αvβ6 inhibitor could reduce the degree of lung fibrosis in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role of PLN-74809 remains unclear in fibrotic kidney disease. Here, we have revealed that PLN-74809 administration dose-dependently delayed the progression of renal fibrosis in both adenine diet- and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced mice. Mechanistically, PLN-74809 targeted integrin αvβ1/αvβ6 to inhibit FAK/Src/Akt/β-catenin cascade in fibrotic kidneys. In summary, our results for the first time highlighted the αvβ1/αvβ6 inhibitor PLN-74809 exerted potential therapeutic against kidney fibrosis.

Structure, unique biological properties, and mechanisms of action of transforming growth factor β

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a ubiquitous molecule that is extremely conserved structurally and plays a systemic role in human organism. TGF-β is a homodimeric molecule consisting of two subunits joined through a disulphide bond. In mammals, three genes code for TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 isoforms of this cytokine with a dominating expression of TGF-β1. Virtually, all normal cells contain TGF-β and its specific receptors. Considering the exceptional role of fine balance played by the TGF-β in anumber of physiological and pathological processes in human body, this cytokine may be proposed for use in medicine as an immunosuppressant in transplantology, wound healing and bone repair. TGFb itself is an important target in oncology. Strategies for blocking members of TGF-β signaling pathway as therapeutic targets have been considered. In this review, signalling mechanisms of TGF-β1 action are addressed, and their role in physiology and pathology with main focus on carcinogenesis are described.

Integrins in cancer stem cells

Integrins are a class of adhesion receptors on cell membranes, consisting of α and β subunits. By binding to the extracellular matrix, integrins activate intracellular signaling pathways, participating in every step of cancer initiation and progression. Tumor stem cells possess self-renewal and self-differentiation abilities, along with strong tumorigenic potential. In this review, we discussed the role of integrins in cancer, with a focus on their impact on tumor stem cells and tumor stemness. This will aid in targeting tumor stem cells as a therapeutic approach, leading to the exploration of novel cancer treatment strategies.

ITGB6 promotes pancreatic fibrosis and aggravates the malignant process of pancreatic cancer via JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway

Integrin β6 (ITGB6) is upregulated in multiple tumor types and elevated ITGB6 levels have been detected in patients with chronic pancreatitis. However, the role of ITGB6 in pancreatic fibrosis and cancer remains to be elucidated. In the present study, ITGB6 expression was assessed using western blotting and qRT-PCR. Besides, cell proliferation, cycling, migration, and invasion were evaluated using CCK-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. The expression of fibrosis and JAK2/STAT3 signaling markers was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. Moreover, nude mice were subcutaneously injected with co-cultured cell suspensions to establish an in vivo model. The results showed that ITGB6 was highly expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and TGF-β-induced pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Inhibition of ITGB6 expression in PSCs resulted in clear inhibition of activated PSC proliferation, migration, and fibrogenesis. Additionally, reduced ITGB6 expression inhibits the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Interestingly, activators of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway reversed the effects of ITGB6 disruption on PSCs. Activated PSCs notably promoted the proliferation, invasion, and migration of pancreatic cancer cells in a co-culture assay. In contrast, activated PSCs with low ITGB6 expression failed to significantly affect the malignancy of pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, in vivo results showed that interference with ITGB6 inhibited the activation of PSCs and promoted the development of pancreatic cancer. Silencing ITGB6 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and fibrosis-like effects of activated PSCs and indirectly inhibited the metastasis and malignant process of pancreatic cancer by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Therefore, ITGB6 is a potential candidate target for pancreatic cancer prevention and treatment.

Integrins as a bridge between bacteria and cells: key targets for therapeutic wound healing

Integrins are heterodimers composed of α and β subunits that are bonded through non-covalent interactions. Integrins mediate the dynamic connection between extracellular adhesion molecules and the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. Integrins are present in various tissues and organs where these heterodimers participate in diverse physiological and pathological responses at the molecular level in living organisms. Wound healing is a crucial process in the recovery from traumatic diseases and comprises three overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Integrins are regulated during the entire wound healing process to enhance processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis and re-epithelialization. Prolonged inflammation may result in failure of wound healing, leading to conditions such as chronic wounds. Bacterial colonization of a wound is one of the primary causes of chronic wounds. Integrins facilitate the infectious effects of bacteria on the host organism, leading to chronic inflammation, bacterial colonization, and ultimately, the failure of wound healing. The present study investigated the role of integrins as bridges for bacteria-cell interactions during wound healing, evaluated the role of integrins as nodes for bacterial inhibition during chronic wound formation, and discussed the challenges and prospects of using integrins as therapeutic targets in wound healing.

Potential of αvβ6 and αvβ1 integrin inhibition for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

INTRODUCTION

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease of unknown cause with a dismal prognosis. Nintedanib and Pirfenidone are approved worldwide for the treatment of IPF, but they only slow the rate of functional decline and disease progression. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more efficacious and better tolerated drugs.

AREAS COVERED

αvβ6 and αvβ1 are two integrins overexpressed in fibrotic tissue, which play a critical role in the development of lung fibrosis. They act by converting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, one of the most important profibrotic cytokine, in its active form. Here, we summarize and critically discuss the potential of a dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor for the treatment of IPF.

EXPERT OPINION

Bexotegrast, a dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor, has the potential to slow or even halt disease progression in IPF. Indeed, the strong pre-clinical rationale and promising early phase clinical trial data have raised expectations.

Advanced gene nanocarriers/scaffolds in nonviral-mediated delivery system for tissue regeneration and repair

Tissue regeneration technology has been rapidly developed and widely applied in tissue engineering and repair. Compared with traditional approaches like surgical treatment, the rising gene therapy is able to have a durable effect on tissue regeneration, such as impaired bone regeneration, articular cartilage repair and cancer-resected tissue repair. Gene therapy can also facilitate the production of in situ therapeutic factors, thus minimizing the diffusion or loss of gene complexes and enabling spatiotemporally controlled release of gene products for tissue regeneration. Among different gene delivery vectors and supportive gene-activated matrices, advanced gene/drug nanocarriers attract exceptional attraction due to their tunable physiochemical properties, as well as excellent adaptive performance in gene therapy for tissue regeneration, such as bone, cartilage, blood vessel, nerve and cancer-resected tissue repair. This paper reviews the recent advances on nonviral-mediated gene delivery systems with an emphasis on the important role of advanced nanocarriers in gene therapy and tissue regeneration.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of ITGB6 in human OSCC cells reduced migration and proliferation ability

BACKGROUND

The treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains challenging and survival rates have not been improved significantly over the past decades. Integrins have been recognized driving the cancer progression and high expression levels cause poor outcomes in patients afflicted with OSCC. Integrin αvβ6 and its subunit integrin beta 6 (ITGB6) were discovered to enhance the invasiveness by providing beneficial effects on downstream pathways promoting the cancer progression. The objective of this study was to establish a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of ITGB6 in the human OSCC cell line HN and investigate the effects on the migration and proliferation ability.

