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Sulaiman MK. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of natural flavonoids in diabetic nephropathy: Modulation of intracellular developmental signaling pathways. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 7:100194. [PMID: 39071051 PMCID: PMC11276931 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2024.100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Recognized as a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the principal cause of chronic end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Patients with diabetes have an approximately 25% risk of developing progressive renal disease. The underlying principles of DN control targets the dual outcomes of blood glucose regulation through sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) blockade and hypertension management through renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibition. However, these treatments are ineffective in halting disease progression to kidney failure and cardiovascular comorbidities. Recently, the dysregulation of subcellular signaling pathways has been increasingly implicated in DN pathogenesis. Natural compounds are emerging as effective and side-effect-free therapeutic agents that target intracellular pathways. This narrative review synthesizes recent insights into the dysregulation of maintenance pathways in DN, drawing from animal and human studies. To compile this review, articles reporting DN signaling pathways and their treatment with natural flavonoids were collected from PubMed, Cochrane Library Web of Science, Google Scholar and EMBASE databases since 2000. As therapeutic interventions are frequently based on the results of clinical trials, a brief analysis of data from current phase II and III clinical trials on DN is discussed.
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Dagar N, Habshi T, Shelke V, Jadhav HR, Gaikwad AB. Renoprotective effect of esculetin against ischemic acute kidney injury-diabetic comorbidity. Free Radic Res 2024; 58:69-87. [PMID: 38323807 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2024.2313738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Mitophagy maintains cellular homeostasis by eliminating damaged mitochondria. Accumulated damaged mitochondria can lead to oxidative stress and cell death. Induction of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is reported to be renoprotective in acute kidney injury (AKI). Esculetin, a naturally available coumarin, has shown protective action against diabetic complications. However, its effect on AKI-diabetes comorbidity has not been explored yet. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the renoprotective effect of esculetin against AKI under diabetic conditions via regulating PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. For this, type 1 diabetic male Wistar rats were treated with two doses of esculetin (50 and 100 mg/kg/day orally) for five days followed by AKI induction by bilateral ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI). NRK-52E cells grown in high glucose were exposed to sodium azide (10 mM) for induction of hypoxia/reperfusion injury (HRI) in-vitro. Esculetin (50 µM) treatment for 24 h was given to the cells before HRI. The in-vitro samples were utilized for cell viability and ΔΨm assay, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. Rats' plasma, urine, and kidney samples were collected for biochemical analysis, histopathology, and western blotting. Our results showed a significant decrease in kidney injury-specific markers and increased expression of mitophagy markers (PINK1 and Parkin) with esculetin treatment. Moreover, esculetin prevented the HRI and hyperglycemia-induced decrease in ΔΨm and autophagosome marker. Also, esculetin therapy reduced oxidative stress via increased Nrf2 and Keap1 expression. Esculetin attenuated AKI under diabetic condition by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction via inducing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, suggesting its potential as an effective therapy for preventing AKI-diabetes comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dagar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Tahib Habshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Vishwadeep Shelke
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Hemant R Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
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Young ON, Bourke JE, Widdop RE. Catch your breath: The protective role of the angiotensin AT 2 receptor for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115839. [PMID: 37778444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease whereby excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) ultimately leads to respiratory failure. While there have been advances in pharmacotherapies for pulmonary fibrosis, IPF remains an incurable and irreversible disease. There remains an unmet clinical need for treatments that reverse fibrosis, or at the very least have a more tolerable side effect profile than currently available treatments. Transforming growth factor β1(TGFβ1) is considered the main driver of fibrosis in IPF. However, as our understanding of the role of the pulmonary renin-angiotensin system (PRAS) in the pathogenesis of IPF increases, it is becoming clear that targeting angiotensin receptors represents a potential novel treatment strategy for IPF - in particular, via activation of the anti-fibrotic angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R). This review describes the current understanding of the pathophysiology of IPF and the mediators implicated in its pathogenesis; focusing on TGFβ1, angiotensin II and related peptides in the PRAS and their contribution to fibrotic processes in the lung. Preclinical and clinical assessment