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Costa AF, Senra E, Faria-Ramos I, Teixeira A, Morais J, Pacheco M, Reis CA, Gomes C. ST3GalIV drives SLeX biosynthesis in gastrointestinal cancer cells and associates with cancer cell motility. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:421-433. [PMID: 37074623 PMCID: PMC10335957 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Expression of sialyl Lewis X (SLeX) is a well-documented event during malignant transformation of cancer cells, and largely associates with their invasive and metastatic properties. Glycoproteins and glycolipids are the main carriers of SLeX, whose biosynthesis is known to be performed by different glycosyltransferases, namely by the family of β-galactoside-α2,3-sialyltransferases (ST3Gals). In this study, we sought to elucidate the role of ST3GalIV in the biosynthesis of SLeX and in malignant properties of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer cells. By immunofluorescent screening, we selected SLeX-positive GI cancer cell lines and silenced ST3GalIV expression via CRISPR/Cas9. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis showed that ST3GalIV KO efficiently impaired SLeX expression in most cancer cell lines, with the exception of the colon cancer cell line LS174T. The impact of ST3GalIV KO in the biosynthesis of SLeX isomer SLeA and non sialylated Lewis X and A were also evaluated and overall, ST3GalIV KO led to a decreased expression of SLeA and an increased expression in both LeX and LeA. In addition, the abrogation of SLeX on GI cancer cells led to a reduction in cell motility. Furthermore, ST3GalVI KO was performed in LS174T ST3GalIV KO cells, resulting in the complete abolishment of SLeX expression and consequent reduced motility capacity of those cells. Overall, these findings portray ST3GalIV as the main, but not the only, enzyme driving the biosynthesis of SLeX in GI cancer cells, with a functional impact on cancer cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Costa
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Senra
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Faria-Ramos
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Morais
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Pacheco
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Gomes
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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N-Glycan on the Non-Consensus N-X-C Glycosylation Site Impacts Activity, Stability, and Localization of the Sd a Synthase B4GALNT2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044139. [PMID: 36835549 PMCID: PMC9959560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sda carbohydrate epitope and its biosynthetic B4GALNT2 enzyme are expressed in the healthy colon and down-regulated to variable extents in colon cancer. The human B4GALNT2 gene drives the expression of a long and a short protein isoform (LF-B4GALNT2 and SF-B4GALNT2) sharing identical transmembrane and luminal domains. Both isoforms are trans-Golgi proteins and the LF-B4GALNT2 also localizes to post-Golgi vesicles thanks to its extended cytoplasmic tail. Control mechanisms underpinning Sda and B4GALNT2 expression in the gastrointestinal tract are complex and not fully understood. This study reveals the existence of two unusual N-glycosylation sites in B4GALNT2 luminal domain. The first atypical N-X-C site is evolutionarily conserved and occupied by a complex-type N-glycan. We explored the influence of this N-glycan using site-directed mutagenesis and showed that each mutant had a slightly decreased expression level, impaired stability, and reduced enzyme activity. Furthermore, we observed that the mutant SF-B4GALNT2 was partially mislocalized in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the mutant LF-B4GALNT2 was still localized in the Golgi and post-Golgi vesicles. Lastly, we showed that the formation of homodimers was drastically impaired in the two mutated isoforms. An AlphaFold2 model of the LF-B4GALNT2 dimer with an N-glycan on each monomer corroborated these findings and suggested that N-glycosylation of each B4GALNT2 isoform controlled their biological activity.
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Quirino MWL, Albuquerque APB, De Souza MFD, Da Silva Filho AF, Martins MR, Da Rocha Pitta MG, Pereira MC, De Melo Rêgo MJB. alpha2,3 sialic acid processing enzymes expression in gastric cancer tissues reveals that ST3Gal3 but not Neu3 are associated with Lauren's classification, angiolymphatic invasion and histological grade. Eur J Histochem 2022; 66. [PMID: 36172711 PMCID: PMC9577379 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2022.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite progress in the last decades, there are still no reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of and prognosis for GC. Aberrant sialylation is a widespread critical event in the development of GC. Neuraminidases (Neu) and sialyltransferases (STs) regulate the ablation and addition of sialic acid during glycoconjugates biosynthesis, and they are a considerable source of biomarkers in various cancers. This study retrospectively characterized Neu3 and ST3Gal3 expression by immunohistochemistry in 71 paraffin-embedded GC tissue specimens and analyzed the relationship between their expression and the clinicopathological parameters. Neu3 expression was markedly increased in GC tissues compared with non-tumoral tissues (p<0.0001). Intratumoral ST3Gal3 staining was significantly associated with intestinal subtype (p=0.0042) and was negatively associated with angiolymphatic invasion (p=0.0002) and higher histological grade G3 (p=0.0066). Multivariate analysis revealed that ST3Gal3 positivity is able to predict Lauren's classification. No associations were found between Neu3 staining and clinical parameters. The in silico analysis of mRNA expression in GC validation cohorts corroborates the significant ST3Gal3 association with higher histological grade observed in our study. These findings suggest that ST3Gal3 expression may be an indicator for aggressiveness of primary GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W L Quirino
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for -Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE.
| | - Amanda P B Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for -Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE.
| | - Maria F D De Souza
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for -Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE.
| | - Antônio F Da Silva Filho
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for -Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE.
| | | | - Maira G Da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for -Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE.
| | - Michelly C Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for -Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE.
| | - Moacyr J B De Melo Rêgo
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutical Approaches, Research Centre for -Therapeutic Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE.