METHODS

ITGB6 knock out was performed using the CRISPR/Cas9-system, RNPs, and lipofection. Monoclonal cell clones were achieved by limiting dilution and knock out verification was carried out by sanger sequencing and FACS on protein level. The effects of the knock out on the proliferation and migration ability were evaluated by using MTT and scratch assays. In addition, in silico TCGA analysis was utilized regarding the effects of ITGB6 on overall survival and perineural invasion.

RESULTS

In silico analysis revealed a significant impact of ITGB6 mRNA expression levels on the overall survival of patients afflicted with OSCC. Additionally, a significantly higher rate of perineural invasion was discovered. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of ITGB6 was performed in the OSCC cell line HN, resulting in the generation of a monoclonal knock out clone. The knock out clone exhibited a significantly reduced migration and proliferation ability when compared to the wildtype.

CONCLUSIONS

ITGB6 is a relevant factor in the progression of OSCC and can be used for the development of novel treatment strategies. The present study is the first to establish a monoclonal CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ITGB6 knockout cell clone derived from an OSCC cell line. It suggests that ITGB6 has a significant impact on the proliferative and migratory capacity in vitro.

Knockout of integrin αvβ6 protects against renal inflammation in chronic kidney disease by reduction of pro-inflammatory macrophages

Integrin αvβ6 holds promise as a therapeutic target for organ fibrosis, yet targeted therapies are hampered by concerns over inflammatory-related side effects. The role of αvβ6 in renal inflammation remains unknown, and clarifying this issue is crucial for αvβ6-targeted treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, we revealed a remarkable positive correlation between overexpressed αvβ6 in proximal tubule cells (PTCs) and renal inflammation in CKD patients and mouse models. Notably, knockout of αvβ6 not only significantly alleviated renal fibrosis but also reduced inflammatory responses in mice, especially the infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, conditional knockout of αvβ6 in PTCs in vivo and co-culture of PTCs with macrophages in vitro showed that depleting αvβ6 in PTCs suppressed the migration and pro-inflammatory differentiation of macrophages. Screening of macrophage activators showed that αvβ6 in PTCs activates macrophages via secreting IL-34. IL-34 produced by PTCs was significantly diminished by αvβ6 silencing, and reintroduction of IL-34 restored macrophage activities, while anti-IL-34 antibody restrained macrophage activities enhanced by αvβ6 overexpression. Moreover, RNA-sequencing of PTCs and verification experiments demonstrated that silencing αvβ6 in PTCs blocked hypoxia-stimulated IL-34 upregulation and secretion by inhibiting YAP expression, dephosphorylation, and nuclear translocation, which resulted in the activation of Hippo signaling. While application of a YAP agonist effectively recurred IL-34 production by PTCs, enhancing the subsequent macrophage migration and activation. Besides, reduced IL-34 expression and YAP activation were also observed in global or PTCs-specific αvβ6-deficient injured kidneys. Collectively, our research elucidates the pro-inflammatory function and YAP/IL-34/macrophage axis-mediated mechanism of αvβ6 in renal inflammation, providing a solid rationale for the use of αvβ6 inhibition to treat kidney inflammation and fibrosis.

Exploring the role of ITGB6: fibrosis, cancer, and other diseases

Integrin β6 (ITGB6), a member of the integrin family of proteins, is only present in epithelial tissues and frequently associates with integrin subunit αv to form transmembrane heterodimers named integrin αvβ6. Importantly, ITGB6 determines αvβ6 expression and availability. In addition to being engaged in organ fibrosis, ITGB6 is also directly linked to the emergence of cancer, periodontitis, and several potential genetic diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the molecular-biological mechanism of ITGB6, which could provide novel insights for future clinical diagnosis and therapy. This review introduces the structure, distribution, and biological function of ITGB6. This review also expounds on ITGB6-related diseases, detailing the known biological effects of ITGB6.

Bispecific T cell engager-armed T cells targeting integrin ανβ6 exhibit enhanced T cell redirection and antitumor activity in cholangiocarcinoma

Advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) presents a clinical challenge due to limited treatment options, necessitating exploration of innovative therapeutic approaches. Bispecific T cell engager (BTE)-armed T cell therapy shows promise in hematological and solid malignancies, offering potential advantages in safety over continuous BTE infusion. In this context, we developed a novel BTE, targeting CD3 on T cells and integrin αvβ6, an antigen elevated in various epithelial malignancies, on cancer cells. The novel BTE was generated by fusing an integrin αvβ6-binding peptide (A20) to an anti-CD3 (OKT3) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) through a G4S peptide linker (A20/αCD3 BTE). T cells were then armed with A20/αCD3 BTE (A20/αCD3-armed T cells) and assessed for antitumor activity. Our results highlight the specific binding of A20/αCD3 BTE to CD3 on T cells and integrin αvβ6 on target cells, effectively redirecting T cells towards these targets. After co-culture, A20/αCD3-armed T cells exhibited significantly heightened cytotoxicity against integrin αvβ6-expressing target cells compared to unarmed T cells in both KKU-213A cells and A375.β6 cells. Moreover, in a five-day co-culture, A20/αCD3-armed T cells demonstrated superior cytotoxicity against KKU-213A spheroids compared to unarmed T cells. Importantly, A20/αCD3-armed T cells exhibited an increased proportion of the effector memory T cell (Tem) subset, upregulation of T cell activation markers, enhanced T cell proliferation, and increased cytolytic molecule/cytokine production, when compared to unarmed T cells in an integrin αvβ6-dependent manner. These findings support the potential of A20/αCD3-armed T cells as a novel therapeutic approach for integrin αvβ6-expressing cancers.

α-Catenin and Piezo1 Mediate Cell Mechanical Communication via Cell Adhesions

Cell-to-cell distant mechanical communication has been demonstrated using in vitro and in vivo models. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying long-range cell mechanoresponsive interactions remain to be fully elucidated. This study further examined the roles of α-Catenin and Piezo1 in traction force-induced rapid branch assembly of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells on a Matrigel hydrogel containing type I collagen. Our findings demonstrated that siRNA-mediated downregulation of α-Catenin or Piezo1 expression or chemical inhibition of Piezo1 activity significantly reduced both directional cell movement and branch assembly. Regarding the role of N-cadherin in regulating branch assembly but not directional migration, our results further confirmed that siRNA-mediated downregulation of α-Catenin expression caused a marked reduction in focal adhesion formation, as assessed by focal Paxillin and Integrin α5 localization. These observations imply that mechanosensitive α-Catenin is involved in both cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Additionally, Piezo1 partially localized in focal adhesions, which was inhibited by siRNA-mediated downregulation of α-Catenin expression. This result provides insights into the Piezo1-mediated mechanosensing of traction force on a hydrogel. Collectively, our findings highlight the significance of α-Catenin in the regulation of cell-matrix interactions and provide a possible interpretation of Piezo1-mediated mechanosensing activity at focal adhesions during cell-cell mechanical communication.