of currently available AT2R agonists and the development of novel, highly selective ligands for this receptor will also be described, with a focus on compound 21, currently in clinical trials for IPF. Collectively, this review provides evidence of the potential of AT2R as a novel therapeutic target for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia N Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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Xu Z, Zhang M, Wang Y, Chen R, Xu S, Sun X, Yang Y, Lin Z, Wang S, Huang H. Gentiopicroside Ameliorates Diabetic Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis via Inhibiting the AT1R/CK2/NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:848915. [PMID: 35814242 PMCID: PMC9260113 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.848915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), characterized by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells, is the typical pathological alteration in diabetic nephropathy. Gentiopicroside (GPS), a natural compound with anti-inflammatory activity, has been demonstrated to alleviate glomerulosclerosis, whereas whether GPS inhibits TIF via regulating inflammation remains unclear. In this study, diabetic db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-stimulated renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were applied to explore the effects and mechanisms of GPS on TIF. The results in vivo showed that GPS effectively improves glycolipid metabolism disorder, renal dysfunction, and TIF. In particular, GPS treatment reversed the abnormal expressions of EMT marker proteins including elevated α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin and decreased E-cadherin in the kidney of db/db mice. Moreover, GPS treatment also inhibited protein expressions of angiotensinⅡ type 1 receptor (AT1R) and CK2α and the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, the aforementioned effects of GPS acted in vivo were further observed in vitro in HG-stimulated NRK-52E cells, which were independent of its effects on glucose and lipid-lowering activity but were reversed by AT1R over-expression. Together, our results indicate that GPS that directly inhibits the CK2/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway via AT1R may also contribute to the amelioration of TIF in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanchi Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou,, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyue Xu
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiyue Xu, ; Shaogui Wang, ; Heqing Huang,
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyuan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaogui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiyue Xu, ; Shaogui Wang, ; Heqing Huang,
| | - Heqing Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shiyue Xu, ; Shaogui Wang, ; Heqing Huang,
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Milani D, Caruso L, Zauli E, Al Owaifeer AM, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Gemmati D, Tisato V. p53/NF-kB Balance in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From OMICs, Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Insights to Tailored Therapeutic Perspectives (COVIDomics). Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:871583. [PMID: 35721196 PMCID: PMC9201997 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.871583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection affects different organs and tissues, including the upper and lower airways, the lung, the gut, the olfactory system and the eye, which may represent one of the gates to the central nervous system. Key transcriptional factors, such as p53 and NF-kB and their reciprocal balance, are altered upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as other key molecules such as the virus host cell entry mediator ACE2, member of the RAS-pathway. These changes are thought to play a central role in the impaired immune response, as well as in the massive cytokine release, the so-called cytokine storm that represents a hallmark of the most severe form of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Host genetics susceptibility is an additional key side to consider in a complex disease as COVID-19 characterized by such a wide range of clinical phenotypes. In this review, we underline some molecular mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 modulates p53 and NF-kB expression and activity in order to maximize viral replication into the host cells. We also face the RAS-pathway unbalance triggered by virus-ACE2 interaction to discuss potential pharmacological and pharmacogenomics approaches aimed at restoring p53/NF-kB and ACE1/ACE2 balance to counteract the most severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Milani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Adi Mohammed Al Owaifeer
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donato Gemmati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Centre Haemostasis and Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Donato Gemmati, ; Veronica Tisato,
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Donato Gemmati, ; Veronica Tisato,
