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Egbujor MC, Olaniyan OT, Emeruwa CN, Saha S, Saso L, Tucci P. An insight into role of amino acids as antioxidants via NRF2 activation. Amino Acids 2024; 56:23. [PMID: 38506925 PMCID: PMC10954862 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can affect the protein, lipids, and DNA of the cells and thus, play a crucial role in several pathophysiological conditions. It has already been established that oxidative stress has a close association with inflammation via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway. Amino acids are notably the building block of proteins and constitute the major class of nitrogen-containing natural products of medicinal importance. They exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including the ability to activate NRF2, a transcription factor that regulates endogenous antioxidant responses. Moreover, amino acids may act as synergistic antioxidants as part of our dietary supplementations. This has aroused research interest in the NRF2-inducing activity of amino acids. Interestingly, amino acids' activation of NRF2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) signaling pathway exerts therapeutic effects in several diseases. Therefore, the present review will discuss the relationship between different amino acids and activation of NRF2-KEAP1 signaling pathway pinning their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We also discussed amino acids formulations and their applications as therapeutics. This will broaden the prospect of the therapeutic applications of amino acids in a myriad of inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases. This will provide an insight for designing and developing new chemical entities as NRF2 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melford C Egbujor
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke, Bayelsa, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
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2
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Bahnamiri PJ, Hajizadeh Moghaddam A, Ranjbar M, Nazifi E. Effects of Nostoc commune extract on the cerebral oxidative and neuroinflammatory status in a mice model of schizophrenia. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 37:101594. [PMID: 38371525 PMCID: PMC10873873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune has long been used to alleviate various diseases. This research examines the effects of Nostoc commune extract (NCE) against behavioral disorders, cerebral oxidative stress, and inflammatory damage in the ketamine-induced schizophrenia model. Oral NCE administration (70 and 150 mg/kg/d) is performed after intraperitoneal ketamine injection (20 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. The forced swimming and open field tests are used to assess schizophrenia-like behaviors. After the behavioral test, dopamine (DA) level, oxidative stress markers, as well as the interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression are measured in the cerebral cortex. The results show that NCE treatment ameliorates KET-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in OFT and FST, respectively. NCE considerably decreases the malondialdehyde (MDA) and DA levels and IL-6 and TNF-α expressions in mice with schizophrenia-like symptoms. Also, a significant increase is observed in the glutathione (GSH) level and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GRx) activity in cerebral tissue. The present study shows that NCE treatment effectively improves KET-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative and inflammatory damage. Therefore, NCE, via its bioactive constituents, could have strong neuroprotective effects in the schizophrenia-like model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mojtaba Ranjbar
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazifi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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3
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Rosic N, Thornber C. Biotechnological Potential of Macroalgae during Seasonal Blooms for Sustainable Production of UV-Absorbing Compounds. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:633. [PMID: 38132954 PMCID: PMC10744652 DOI: 10.3390/md21120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine macroalgae (seaweeds) are important primary global producers, with a wide distribution in oceans around the world from polar to tropical regions. Most of these species are exposed to variable environmental conditions, such as abiotic (e.g., light irradiance, temperature variations, nutrient availability, salinity levels) and biotic factors (e.g., grazing and pathogen exposure). As a result, macroalgae developed numerous important strategies to increase their adaptability, including synthesizing secondary metabolites, which have promising biotechnological applications, such as UV-absorbing Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid (MAAs). MAAs are small, water-soluble, UV-absorbing compounds that are commonly found in many marine organisms and are characterized by promising antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and photoprotective properties. However, the widespread use of MAAs by humans is often restricted by their limited bioavailability, limited success in heterologous expression systems, and low quantities recovered from the natural environment. In contrast, bloom-forming macroalgal species from all three major macroalgal clades (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyta) occasionally form algal blooms, resulting in a rapid increase in algal abundance and high biomass production. This review focuses on the bloom-forming species capable of producing pharmacologically important compounds, including MAAs, and the application of proteomics in facilitating macroalgal use in overcoming current environmental and biotechnological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedeljka Rosic
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD 4225, Australia
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Carol Thornber
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
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4
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Geertsema S, Bourgonje AR, Fagundes RR, Gacesa R, Weersma RK, van Goor H, Mann GE, Dijkstra G, Faber KN. The NRF2/Keap1 pathway as a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:830-842. [PMID: 37558549 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is an important pathophysiological mechanism in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, clinical trials investigating compounds directly targeting OS in IBD yielded mixed results. The NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)/Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) pathway orchestrates cellular responses to OS, and dysregulation of this pathway has been implicated in IBD. Activation of the NRF2/Keap1 pathway may enhance antioxidant responses. Although this approach could help to attenuate OS and potentially improve clinical outcomes, an overview of human evidence for modulating the NRF2/Keap1 axis and more recent developments in IBD is lacking. This review explores the NRF2/Keap1 pathway as potential therapeutic target in IBD and presents compounds activating this pathway for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Geertsema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arno R Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Raphael R Fagundes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ranko Gacesa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas N Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Peng J, Guo F, Liu S, Fang H, Xu Z, Wang T. Recent Advances and Future Prospects of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids. Molecules 2023; 28:5588. [PMID: 37513460 PMCID: PMC10384724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are a class of water-soluble active substances produced by various aquatic organisms. However, due to the limitations of low accumulation of MAAs in organisms, the cumbersome extraction process, difficult identification, and high cost, MAAs have not yet been widely used in human life. Recently, there has been an emergence of heterologous synthesis for MAAs, making increasing yield the key to the quantification and application of MAAs. This review summarizes the latest research progress of MAAs, including: (1) introducing the biodistribution of MAAs and the content differences among different species to provide a reference for the selection of research subjects; (2) elaborating the species and molecular information of MAAs; (3) dissecting the synthesis mechanism and sorting out the synthesis pathways of various MAAs; (4) summarizing the methods of extraction and identification, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages, and providing a reference for the optimization of extraction protocols; (5) examining the heterologous synthesis method; and (6) summarizing the physiological functions of MAAs. This paper comprehensively updates the latest research status of MAAs and the various problems that need to be addressed, especially emphasizing the potential advantages of heterologous synthesis in the future production of MAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Fangyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Sishi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Haiyan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zhenshang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
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6