Integrin-Targeting Strategies for Adenovirus Gene Therapy

Numerous human adenovirus (AdV) types are endowed with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequences that enable them to recognize vitronectin-binding (αv) integrins. These RGD-binding cell receptors mediate AdV entry into host cells, a crucial early step in virus infection. Integrin interactions with adenoviruses not only initiate receptor-mediated endocytosis but also facilitate AdV capsid disassembly, a prerequisite for membrane penetration by AdV protein VI. This review discusses fundamental aspects of AdV-host interactions mediated by integrins. Recent efforts to re-engineer AdV vectors and non-viral nanoparticles to target αv integrins for bioimaging and the eradication of cancer cells will also be discussed.

Advances and Challenges in Targeting TGF-β Isoforms for Therapeutic Intervention of Cancer: A Mechanism-Based Perspective

The TGF-β family is a group of 25 kDa secretory cytokines, in mammals consisting of three dimeric isoforms (TGF-βs 1, 2, and 3), each encoded on a separate gene with unique regulatory elements. Each isoform plays unique, diverse, and pivotal roles in cell growth, survival, immune response, and differentiation. However, many researchers in the TGF-β field often mistakenly assume a uniform functionality among all three isoforms. Although TGF-βs are essential for normal development and many cellular and physiological processes, their dysregulated expression contributes significantly to various diseases. Notably, they drive conditions like fibrosis and tumor metastasis/progression. To counter these pathologies, extensive efforts have been directed towards targeting TGF-βs, resulting in the development of a range of TGF-β inhibitors. Despite some clinical success, these agents have yet to reach their full potential in the treatment of cancers. A significant challenge rests in effectively targeting TGF-βs' pathological functions while preserving their physiological roles. Many existing approaches collectively target all three isoforms, failing to target just the specific deregulated ones. Additionally, most strategies tackle the entire TGF-β signaling pathway instead of focusing on disease-specific components or preferentially targeting tumors. This review gives a unique historical overview of the TGF-β field often missed in other reviews and provides a current landscape of TGF-β research, emphasizing isoform-specific functions and disease implications. The review then delves into ongoing therapeutic strategies in cancer, stressing the need for more tools that target specific isoforms and disease-related pathway components, advocating mechanism-based and refined approaches to enhance the effectiveness of TGF-β-targeted cancer therapies.

A Neanderthal haplotype introgressed into the human genome confers protection against membranous nephropathy

Class 2 HLA and PLA2R1 alleles are exceptionally strong genetic risk factors for membranous nephropathy (MN), leading, through an unknown mechanism, to a targeted autoimmune response. Introgressed archaic haplotypes (introduced from an archaic human genome into the modern human genome) might influence phenotypes through gene dysregulation. Here, we investigated the genomic region surrounding the PLA2R1 gene. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Neanderthal and modern haplotypes in this region and calculated the probability of the observed clustering being the result of introgression or common descent. We imputed variants for the participants in our previous genome-wide association study and we compared the distribution of Neanderthal variants between MN cases and controls. The region associated with the lead MN risk locus in the PLA2R1 gene was confirmed and showed that, within a 507 kb region enriched in introgressed sequence, a stringently defined 105 kb haplotype, intersecting the coding regions for PLA2R1 and ITGB6, is inherited from Neanderthals. Thus, introgressed Neanderthal haplotypes overlapping PLA2R1 are differentially represented in MN cases and controls, with enrichment In controls suggesting a protective effect.

Novel inhalation therapy in pulmonary fibrosis: principles, applications and prospects

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) threatens millions of people worldwide with its irreversible progression. Although the underlying pathogenesis of PF is not fully understood, there is evidence to suggest that the disease can be blocked at various stages. Inhalation therapy has been applied for lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and its application for treating PF is currently under consideration. New techniques in inhalation therapy, such as the application of microparticles and nanoparticles, traditional Chinese medicine monomers, gene therapy, inhibitors, or agonists of signaling pathways, extracellular vesicle interventions, and other specific drugs, are effective in treating PF. However, the safety and effectiveness of these therapeutic techniques are influenced by the properties of inhaled particles, biological and pathological barriers, and the type of inhalation device used. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological, pharmaceutical, technical, preclinical, and clinical experimental aspects of novel inhalation therapy for treating PF and focus on therapeutic methods that significantly improve existing technologies or expand the range of drugs that can be administered via inhalation. Although inhalation therapy for PF has some limitations, the advantages are significant, and further research and innovation about new inhalation techniques and drugs are encouraged.

Potential therapeutic medicines for renal fibrosis: Small-molecule compounds and natural products

Renal fibrosis is the pathological change process of chronic kidney disease deteriorating continuously. When the renal organ is stimulated by external stimuli, it will trigger the damage and phenotypic changes of some intrinsic cells in the kidney. When the body's autoimmune regulation or external treatment is not prompted enough to restore the organ, the pathological process is gradually aggravating, inducing a large amount of intracellular collagen deposition, which leads to the appearance of fibrosis and scarring. The renal parenchyma (including glomeruli and tubules) begins to harden, making it difficult to repair the kidney lesions. In the process of gradual changes in the kidney tissue, the kidney units are severely damaged and the kidney function shows a progressive decline, eventually resulting in the clinical manifestation of end-stage renal failure, namely uremia. This review provides a brief description of the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic inhibitors of renal fibrosis. Since renal fibrosis has not yet had a clear therapeutic target and related drugs, some potential targets and relevant inhibitors are discussed, especially pharmacological effects and interactions with targets. Some existing natural products have potential efficacy for renal fibrosis, which is also roughly summarized, hoping that this article would have reference significance for the treatment of renal fibrosis.

Exploring the Role of Biomarkers Associated with Alveolar Damage and Dysfunction in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis-A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most aggressive forms of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), marked by an ongoing, chronic fibrotic process within the lung tissue. IPF leads to an irreversible deterioration of lung function, ultimately resulting in an increased mortality rate. Therefore, the focus has shifted towards the biomarkers that might contribute to the early diagnosis, risk assessment, prognosis, and tracking of the treatment progress, including those associated with epithelial injury.

METHODS

We conducted this review through a systematic search of the relevant literature using established databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Selected articles were assessed, with data extracted and synthesized to provide an overview of the current understanding of the existing biomarkers for IPF.

RESULTS

Signs of epithelial cell damage hold promise as relevant biomarkers for IPF, consequently offering valuable support in its clinical care. Their global and standardized utilization remains limited due to a lack of comprehensive information of their implications in IPF.

CONCLUSIONS

Recognizing the aggressive nature of IPF among interstitial lung diseases and its profound impact on lung function and mortality, the exploration of biomarkers becomes pivotal for early diagnosis, risk assessment, prognostic evaluation, and therapy monitoring.