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Qi JH, Chen PY, Cai DY, Wang Y, Wei YL, He SP, Zhou W. Exploring novel targets of sitagliptin for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and SPR approaches. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1096655. [PMID: 36699034 PMCID: PMC9868454 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1096655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes has become a serious global public health problem. With the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the incidence of complications of T2DM is also on the rise. Sitagliptin, as a targeted drug of DPP4, has good therapeutic effect for T2DM. It is well known that sitagliptin can specifically inhibit the activity of DPP4 to promote insulin secretion, inhibit islet β cell apoptosis and reduce blood glucose levels, while other pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear, such as improving insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-fibrosis. The aim of this study was to explore novel targets and potential signaling pathways of sitagliptin for T2DM. METHODS Firstly, network pharmacology was applied to find the novel target most closely related to DPP4. Semi-flexible molecular docking was performed to confirm the binding ability between sitagliptin and the novel target, and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) was carried to verify the stability of the complex formed by sitagliptin and the novel target. Furthermore, surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to explored the affinity and kinetic characteristics of sitagliptin with the novel target. Finally, the molecular mechanism of sitagliptin for T2DM was predicted by the enrichment analysis of GO function and KEGG pathway. RESULTS In this study, we found the cell surface receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) most closely related to DPP4. Then, we confirmed that sitagliptin had strong binding ability with ACE2 from a static perspective, and the stability of sitagliptin-ACE2 complex had better stability and longer binding time than BAR708-ACE2 in simulated aqueous solution within 50 ns. Significantly, we have demonstrated a strong affinity between sitagliptin and ACE2 on SPR biosensor, and their kinetic characteristics were "fast binding/fast dissociation". The guiding significance of clinical administration: low dose can reach saturation, but repeated administration was needed. Finally, there was certain relationship between COVID-19 and T2DM, and ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR) axis may be the important pathway of sitagliptin targeting ACE2 for T2DM. CONCLUSION This study used different methods to prove that ACE2 may be another novel target of sitagliptin for T2DM, which extended the application of ACE2 in improving diabetes mellitus.
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Mansour SM, Abd El-Aal SA, El-Abhar HS, Ahmed KA, Awny MM. Repositioning of Ticagrelor: Renoprotection mediated by modulating renin-angiotensin system, inflammation, autophagy and galectin-3. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 918:174793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wu Q, Wang J, Wang Y, Xiang L, Tan Y, Feng J, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Targeted delivery of celastrol to glomerular endothelium and podocytes for chronic kidney disease treatment. NANO RESEARCH 2021; 15:3556-3568. [PMID: 34925707 PMCID: PMC8666268 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The etiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is complex and diverse, which could be briefly categorized to glomerular- or tubular-originated. However, the final outcomes of CKD are mainly glomerular sclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and injury, and chronic inflammation. Thus, targeted delivery of drugs to the glomeruli in order to ameliorate glomerular endothelial damage may help alleviate CKD and help enrich our knowledge. The herb tripterygium wilfordii shows therapeutic effect on kidney disease, and celastrol (CLT) is one of its active ingredients but with strong toxicity. Therefore, based on the unique structure and pathological characteristics of the glomerulus, we designed a targeted delivery system named peptides coupled CLT-phospholipid lipid nanoparticles (PC-PLNs) to efficiently deliver CLT to damaged endothelial cells and podocytes in the glomerulus for CKD treatment and research. PC-PLNs could effectively inhibit inflammation, reduce endothelial damage, alleviate CKD severity, and reduce the toxicity of CLT. We also studied the mechanism of CLT in the treatment of nephropathy and found that CLT can increase the level of NO by increasing eNOS while inhibiting the expression of VCAM-1, thus provides an anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, our study not only offered an efficient CKD drug formulation for further development, but also provided new medical knowledge about CKD. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (attached with all the supporting tables and figures mentioned in this work) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-021-3894-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14 Section 3 South Renmin Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Jiading Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Block 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065 China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14 Section 3 South Renmin Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Yuanfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14 Section 3 South Renmin Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Ling Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14 Section 3 South Renmin Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Yulu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14 Section 3 South Renmin Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Jiaxing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14 Section 3 South Renmin Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14 Section 3 South Renmin Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Block 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065 China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, No. 14 Section 3 South Renmin Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610000 China