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Rosic N, Climstein M, Boyle GM, Thanh Nguyen D, Feng Y. Exploring Mycosporine-like Amino Acid UV-Absorbing Natural Products for a New Generation of Environmentally Friendly Sunscreens. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040253. [PMID: 37103392 PMCID: PMC10142268 DOI: 10.3390/md21040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin needs additional protection from damaging ultraviolet radiation (UVR: 280-400 nm). Harmful UVR exposure leads to DNA damage and the development of skin cancer. Available sunscreens offer chemical protection from detrimental sun radiation to a certain extent. However, many synthetic sunscreens do not provide sufficient UVR protection due to the lack of photostability of their UV-absorbing active ingredients and/or the lack of ability to prevent the formation of free radicals, inevitably leading to skin damage. In addition, synthetic sunscreens may negatively affect human skin, causing irritation, accelerating skin aging and even resulting in allergic reactions. Beyond the potential negative effect on human health, some synthetic sunscreens have been shown to have a harmful impact on the environment. Consequently, identifying photostable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and renewable natural UV filters is imperative to address human health needs and provide a sustainable environmental solution. In nature, marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms are protected from harmful UVR through several important photoprotective mechanisms, including the synthesis of UV-absorbing compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Beyond MAAs, several other promising, natural UV-absorbing products could be considered for the future development of natural sunscreens. This review investigates the damaging impact of UVR on human health and the necessity of using sunscreens for UV protection, specifically UV-absorbing natural products that are more environmentally friendly than synthetic UV filters. Critical challenges and limitations related to using MAAs in sunscreen formulations are also evaluated. Furthermore, we explain how the genetic diversity of MAA biosynthetic pathways may be linked to their bioactivities and assess MAAs' potential for applications in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedeljka Rosic
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD 4225, Australia
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Mike Climstein
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Research (PASER) Theme, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD 4225, Australia
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing, Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Glen M Boyle
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Duy Thanh Nguyen
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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7
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Mrudulakumari Vasudevan U, Mai DHA, Krishna S, Lee EY. Methanotrophs as a reservoir for bioactive secondary metabolites: Pitfalls, insights and promises. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108097. [PMID: 36634856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Methanotrophs are potent natural producers of several bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) including isoprenoids, polymers, peptides, and vitamins. Cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters identified from these microbes via genome mining hinted at the vast and hidden SM biosynthetic potential of these microbes. Central carbon metabolism in methanotrophs offers rare pathway intermediate pools that could be further diversified using advanced synthetic biology tools to produce valuable SMs; for example, plant polyketides, rare carotenoids, and fatty acid-derived SMs. Recent advances in pathway reconstruction and production of isoprenoids, squalene, ectoine, polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, cadaverine, indigo, and shinorine serve as proof-of-concept. This review provides theoretical guidance for developing methanotrophs as microbial chassis for high-value SMs. We summarize the distinct secondary metabolic potentials of type I and type II methanotrophs, with specific attention to products relevant to biomedical applications. This review also includes native and non-native SMs from methanotrophs, their therapeutic potential, strategies to induce silent biosynthetic gene clusters, and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Mrudulakumari Vasudevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dung Hoang Anh Mai
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Shyam Krishna
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Rastogi RP, Shree A, Patel HM, Chaudhry S, Madamwar D. Characterization, UV-induction, antioxidant function and role in photo-protection of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in a unicellular cyanobacterium, Euhalothece sp.WR7. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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9
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Crisman E, Duarte P, Dauden E, Cuadrado A, Rodríguez-Franco MI, López MG, León R. KEAP1-NRF2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors: Design, pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:237-287. [PMID: 36086898 PMCID: PMC10087726 DOI: 10.1002/med.21925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is considered the master regulator of the phase II antioxidant response. It controls a plethora of cytoprotective genes related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein homeostasis, among other processes. Activation of these pathways has been described in numerous pathologies including cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive, metabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. Considering the increasing interest of discovering novel NRF2 activators due to its clinical application, initial efforts were devoted to the development of electrophilic drugs able to induce NRF2 nuclear accumulation by targeting its natural repressor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) through covalent modifications on cysteine residues. However, off-target effects of these drugs prompted the development of an innovative strategy, the search of KEAP1-NRF2 protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors. These innovative activators are proposed to target NRF2 in a more selective way, leading to potentially improved drugs with the application for a variety of diseases that are currently under investigation. In this review, we summarize known KEAP1-NRF2 PPI inhibitors to date and the bases of their design highlighting the most important features of their respective interactions. We also discuss the preclinical pharmacological properties described for the most promising compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Crisman
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Duarte
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Dauden
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' UAM-CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuela G López
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Rosic N. Genome Mining as an Alternative Way for Screening the Marine Organisms for Their Potential to Produce UV-Absorbing Mycosporine-like Amino Acid. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080478. [PMID: 35892946 PMCID: PMC9394291 DOI: 10.3390/md20080478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are small molecules with robust ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing capacities and a huge potential to be used as an environmentally friendly natural sunscreen. MAAs, temperature, and light-stable compounds demonstrate powerful photoprotective capacities and the ability to capture light in the UV-A and UV-B ranges without the production of damaging free radicals. The biotechnological uses of these secondary metabolites have been often limited by the small quantities restored from natural resources, variation in MAA expression profiles, and limited success in heterologous expression systems. Overcoming these obstacles requires a better understanding of MAA biosynthesis and its regulatory processes. MAAs are produced to a certain extent via a four-enzyme pathway, including genes encoding enzymes dehydroquinate synthase, enzyme O-methyltransferase, adenosine triphosphate grasp, and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. However, there are substantial genetic discrepancies in the MAA genetic pathway in different species, suggesting further complexity of this pathway that is yet to be fully explored. In recent years, the application of genome-mining approaches allowed the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that resulted in the discovery of many new compounds from unconventional sources. This review explores the use of novel genomics tools for linking BGCs and secondary metabolites based on the available omics data, including MAAs, and evaluates the potential of using novel genome-mining tools to reveal a cryptic potential for new bioproduct screening approaches and unrevealing new MAA producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedeljka Rosic
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD 4225, Australia;
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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11