Integrin signaling in cancer: bidirectional mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

Integrins are transmembrane receptors that possess distinct ligand-binding specificities in the extracellular domain and signaling properties in the cytoplasmic domain. While most integrins have a short cytoplasmic tail, integrin β4 has a long cytoplasmic tail that can indirectly interact with the actin cytoskeleton. Additionally, 'inside-out' signals can induce integrins to adopt a high-affinity extended conformation for their appropriate ligands. These properties enable integrins to transmit bidirectional cellular signals, making it a critical regulator of various biological processes.Integrin expression and function are tightly linked to various aspects of tumor progression, including initiation, angiogenesis, cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. Certain integrins have been shown to drive tumorigenesis or amplify oncogenic signals by interacting with corresponding receptors, while others have marginal or even suppressive effects. Additionally, different α/β subtypes of integrins can exhibit opposite effects. Integrin-mediated signaling pathways including Ras- and Rho-GTPase, TGFβ, Hippo, Wnt, Notch, and sonic hedgehog (Shh) are involved in various stages of tumorigenesis. Therefore, understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms and molecular specificities of integrins are crucial to delaying cancer progression and suppressing tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the development of integrin-based therapeutics for cancer are of great importance.This review provides an overview of integrin-dependent bidirectional signaling mechanisms in cancer that can either support or oppose tumorigenesis by interacting with various signaling pathways. Finally, we focus on the future opportunities for emergent therapeutics based on integrin agonists. Video Abstract.

New therapeutic approaches against pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is the end-stage change of a large class of lung diseases characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts and the accumulation of a large amount of extracellular matrix, accompanied by inflammatory damage and tissue structure destruction, which also shows the normal alveolar tissue is damaged and then abnormally repaired resulting in structural abnormalities (scarring). Pulmonary fibrosis has a serious impact on the respiratory function of the human body, and the clinical manifestation is progressive dyspnea. The incidence of pulmonary fibrosis-related diseases is increasing year by year, and no curative drugs have appeared so far. Nevertheless, research on pulmonary fibrosis have also increased in recent years, but there are no breakthrough results. Pathological changes of pulmonary fibrosis appear in the lungs of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that have not yet ended, and whether to improve the condition of patients with COVID-19 by means of the anti-fibrosis therapy, which are the questions we need to address now. This review systematically sheds light on the current state of research on fibrosis from multiple perspectives, hoping to provide some references for design and optimization of subsequent drugs and the selection of anti-fibrosis treatment plans and strategies.

Transcriptome analysis of multiple tissues reveals the potential mechanism of death under acute heat stress in chicken

BACKGROUND

Acute heat stress could induce high mortality and cause huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Although many studies have revealed heat stress-induced injuries of multiple tissues, the main target tissue and molecular mechanism of death under acute heat stress was largely unknown. This study systematically compared the transcriptome data of five main visceral tissues in chickens to reveal the response of multiple tissues to acute heat stress and determine the main target tissue of acute heat stress, further revealing the injuries of main target tissue and their potential mechanism by combing pathological section and qRT-PCR technologies.

RESULTS

The transcriptome data of five visceral tissues revealed that acute heat stress broadly caused inflammatory response and damaged tissues metabolic homeostasis. Among the five tested visceral tissues, the number of differentially expressed genes in the lung was the highest, and their fold changes were the greatest, indicating that the lung was the main target tissue of acute heat stress. The results of pathological section revealed severe inflammation, emphysema and pulmonary hemorrhage in the lung under acute heat stress. Our study found that some pro-inflammatory genes, including CNTFR, FURIN, CCR6, LIFR and IL20RA, were significantly up-regulated both in the heat-stress and heat-death groups, and their fold changes in the heat-death group were significantly greater than that in the heat-stress group. We also found an anti-inflammatory gene, AvBD9, exhibiting an extremely high expression in the heat-stress group but a low expression in the heat-death group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study found that acute heat stress caused multiple tissue injuries broadly and the lung was the main target tissue of acute heat stress in chicken. Acute heat stress caused a severe inflammatory response, emphysema, and pulmonary haemorrhage, The severe inflammatory response in the heat-death group was related to the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory genes.

Structural analysis of peptide binding to integrins for cancer detection and treatment

Integrins are cell receptors involved in several metabolic pathways often associated with cell proliferation. Some of these integrins are downregulated during human physical development, but when these integrins are overexpressed in adult humans, they can be associated with several diseases, such as cancer. Molecules that specifically bind to these integrins are useful for cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. This review focuses on the structures of integrin-peptidic ligand complexes to dissect how the binding occurs and the molecular basis of the specificity and affinity of these peptidic ligands. Understanding these interactions at the molecular level is fundamental to be able to design new peptides that are more specific and more sensitive to a particular integrin. The integrin complexes covered in this review are α5β1, αIIbβ3, αvβ3, αvβ6, and αvβ8, because the molecular structures of the complex have been experimentally determined and their presence on tumor cancer cells are associated with a poor prognosis, making them targets for cancer detection and treatment.

Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets

Cellular mechanotransduction, a critical regulator of numerous biological processes, is the conversion from mechanical signals to biochemical signals regarding cell activities and metabolism. Typical mechanical cues in organisms include hydrostatic pressure, fluid shear stress, tensile force, extracellular matrix stiffness or tissue elasticity, and extracellular fluid viscosity. Mechanotransduction has been expected to trigger multiple biological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration. However, prolonged excessive mechanical stimulation can result in pathological processes, such as multi-organ fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and cancer immunotherapy resistance. Although the associations between mechanical cues and normal tissue homeostasis or diseases have been identified, the regulatory mechanisms among different mechanical cues are not yet comprehensively illustrated, and no effective therapies are currently available targeting mechanical cue-related signaling. This review systematically summarizes the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of typical mechanical cues in normal conditions and diseases with the updated evidence. The key effectors responding to mechanical stimulations are listed, such as Piezo channels, integrins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) /transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). We also reviewed the key signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and cutting-edge clinical applications of diseases related to mechanical cues.

Identification of potential biomarkers in active Lyme borreliosis

OBJECTIVES

Lyme serology does not readily discriminate an active Lyme borreliosis (LB) from a previous Borrelia infection or exposure. Here, we aimed to investigate a large number of immunological protein biomarkers to search for an immunological pattern typical for active LB, in contrast to patterns found in healthy blood donors, a proportion of whom were previously exposed to Borrelia.

METHODS

Serum samples from well-characterised adult patients with ongoing LB and healthy blood donors were included and investigated using a proximity extension assay (provided by Olink®) by which 92 different immune response-related human protein biomarkers were analysed simultaneously.

RESULTS

In total, 52 LB patients and 75 healthy blood donors were included. The blood donors represented both previously Borrelia exposed (n = 34) and not exposed (n = 41) based on anti-Borrelia antibody status. Ten of the examined 92 proteins differed between patients and blood donors and were chosen for further logistic regression (p<0.1). Six proteins were statistically significantly different between LB patients and blood donors (p<0.05). These six proteins were then combined in an index and analysed using receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis showing an area under the curve of 0.964 (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The results from this study suggest that there is an immunological protein pattern that can distinguish a present Borrelia infection from a previous exposure as well as anti-Borrelia antibody negative blood donors. Although this method is not adapted for routine clinical use at this point, the possibility is interesting and may open new diagnostic opportunities improving the laboratory diagnostics of LB.