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Kircheis R, Schuster M, Planz O. COVID-19: Mechanistic Model of the African Paradox Supports the Central Role of the NF-κB Pathway. Viruses 2021; 13:1887. [PMID: 34578468 PMCID: PMC8473087 DOI: 10.3390/v13091887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has expanded into a global pandemic, with more than 220 million affected persons and almost 4.6 million deaths by 8 September 2021. In particular, Europe and the Americas have been heavily affected by high infection and death rates. In contrast, much lower infection rates and mortality have been reported generally in Africa, particularly in the sub-Saharan region (with the exception of the Southern Africa region). There are different hypotheses for this African paradox, including less testing, the young age of the population, genetic disposition, and behavioral and epidemiological factors. In the present review, we address different immunological factors and their correlation with genetic factors, pre-existing immune status, and differences in cytokine induction patterns. We also focus on epidemiological factors, such as specific medication coverage, helminth distribution, and malaria endemics in the sub-Saharan region. An analysis combining different factors is presented that highlights the central role of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the African paradox. Importantly, insights into the interplay of different factors with the underlying immune pathological mechanisms for COVID-19 can provide a better understanding of the disease and the development of new targets for more efficient treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Planz
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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11
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Carlos CP, de Carvalho EP, Angeli Junior EV, Garcia Filho GF, Doná JPL, Batanero RPDO, Guena RDO, Agren C, Baptista MASF, Bizotto TSG, Cury PM, Chies AB. Angiotensin involvement in kidney injury induced by rheumatoid arthritis in rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1271-1279. [PMID: 34037987 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Renal injury induced by rheumatoid arthritis is not clear and may be related to the angiotensin II. We aim to investigate the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) injury in rat kidney, focusing the angiotensin II/AT1 pathway. Male Wistar rats were allocated in to three groups: Control, AIA and AIA plus losartan. The AIA was induced by injection of 100 µL of an emulsion of dissected Mycobacterium tuberculosis (50 mg/mL) on the paw. Treatment with losartan was initiated on the first day of immunization (daily subcutaneous injection, 1 mg/kg). After 60 days post immunization, we evaluated kidney function by plasma creatinine, urea and uric acid levels and creatinine depuration; kidney injury by apoptosis analysis and inflammation markers such as macrophages, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression; oxidative stress by plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); renal expression of angiotensin receptors subtype 1 (AT1 ) and 2 (AT2 ) and plasma concentration of angiotensin II. AIA rats showed elevated plasma levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, TBARS and Ang II and reduced creatinine depuration, and enhanced kidney macrophage number, TGF-β, caspase-3, iNOS and AT1 /AT2 receptors expression. The losartan reduced plasma creatinine and its clearance, reduced macrophages and the expression of TGF-β and iNOS in renal tissues, and reduced plasma TBARS. We conclude that AIA causes kidney injury by a physiopathological mechanism that involves AT1 stimulation in renal tissue, elevating the presence of macrophages, the expression of TGF-β and iNOS, as well the local oxidative stress, which contribute to renal function deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Patrícia Carlos
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enzo Prandi de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Pedro Lot Doná
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael de Oliveira Guena
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Agren
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patricia Maluf Cury
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Bruno Chies
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Marília Medical School, FAMEMA, São Paulo, Marília, Brazil
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12
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Evodiamine inhibits migration and invasion by Sirt1-mediated post-translational modulations in colorectal cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 30:611-617. [PMID: 30789361 PMCID: PMC6530977 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most difficult cancers to cure. An important prognostic factor is metastasis, which precludes curative surgical resection. Recent evidences show that Evodiamine (EVO) exerts an inhibitory effect on cancer cell apoptosis, migration, and invasion. In this study, we investigated the effects of EVO on the metastasis of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, wound-healing and transwell assay showed that migration and invasion of HT-29 and HCT-116 CRC cells were inhibited significantly by EVO. Western blot and RT-PCR showed that EVO reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in a dose-dependent manner. In EVO-induced cells, the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio was increased, the level of Sirt1 was increased, and acetyl-NF-κB P65 was decreased. This process was inhibited by nicotinamide, an inhibitor of Sirt1. In vivo, EVO reduced tumor metastasis markedly. These findings provide evidences that EVO suppresses the migration and invasion of CRC cells by inhibiting the acetyl-NF-κB p65 by Sirt1, resulting in suppression of metalloproteinase-9 expression in vitro and in vivo.