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Mogany T, Kumari S, Swalaha FM, Bux F. In silico analysis of enzymes involved in mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis in Euhalothece sp.: Structural and functional characterization. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Choi SY, Lee SY, Kim HG, Jeong JC, Batara DC, Kim SH, Cho JY. Shinorine and porphyra-334 isolated from laver (Porphyra dentata) inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:617-625. [PMID: 35529689 PMCID: PMC9033900 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) such as shinorine and porphyra-334 from Porphyra spp. are bioactive compounds with strong photoprotective and antioxidant properties. In this study, the anti-adipogenic effect of shinorine and porphyra-334 was examined in vitro utilizing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Shinorine and porphyra-334 were extracted from laver (Porphyra dentata) 50% methanolic (MeOH) extract of and their structures were elucidated by MS and NMR spectroscopy. Both compounds had no cytotoxic effect in 3T3-L1 cells (< 200 μg/mL) and inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner (0.1 and 1.0 μM). Interestingly, both compounds had also significantly reduced the expression of adipogenic-related genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), adiponectin, and leptin in 3T3-L1 cells. The findings suggest that shinorine and porphyra-334 have the potential to inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Young Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Gyun Kim
- Mokpo Marine Food-Industry Research Center, Mokpo, 58621 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheon Jeong
- Mokpo Marine Food-Industry Research Center, Mokpo, 58621 Republic of Korea
| | - Don Carlo Batara
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
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13
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Angelé-Martínez C, Goncalves LCP, Premi S, Augusto FA, Palmatier MA, Amar SK, Brash DE. Triplet-Energy Quenching Functions of Antioxidant Molecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020357. [PMID: 35204239 PMCID: PMC8868474 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
UV-like DNA damage is created in the dark by chemiexcitation, in which UV-activated enzymes generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that create a dioxetane on melanin. Thermal cleavage creates an electronically excited triplet-state carbonyl whose high energy transfers to DNA. Screening natural compounds for the ability to quench this energy identified polyenes, polyphenols, mycosporine-like amino acids, and related compounds better known as antioxidants. To eliminate false positives such as ROS and RNS scavengers, we then used the generator of triplet-state acetone, tetramethyl-1,2-dioxetane (TMD), to excite the triplet-energy reporter 9,10-dibromoanthracene-2-sulfonate (DBAS). Quenching measured as reduction in DBAS luminescence revealed three clusters of 50% inhibitory concentration, ~50 μM, 200–500 μM, and >600 μM, with the former including sorbate, ferulic acid, and resveratrol. Representative triplet-state quenchers prevented chemiexcitation-induced “dark” cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (dCPD) in DNA and in UVA-irradiated melanocytes. We conclude that (i) the delocalized pi electron cloud that stabilizes the electron-donating activity of many common antioxidants allows the same molecule to prevent an electronically excited species from transferring its triplet-state energy to targets such as DNA and (ii) the most effective class of triplet-state quenchers appear to operate by energy diversion instead of electron donation and dissipate that energy by isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Angelé-Martínez
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; (C.A.-M.); (L.C.P.G.); (S.P.); (F.A.A.); (M.A.P.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Leticia Christina Pires Goncalves
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; (C.A.-M.); (L.C.P.G.); (S.P.); (F.A.A.); (M.A.P.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Sanjay Premi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; (C.A.-M.); (L.C.P.G.); (S.P.); (F.A.A.); (M.A.P.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Felipe A. Augusto
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; (C.A.-M.); (L.C.P.G.); (S.P.); (F.A.A.); (M.A.P.); (S.K.A.)
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Meg A. Palmatier
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; (C.A.-M.); (L.C.P.G.); (S.P.); (F.A.A.); (M.A.P.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Saroj K. Amar
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; (C.A.-M.); (L.C.P.G.); (S.P.); (F.A.A.); (M.A.P.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Douglas E. Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; (C.A.-M.); (L.C.P.G.); (S.P.); (F.A.A.); (M.A.P.); (S.K.A.)
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA
- Correspondence:
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Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Behl T, Anwer MK, Ahmed MM, Mittal V, Kaushik D, Chigurupati S, Kabir MT, Sharma PB, Chaugule B, Vargas-de-la-Cruz C. Unravelling the photoprotective effects of freshwater alga Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet et Flahault against ultraviolet radiations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14380-14392. [PMID: 34609682 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested the direct relationship between skin complications, air pollution, and UV irradiation. UVB radiations cause various skin complications such as skin aging, skin inflammation, and skin cancer. The current study is designed to develop an ultraviolet (UV) absorbing MAA-loaded topical gel and to evaluate its UVA and UVB screening potential. MAA was extracted from the Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet et Flahault (N. commune) and characterized by HPLC-PDA (with a retention time 2.6 min), UV-Visible (absorption maximum 334 nm), and mass spectrometry (m/z 346.2) techniques. The methanolic (10%) solution of MAA (50-150 μl) was dissolved in propylene glycol and mixed with hydrated gel (1.5 % of carbopol 934) by using EDTA (0.3%). Eight (F1-F8) formulations were evaluated for their physico-chemical characters. F7 retained its physio-chemical characters for 90 days. Further selected formulation (F7) was evaluated for its gelling strength (GSg), gelling temperature (GT), melting temperature (MT), apparent viscosity (cp), molecular mass (MMS), pH, physical appearance, homogeneity, and spreading diameter (SD). The stability study of the fabricated gel formulation was done as per International Committee on Harmonization guidelines and sunscreen potential was determined by in vitro sunscreen UV method. Findings revealed that GSg (337 ± 1.7 g/cm2), GT (22.8 ± 0.2 °C), cp (71.1 ± 0.2), MMS (424.177 ± 0.7), pH (6.2 ± 0.04), and SD (56 ± 0.2). For in vitro sunscreen potential determination, different concentrations of F7 (50-150 μl) were prepared. Topical application of the F7 displayed UV-A/UV-B photoprotection with SPF 1.13 folds greater then marketed formulation (Lotus herbals UV screen gel). Based on these findings, it was concluded that methanolic extract derived from N. commune contains Porphyra-334 which can be potentially used as photo protective compound in several cosmetic preparations. Development of sunscreen gel from Nostoc commune The current investigation is designed to develop ultraviolet (UV) absorbing MAA (mycosporine amino acid)-loaded topical gel from Nostoc commune to evaluate its UVA and UVB screening potential. LCMS characterization of HPLC-PDA purified MAA from N. commune methanolic extract demonstrated a prominent ion peak of a protonated molecule ([M + H]+) at m/z 346.2 [M+H]+ value confirmed the presence of Porphyra-334. Porphyra-334 is a broad-spectrum sun-protective compound evidenced for its potential in blocking UVA and UVB (Bhatia et al. 2010). Prepared sunscreen formulations remain stable for prolonged period and provide broad-spectrum protection against harmful UV range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Prem Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vineet Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Bhupal Chaugule
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411038, India
| | - Celia Vargas-de-la-Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Academic Department Pharmacology, Toxicology and Bromatology, Centro Latinoamericano de Enseñanza e Investigación en Bacteriología Alimentaria-CLEIBA, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
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Seaweed-Derived Proteins and Peptides: Promising Marine Bioactives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010176. [PMID: 35052680 PMCID: PMC8773382 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds are a typical food of East-Asian cuisine, to which are alleged several beneficial health effects have been attributed. Their availability and their nutritional and chemical composition have favored the increase in its consumption worldwide, as well as a focus of research due to their bioactive properties. In this regard, seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable and comprise several specific enzymes, glycoproteins, cell wall-attached proteins, red algae phycobiliproteins, lectins, peptides, or mycosporine-like amino acids. This great extent of molecules has been reported to exert significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, or antitumoral properties. Hence, knowledge on algae proteins and derived compounds have gained special interest for the potential nutraceutical, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industries based on these bioactivities. Although several molecular mechanisms of action on how these proteins and peptides exert biological activities have been described, many gaps in knowledge still need to be filled. Updating the current knowledge related to seaweed proteins and peptides is of interest to further asses their potential health benefits. This review addresses the characteristics of seaweed protein and protein-derived molecules, their natural occurrence, their studied bioactive properties, and their described potential mechanisms of action.