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Singh P, Joon A, Kumari M, Singh T, Bal A, Maan P, Ghosh S. Role of a Disease-associated ST3Gal-4 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:781-793. [PMID: 36083411 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sialylation promotes tumorigenesis by affecting various cancer-related events, including apoptosis inhibition, cell growth, invasion, migration, metastasis, chemo-resistance, and immunomodulation in favor of tumor progression. An altered expression of sialyltransferase enzymes is responsible for synthesizing various tumor-associated sialylated structures. In the present study, our findings have revealed a significant up-regulation of ST3Gal-4 transcript in the two major subtypes of NSCLC cell lines [squamous cell carcinoma cell line (NCI-H520) and adenocarcinoma cell line (A549)]. Thus, the role of the ST3Gal-4 gene was assessed on cancer-associated signal transduction pathways in these cells in view of proliferation, invasion, and migration. ST3Gal-4 was silenced by transfection of both the cell lines with esi-ST3Gal-4-RNA, which RT-PCR and western immunoblotting confirmed. Silencing of ST3Gal-4 resulted in a decreased expression of MAL-I interacting membrane-HSP60, identified earlier as an α2,3-sialylated glycoprotein, thus pointing towards the possible role of ST3Gal-4 in its sialylation. The proliferation, invasion, and migration of both types of NSCLC cells were reduced significantly in the ST3Gal-4 silenced cells. Our findings were substantiated by the down-regulation of β-catenin and E-cadherin, a reduced expression of activated AKT1, ERK1/2, and NF-ƙB in these cells. We propose that ST3Gal-4 may be the disease-associated sialyltransferase involved in α2,3 sialylation of the membrane proteins, including HSP60 of the NSCLC cells. This may lead to the conformational alteration of these proteins, required for the activation of E-cadherin/β-catenin, AKT, and ERK/NF-ƙB mediated signal transduction pathways in these cells, resulting in their proliferation, invasion, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Singh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Archana Joon
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Munmun Kumari
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Tanya Singh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Amanjit Bal
- Department of Histopathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Pratibha Maan
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sujata Ghosh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Radovani B, Gudelj I. N-Glycosylation and Inflammation; the Not-So-Sweet Relation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893365. [PMID: 35833138 PMCID: PMC9272703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is the main feature of many long-term inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. There is a growing number of studies in which alterations of N-glycosylation have been observed in many pathophysiological conditions, yet studies of the underlying mechanisms that precede N-glycome changes are still sparse. Proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to alter the substrate synthesis pathways as well as the expression of glycosyltransferases required for the biosynthesis of N-glycans. The resulting N-glycosylation changes can further contribute to disease pathogenesis through modulation of various aspects of immune cell processes, including those relevant to pathogen recognition and fine-tuning the inflammatory response. This review summarizes our current knowledge of inflammation-induced N-glycosylation changes, with a particular focus on specific subsets of immune cells of innate and adaptive immunity and how these changes affect their effector functions, cell interactions, and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Radovani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Ivan Gudelj,
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Cao Y, Song Z, Guo Z, Zhao X, Gong Y, Zhao K, Qu C, Huang Y, Li Y, Gao Y, Zhang J, Guo X. Cytokines in the Immune Microenvironment Change the Glycosylation of IgG by Regulating Intracellular Glycosyltransferases. Front Immunol 2022; 12:724379. [PMID: 35140700 PMCID: PMC8818798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundChanges in IgG glycosylation, as a novel pathological feature, are observed in various autoimmune diseases (AIDs). The glycosylation patterns of IgG play a critical role in regulating the biological function and stability of IgG involved in the pathophysiology of many AIDs. However, the intracellular regulatory mechanisms underlying the effects of disturbances in various cytokines on IgG glycosylation are poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the regulatory effects of elevated cytokines in AIDs on intracellular IgG glycosylation within B cells.MethodsFirst, we established a controlled primary culture system in vitro to differentiate human CD19+ B cells into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Then, the IgG concentrations in the supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) under IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-21, IL-17A, BAFF, or APRIL stimulation. Next, the glycosylation levels of IgG under different stimuli were compared via a lectin microarray. The fine carbohydrate structures of IgG were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-quadrupole ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Finally, the expression of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases in B cells under stimulation with several cytokines was detected by real-time PCR and western blotting.ResultsWe found that cytokines significantly promoted IgG production in vitro and led to considerably different IgG glycan patterns. Specifically, the results of lectin microarray showed the galactose level of IgG was increased by IFN-γ stimulation (p<0.05), and the sialylation of IgG was increased by IL-21 and IL-17A (p<0.05). The MALDI-TOF-MS data showed that the frequency of agalactosylation was decreased by IFN-γ with the increased frequency of mono-galactosylation and decreased frequency of digalactosylation, accompanied by upregulation of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1. Both frequencies of mono-sialylated and disialylated N-glycans were increased by IL-21 and IL-17A with decreased frequency of asialylation, and the expression of β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 was upregulated by IL-21 and IL-17A.ConclusionAbnormally elevated cytokines in the microenvironment regulates IgG glycan patterns by regulating intracellular glycosyltransferases in human B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijing Song