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13
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Deng Y, Tan X, Li ML, Wang WZ, Wang YK. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Regulates Cholinergic Signaling and Cardiovascular and Sympathetic Responses in Hypertensive Rats. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:67-78. [PMID: 30318562 PMCID: PMC6357273 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is a key region in cardiovascular regulation. It has been demonstrated that cholinergic synaptic transmission in the RVLM is enhanced in hypertensive rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the brain plays beneficial roles in cardiovascular function in hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ACE2 overexpression in the RVLM on cholinergic synaptic transmission in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Four weeks after injecting lentiviral particles containing enhanced green fluorescent protein and ACE2 bilaterally into the RVLM, the blood pressure and heart rate were notably decreased. ACE2 overexpression significantly reduced the concentration of acetylcholine in microdialysis fluid from the RVLM and blunted the decrease in blood pressure evoked by bilateral injection of atropine into the RVLM in SHRs. In conclusion, we suggest that ACE2 overexpression in the RVLM attenuates the enhanced cholinergic synaptic transmission in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xing Tan
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institution of Polar Medicine Research Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Miao-Ling Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medical Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Wang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institution of Polar Medicine Research Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang-Kai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Institution of Polar Medicine Research Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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14
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Kurhe Y, Mahesh R. Ondansetron ameliorates depression associated with obesity in high-fat diet fed experimental mice: An investigation-based on the behavioral, biochemical, and molecular approach. Indian J Pharmacol 2018; 49:290-296. [PMID: 29326489 PMCID: PMC5754936 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_805_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Obesity is an important risk factor for depression as more than half of the obese population is susceptible for depression at double rate. Our earlier studies reported the antidepressant potential of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron (OND) in depression associated obesity using behavioral tasks. The present research work is aimed to evaluate the effect of OND on depression associated with obesity with special emphasis on biochemical and molecular mechanisms such as hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), hippocampal histological examination and immunohistochemical expression of p53 proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks, followed by treatment schedule for 28 days with vehicle/OND (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, p.o.)/reference antidepressant escitalopram (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Subsequently, animals were screened in the behavioral tests of depression such as forced swim test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT), biochemical estimations including hippocampal cAMP, BDNF and 5-HT, and molecular assays mainly histology and p53 expression of dentate gyrus (DG). RESULTS: HFD-fed mice showed increased immobility time in FST, reduced sucrose consumption in SPT, decreased level of signal transduction factor cAMP, neuronal growth factor BDNF and neurotransmitter 5-HT in the hippocampus, and raised and p53 expression neuronal damage in the DG region of mice fed with HFD in comparison to the mice fed with normal pellet diet. Chronic treatment with OND (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited the behavioral, biochemical and molecular modifications in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSION: In the preliminary study, OND attenuated depression associated with obesity in mice fed with HFD using various assays procedures, at least in part by the modulation of serotonergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshwant Kurhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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15
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El-Shoura EA, Messiha BA, Sharkawi SM, Hemeida RA. Perindopril ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury through modulation of angiotensin-II/angiotensin-1-7 and related signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:305-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Chen H, Zhou W, Ruan Y, Yang L, Xu N, Chen R, Yang R, Sun J, Zhang Z. Reversal of angiotensin ll-induced β-cell dedifferentiation via inhibition of NF-κb signaling. Mol Med 2018; 24:43. [PMID: 30134927 PMCID: PMC6092859 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by pancreatic β-cell failure, which arises from metabolic stress and results in β cell dedifferentiation, leading to β-cell death. Pathological activation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) contributes to increase cell stress, while RAS intervention reduces the onset of T2DM in high-risk populations and promotes insulin secretion in rodents. In this study, we investigated whether and how RAS induces β-cell dedifferentiation and the mechanism underlying this process. Methods In vitro, with the methods of quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, we examined the change of cell identity-related gene expression, progenitor like gene expression, cellular function, and nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κb) signaling activity in β cell lines after exposure to angiotensin II (AngII) and disruption of RAS. In vivo, parallel studies were performed using db/db mice. Related protein expression was detected by Immunofluorescence analysis. Result Activation of RAS induced dedifferentiation and impaired insulin secretion, eventually leading to β-cell failure. Mechanistically, Angll induced β-cell dedifferentiation via NF-κb signaling, while treatment with lrbesartan and sc-514 reversed the progenitor state of β cells. Conclusion The present study found that RAS might induce β-cell dedifferentiation via angiotensin II receptor type 1 activation, which was promoted by NF-κb signaling. Therefore, blocking RAS or NF-kb signaling efficiently reversed the dedifferentiated status of β cells, suggesting a potential therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10020-018-0044-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253, Gongyedadao Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253, Gongyedadao Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Ruan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253, Gongyedadao Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253, Gongyedadao Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253, Gongyedadao Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongping Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253, Gongyedadao Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253, Gongyedadao Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253, Gongyedadao Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253, Gongyedadao Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiotensin II is a main regulator of kidney function. Renal actions mediated by the angiotensin AT1 receptor have been well known for many years. In contrast, several details of angiotensin AT2 receptor actions in kidney physiology and pathophysiology were only described very recently. These findings are reviewed in this article. RECENT FINDINGS Regarding the role of the angiotensin AT2 receptor in kidney physiology, a major recent finding was that the AT2 receptor-mediated inhibition of Na-H exchanger-3 and Na/K-ATPase in the renal proximal tubules is caused by internalisation of these transporters, thus reducing reabsorption and increasing natriuresis/diuresis. Regarding renal pathology, several studies demonstrated an attenuation of renal injury caused by diabetes or by obesity with or without high-salt diet through anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antioxidative mechanisms. Generally, AT2 receptor expression seems increased and AT2 receptor-mediated effects stronger in female and obese animals. SUMMARY The recent findings about the role of the angiotensin AT2 receptor in renal health and disease strongly suggest that pharmacological targeting of this receptor with selective agonists is a promising therapeutic strategy for inducing diuresis/natriuresis (also additive to established diuretics) and for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy or kidney disease of other pathogenesis.
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18
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Garud MS, Kulkarni YA. Gallic acid attenuates type I diabetic nephropathy in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 282:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hamias R, Rudich A, Greenberg G, Szendro G, Wolak T. Angiotensin 1–7, but not the thrombin-cleaved osteopontin C-terminal fragment, attenuates osteopontin-mediated macrophage-induced endothelial-cell inflammation. Inflamm Res 2017; 67:265-275. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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20
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Pandey A, Gaikwad AB. AT 2 receptor agonist Compound 21: A silver lining for diabetic nephropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:251-257. [PMID: 28943106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The currently available therapies for diabetic nephropathy, one of the leading causes of renal failure globally are based on inhibition of renin angiotensin system. However, recently, the focus has shifted towards activation of its protective arm rather than the inhibition of deteriorative axis, using specific agonists. Compound 21 (C21), a novel non-peptide Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) agonist, recently granted orphan drug status for the treatment of a rare disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has also shown a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic potential in various diseases including heart failure, myocardial infarction, chronic inflammatory diseases, and neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke. A pool of evidences suggest that C21, either alone or in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers could be extremely beneficial in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, a chronic inflammatory condition sharing its pathogenesis with aforementioned diseases. The review analyses the new therapeutic tool, C21, its mechanisms of action for renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy, and its future perspectives and thereby provides an insight into the potential application of C21 as a novel therapeutic tool in the eradication of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Pandey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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21