Cholangiokines: undervalued modulators in the hepatic microenvironment

The biliary epithelial cells, also known as cholangiocytes, line the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, forming a barrier between intra- and extra-ductal environments. Cholangiocytes are mostly known to modulate bile composition and transportation. In hepatobiliary diseases, bile duct injury leads to drastic alterations in cholangiocyte phenotypes and their release of soluble mediators, which can vary depending on the original insult and cellular states (quiescence, senescence, or proliferation). The cholangiocyte-secreted cytokines (also termed cholangiokines) drive ductular cell proliferation, portal inflammation and fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Hence, despite the previous consensus that cholangiocytes are bystanders in liver diseases, their diverse secretome plays critical roles in modulating the intrahepatic microenvironment. This review summarizes recent insights into the cholangiokines under both physiological and pathological conditions, especially as they occur during liver injury-regeneration, inflammation, fibrosis and malignant transformation processes.

Integrin β6 mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in diabetic kidney disease

The progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is associated with increased fibronectin (FN) levels in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Bioinformatics analysis showed that integrin β6 and cell adhesion function were significantly changed in the cortices of db/db mice. Remodelling of cell adhesion is one of the core changes during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in DKD. Integrin is a family of transmembrane proteins that regulates cell adhesion and migration, and extracellular FN is the major ligand of integrin β6. We found that the expression of integrin β6 was elevated in the proximal tubules of db/db mice and FN-induced renal proximal tubule cells. The levels of EMT were also significantly increased in vivo and in vitro. In addition, FN treatment activated the Fak/Src pathway, increased the expression of p-YAP, and then upregulated the Notch1 pathway in diabetic proximal tubules. Knockdown of integrin β6 or Notch1 attenuated reversed the EMT aggravation induced by FN. Furthermore, urinary integrin β6 was significantly increased in DKD patients. Our findings reveal a critical role of integrin β6 in regulating EMT in proximal tubular epithelial cells and identify a novel direction for the detection and treatment of DKD.

Integrin β6 deficiency protects mice from experimental colitis and colitis-associated carcinoma by altering macrophage polarization

Background

Given the key role of integrins in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, anti-integrin biologics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are being investigated in full swing. However, the unsatisfactory efficacy and safety of current anti-integrin biologics in clinical trials limit their widespread use in clinic. Therefore, it is particularly important to find a target that is highly and specifically expressed in the intestinal epithelium of patients with IBD.

Methods

The function of integrin αvβ6 in IBD and colitis-associated carcinoma (CAC) with the underlying mechanisms has been less studied. In the present study, we detected the level of integrin β6 within inflammation including colitis tissues in human and mouse. To investigate the role of integrin β6 in IBD and CAC, integrin β6 deficient mice were hence generated based on the construction of colitis and CAC model.

Results

We noted that integrin β6 was significantly upregulated in inflammatory epithelium of patients with IBD. Integrin β6 deletion not only reduced infiltration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but also attenuated disruption of tight junctions between colonic epithelial cells. Meanwhile, lack of integrin β6 affected macrophage infiltration in mice with colitis. This study further revealed that lack of integrin β6 could inhibit tumorigenesis and tumor progression in CAC model by influencing macrophage polarization, which was also involved in attenuating the degree of intestinal symptoms and inflammatory responses in mice suffering from colitis.

Conclusions

The present research provides a potentially new perspective and option for the treatment of IBD and CAC.

Magnetic resonance/fluorescence dual-modality contrast agents targeting αvβ6-overexpressing tumors based on A20FMDV2 peptide as a ligand

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignant digestive system tumor with a poor late-stage prognosis. This study aimed to identify new methods for the early detection of PDAC. The nanoprobe A20FMDV2-Gd-5-FAM was developed using A20FMDV2 (N¹AVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART²⁰-NH₂, A20FMDV2) as the ligand and characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, and UV absorption spectroscopy. The binding of pancreatic cancer cells AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and normal human pancreatic H6C7 cells (HPDE6-C7) to the probe was verified using laser confocal microscopy, and the biocompatibility of the probe was evaluated in vivo. In vivo magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging were also performed on nude mice with subcutaneous pancreatic tumor xenografts to verify the bimodal imaging performance of the probe. The probe exhibited good stability and biocompatibility and an enhanced relaxation rate (25.46 ± 1.32 mM^-1 s^-1) than Gd-DTPA. Confocal laser scanning microscopy results revealed that the A20FMDV2-Gd-5-FAM probe could be successfully ingested and internalized, and infrared analysis results demonstrated that the probe was linked successfully. Finally, magnetic resonance T₁WI imaging and intravital fluorescence imaging demonstrated the specific signal enhancement of the probe at the tumor site. In conclusion, the bimodal molecular probe A20FMDV2-Gd-5-FAM showed a stable magnetic resonance and fluorescence bimodal imaging performance and is a promising new approach for diagnosing early-stage cancers with a high integrin α_vβ₆ expression.

Anti-Integrin αvβ6 Autoantibodies Are a Novel Biomarker That Antedate Ulcerative Colitis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Better biomarkers for prediction of ulcerative colitis (UC) development and prognostication are needed. Anti-integrin αvβ6 (anti-αvβ6) autoantibodies have been described in patients with UC. We tested for the presence of anti-αvβ6 antibodies in the preclinical phase of UC and studied their association with disease-related outcomes after diagnosis.

METHODS

Anti-αvβ6 autoantibodies were measured in 4 longitudinal serum samples collected from 82 subjects who later developed UC and 82 matched controls from a Department of Defense preclinical cohort (PREDICTS [Proteomic Evaluation and Discovery in an IBD Cohort of Tri-service Subjects]). In a distinct, external validation cohort (Crohn's and Colitis Canada Genetic Environmental Microbial project cohort), we tested 12 pre-UC subjects and 49 matched controls. Furthermore, anti-αvβ6 autoantibodies were measured in 2 incident UC cohorts (COMPASS [Comprehensive Care for the Recently Diagnosed IBD Patients], n = 55 and OSCCAR [Ocean State Crohn's and Colitis Area Registry], n = 104) and associations between anti-αvβ6 autoantibodies and UC-related outcomes were defined using Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

Anti-αvβ6 autoantibodies were significantly higher among individuals who developed UC compared with controls up to 10 years before diagnosis in PREDICTS. The anti-αvβ6 autoantibody seropositivity was 12.2% 10 years before diagnosis and increased to 52.4% at the time of diagnosis in subjects who developed UC compared with 2.7% in controls across the 4 time points. Anti-αvβ6 autoantibodies predicted UC development with an area under the curve of at least 0.8 up to 10 years before diagnosis. The presence of anti-αvβ6 autoantibodies in preclinical UC samples was validated in the GEM cohort. Finally, high anti-αvβ6 autoantibodies was associated with a composite of adverse UC outcomes, including hospitalization, disease extension, colectomy, systemic steroid use, and/or escalation to biologic therapy in recently diagnosed UC.

CONCLUSIONS

Anti-integrin αvβ6 autoantibodies precede the clinical diagnosis of UC by up to 10 years and are associated with adverse UC-related outcomes.