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Keli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxue Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youyuan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Gao,
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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The Cancer-Associated Antigens Sialyl Lewis a/x and Sd a: Two Opposite Faces of Terminal Glycosylation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215273. [PMID: 34771437 PMCID: PMC8582462 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The glycosyltransferase β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferae 2 (B4GALNT2), product of the B4GALNT2 gene is responsible for the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate antigen Sda. Both the enzyme and its cognate antigen display a restricted pattern of tissue expression and modulation in colorectal, gastric, and mammary cancers. In colorectal cancer, B4GALNT2 is generally downregulated, but patients displaying higher expression survive longer. The sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx antigens are associated with malignancy. Their biosynthesis and that of Sda are mutually exclusive. Forced expression of B4GALNT2 in colorectal cancer cell lines modulates the transcriptome towards lower malignancy, reducing stemness. These effects are independent of B4GALNT2-induced sLea/sLex inhibition. Thus, B4GALNT2 is a marker of better prognosis and a cancer-restraining enzyme in colorectal cancer, with a therapeutic potential. Abstract Terminal carbohydrate structures are particularly relevant in oncology because they can serve as cancer markers and alter the phenotype of cancer cells. The Sda antigen and the sialyl Lewisx and sialyl Lewisa (sLex and sLea) antigens are terminal structures whose biosynthesis is mutually exclusive. In this review, we describe the main features of the Sda antigen in cancer and its relationship with sLex/a antigens. Information was obtained from an extensive literature search and from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) public database. The Sda biosynthetic enzyme B4GALNT2 undergoes downregulation in colorectal (CRC) and stomach cancer, while it is ectopically expressed by a minority of breast cancer (BRCA) patients. High expression of B4GALNT2 is associated with better prognosis and a less malignant gene expression profile in CRC, while the opposite occurs in BRCA. The regulation of B4GALNT2 expression in CRC is multifactorial, involving gene methylation and miRNA expression. Forced expression of B4GALNT2 inhibited sLea/sLex and reduced malignancy and stemness in cells constitutively expressing sLex/a antigens. However, consistent effects were observed upon B4GALNT2 forced expression and in cells not expressing sLex/a antigens. Thus, B4GALNT2 and the Sda antigen exert a tumor-restraining activity in CRC and probably other gastrointestinal cancers, independently of sLex/a antigens.
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Ma Z, Yang H, Peng L, Kuhn C, Chelariu-Raicu A, Mahner S, Jeschke U, von Schönfeldt V. Expression of the Carbohydrate Lewis Antigen, Sialyl Lewis A, Sialyl Lewis X, Lewis X, and Lewis Y in the Placental Villi of Patients With Unexplained Miscarriages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679424. [PMID: 34135905 PMCID: PMC8202085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lewis antigens such as Sialyl Lewis A (sLeA), Sialyl Lewis X (sLeX), Lewis X (LeX), and Lewis Y (LeY) are a class of carbohydrate molecules that are known to mediate adhesion between tumor cells and endothelium by interacting with its selectin ligands. However, their potential role in miscarriage remains enigmatic. This study aims to analyze the expression pattern of sLeA, sLeX, LeX, and LeY in the placental villi tissue of patients with a medical history of unexplained miscarriages. Methods Paraffin-embedded slides originating from placental tissue were collected from patients experiencing a miscarriage early in their pregnancy (6–13 weeks). Tissues collected from spontaneous (n = 20) and recurrent (n = 15) miscarriages were analyzed using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. Specimens obtained from legally terminated normal pregnancies were considered as control group (n = 18). Assessment of villous vessel density was performed in another cohort (n = 10 each group) of gestation ages-paired placenta tissue. Protein expression was evaluated with Immunoreactive Score (IRS). Statistical analysis was performed by using Graphpad Prism 8. Results Expression of sLeA, sLeX, LeX, and LeY in the syncytiotrophoblast was significantly upregulated in the control group compared with spontaneous and recurrent miscarriage groups. However, no prominent differences between spontaneous and recurrent miscarriage groups were identified. Potential key modulators ST3GAL6 and NEU1 were found to be significantly downregulated in the recurrent miscarriage group and upregulated in the spontaneous group, respectively. Interestingly, LeX and LeY expression was also detected in the endothelial cells of villous vessels in the control group but no significant expression in miscarriage groups. Furthermore, assessment of villous vessel density using CD31 found significantly diminished vessels in all size groups of villi (small villi <200 µm, P = 0.0371; middle villi between 200 and 400 µm, P = 0.0010 and large villi >400 µm, P = 0.0003). Immunofluorescent double staining also indicated the co-localization of LeX/Y and CD31. Conclusions The expression of four mentioned carbohydrate Lewis antigens and their potential modulators, ST3GAL6 and NEU1, in the placenta of patients with miscarriages was significantly different from the normal pregnancy. For the first time, their expression pattern in the placenta was illustrated, which might shed light on a novel understanding of Lewis antigens’ role in the pathogenesis of miscarriages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Huixia Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lin Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Anca Chelariu-Raicu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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Martínez-Morales PL, Ortiz-Mateos CA, Reyes-Pineda J, Reyes-Vallejo T, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suárez LF, Santos-López G, Reyes-Leyva J, Milflores-Flores L, Vallejo-Ruiz V. Identification and characterization of the V3 promoter of the ST3GAL4 gene. Biosci Trends 2020; 14:144-150. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Martínez-Morales
- CONACYT- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Jonatan Reyes-Pineda
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis F. Jave-Suárez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico
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Groux-Degroote S, Cavdarli S, Uchimura K, Allain F, Delannoy P. Glycosylation changes in inflammatory diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 119:111-156. [PMID: 31997767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most important modifications of proteins and lipids, and cell surface glycoconjugates are thought to play important roles in a variety of biological functions including cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions, bacterial adhesion, cell immunogenicity and cell signaling. Alterations of glycosylation are observed in a number of inflammatory diseases. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to modulate cell surface glycosylation by regulating the expression of glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases involved in the biosynthesis of glycan chains, inducing the expression of specific carbohydrate antigens at the cell surface that can be recognized by different types of lectins or by bacterial adhesins, contributing to the development of diseases. Glycosylation can also regulate biological functions of immune cells by recruiting leukocytes to inflammation sites with pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Cell surface proteoglycans provide a large panel of binding sites for many mediators of inflammation, and regulate their bio-availability and functions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the glycosylation changes occurring in mucin type O-linked glycans, glycosaminoglycans, as well as in glycosphingolipids, with a particular focus on cystic fibrosis and neurodegenerative diseases, and their consequences on cell interactions and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Groux-Degroote
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sumeyye Cavdarli
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Allain
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
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11
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Chandler KB, Costello CE, Rahimi N. Glycosylation in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Tumor Angiogenesis and Metastasis. Cells 2019; 8:E544. [PMID: 31195728 PMCID: PMC6627046 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Just as oncogene activation and tumor suppressor loss are hallmarks of tumor development, emerging evidence indicates that tumor microenvironment-mediated changes in glycosylation play a crucial functional role in tumor progression and metastasis. Hypoxia and inflammatory events regulate protein glycosylation in tumor cells and associated stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, which facilitates tumor progression and also modulates a patient's response to anti-cancer therapeutics. In this review, we highlight the impact of altered glycosylation on angiogenic signaling and endothelial cell adhesion, and the critical consequences of these changes in tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brown Chandler
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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12
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Roa-de La Cruz L, Martínez-Morales P, Morán-Cruz I, Milflores-Flores L, Rosas-Murrieta N, González-Ramírez C, Ortiz-Mateos C, Monterrosas-Santamaría R, González-Frías C, Rodea-Ávila C, Apresa-García T, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suarez L, Santos-López G, Reyes-Leyva J, Vallejo-Ruiz V. Expression analysis of ST3GAL4 transcripts in cervical cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:617-621. [PMID: 29749491 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ST3GAL4 gene expression is altered in different cancer types, including cervical cancer. Several mRNA transcripts have been reported for this gene; however, their expression levels in cervical cancer have not been analyzed. ST3GAL4 encodes for β‑galactosidase α‑2,3‑sialyltransferase 4, involved in the biosynthesis of the tumour antigens sLe(x) and sulfo‑sLe(x). The present study evaluated the presence of three mRNA variants (V1, V2 and V3) in cervical cancer cell lines, detecting the three variants. Additionally, the expression level of the V1 transcript of the ST3GAL4 gene was determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction in cervical cell lines and in normal, premalignant and cervical cancer tissue. The V1 transcript of the ST3GAL4 demonstrated significant decreased expression in premalignant and malignant cervical tissues. The results suggested that deregulation of this gene could occur prior to the presence of cancer and demonstrated the importance of evaluating the expression level of V1, and its association with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Roa-de La Cruz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | | | - Irene Morán-Cruz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Lorena Milflores-Flores
- Escuela de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Nora Rosas-Murrieta