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Raj S, Kuniyil AM, Sreenikethanam A, Gugulothu P, Jeyakumar RB, Bajhaiya AK. Microalgae as a Source of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs); Advances and Future Prospects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12402. [PMID: 34886126 PMCID: PMC8656575 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), are secondary metabolites, first reported in 1960 and found to be associated with the light-stimulated sporulation in terrestrial fungi. MAAs are nitrogenous, low molecular weight, water soluble compounds, which are highly stable with cyclohexenone or cycloheximine rings to store the free radicals. Microalgae are considered as a good source of different kinds of MAAs, which in turn, has its own applications in various industries due to its UV absorbing, anti-oxidant and therapeutic properties. Microalgae can be easily cultivated and requires a very short generation time, which makes them environment friendly source of biomolecules such as mycosporine-like amino acids. Modifying the cultural conditions along withmanipulation of genes associated with mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis can help to enhance MAAs synthesis and, in turn, can make microalgae suitable bio-refinery for large scale MAAs production. This review focuses on properties and therapeutic applications of mycosporine like amino acids derived from microalgae. Further attention is drawn on various culture and genetic engineering approaches to enhance the MAAs production in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhisha Raj
- Algal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610104, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.R.); (A.M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anusree M. Kuniyil
- Algal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610104, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.R.); (A.M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Arathi Sreenikethanam
- Algal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610104, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.R.); (A.M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Poornachandar Gugulothu
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610104, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.G.); (R.B.J.)
| | - Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610104, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.G.); (R.B.J.)
| | - Amit K. Bajhaiya
- Algal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610104, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.R.); (A.M.K.); (A.S.)
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Nandagopal P, Steven AN, Chan LW, Rahmat Z, Jamaluddin H, Mohd Noh NI. Bioactive Metabolites Produced by Cyanobacteria for Growth Adaptation and Their Pharmacological Properties. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1061. [PMID: 34681158 PMCID: PMC8533319 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the most abundant oxygenic photosynthetic organisms inhabiting various ecosystems on earth. As with all other photosynthetic organisms, cyanobacteria release oxygen as a byproduct during photosynthesis. In fact, some cyanobacterial species are involved in the global nitrogen cycles by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Environmental factors influence the dynamic, physiological characteristics, and metabolic profiles of cyanobacteria, which results in their great adaptation ability to survive in diverse ecosystems. The evolution of these primitive bacteria resulted from the unique settings of photosynthetic machineries and the production of bioactive compounds. Specifically, bioactive compounds play roles as regulators to provide protection against extrinsic factors and act as intracellular signaling molecules to promote colonization. In addition to the roles of bioactive metabolites as indole alkaloids, terpenoids, mycosporine-like amino acids, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, ribosomal peptides, phenolic acid, flavonoids, vitamins, and antimetabolites for cyanobacterial survival in numerous habitats, which is the focus of this review, the bioactivities of these compounds for the treatment of various diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Nandagopal
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
| | - Anthony Nyangson Steven
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Liong-Wai Chan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
| | - Zaidah Rahmat
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
| | - Haryati Jamaluddin
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
| | - Nur Izzati Mohd Noh
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (P.N.); (L.-W.C.); (Z.R.); (H.J.)
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18
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Mycosporine-like amino acids: Algal metabolites shaping the safety and sustainability profiles of commercial sunscreens. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Tziveleka LA, Tammam MA, Tzakou O, Roussis V, Ioannou E. Metabolites with Antioxidant Activity from Marine Macroalgae. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1431. [PMID: 34573063 PMCID: PMC8470618 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack biological molecules, such as lipids, proteins, enzymes, DNA, and RNA, causing cellular and tissue damage. Hence, the disturbance of cellular antioxidant homeostasis can lead to oxidative stress and the onset of a plethora of diseases. Macroalgae, growing in stressful conditions under intense exposure to UV radiation, have developed protective mechanisms and have been recognized as an important source of secondary metabolites and macromolecules with antioxidant activity. In parallel, the fact that many algae can be cultivated in coastal areas ensures the provision of sufficient quantities of fine chemicals and biopolymers for commercial utilization, rendering them a viable source of antioxidants. This review focuses on the progress made concerning the discovery of antioxidant compounds derived from marine macroalgae, covering the literature up to December 2020. The present report presents the antioxidant potential and biogenetic origin of 301 macroalgal metabolites, categorized according to their chemical classes, highlighting the mechanisms of antioxidative action when known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leto-Aikaterini Tziveleka
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (L.-A.T.); (M.A.T.); (O.T.); (V.R.)
| | - Mohamed A. Tammam
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (L.-A.T.); (M.A.T.); (O.T.); (V.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Olga Tzakou
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (L.-A.T.); (M.A.T.); (O.T.); (V.R.)
| | - Vassilios Roussis
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (L.-A.T.); (M.A.T.); (O.T.); (V.R.)
| | - Efstathia Ioannou
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (L.-A.T.); (M.A.T.); (O.T.); (V.R.)