The Interplay between Integrins and Immune Cells as a Regulator in Cancer Immunology

Integrins are a group of heterodimers consisting of α and β subunits that mediate a variety of physiological activities of immune cells, including cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, survival, and immunotolerance. Multiple types of integrins act differently on the same immune cells, while the same integrin may exert various effects on different immune cells. In the development of cancer, integrins are involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis; conversely, integrins promote immune cell aggregation to mediate the elimination of tumors. The important roles of integrins in cancer progression have provided valuable clues for the diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. Furthermore, many integrin inhibitors have been investigated in clinical trials to explore effective regimens and reduce side effects. Due to the complexity of the mechanism of integrin-mediated cancer progression, challenges remain in the research and development of cancer immunotherapies (CITs). This review enumerates the effects of integrins on four types of immune cells and the potential mechanisms involved in the progression of cancer, which will provide ideas for more optimal CIT in the future.

Nanotechnology-integrated ovarian cancer metastasis therapy: Insights from the metastatic mechanisms into administration routes and therapy strategies

Ovarian cancer is a kind of malignant tumour which locates in the pelvic cavity without typical clinical symptoms in the early stages. Most patients are diagnosed in the late stage while about 60 % of them have suffered from the cancer cells spreading in the abdominal cavity. The high recurrence rate and mortality seriously damage the reproductive needs and health of women. Although recent advances in therapeutic regimes and other adjuvant therapies improved the overall survival of ovarian cancer, overcoming metastasis has still been a challenge and is necessary for achieving cure of ovarian cancer. To present potential targets and new strategies for curbing the occurrence of ovarian metastasis and the treatment of ovarian cancer after metastasis, the first section of this paper explained the metastatic mechanisms of ovarian cancer comprehensively. Nanomedicine, not limited to drug delivery, offers opportunities for metastatic ovarian cancer therapy. The second section of this paper emphasized the advantages of various administration routes of nanodrugs in metastatic ovarian cancer therapy. Furthermore, the third section of this paper focused on advances in nanotechnology-integrated strategies for targeting metastatic ovarian cancer based on the metastatic mechanisms of ovarian cancer. Finally, the challenges and prospects of nanotherapeutics for ovarian cancer metastasis therapy were evaluated. In general, the greatest emphasis on using nanotechnology-based strategies provides avenues for improving metastatic ovarian cancer outcomes in the future.

In vivo evaluation of integrin αvβ6-targeting peptide in NSCLC and brain metastasis

Introduction

Integrin αvβ6, which is upregulated in malignancies and remains absent or weak in normal tissue, is a promising target in molecular imaging therapeutics. In vivo imaging of integrin αvβ6 could therefore be valuable for early tumor detection and intraoperative guidance.

Methods

In this study, integrin αvβ6-targeting probe G2-SFLAP3 was labeled with near-infrared (NIR) dye Cy5.5 or radioisotope 68Ga. The resulting probes were evaluated in integrin αvβ6-positive A549 and αvβ6-negative H1703 xenograft mice models.

Results

The cellar uptake of G2-SFLAP3-Cy5.5 was consistent with the expression of integrin αvβ6. Both subcutaneous and brain metastatic A549 tumors could be clearly visualized by NIR fluorescent imaging of G2-SFLAP3-Cy5.5. A549 tumors demonstrated the highest G2-SFLAP3-Cy5.5 accumulation at 4h post-injection (p.i.) and remain detectable at 84h p.i. The fluorescent signal of G2-SFLAP3-Cy5.5 was significantly reduced in H1703 and A549-blocking groups. Consistently, small-animal PET imaging showed tumor-specific accumulation of 68Ga-DOTA-G2-SFLAP3.

Discussion

G2-SFLAP3 represents a promising agent for noninvasive imaging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and brain metastases.

Targeting integrin pathways: mechanisms and advances in therapy

Integrins are considered the main cell-adhesion transmembrane receptors that play multifaceted roles as extracellular matrix (ECM)-cytoskeletal linkers and transducers in biochemical and mechanical signals between cells and their environment in a wide range of states in health and diseases. Integrin functions are dependable on a delicate balance between active and inactive status via multiple mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions, conformational changes, and trafficking. Due to their exposure on the cell surface and sensitivity to the molecular blockade, integrins have been investigated as pharmacological targets for nearly 40 years, but given the complexity of integrins and sometimes opposite characteristics, targeting integrin therapeutics has been a challenge. To date, only seven drugs targeting integrins have been successfully marketed, including abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban, natalizumab, vedolizumab, lifitegrast, and carotegrast. Currently, there are approximately 90 kinds of integrin-based therapeutic drugs or imaging agents in clinical studies, including small molecules, antibodies, synthetic mimic peptides, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, imaging agents, etc. A serious lesson from past integrin drug discovery and research efforts is that successes rely on both a deep understanding of integrin-regulatory mechanisms and unmet clinical needs. Herein, we provide a systematic and complete review of all integrin family members and integrin-mediated downstream signal transduction to highlight ongoing efforts to develop new therapies/diagnoses from bench to clinic. In addition, we further discuss the trend of drug development, how to improve the success rate of clinical trials targeting integrin therapies, and the key points for clinical research, basic research, and translational research.

Extracellular matrix stiffness-The central cue for skin fibrosis

Skin fibrosis is a physiopathological process featuring the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), which is the main architecture that provides structural support and constitutes the microenvironment for various cellular behaviors. Recently, increasing interest has been drawn to the relationship between the mechanical properties of the ECM and the initiation and modulation of skin fibrosis, with the engagement of a complex network of signaling pathways, the activation of mechanosensitive proteins, and changes in immunoregulation and metabolism. Simultaneous with the progression of skin fibrosis, the stiffness of ECM increases, which in turn perturbs mechanical and humoral homeostasis to drive cell fate toward an outcome that maintains and enhances the fibrosis process, thus forming a pro-fibrotic "positive feedback loop". In this review, we highlighted the central role of the ECM and its dynamic changes at both the molecular and cellular levels in skin fibrosis. We paid special attention to signaling pathways regulated by mechanical cues in ECM remodeling. We also systematically summarized antifibrotic interventions targeting the ECM, hopefully enlightening new strategies for fibrotic diseases.

Pilot-phase PET/CT study targeting integrin αvβ6 in pancreatic cancer patients using the cystine-knot peptide-based 18F-FP-R01-MG-F2

PURPOSE

A novel cystine-knot peptide-based PET radiopharmaceutical, 18F-FP-R01-MG-F2 (knottin), was developed to selectively bind to human integrin αvβ6 which is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety, biodistribution, dosimetry, and lesion uptake of 18F-FP-R01-MG-F2 in patients with pancreatic cancer.

METHODS

Fifteen patients (6 men, 9 women) with histologically confirmed pancreatic cancer were prospectively enrolled and underwent knottin PET/CT between March 2017 and February 2021 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02683824). Vital signs and laboratory results were collected before and after the imaging scans. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) and mean SUV (SUVmean) were measured in 24 normal tissues and pancreatic cancer lesions for each patient. From the biodistribution data, the organ doses and whole-body effective dose were calculated using OLINDA/EXM software.