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - César González-Ramírez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General de Zona No. 15, Tehuacán, Puebla 75710, Mexico
| | - Claudia Ortiz-Mateos
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Monterrosas-Santamaría
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Celestina González-Frías
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital General Regional No. 36, Puebla, Puebla 72090, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rodea-Ávila
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional sXXI, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Teresa Apresa-García
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro Médico Nacional sXXI, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Luis Jave-Suarez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, C.P. Metepec, Puebla 74360, Mexico
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13
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Cascio S, Faylo JL, Sciurba JC, Xue J, Ranganathan S, Lohmueller JJ, Beatty PL, Finn OJ. Abnormally glycosylated MUC1 establishes a positive feedback circuit of inflammatory cytokines, mediated by NF-κB p65 and EzH2, in colitis-associated cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105284-105298. [PMID: 29285251 PMCID: PMC5739638 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal hypoglycosylated form of the epithelial mucin MUC1 is over-expressed in chronic inflammation and on human adenocarcinomas, suggesting its potential role in inflammation-driven tumorigenesis. The presence of human MUC1 aggravates colonic inflammation and increases tumor initiation and progression in an in vivo AOM/DSS mouse model of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). High expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, were found in MUC1+ inflamed colon tissues. Exogenous TNF-α promoted the transcriptional activity of MUC1 as well as over-expression of its hypoglycosylated form in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In turn, hypoglycosylated MUC1 in IECs associated with p65 and up-regulated the expression of NF-κB-target genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines. Intestinal chronic inflammation also increased the expression of histone methyltransferase Enhancer of Zeste protein-2 (EzH2) and its interaction with cytokine promoters. Consequently, EzH2 was a positive regulator of MUC1 and p65-mediated IL-6 and TNF-α gene expression, and this function was not dependent on its canonical histone H3K27 methyltransferase activity. Our findings provide a mechanistic basis for already known tumorigenic role of the hypoglycosylated MUC1 in CAC, involving a transcriptional positive feedback loop of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cascio
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Fondazione Ri.Med, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Jacque L Faylo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Joshua C Sciurba
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jia Xue
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | - Jason J Lohmueller
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pamela L Beatty
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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14
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Role of Cytokine-Induced Glycosylation Changes in Regulating Cell Interactions and Cell Signaling in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer. Cells 2016; 5:cells5040043. [PMID: 27916834 PMCID: PMC5187527 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most important modifications of proteins and lipids, and cell surface glycoconjugates are thought to play important roles in a variety of biological functions including cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions, bacterial adhesion, cell immunogenicity and cell signaling. Alterations of glycosylation are observed in number of diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammation. In that context, pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to modulate cell surface glycosylation by regulating the expression of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of carbohydrate chains. These changes in cell surface glycosylation are also known to regulate cell signaling and could contribute to disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the glycosylation changes induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, with a particular focus on cancer and cystic fibrosis, and their consequences on cell interactions and signaling.
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15
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TNF up-regulates ST3GAL4 and sialyl-Lewisx expression in lung epithelial cells through an intronic ATF2-responsive element. Biochem J 2016; 474:65-78. [PMID: 27821620 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced the up-regulation of the sialyltransferase gene ST3GAL4 (α2,3-sialyltransferase gene) BX transcript through mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1/2 (MSK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. This up-regulation resulted in sialyl-Lewisx (sLex) overexpression on high-molecular-weight glycoproteins in inflamed airway epithelium and increased the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and PAK strains to lung epithelial cells. In the present study, we describe a TNF-responsive element in an intronic region of the ST3GAL4 gene, whose TNF-dependent activity is repressed by ERK/p38 and MSK1/2 inhibitors. This TNF-responsive element contains potential binding sites for ETS1 and ATF2 transcription factors related to TNF signaling. We also show that ATF2 is involved in TNF responsiveness, as well as in TNF-induced ST3GAL4 BX transcript and sLex overexpression in A549 lung epithelial cells. Moreover, we show that TNF induces the binding of ATF2 to the TNF-responsive element. Altogether, these data suggest that ATF2 could be a potential target to prevent inflammation-induced P. aeruginosa binding in the lung of patients suffering from lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis or cystic fibrosis.