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Pangestuti R, Shin KH, Kim SK. Anti-Photoaging and Potential Skin Health Benefits of Seaweeds. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:172. [PMID: 33809936 PMCID: PMC8004118 DOI: 10.3390/md19030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin health benefits of seaweeds have been known since time immemorial. They are known as potential renewable sources of bioactive metabolites that have unique structural and functional features compared to their terrestrial counterparts. In addition, to the consciousness of green, eco-friendly, and natural skincare and cosmetics products, their extracts and bioactive compounds such as fucoidan, laminarin, carrageenan, fucoxanthin, and mycosporine like amino acids (MAAs) have proven useful in the skincare and cosmetic industries. These bioactive compounds have shown potential anti-photoaging properties. Furthermore, some of these bioactive compounds have been clinically tested and currently available in the market. In this contribution, the recent studies on anti-photoaging properties of extracts and bioactive compounds derived from seaweeds were described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih Pangestuti
- Director of Research and Development Division for Marine Bio Industry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), West Nusa Tenggara 83352, Indonesia;
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department. of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Gyeonggi-do 11558, Korea;
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department. of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Gyeonggi-do 11558, Korea;
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Geraldes V, Pinto E. Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs): Biology, Chemistry and Identification Features. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:63. [PMID: 33466685 PMCID: PMC7828830 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids are ultra-violet-absorbing compounds produced by several organisms such as lichens, fungi, algae and cyanobacteria, especially upon exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation. These compounds have photoprotective and antioxidant functions. Mycosporine-like amino acids have been used as a natural bioactive ingredient in cosmetic products. Several reviews have already been developed on these photoprotective compounds, but they focus on specific features. Herein, an extremely complete database on mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids, covering the whole class of these natural sunscreen compounds known to date, is presented. Currently, this database has 74 compounds and provides information about the chemistry, absorption maxima, protonated mass, fragments and molecular structure of these UV-absorbing compounds as well as their presence in organisms. This platform completes the previous reviews and is available online for free and in the public domain. This database is a useful tool for natural product data mining, dereplication studies, research working in the field of UV-absorbing compounds mycosporines and being integrated in mass spectrometry library software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Geraldes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã, São Paulo-SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil;
- Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Piracicaba-SP CEP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Piracicaba-SP CEP 13400-970, Brazil
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Transcriptome Profiling of Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells in response to Porphyra-334 Treatment by RNA-Seq. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6637513. [PMID: 33519944 PMCID: PMC7817261 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6637513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porphyra-334 is a kind of mycosporine-like amino acid absorbing ultraviolet-A. Here, we characterized porphyra-334 as a potential antiaging agent. An in vitro assay revealed that porphyra-334 dramatically promoted collagen synthesis in fibroblast cells. The effect of porphyra-334 on cell proliferation was dependent on the cell type, and the increase of cell viability by porphyra-334 was the highest in keratinocyte cells among the three tested cell types. An in vivo clinical test with 22 participants demonstrated the possible role of porphyra-334 in the improvement of periorbital wrinkles. RNA-sequencing using human follicle dermal papilla (HFDP) cells upon porphyra-334 treatment identified the upregulation of metallothionein- (MT-) associated genes, confirming the antioxidant role of porphyra-334 with MT. Moreover, the expression of genes involved in nuclear chromosome segregation and the encoding of components of kinetochores was upregulated by porphyra-334 treatment. Furthermore, we found that several genes associated with the hair follicle cycle, the hair follicle structure, the epidermal structure, and stem cells were upregulated by porphyra-334 treatment, suggesting the potential role of porphyra-334 in hair follicle growth and maintenance. In summary, we provided several new pieces of evidence of porphyra-334 as a potential antiaging cosmetic agent and elucidated the expression network in HFDP cells upon porphyra-334.
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Werner N, Orfanoudaki M, Hartmann A, Ganzera M, Sommaruga R. Low temporal dynamics of mycosporine-like amino acids in benthic cyanobacteria from an alpine lake. FRESHWATER BIOLOGY 2021; 66:169-176. [PMID: 33510548 PMCID: PMC7821102 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are one of the oldest organisms on Earth and they originated at a time when damaging ultraviolet (UV) C radiation still reached the surface. Their long evolution led to several adaptations to avoid deleterious effects caused by exposure to solar UV radiation. Synthesis of sunscreen substances, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), allows them to photosynthesise with reduced risk of cell damage. The interplay of solar UV radiation and MAAs is well documented for cyanobacteria in the plankton realm, but little is known for those in the benthic realm, particularly of clear alpine lakes.Here, we assessed the temporal dynamics of MAAs in the benthic algal community of one clear alpine lake dominated by cyanobacteria during the ice-free season and along a depth gradient using state-of-the-art analytical methods (high-performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). We differentiated between the epilithic cyanobacterial community and the overlying loosely attached filamentous cyanobacteria, as we expected they will have an important shielding/shading effect on the former. We hypothesised that in contrast to the case of phytoplankton, benthic cyanobacteria will show less pronounced temporal changes in MAAs concentration in response to changes in solar UV exposure.Three UV-absorbing substances were present in both types of communities, whereby all were unknown. The chemical structure of the dominant unknown substance (maximum absorption at 334 nm) resulted in the identification of a novel MAA that we named aplysiapalythine-D for its similarity to the previously described aplysiapalythine-C.Chlorophyll-a-specific MAA concentrations for epilithic and filamentous cyanobacteria showed a significant decrease with depth, although only traces were found in the former community. The temporal dynamics in MAA concentrations of filamentous cyanobacteria showed no significant variations during the ice-free season.Our result on the low temporal MAA dynamics agrees with the reduced growth rates of benthic cyanobacteria reported for cold ecosystems. The permanent presence of this community, which is adapted to the high UV levels characteristic of clear alpine lakes, probably represents the most important primary producers of these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Werner
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Maria Orfanoudaki
- Institute of PharmacyPharmacognosyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anja Hartmann
- Institute of PharmacyPharmacognosyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Markus Ganzera
- Institute of PharmacyPharmacognosyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Ruben Sommaruga
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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Amador-Castro F, Rodriguez-Martinez V, Carrillo-Nieves D. Robust natural ultraviolet filters from marine ecosystems for the formulation of environmental friendlier bio-sunscreens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141576. [PMID: 33370909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has detrimental effects on human health. It induces oxidative stress, deregulates signaling mechanisms, and produces DNA mutations, factors that ultimately can lead to the development of skin cancer. Therefore, reducing exposure to UVR is of major importance. Among available measures to diminish exposure is the use of sunscreens. However, recent studies indicate that several of the currently used filters have adverse effects on marine ecosystems and human health. This situation leads to the search for new photoprotective compounds that, apart from offering protection, are environmentally friendly. The answer may lie in the same marine ecosystems since molecules such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and scytonemin can serve as the defense system of some marine organisms against UVR. This review will discuss the harmful effects of UVR and the mechanisms that microalgae have developed to cope with it. Then it will focus on the biological distribution, characteristics, extraction, and purification methods of MAAs and scytonemin molecules to finally assess its potential as new filters for sunscreen formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Amador-Castro
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201 Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Veronica Rodriguez-Martinez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201 Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Danay Carrillo-Nieves
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201 Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
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Pacheco D, Araújo GS, Cotas J, Gaspar R, Neto JM, Pereira L. Invasive Seaweeds in the Iberian Peninsula: A Contribution for Food Supply. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E560. [PMID: 33207613 PMCID: PMC7697577 DOI: 10.3390/md18110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of exotic organisms in marine ecosystems can lead to economic and ecological losses. Globally, seaweeds represent a significant part of these non-indigenous species (NIS), with 407 introduced algal species. Furthermore, the presence of NIS seaweeds has been reported as a major concern worldwide since the patterns of their potential invasion mechanisms and vectors are not yet fully understood. Currently, in the Iberian Peninsula, around 50 NIS seaweeds have been recorded. Some of these are also considered invasive due to their overgrowth characteristic and competition with other species. However, invasive seaweeds are suitable for industrial applications due to their high feedstock. Hence, seaweeds' historical use in daily food diet, allied to research findings, showed that macroalgae are a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties. The main goal of this review is to evaluate the records of NIS seaweeds in the Iberian Peninsula and critically analyze the potential of invasive seaweeds application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pacheco
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.C.); (R.G.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Glacio Souza Araújo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará–IFCE, Campus Aracati, CE 040, km 137,1, Aracati 62800-000, Ceará, Brazil;
| | - João Cotas
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.C.); (R.G.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Rui Gaspar
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.C.); (R.G.); (J.M.N.)
| | - João M. Neto
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.C.); (R.G.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Leonel Pereira
- Department of Life Sciences, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.C.); (R.G.); (J.M.N.)