RESULTS

There were no significant changes in vital signs or laboratory values that qualified as adverse events or serious adverse events. At 1 h post-injection, areas of high 18F-FP-R01-MG-F2 uptake included the pituitary gland, stomach, duodenum, kidneys, and bladder (average SUVmean: 9.7-14.5). Intermediate uptake was found in the normal pancreas (average SUVmean: 4.5). Mild uptake was found in the lungs and liver (average SUVmean < 1.0). The effective dose was calculated to be 2.538 × 10-2 mSv/MBq. Knottin PET/CT detected all known pancreatic tumors in the 15 patients, although it did not detect small peri-pancreatic lymph nodes of less than 1 cm in short diameter in two of three patients who had lymph node metastases at surgery. Knottin PET/CT detected distant metastases in the lungs (n = 5), liver (n = 4), and peritoneum (n = 2), confirmed by biopsy and/or contrast-enhanced CT.

CONCLUSION

18F-FP-R01-MG-F2 is a safe PET radiopharmaceutical with an effective dose comparable to other diagnostic agents. Evaluation of the primary pancreatic cancer and distant metastases with 18F-FP-R01-MG-F2 PET is feasible, but larger studies are required to define the role of this approach.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT02683824.

Defective Desmosomal Adhesion Causes Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy by Involving an Integrin-αVβ6/TGF-β Signaling Cascade

BACKGROUND

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by progressive loss of cardiomyocytes with fibrofatty tissue replacement, systolic dysfunction, and life-threatening arrhythmias. A substantial proportion of ACM is caused by mutations in genes of the desmosomal cell-cell adhesion complex, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the current study, we investigated the relevance of defective desmosomal adhesion for ACM development and progression.

METHODS

We mutated the binding site of DSG2 (desmoglein-2), a crucial desmosomal adhesion molecule in cardiomyocytes. This DSG2-W2A mutation abrogates the tryptophan swap, a central interaction mechanism of DSG2 on the basis of structural data. Impaired adhesive function of DSG2-W2A was confirmed by cell-cell dissociation assays and force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscopy. The DSG2-W2A knock-in mouse model was analyzed by echocardiography, ECG, and histologic and biomolecular techniques including RNA sequencing and transmission electron and superresolution microscopy. The results were compared with ACM patient samples, and their relevance was confirmed in vivo and in cardiac slice cultures by inhibitor studies applying the small molecule EMD527040 or an inhibitory integrin-αVβ6 antibody.

RESULTS

The DSG2-W2A mutation impaired binding on molecular level and compromised intercellular adhesive function. Mice bearing this mutation develop a severe cardiac phenotype recalling the characteristics of ACM, including cardiac fibrosis, impaired systolic function, and arrhythmia. A comparison of the transcriptome of mutant mice with ACM patient data suggested deregulated integrin-αVβ6 and subsequent transforming growth factor-β signaling as driver of cardiac fibrosis. Blocking integrin-αVβ6 led to reduced expression of profibrotic markers and reduced fibrosis formation in mutant animals in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

We show that disruption of desmosomal adhesion is sufficient to induce a phenotype that fulfils the clinical criteria to establish the diagnosis of ACM, confirming the dysfunctional adhesion hypothesis. Deregulation of integrin-αVβ6 and transforming growth factor-β signaling was identified as a central step toward fibrosis. A pilot in vivo drug test revealed this pathway as a promising target to ameliorate fibrosis. This highlights the value of this model to discern mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and to identify and test novel treatment options for ACM.

Neuropilin-1 and Integrins as Receptors for Chromogranin A-Derived Peptides

Human chromogranin A (CgA), a 439 residue-long member of the "granin" secretory protein family, is the precursor of several peptides and polypeptides involved in the regulation of the innate immunity, cardiovascular system, metabolism, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and tumor growth. Despite the many biological activities observed in experimental and preclinical models for CgA and its most investigated fragments (vasostatin-I and catestatin), limited information is available on the receptor mechanisms underlying these effects. The interaction of vasostatin-1 with membrane phospholipids and the binding of catestatin to nicotinic and b2-adrenergic receptors have been proposed as important mechanisms for some of their effects on the cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal systems. Recent studies have shown that neuropilin-1 and certain integrins may also work as high-affinity receptors for CgA, vasostatin-1 and other fragments. In this case, we review the results of these studies and discuss the structural requirements for the interactions of CgA-related peptides with neuropilin-1 and integrins, their biological effects, their mechanisms, and the potential exploitation of compounds that target these ligand-receptor systems for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The results obtained so far suggest that integrins (particularly the integrin avb6) and neuropilin-1 are important receptors that mediate relevant pathophysiological functions of CgA and CgA fragments in angiogenesis, wound healing, and tumor growth, and that these interactions may represent important targets for cancer imaging and therapy.

Integrin Alpha v Beta 6 (αvβ6) and Its Implications in Cancer Treatment

Integrins are necessary for cell adhesion, migration, and positioning. Essential for inducing signalling events for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, they also trigger a variety of signal transduction pathways involved in mediating invasion, metastasis, and squamous-cell carcinoma. Several recent studies have demonstrated that the up- and down-regulation of the expression of αv and other integrins can be a potent marker of malignant diseases and patient prognosis. This review focuses on an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-dependent integrin αVβ6, its biology, and its role in healthy humans. We examine the implications of αVβ6 in cancer progression and the promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by contributing to the activation of transforming growth factor beta TGF-β. Although αvβ6 is crucial for proper function in healthy people, it has also been validated as a target for cancer treatment. This review briefly considers aspects of targeting αVβ6 in the clinic via different therapeutic modalities.

Challenges of chimeric antigen receptor-T/natural killer cell therapy in the treatment of solid tumors: focus on colorectal cancer and evaluation of combination therapies

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer globally and one of the deadliest human malignancies. Traditional therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and combination therapies have been used to treat patients with CRC. However, recently immunotherapy has been considered a practical and attractive therapeutic approach in various cancers, such as CRC. Among the immunotherapy methods, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T, and CAR-natural killer cells (NK) cells therapy have been significantly successful, mainly in treating hematological malignancies. However, the effectiveness of CAR-T/NK cell therapy in the treatment of solid tumors, such as CRC has been less than blood malignancies due to various challenges, such as the selection of tumor antigens, lack of proper trafficking in tumor tissue, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity and, adverse effects during and after CAR-T/NK cell therapy. This review summarized the biological structure of CAR-T/NK cells and their use in various types of human malignancies, particularly CRC, as well as the challenges of this type of treatment and the outcome of related combination therapies.

Personalized Targeted Therapeutic Strategies against Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. An Evidence-Based Review of Literature

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of malignant tumor in the head and neck, with a poor prognosis mainly due to recurrence and metastasis. Classical treatment modalities for OSCC like surgery and radiotherapy have difficulties in dealing with metastatic tumors, and together with chemotherapy, they have major problems related to non-specific cell death. Molecular targeted therapies offer solutions to these problems through not only potentially maximizing the anticancer efficacy but also minimizing the treatment-related toxicity. Among them, the receptor-mediated targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics remains the most promising one. As OSCC exhibits a heterogeneous nature, selecting the appropriate receptors for targeting is the prerequisite. Hence, we reviewed the OSCC-associated receptors previously used in targeted therapy, focused on their biochemical characteristics and expression patterns, and discussed the application potential in personalized targeted therapy of OSCC. We hope that a better comprehension of this subject will help to provide the fundamental information for OSCC personalized therapeutic planning.