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16
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Jeffries JL, Jia J, Choi W, Choe S, Miao J, Xu Y, Powell R, Lin J, Kuang Z, Gaskins HR, Lau GW. Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin modulates mucin glycosylation with sialyl-Lewis(x) to increase binding to airway epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1039-1050. [PMID: 26555707 PMCID: PMC4864173 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients battle life-long pulmonary infections with the respiratory pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). An overabundance of mucus in CF airways provides a favorable niche for PA growth. When compared with that of non-CF individuals, mucus of CF airways is enriched in sialyl-Lewis(x), a preferred binding receptor for PA. Notably, the levels of sialyl-Lewis(x) directly correlate with infection severity in CF patients. However, the mechanism by which PA causes increased sialylation remains uncharacterized. In this study, we examined the ability of PA virulence factors to modulate sialyl-Lewis(x) modification in airway mucins. We found pyocyanin (PCN) to be a potent inducer of sialyl-Lewis(x) in both mouse airways and in primary and immortalized CF and non-CF human airway epithelial cells. PCN increased the expression of C2/4GnT and ST3Gal-IV, two of the glycosyltransferases responsible for the stepwise biosynthesis of sialyl-Lewis(x), through a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated phosphoinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-dependent pathway. Furthermore, PA bound more efficiently to airway epithelial cells pre-exposed to PCN in a flagellar cap-dependent manner. Importantly, antibodies against sialyl-Lewis(x) and anti-TNF-α attenuated PA binding. These results indicate that PA secretes PCN to induce a favorable environment for chronic colonization of CF lungs by increasing the glycosylation of airway mucins with sialyl-Lewis(x).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Jeffries
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Woosuk Choi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Shawn Choe
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China, 210095
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China, 510120
| | - Rebecca Powell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Jingjun Lin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Zhizhou Kuang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gee W. Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
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17
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Magalhães A, Marcos-Pinto R, Nairn AV, Dela Rosa M, Ferreira RM, Junqueira-Neto S, Freitas D, Gomes J, Oliveira P, Santos MR, Marcos NT, Xiaogang W, Figueiredo C, Oliveira C, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Carneiro F, Moremen KW, David L, Reis CA. Helicobacter pylori chronic infection and mucosal inflammation switches the human gastric glycosylation pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1928-39. [PMID: 26144047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori exploits host glycoconjugates to colonize the gastric niche. Infection can persist for decades promoting chronic inflammation, and in a subset of individuals lesions can silently progress to cancer. This study shows that H. pylori chronic infection and gastric tissue inflammation result in a remodeling of the gastric glycophenotype with increased expression of sialyl-Lewis a/x antigens due to transcriptional up-regulation of the B3GNT5, B3GALT5, and FUT3 genes. We observed that H. pylori infected individuals present a marked gastric local pro-inflammatory signature with significantly higher TNF-α levels and demonstrated that TNF-induced activation of the NF-kappaB pathway results in B3GNT5 transcriptional up-regulation. Furthermore, we show that this gastric glycosylation shift, characterized by increased sialylation patterns, favors SabA-mediated H. pylori attachment to human inflamed gastric mucosa. This study provides novel clinically relevant insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying H. pylori modulation of host glycosylation machinery, and phenotypic alterations crucial for life-long infection. Moreover, the biosynthetic pathways here identified as responsible for gastric mucosa increased sialylation, in response to H. pylori infection, can be exploited as drug targets for hindering bacteria adhesion and counteract the infection chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Magalhães
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marcos-Pinto
- Centro Hospitalar do Porto (CHP), Gastroenterology Department, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Alison V Nairn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mitche Dela Rosa
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rui M Ferreira
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Susana Junqueira-Neto
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Daniela Freitas
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Joana Gomes
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Patrícia Oliveira
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Marta R Santos
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Nuno T Marcos
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Section of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Wen Xiaogang
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Céu Figueiredo
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal; Gastroenterology Department, IPO Porto, Portugal; CIDES/CINTESIS, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Leonor David
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Bassagañas S, Allende H, Cobler L, Ortiz MR, Llop E, de Bolós C, Peracaula R. Inflammatory cytokines regulate the expression of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of tumor-associated sialylated glycans in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Cytokine 2015; 75:197-206. [PMID: 25934648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an abundant stroma containing several pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are described to modulate the expression of important genes related to tumor promotion and progression. In the present work we have investigated the potential role of these cytokines in the biosynthesis of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens such as sialyl-Lewis(x) (SLe(x)) through the regulation of specific glycosyltransferase genes. METHODS Two human PDAC cell lines MDAPanc-3 and MDAPanc-28 were treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6 or IL-8, and the content of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens at the cell membrane was analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, variation in the mRNA expression of sialyltransferase (ST) and fucosyltransferase (FUT) genes, which codify for the ST and FucT enzymes involved in the carbohydrate antigens' biosynthesis, was determined. The inflammatory microenvironment of PDAC tissues and the expression of Lewis-type antigens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to find a possible correlation between inflammation status and the presence of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. RESULTS IL-1β stimuli increased SLe(x) and α2,6-sialic acid levels in MDAPanc-28 cells and enhanced the mRNA levels of ST3GAL3-4 and FUT5-7, which codify for ST and FucT enzymes related to SLe(x) biosynthesis, and of ST6GAL1. IL-6 and TNFα treatments increased the levels of SLe(x) and Le(y) antigens in MDPanc-3 cells and, similarly, the mRNA expression of ST3GAL3-4, FUT1-2 and FUT6, related to these Lewis-type antigens' biosynthesis, were increased. Most PDAC tissues stained for SLe(x) and SLe(a) and tended to be expressed in the tumor samples with a higher presence of inflammatory immune cells. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory microenvironment can modulate the glycosylation pattern of PDAC cells, increasing the expression of tumor-associated sialylated antigens such as SLe(x), which contributes to pancreatic tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Bassagañas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Helena Allende
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Cobler
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Rosa Ortiz
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Esther Llop
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Carme de Bolós
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Peracaula
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
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19
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Dynamic regulation of innate immune responses in Drosophila by Senju-mediated glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5809-14. [PMID: 25901322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424514112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense encountered by invading pathogens. Delayed and/or inadequate innate immune responses can result in failure to combat pathogens, whereas excessive and/or inappropriate responses cause runaway inflammation. Therefore, immune responses are tightly regulated from initiation to resolution and are repressed during the steady state. It is well known that glycans presented on pathogens play important roles in pathogen recognition and the interactions between host molecules and microbes; however, the function of glycans of host organisms in innate immune responses is less well known. Here, we show that innate immune quiescence and strength of the immune response are controlled by host glycosylation involving a novel UDP-galactose transporter called Senju. In senju mutants, reduced expression of galactose-containing glycans resulted in hyperactivation of the Toll signaling pathway in the absence of immune challenges. Genetic epistasis and biochemical analyses revealed that Senju regulates the Toll signaling pathway at a step that converts Toll ligand Spatzle to its active form. Interestingly, Toll activation in immune-challenged wild type (WT) flies reduced the expression of galactose-containing glycans. Suppression of the degalactosylation by senju overexpression resulted in reduced induction of Toll-dependent expression of an antimicrobial peptide, Drosomycin, and increased susceptibility to infection with Gram-positive bacteria. These data suggest that Senju-mediated galactosylation suppresses undesirable Toll signaling activation during the steady state; however, Toll activation in response to infection leads to degalactosylation, which raises the immune response to an adequate level and contributes to the prompt elimination of pathogens.