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Shaw P, Sen A, Mondal P, Dey Bhowmik A, Rath J, Chattopadhyay A. Shinorine ameliorates chromium induced toxicity in zebrafish hepatocytes through the facultative activation of Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105622. [PMID: 32947073 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium, a heavy metal toxicant, abundantly found in the environment showed hepatotoxic potential in zebrafish liver and instigated the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway as a cellular stress response as reported in our previous studies. In the present study we have evaluated the ameliorating effect of shinorine, a mycosporine like amino acid (MAAs) and a mammalian Keap1 antagonist against chromium induced stress in zebrafish hepatocytes. Shinorine was found to be effective in increasing the cell viability of chromium treated hepatocytes through curtailing the cellular ROS content. Trigonelline, an Nrf2 inhibitor was found to reduce the viability of hepatocyte cultures co-exposed to shinorine and chromium. In other words, trigonelline being an Nrf2 blocker neutralised the alleviating effect of shinorine. This indicated that shinorine mediated cyto-protection in Cr [VI]-intoxicated cells is Nrf2 dependent. Further, qRT-PCR analysis revealed comparatively higher expression of nfe2l2 and nqo1 in shinorine + chromium treated hepatocytes than cells exposed to chromium alone indicating a better functioning of Nrf2-Keap1-Nqo1 axis. To further confirm if shinorine can lead to disruption of Nrf2-Keap1 interaction in zebrafish hepatocytes and render cytoprotection to chromium exposure, our in silico analysis through molecular docking revealed that shinorine could bind to the active amino acid residues of the DGR domain, responsible for Nrf2-Keap1 interaction of all the three Keap1s evaluated. This is the first report about shinorine that ameliorates chromium induced toxicity through acting as an Nrf2-Keap1 interaction disruptor. We additionally carried out in-silico pharmacokinetic and ADMET studies to evaluate druglikeness of shinorine whose promising results indicated its potential to be developed as an ideal therapeutic candidate against toxicant induced pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Shaw
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Animesh Sen
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Paritosh Mondal
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Arpan Dey Bhowmik
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Jnanendra Rath
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India
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Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Gut Microbiota Modulation of Porphyra tenera Extracts in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100988. [PMID: 33066339 PMCID: PMC7602078 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyra tenera (PT) is a functional seaweed food that has been reported for health benefits such as antioxidant, immunostimulant, anti-inflammation, and hepatoprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of PT extracts on gut microbiota modulation in colitis-induced mice. The mice experiment was designed as three groups including normal mice (CTL), dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-fed mice, and DSS plus PT extracts-fed mice (PTE). DSS was administrated through drinking water containing DSS for 1 week, and the PT extract was ingested into the gastrointestinal tract in mice. PT extract ameliorated the decreased body weight and colon length and improved disease activity index and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. In addition, PT extract significantly shifted the gut microbiota of mice. DSS treatment significantly increased the portion of harmful bacteria (i.e., Helicobacter, Mucipirillum, and Parasutterella) and decreased the butyrate producing bacteria (i.e., Acetatifactor, Alistipes, Oscillibacter, and Clostridium_XIVb). PT extract increased the abundance of genera Clostridium_XIVb and also enriched some of predicted metabolic activities such as glyoxylate cycle, ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway, nitrate reduction, creatinine degradation, and glycine betaine metabolism. These results suggest that PT extract may ameliorate the DSS-induced colitis inflammation through regulating the compositions and functions of gut microbiota in mice.
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Geraldes V, Jacinavicius FR, Genuário DB, Pinto E. Identification and distribution of mycosporine-like amino acids in Brazilian cyanobacteria using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 3:e8634. [PMID: 31677357 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV-absorbing compounds produced by fungi, algae, lichens, and cyanobacteria when exposed to UV radiation. These compounds have photoprotective and antioxidant functions and have been widely studied for possible use in sunscreens and anti-aging products. This study aims to identify MAA-producing cyanobacteria with potential application in cosmetics. METHODS A method for the identification of MAAs was developed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD/QTOFMS). Chromatographic separation was carried out using a Synergi 4 μ Hydro-RP 80A column (150 × 2,0 mm) at 30°C with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution + 2 mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile/water (8:2) + 0.1% formic acid as a mobile phase. RESULTS Out of the 69 cyanobacteria studied, 26 strains (37%) synthesized MAAs. Nine different MAAs were identified using UHPLC-DAD/QTOFMS. Iminomycosporines were the major group detected (7 in 9 MAAs). In terms of abundance, the most representative genera for MAA production were heterocyte-forming groups. Oscilatoria sp. CMMA 1600, of homocyte type, produced the greatest diversity of MAAs. CONCLUSIONS The UHPLC-DAD/QTOFMS method is a powerful tool for identification and screening of MAAs in cyanobacterial strains as well as in other organisms such as dinoflagellates, macroalgae, and microalgae. The different cyanobacterial genera isolated from diverse Brazilian biomes and environments are prolific sources of MAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Geraldes
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ernani Pinto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Natural Nrf2 Modulators for Skin Protection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090812. [PMID: 32882952 PMCID: PMC7556038 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of antioxidant responsive elements (ARE), which are commonly found in the promoter of the Phase II metabolism/antioxidant enzymes, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the transcription factor that binds to ARE, the study conducted in this field has expanded remarkably over the decades, and the Nrf2-mediated pathway is now recognized to occupy a central position in cell defense mechanisms. Induction of the Phase II metabolism/antioxidant enzymes through direct activation of Nrf2 can be a promising strategy for preventing degenerative diseases in general, but a dark side of this strategy should be considered, as Nrf2 activation can enhance the survival of cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the historical discovery of Nrf2 and the regulatory mechanism of the Nrf2-mediated pathway, focusing on the interacting proteins and post-translational modifications. In addition, we discuss the latest studies that examined various natural Nrf2 modulators for the protective roles in the skin, in consideration of their dermatological and cosmetic applications. Studies are reviewed in the order of time of research as much as possible, to help understand how and why such studies were conducted under the circumstances of that time. We hope that this review can serve as a steppingstone in conducting more advanced research by providing a scientific basis for researchers newly entering this field.