Targeting fibrosis, mechanisms and cilinical trials

Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive extracellular matrix deposition due to dysregulated wound and connective tissue repair response. Multiple organs can develop fibrosis, including the liver, kidney, heart, and lung. Fibrosis such as liver cirrhosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis caused substantial disease burden. Persistent abnormal activation of myofibroblasts mediated by various signals, such as transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growh factor, has been recongized as a major event in the occurrence and progression of fibrosis. Although the mechanisms driving organ-specific fibrosis have not been fully elucidated, drugs targeting these identified aberrant signals have achieved potent anti-fibrotic efficacy in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly introduce the aetiology and epidemiology of several fibrosis diseases, including liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we summarise the abnormal cells (epithelial cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts) and their interactions in fibrosis. In addition, we also focus on the aberrant signaling pathways and therapeutic targets that regulate myofibroblast activation, extracellular matrix cross-linking, metabolism, and inflammation in fibrosis. Finally, we discuss the anti-fibrotic drugs based on their targets and clinical trials. This review provides reference for further research on fibrosis mechanism, drug development, and clinical trials.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Indian domestic duck reveals candidate genes associated with egg production

Egg production is an important economic trait and a key indicator of reproductive performance in ducks. Egg production is regulated by several factors including genes. However the genes involved in egg production in duck remain unclear. In this study, we compared the ovarian transcriptome of high egg laying (HEL) and low egg laying (LEL) ducks using RNA-Seq to identify the genes involved in egg production. The HEL ducks laid on average 433 eggs while the LEL ducks laid 221 eggs over 93 weeks. A total of 489 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed out of which 310 and 179 genes were up and downregulated, respectively, in the HEL group. Thirty-eight differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including LHX9, GRIA1, DBH, SYCP2L, HSD17B2, PAR6, CAPRIN2, STC2, and RAB27B were found to be potentially related to egg production and folliculogenesis. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested that DEGs were enriched for functions related to glutamate receptor activity, serine-type endopeptidase activity, immune function, progesterone mediated oocyte maturation and MAPK signaling. Protein-protein interaction network analysis (PPI) showed strong interaction between 32 DEGs in two distinct clusters. Together, these findings suggest a mix of genetic and immunological factors affect egg production, and highlights candidate genes and pathways, that provides an understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating egg production in ducks and in birds more broadly.

ImmunoPET: Antibody-Based PET Imaging in Solid Tumors

Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a molecular imaging modality combining the high sensitivity of PET with the specific targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies. Various radioimmunotracers have been successfully developed to target a broad spectrum of molecules expressed by malignant cells or tumor microenvironments. Only a few are translated into clinical studies and barely into clinical practices. Some drawbacks include slow radioimmunotracer kinetics, high physiologic uptake in lymphoid organs, and heterogeneous activity in tumoral lesions. Measures are taken to overcome the disadvantages, and new tracers are being developed. In this review, we aim to mention the fundamental components of immunoPET imaging, explore the groundbreaking success achieved using this new technique, and review different radioimmunotracers employed in various solid tumors to elaborate on this relatively new imaging modality.

68Ga-Labeled Cystine Knot Peptide Targeting Integrin αvβ6 for Lung Cancer PET Imaging

Integrin α_vβ₆ has been considered as a promising biomarker for lung cancer, and its expression is often related to poor prognosis. An α_vβ₆-binding cystine knot peptide R₀1-MG was previously engineered and validated. Here, we developed a positron emission tomography (PET) probe of R₀1-MG for imaging α_vβ₆-positive lung cancer. Cystine knot peptide R₀1-MG was synthesized through solid-phase peptide synthesis chemistry and radiolabeled with ⁶⁸Ga after being conjugated with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N″,N‴-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). The stability of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-R₀1-MG was analyzed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cell uptake assay of the probe was evaluated using α_vβ₆-positive (A549 and H1975) and α_vβ₆-negative (H1299) lung cancer cell lines. In addition, small animal PET imaging and biodistribution studies of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-R₀1-MG were performed in α_vβ₆-positive and α_vβ₆-negative lung cancer models. Our study showed that ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-R₀1-MG exhibited excellent stability in PBS and FBS. Small animal PET imaging and biodistribution data revealed that ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-R₀1-MG displayed rapid and good tumor uptake in animal models with α_vβ₆-positive lung cancer, and the probe was rapidly cleared from the normal tissues, resulting in good tumor-to-normal tissue contrasts. Meanwhile, no obvious tumor uptake of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-R₀1-MG was observed in animal models with α_vβ₆-negative lung cancer, demonstrating specific binding of the probe to integrin α_vβ₆. In conclusion, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-R₀1-MG has great potential to be a promising PET tracer for imaging α_vβ₆-positive lung cancer.

Pathways of integrins in the endo-lysosomal system

In this review, we present recent scientific advances about integrin trafficking in the endo-lysosomal system. In the last few years, plenty of new information has emerged about the endo-lysosomal system, integrins, and the mechanism, how exactly the intracellular trafficking of integrins is regulated. We review the internalization and recycling pathways of integrins, and we provide information about the possible ways of lysosomal degradation through the endosomal and autophagic system. The regulation of integrin internalization and recycling proved to be a complex process worth studying. Trafficking of integrins, together with the regulation of their gene expression, defines cellular adhesion and cellular migration through bidirectional signalization and ligand binding. Thus, any malfunction in this system can potentially (but not necessarily) lead to tumorigenesis or metastasis. Hence, extensive examinations of integrins in the endo-lysosomal system raise the possibility to identify potential new medical targets. Furthermore, this knowledge can also serve as a basis for further determination of integrin signaling- and adhesion-related processes.

Asthma and Post-Asthmatic Fibrosis: A Search for New Promising Molecular Markers of Transition from Acute Inflammation to Pulmonary Fibrosis

Asthma is a heterogeneous pulmonary disorder, the progression and chronization of which leads to airway remodeling and fibrogenesis. To understand the molecular mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis development, key genes forming the asthma-specific regulome and involved in lung fibrosis formation were revealed using a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. The bioinformatics data were validated using a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma and post-asthmatic fibrosis. The performed analysis revealed a range of well-known pro-fibrotic markers (Cat, Ccl2, Ccl4, Ccr2, Col1a1, Cxcl12, Igf1, Muc5ac/Muc5b, Spp1, Timp1) and a set of novel genes (C3, C3ar1, Col4a1, Col4a2, Cyp2e1, Fn1, Thbs1, Tyrobp) mediating fibrotic changes in lungs already at the stage of acute/subacute asthma-driven inflammation. The validation of genes related to non-allergic bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis on asthmatic/fibrotic lungs allowed us to identify new universal genes (Col4a1 and Col4a2) associated with the development of lung fibrosis regardless of its etiology. The similarities revealed in the expression profiles of nodal fibrotic genes between asthma-driven fibrosis in mice and nascent idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in humans suggest a tight association of identified genes with the early stages of airway remodeling and can be considered as promising predictors and early markers of pulmonary fibrosis.