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20
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Dall'Olio F, Malagolini N, Trinchera M, Chiricolo M. Sialosignaling: Sialyltransferases as engines of self-fueling loops in cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2752-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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21
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Groux-Degroote S, Wavelet C, Krzewinski-Recchi MA, Portier L, Mortuaire M, Mihalache A, Trinchera M, Delannoy P, Malagolini N, Chiricolo M, Dall'Olio F, Harduin-Lepers A. B4GALNT2 gene expression controls the biosynthesis of Sda and sialyl Lewis X antigens in healthy and cancer human gastrointestinal tract. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:442-9. [PMID: 24953560 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The histo blood group carbohydrate Sd(a) antigen and its cognate biosynthetic enzyme B4GALNT2 show the highest level of expression in normal colon. Their dramatic down regulation previously observed in colon cancer tissues could play a role in the concomitant elevation of the selectin ligand sLe(x), involved in metastasis. However, down regulation of sLe(x) expression by B4GALNT2 has been so far demonstrated in vitro, but not in tissues. The human B4GALNT2 gene specifies at least two transcripts, diverging in the first exon, never studied in normal and cancer tissues. The long form contains a 253 nt exon 1L; the short form contains a 38 nt exon 1S. Using qPCR, we showed that cell lines and normal or cancerous colon, expressed almost exclusively the short form, while the long form was mainly expressed by the embryonic colon fibroblast cell line CCD112CoN. Immunochemistry approaches using colon cancer cells permanently expressing either B4GALNT2 cDNAs as controls, led to the observation of several protein isoforms in human normal and cancerous colon, and cell lines. We showed that tissues expressing B4GALNT2 protein isoforms were able to induce Sd(a) and to inhibit sLe(x) expression; both of which are expressed mainly on PNGase F-insensitive carbohydrate chains. Concomitant expression of B4GALNT2 and siRNA-mediated inhibition of FUT6, the major fucosyltransferase involved in sLe(x) synthesis in colon, resulted in a cumulative inhibition of sLe(x). In normal colon samples a significant relationship between sLe(x) expression and the ratio between FUT6/B4GALNT2 activities exists, demonstrating for the first time a role for B4GALNT2 in sLe(x) inhibition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Groux-Degroote
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University Lille Nord de France, Lille1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Cindy Wavelet
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University Lille Nord de France, Lille1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marie-Ange Krzewinski-Recchi
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University Lille Nord de France, Lille1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Lucie Portier
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University Lille Nord de France, Lille1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marlène Mortuaire
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University Lille Nord de France, Lille1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Adriana Mihalache
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University Lille Nord de France, Lille1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marco Trinchera
- Department of Medicine Clinical and Experimental (DMCS), University of Insubria Medical School, Varese, Italy
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University Lille Nord de France, Lille1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Nadia Malagolini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariella Chiricolo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Dall'Olio
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anne Harduin-Lepers
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR CNRS 8576, University Lille Nord de France, Lille1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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22
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TNF induces the expression of the sialyltransferase ST3Gal IV in human bronchial mucosa via MSK1/2 protein kinases and increases FliD/sialyl-Lewis(x)-mediated adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem J 2014; 457:79-87. [PMID: 24099577 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF (tumour necrosis factor) could drive sLe(x) (sialyl-Lewis(x)) biosynthesis through the up-regulation of the BX transcript isoform of the ST3GAL4 (ST3 β-galactoside α-2,3-sialyltransferase 4) sialyltransferase gene in lung epithelial cells and human bronchial mucosa. In the present study, we show that the TNF-induced up-regulation of the ST3GAL4 BX transcript is mediated by MSK1/2 (mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1/2) through the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways, and increases sLe(x) expression on high-molecular-mass glycoproteins in inflamed airway epithelium. We also show that the TNF-induced sLe(x) expression increases the adhesion of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and PAK strains to lung epithelial cells in a FliD-dependent manner. These results suggest that ERK and p38 MAPK, and the downstream kinase MSK1/2, should be considered as potential targets to hamper inflammation, bronchial mucin glycosylation changes and P. aeruginosa binding in the lung of patients suffering from lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis or cystic fibrosis.