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Mou Y, Wen S, Li YX, Gao XX, Zhang X, Jiang ZY. Recent progress in Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 202:112532. [PMID: 32668381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and its main regulator, Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1 (Keap1) has been emerged as a feasible way to combat oxidative stress related diseases, due to the key role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress regulation. In recent years, many efforts have been made to develop potent Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors with new chemical structures. Various molecules with diverse chemical structures have been reported and some compounds exhibit high potency. This review summarizes peptide and small molecule Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors reported recently. We also highlight the pharmacological effects and discuss the possible therapeutic application of Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mou
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Shuai Wen
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Li
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xin-Xing Gao
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Resilience and self-regulation processes of microalgae under UV radiation stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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A Randomized Study to Determine the Sun Protection Factor of Natural Pterostilbene from Pterocarpus Marsupium. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) rays and its harmful effects have always been a concern to skin health. Sunscreen and sunblock prevent the harmful effects of UV radiation on the skin. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is an indication of the sun-protective capacity of an ingredient. There is an ever increasing interest in the cosmetic industry for developing novel functional ingredients from natural sources. The purpose of this study was to determine in-vitro and in vivo SPF of natural 90% pterostilbene extracted from the dried heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium (Indian Kino). The SPF of purified pterostilbene and a formulation containing 0.4% pterostilbene was determined In Vitro using a UV spectrophotometer. Pterostilbene had an SPF of 21.73 ± 0.06, while the cream formulation had an SPF of 8.84 ± 0.01. The in vivo SPF of the 0.4% pterostilbene cream in humans was found to be 6.2 ± 1.30. Primary skin irritation tests in human subjects showed the formulation was safe and had no irritation potential. Pterostilbene was also found to have significant antioxidant activity as determined by free radical scavenging assays in vitro. These results suggest that natural pterostilbene is an antioxidant and shows SPF value both in-vitro and in the human clinical study and thus could be used as an ingredient in topical sun-protective formulations.
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Stenvinkel P, Painer J, Johnson RJ, Natterson-Horowitz B. Biomimetics - Nature's roadmap to insights and solutions for burden of lifestyle diseases. J Intern Med 2020; 287:238-251. [PMID: 31639885 PMCID: PMC7035180 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are over 8 million species in this world that live in widely varying environments, from hot thermal fissures to cold arctic settings. These species have evolved over millions of years and vary markedly in how they have adapted to their environments. In the last decades, studies of how species have succeeded in surviving in different environments and with different resources have been recognized to provide not only insights into disease but also novel means for developing treatments. Here, we provide an overview of two related and overlapping approaches (biomimetics and zoobiquity), which are turning to the natural world for insights to better understand, treat and prevent human 'burden of lifestyle' pathologies from heart disease and cancer to degeneration and premature ageing. We suggest that expanding biomedical investigation beyond its decades old conventional practices to new approaches based on a broad awareness of the diversity of animal life and comparative physiology can accelerate innovations in health care under the motto 'Nature knows best'.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Painer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - R J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - B Natterson-Horowitz
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, UCLA Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Evolutionary Medicine Program at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Distribution, Contents, and Types of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) in Marine Macroalgae and a Database for MAAs Based on These Characteristics. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18010043. [PMID: 31936139 PMCID: PMC7024296 DOI: 10.3390/md18010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), maximally absorbed in the wavelength region of 310–360 nm, are widely distributed in algae, phytoplankton and microorganisms, as a class of possible multi-functional compounds. In this work, based on the Web of Science, Springer, Google Scholar, and China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), we have summarized and analyzed the studies related to MAAs in marine macroalgae over the past 30 years (1990–2019), mainly focused on MAAs distribution, contents, and types. It was confirmed that 572 species marine macroalgae contained MAAs, namely in 45 species of Chlorophytes, 41 species of Phaeophytes, and 486 species of Rhodophytes, and they respectively belonged to 28 orders. On this basis, we established an open online database to quickly retrieve MAAs in 501 species of marine macroalgae. Furthermore, research concerning MAAs in marine macroalgae were analyzed using CiteSpace. It could easily be seen that the preparation and purification of MAAs in marine macroalgae have not been intensively studied during the past 10 years, and therefore it is necessary to strengthen the research in the preparation and purification of MAA purified standards from marine macroalgae in the future. We agreed that this process is not only interesting, but important due to the potential use of MAAs as food and cosmetics, as well as within the medicine industry.
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Mann T, Eggers K, Rippke F, Tesch M, Buerger A, Darvin ME, Schanzer S, Meinke MC, Lademann J, Kolbe L. High-energy visible light at ambient doses and intensities induces oxidative stress of skin-Protective effects of the antioxidant and Nrf2 inducer Licochalcone A in vitro and in vivo. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 36:135-144. [PMID: 31661571 PMCID: PMC7078816 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solar radiation causes skin damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While UV filters effectively reduce UV-induced ROS, they cannot prevent VIS-induced (400-760 nm) oxidative stress. Therefore, potent antioxidants are needed as additives to sunscreen products. METHODS We investigated VIS-induced ROS formation and the photoprotective effects of the Nrf2 inducer Licochalcone A (LicA). RESULTS Visible spectrum of 400-500 nm dose-dependently induced ROS in cultured human fibroblasts at doses equivalent to 1 hour of sunshine on a sunny summer day (150 J/cm2 ). A pretreatment for 24 hours with 1 µmol/L LicA reduced ROS formation to the level of unirradiated cells while UV filters alone were ineffective, even at SPF50+. In vivo, topical treatment with a LicA-containing SPF50 + formulation significantly prevented the depletion of intradermal carotenoids by VIS irradiation while SPF50 + control did not protect. CONCLUSION LicA may be a useful additive antioxidant for sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mann
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Eggers
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Rippke
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Tesch
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anette Buerger
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Schanzer
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludger Kolbe
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
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36
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Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids: Making the Foundation for Organic Personalised Sunscreens. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110638. [PMID: 31726795 PMCID: PMC6891770 DOI: 10.3390/md17110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface of the Earth is exposed to harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR: 280-400 nm). Prolonged skin exposure to UVR results in DNA damage through oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are UV-absorbing compounds, found in many marine and freshwater organisms that have been of interest in use for skin protection. MAAs are involved in photoprotection from damaging UVR thanks to their ability to absorb light in both the UV-A (315-400 nm) and UV-B (280-315 nm) range without producing free radicals. In addition, by scavenging ROS, MAAs play an antioxidant role and suppress singlet oxygen-induced damage. Currently, there are over 30 different MAAs found in nature and they are characterised by different antioxidative and UV-absorbing capacities. Depending on the environmental conditions and UV level, up- or downregulation of genes from the MAA biosynthetic pathway results in seasonal fluctuation of the MAA content in aquatic species. This review will provide a summary of the MAA antioxidative and UV-absorbing features, including the genes involved in the MAA biosynthesis. Specifically, regulatory mechanisms involved in MAAs pathways will be evaluated for controlled MAA synthesis, advancing the potential use of MAAs in human skin protection.