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Goru SK, Kadakol A, Malek V, Pandey A, Sharma N, Gaikwad AB. Diminazene aceturate prevents nephropathy by increasing glomerular ACE2 and AT 2 receptor expression in a rat model of type1 diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3118-3130. [PMID: 28688122 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE One of the protective actions of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is the inactivation of angiotensin II. Expression and activity of ACE2 was reduced in glomeruli of diabetic patients and in animal models of diabetes. Recently the potential role of recombinant ACE2 administration in preventing diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been shown. Here we have tested the effects of the ACE2 activator, diminazene aceturate (DIZE), in a model of DN. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic using a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg·kg-1 , i.p.). After 4 weeks, diabetic animals were divided into experimental groups and treated with DIZE, at a low dose (5 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ), a high dose (15 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) and the high dose with of the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 (10 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ). At the end of the treatment , kidneys from all the groups were collected and processed separately for glomerular isolation, protein isolation, mRNA extraction and for immunohistochemical studies. KEY RESULTS Treatment with DIZE restored ACE2 expression in glomeruli and increased expression of AT2 receptors in whole kidney and isolated glomeruli of diabetic animals. DIZE administration reduced angiotensin II levels and increased angiotensin-(1-7) levels in diabetic kidney. However, PD123319 treatment reversed all these actions of DIZE. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS DIZE treatment reduced diabetes-induced renal damage as shown by reduction of fibrosis and apoptosis. These protective actions of DIZE were blocked by the AT2 receptor antagonist. Taken together, these results suggest that DIZE protected against DN through the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/ AT2 receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Goru
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Almesh Kadakol
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vajir Malek
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anuradha Pandey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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22
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Esculetin ameliorates insulin resistance and type 2 diabetic nephropathy through reversal of histone H3 acetylation and H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Pandey A, Gaikwad AB. Compound 21 and Telmisartan combination mitigates type 2 diabetic nephropathy through amelioration of caspase mediated apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:827-833. [PMID: 28456626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to understand the role of novel, highly selective, orally active, non-peptide Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonist, Compound 21 and its potential additive effect with Telmisartan on apoptosis and underlying posttranslational modifications in a non-genetic murine model for type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN). An experimental model for T2DN was developed by administering low dose Streptozotocin in high fat diet fed male Wistar rats, followed by their treatment with Telmisartan, C21 or their combination. Our results demonstrated that C21 and Telmisartan combination attenuated metabolic and renal dysfunction, renal morphological and micro-architectural aberrations and hemodynamic disturbances in type 2 diabetic rats. The anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of Telmisartan were significantly accentuated by C21 indicated by expression of apoptotic markers (Parp1, Caspase 8, Caspase 7, cleaved PARP and cleaved Caspase 3) and NF-κB mediated inflammatory molecules like interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor alpha; monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. C21 was found to improve Telmisartan mediated reversal of histone H3 acetylation at lysine 14 and 27 and expression of histone acetyl transferase, p300/CBP-associated factor also known to regulate NF-κB activity and DNA damage response. C21 in combination with Telmisartan markedly mitigates caspase mediated apoptosis and NF-κB signalling in T2D kidney, which could be partially attributed to its influence on PCAF mediated histone H3 acetylation. Hence further research should be done to develop this combination to treat T2DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Pandey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Kurhe Y, Mahesh R, Devadoss T. Novel 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist QCM-4 attenuates depressive-like phenotype associated with obesity in high-fat-diet-fed mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1165-1179. [PMID: 28238069 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression associated with obesity remains an interesting area to study the biological mechanisms and novel therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVES The present study investigates the effect of a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist 3-methoxy-N-p-tolylquinoxalin-2-carboxamide (QCM-4) on several pathogenic markers of depression associated with obesity such as plasma insulin resistance, hippocampal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin (5-HT) concentrations, hippocampal neuronal damage, and p53 protein expression in high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice. METHODS Obesity was experimentally induced in mice by feeding with HFD for 14 weeks followed by administration of QCM-4 (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o.)/standard escitalopram (ESC) (10 mg/kg, p.o.)