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23
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Kaur S, Kumar S, Momi N, Sasson AR, Batra SK. Mucins in pancreatic cancer and its microenvironment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:607-20. [PMID: 23856888 PMCID: PMC3934431 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a lethal malignancy with poor prognosis owing to therapeutic resistance, frequent recurrence and the absence of treatment strategies that specifically target the tumour and its supporting stroma. Deregulated cell-surface proteins drive neoplastic transformations and are envisioned to mediate crosstalk between the tumour and its microenvironment. Emerging studies have elaborated on the role of mucins in diverse biological functions, including enhanced tumorigenicity, invasiveness, metastasis and drug resistance through their characteristic O-linked and N-linked oligosaccharides (glycans), extended structures and unique domains. Multiple mucin domains differentially interact and regulate different components of the tumour microenvironment. This Review discusses: the expression pattern of various mucins in the pancreas under healthy, inflammatory, and cancerous conditions; the context-dependent attributes of mucins that differ under healthy and pathological conditions; the contribution of the tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer development and/or progression; diagnostic and/or prognostic efficacy of mucins; and mucin-based therapeutic strategies. Overall, this information should help to delineate the intricacies of pancreatic cancer by exploring the family of mucins, which, through various mechanisms in both tumour cells and the microenvironment, worsen disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, 985870 Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, 985870 Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Navneet Momi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, 985870 Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Aaron R. Sasson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, 985870 Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, 985870 Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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24
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Peatman E, Li C, Peterson BC, Straus DL, Farmer BD, Beck BH. Basal polarization of the mucosal compartment in Flavobacterium columnare susceptible and resistant channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Mol Immunol 2013; 56:317-27. [PMID: 23895942 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater bacterial pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, infects a variety of ornamental and farmed fish species worldwide through mucosal attachment points on the gill and skin. While previous studies have demonstrated a chemotactic response of F. columnare to fish mucus, little is known about how host gill mucosal molecular and cellular constituents may impact rates of adhesion, tissue invasion, and ultimately, mortality. Here, we describe the use of RNA-seq to profile gill expression differences between channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) differing in their susceptibility to F. columnare both basally (before infection) and at three early timepoints post-infection (1 h, 2 h, and 8 h). After sequencing and de novo assembly of over 350 million 100 base-pair transcript reads, between group comparisons revealed 1714 unique genes differentially expressed greater than 1.5-fold at one or more timepoints. In the large dataset, we focused our analysis on basal differential expression between resistant and susceptible catfish as these genes could potentially reveal genetic and/or environmental factors linked with differential rates of infection. A number of critical innate immune components including iNOS2b, lysozyme C, IL-8, and TNF-alpha were constitutively higher in resistant catfish gill, while susceptible fish showed high expression levels of secreted mucin forms, a rhamnose-binding lectin previously linked to susceptibility, and mucosal immune factors such as CD103 and IL-17. Taken together, the immune and mucin profiles obtained by RNA-seq suggest a basal polarization in the gill mucosa, with susceptible fish possessing a putative mucosecretory, toleragenic phenotype which may predispose them to F. columnare infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peatman
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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25
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Gomes C, Osório H, Pinto MT, Campos D, Oliveira MJ, Reis CA. Expression of ST3GAL4 leads to SLe(x) expression and induces c-Met activation and an invasive phenotype in gastric carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66737. [PMID: 23799130 PMCID: PMC3682978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialyl-Lewis X (SLe(x)) is a sialylated glycan antigen expressed on the cell surface during malignant cell transformation and is associated with cancer progression and poor prognosis. The increased expression of sialylated glycans is associated with alterations in the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). In this study we determined the capacity of ST3GAL3 and ST3GAL4 sialyltransferases to synthesize the SLe(x) antigen in MKN45 gastric carcinoma cells and evaluated the effect of SLe(x) overexpression in cancer cell behavior both in vitro and in vivo using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. The activation of tyrosine kinase receptors and their downstream molecular targets was also addressed. Our results showed that the expression of ST3GAL4 in MKN45 gastric cancer cells leads to the synthesis of SLe(x) antigens and to an increased invasive phenotype both in vitro and in the in vivo CAM model. Analysis of phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase receptors showed a specific increase in c-Met activation. The characterization of downstream molecular targets of c-Met activation, involved in the invasive phenotype, revealed increased phosphorylation of FAK and Src proteins and activation of Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA GTPases. Inhibition of c-Met and Src activation abolished the observed increased cell invasive phenotype. In conclusion, the expression of ST3GAL4 leads to SLe(x) antigen expression in gastric cancer cells which in turn induces an increased invasive phenotype through the activation of c-Met, in association with Src, FAK and Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA GTPases activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Gomes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Teixeira Pinto
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Campos
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, INEB, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, ICBAS, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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