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Kanara I, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Sampani K, Steliou K, Vavvas DG, Kodukula K, Zamboni RJ. Epigenetic treatment of dermatologic disorders. Drug Dev Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of PharmacyUniversity of California, San Francisco San Francisco California
- ShangPharma Innovation Inc. South San Francisco California
| | - Douglas V. Faller
- Department of MedicineBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
- Cancer Research CenterBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis P. Glavas
- Department of OphthalmologyNew York University School of Medicine New York City New York
| | - David N. Harpp
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | | | - Carl A. Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University Auburn Alabama
| | - Whitney R. Powers
- Department of Health SciencesBoston University Boston Massachusetts
- Department of AnatomyBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye InstituteJoslin Diabetes Center Boston Massachusetts
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research CenterBoston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
- PhenoMatriX, Inc. Natick Massachusetts
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis LaboratoryMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Boston Massachusetts
- Department of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Krishna Kodukula
- ShangPharma Innovation Inc. South San Francisco California
- PhenoMatriX, Inc. Natick Massachusetts
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Orfanoudaki M, Hartmann A, Miladinovic H, Nguyen Ngoc H, Karsten U, Ganzera M. Bostrychines A-F, Six Novel Mycosporine-Like Amino-Acids and a Novel Betaine from the Red Alga Bostrychia scorpioides. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060356. [PMID: 31207903 PMCID: PMC6627687 DOI: 10.3390/md17060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various red algae have repeatedly been reported to produce a variety of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), compounds that are well-known as natural sun-screens, as well as a plethora of betaines, metabolites which contribute to the osmotic balance under salt stress. Among other Rhodophyta, Bostrychia scorpioides, which is thriving as epiphyte on salt marsh plants in Europe and hence experiences extreme environmental conditions such as desiccation, UV-stress and osmotic stress, has barely been investigated for its secondary metabolites. In the present study, seven mycosporine like-amino acids and two betaines were isolated from Bostrychia scorpioides using various chromatographic techniques. Their structures were confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Six MAAs and one betaine were chemically characterized as new natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Orfanoudaki
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Anja Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Helena Miladinovic
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Hieu Nguyen Ngoc
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology & Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Markus Ganzera
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Cook TB, Pfleger BF. Leveraging synthetic biology for producing bioactive polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides in bacterial heterologous hosts. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:668-681. [PMID: 31191858 PMCID: PMC6540960 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have historically been a rich source of natural products (e.g. polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides) that possess medically-relevant activities. Despite extensive discovery programs in both industry and academia, a plethora of biosynthetic pathways remain uncharacterized and the corresponding molecular products untested for potential bioactivities. This knowledge gap comes in part from the fact that many putative natural product producers have not been cultured in conventional laboratory settings in which the corresponding products are produced at detectable levels. Next-generation sequencing technologies are further increasing the knowledge gap by obtaining metagenomic sequence information from complex communities where production of the desired compound cannot be isolated in the laboratory. For these reasons, many groups are turning to synthetic biology to produce putative natural products in heterologous hosts. This strategy depends on the ability to heterologously express putative biosynthetic gene clusters and produce relevant quantities of the corresponding products. Actinobacteria remain the most abundant source of natural products and the most promising heterologous hosts for natural product discovery and production. However, researchers are discovering more natural products from other groups of bacteria, such as myxobacteria and cyanobacteria. Therefore, phylogenetically similar heterologous hosts have become promising candidates for synthesizing these novel molecules. The downside of working with these microbes is the lack of well-characterized genetic tools for optimizing expression of gene clusters and product titers. This review examines heterologous expression of natural product gene clusters in terms of the motivations for this research, the traits desired in an ideal host, tools available to the field, and a survey of recent progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B Cook
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Dr. Room 3629 , Madison , WI 53706 , USA .
| | - Brian F Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Dr. Room 3629 , Madison , WI 53706 , USA .
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Kageyama H, Waditee-Sirisattha R. Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Aging Properties of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in the Protection of Skin-Aging. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E222. [PMID: 31013795 PMCID: PMC6521297 DOI: 10.3390/md17040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes photoaging of the skin and induces a number of disorders, including sunburn, fine and coarse wrinkles, and skin cancer risk. Therefore, the application of sunscreen has gained much attention to reduce the harmful effects of UV irradiation on our skin. Recently, there has been a growing demand for the replacement of chemical sunscreens with natural UV-absorbing compounds. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), promising alternative natural UV-absorbing compounds, are a group of widely distributed, low molecular-weight, water-soluble molecules that can absorb UV radiation and disperse the absorbed energy as heat, without generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). More than 30 MAAs have been characterized, from a variety of organisms. In addition to their UV-absorbing properties, there is substantial evidence that MAAs have the potential to protect against skin aging, including antioxidative activity, anti-inflammatory activity, inhibition of protein-glycation, and inhibition of collagenase activity. This review will provide an overview of MAAs, as potential anti-aging ingredients, beginning with their structure, before moving on to discuss the most recent experimental observations, including the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which MAAs might protect the skin. In particular, we focus on the potential anti-aging activity of mycosporine-2-glycine (M2G).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakuto Kageyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Rungaroon Waditee-Sirisattha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Venkatraman KL, Mehta A. Health Benefits and Pharmacological Effects of Porphyra Species. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 74:10-17. [PMID: 30543042 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-018-0707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Porphyra, one of the most cultured red algae has gained economic importance across the globe for its nutritional benefits. Porphyra is being cultivated, harvested, dried, processed and consumed in large quantities in south eastern countries. It contains relatively high amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, and micronutrients. Exploitation of its fundamental attributes led to the discovery of various biologically active compounds like polysaccharides, phycobiliproteins and peptides with effective pharmacological applications. In this review, a systematic account of the research accomplished in the past decade and up-to-date overview of various bioactive compounds and its pharmacological implications has been compiled. This review summarizes the bioactivities like antioxidative, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, anticoagulant and anticancer properties of the bioactive compounds from Porphyra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalkooru L Venkatraman
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Alka Mehta
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Pangestuti R, Siahaan EA, Kim SK. Photoprotective Substances Derived from Marine Algae. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E399. [PMID: 30360482 PMCID: PMC6265938 DOI: 10.3390/md16110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algae have received great attention as natural photoprotective agents due to their unique and exclusive bioactive substances which have been acquired as an adaptation to the extreme marine environment combine with a range of physical parameters. These photoprotective substances include mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), sulfated polysaccharides, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Marine algal photoprotective substances exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as ultraviolet (UV) absorbing, antioxidant, matrix-metalloproteinase inhibitors, anti-aging, and immunomodulatory activities. Hence, such unique bioactive substances derived from marine algae have been regarded as having potential for use in skin care, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. In this context, this contribution aims at revealing bioactive substances found in marine algae, outlines their photoprotective potential, and provides an overview of developments of blue biotechnology to obtain photoprotective substances and their prospective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih Pangestuti
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.
| | - Evi Amelia Siahaan
- Research and Development Division of Marine Bio-Industry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), West Nusa Tenggara 83552, Indonesia.
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 606-791, Korea.
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