/vehicle (10 ml/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Behavioral assays such as sucrose preference test (SPT); forced swim test (FST); elevated plus maze (EPM); biochemical assays including oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), insulin, cAMP, BDNF, and 5-HT concentrations; and molecular assays mainly histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of p53 protein in the dentate gyrus (DG), CA1, and CA3 regions of hippocampus in HFD fed mice were performed. RESULTS Chronic treatment with QCM-4 in HFD-fed mice reversed the behavioral alterations in SPT, FST, and EPM. QCM-4 showed poor sensitivity for plasma glucose, improved insulin sensitivity, increased hippocampal cAMP, BDNF, and 5-HT concentrations. In the hippocampal DG, CA1, and CA3 regions, QCM-4 treatment improved the neuronal morphology in the histopathology and inhibited p53 protein expression in IHC assay in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSION QCM-4 attenuated the depressive-like phenotype in HFD-fed mice by improving behavioral, biochemical, and molecular alterations through serotonergic neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshwant Kurhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
| | - R Mahesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Thangaraj Devadoss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pandey A, Raj P, Goru SK, Kadakol A, Malek V, Sharma N, Gaikwad AB. Esculetin ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in high fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulation of FoxO1 mediated pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:666-672. [PMID: 28527877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a chronic metabolic disorder is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrotic cascades. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of Esculetin, a well-known anti-oxidant on TGF-β1 mediated liver fibrosis and FoxO1 activity. METHODS A non-genetic murine model for NAFLD was developed by chronic high fat diet (HFD) (58% calories from fats) feeding in Wistar rats. The plasma biochemical parameters, liver function tests, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations were assessed. The alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and FoxO1 activity were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The aberrations in plasma parameters, liver functioning, morphometric and microscopic changes in liver structure of HFD fed rats were significantly improved by treatment with Esculetin. Liver fibrosis, identified in the form of collagen deposition and expression of fibrotic proteins like TGF-β1 and fibronectin was also markedly controlled by Esculetin. The expression of phospho-FoxO1 was found to be reduced in HFD fed rats' liver, showing an increase in activation of FoxO1 under insulin resistant and hyperglycemic states. Esculetin treatment could improve phospho-FoxO1 expression, thus showing its ability to act on Akt/PI3K/FoxO1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS As per the previous studies, a potential therapy for NAFLD may be the one with multi-faceted actions on insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. This study demonstrates the efficiency of Esculetin in improving liver fibrosis in HFD induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Pandey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Priyank Raj
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Goru
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Almesh Kadakol
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vajir Malek
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India.
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Pandey A, Goru SK, Kadakol A, Malek V, Sharma N, Gaikwad AB. H2AK119 monoubiquitination regulates Angiotensin II receptor mediated macrophage infiltration and renal fibrosis in type 2 diabetic rats. Biochimie 2016; 131:68-76. [PMID: 27693081 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1)-markers of inflammation and fibrosis, are central to type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) progression. The epigenetic basis of their expression has also been explored to certain extent. H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119Ub), a repressive chromatin mark regulates progression of hyperglycaemia induced fibrosis in glomerular mesangial cells. However, how H2AK119Ub affects the expression of MCP-1 and TGF-β1 and their regulation by Angiotensin II receptor subtypes remains unknown. In the current study, we aimed to study the effect of Angiotensin II receptors' blockade on the macrophage infiltration and histone modifications occurring at the promoter region of Mcp1 and Tgfb1in high fat diet fed and low dose streptozotocin treated male Wistar rats. Hereby, we present the first report delineating a distinct link between H2AK119Ub and macrophage infiltration and fibrosis i.e. the enrichment of H2AUb at Mcp1 and Tgfb1 promoter region was found to reduce drastically in the T2DN which could be significantly reversed by Telmisartan and was further elevated by PD123319. We could conclude that the Angiotensin II mediated macrophage infiltration in T2DN is regulated at least partially by H2AK119Ub through both AT1 and AT2 receptors, which to the best of our knowledge, presents the first report for the regulation of Mcp1 by H2AK119Ub. Thus an approach targeting AT1R blockade and AT2R activation accompanied by an epigenetic modulator may be more suitable to ameliorate the macrophage infiltration and fibrosis associated with T2DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Pandey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Goru
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Almesh Kadakol
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Vajir Malek
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
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Garud MS, Kulkarni YA. Eugenol ameliorates renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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The eye and the kidney: twin targets in diabetes. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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